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\"      @(#)u1  8.1 (Berkeley) 6/8/93
\"
nr PS 9
if t .nr VS 11
if n .ls 2
nr PI .25i
SH
INTRODUCTION
PP
From the user's point of view,
the
UC UNIX
operating system
is easy
to learn and use,
and presents few of the usual impediments
to getting the job done.
It is hard, however, for the beginner
to know where to start,
and how to make the best use
of the facilities available.
The purpose of this introduction
is to help new users
get used to the main ideas of
the
UC UNIX
system
and start making effective use of it quickly.
PP
You should have a couple of other documents with you
for easy reference as you read this one.
The most important is
ul
The
ul
UC UNIX
IT Programmer's
IT Manual \|;
it's often easier to tell you to read about something
in the manual
than to repeat its contents here.
The other useful document is
ul
A Tutorial Introduction to the
ul
UC UNIX
ul
Text Editor,
which will tell you how to use the editor
to get text \(em
programs, data, documents \(em
into the computer.
PP
A word of warning:
the
UC UNIX
system
has become quite popular,
and there are several major variants
in widespread use.
Of course details also change with time.
So although the basic structure of
UC UNIX
and how to use it is common to all versions,
there will certainly be a few things
which are different on your system from
what is described here.
We have tried to minimize the problem,
but be aware of it.
In cases of doubt,
this paper describes Version 7
UC UNIX .
PP
This paper has five sections:
IP "\ \ 1."
Getting Started:
How to log in,
how to type,
what to do about mistakes in typing,
how to log out.
Some of this is dependent on which
system
you log into
(phone numbers, for example)
and what terminal you use,
so this section must necessarily be supplemented
by local information.
IP "\ \ 2."
Day-to-day Use:
Things you need every day to use
the system
effectively:
generally useful commands;
the file system.
IP "\ \ 3."
Document Preparation:
Preparing manu\%scripts is one of the most common uses
for
UC UNIX
systems.
This section contains advice,
but not
extensive instructions on any
of the formatting tools.
IP "\ \ 4."
Writing Programs:
UC UNIX
is an excellent system for developing programs.
This section talks about some of the tools,
but again is not a tutorial in any of the programming languages
provided by the system.
IP "\ \ 5."
A
UC UNIX
Reading List.
An annotated bibliography of
documents that new users should be aware of.
SH
I.  GETTING STARTED
SH
Logging In
PP
You must have a
UC UNIX
login name, which you can get from
whoever administers your system.
You also need to know the phone number,
unless your system uses permanently connected terminals.
The
UC UNIX
system
is capable of dealing with a wide variety of terminals:
Terminet 300's; Execuport, TI and similar
portables;
video (CRT) terminals like the HP2640, etc.;
high-priced graphics terminals like the Tektronix 4014;
plotting terminals like those from GSI and DASI;
and even the venerable
Teletype in its various forms.
But note:
UC UNIX
is strongly oriented towards devices with
ul
lower case.
If your terminal produces only upper case (e.g., model 33 Teletype, some video and portable terminals),
life will be so difficult that you should look for another
terminal.
PP
Be sure to set the switches appropriately on your device.
Switches that might need to be adjusted include the speed,
upper/lower case mode,
full duplex, even parity, and any others
that local wisdom advises.
Establish a connection using whatever
magic is needed for your terminal;
this may involve dialing a telephone call or merely flipping a switch.
In either case,
UC UNIX
should type
UL login: '' ``
at you.
If it types garbage, you may be at the wrong speed;
check the switches.
If that fails,
push the ``break'' or ``interrupt'' key a few times, slowly.
If that fails to produce a login message, consult a guru.
PP
When you get a
UL login:
message,
type your
login name
ul
in lower case.
Follow it by a
UC RETURN ;
the system will not do anything until you type a
UC RETURN .
If a password is required,
you will be asked for it,
and (if possible)
printing will be turned off while you type it.
Don't forget
UC RETURN .
PP
The culmination of your login efforts is a
``prompt character,''
a single character that indicates that
the system
is ready to accept commands from you.
The prompt character is usually a
dollar sign
UL $
or a
percent sign
UL % .
(You may also get a message of the day just before the
prompt character, or a notification that you have mail.)
SH
Typing Commands
PP
Once you've seen the prompt character, you can type commands,
which are
requests that
the system
do something.
Try typing
P1
date
P2
followed by
UC RETURN.
You should get back something like
P1
Mon Jan 16 14:17:10 EST 1978
P2
Don't forget the
UC RETURN
after the command,
or nothing will happen.
If you think you're being ignored,
type a
UC RETURN ;
something should happen.
UC RETURN
won't be mentioned
again,
but don't forget it \(em
it has to be there
at the end of each line.
PP
Another command you might try is
UL who ,
which tells you everyone who is currently logged in:
P1
who
P2
gives something like
P1
ta .5i 1i
mb      tty01   Jan 16    09:11
ski     tty05   Jan 16    09:33
gam     tty11   Jan 16    13:07
P2
The time is when the user logged in;
``ttyxx'' is the system's idea of what terminal
the user is on.
PP
If you make a mistake typing the command name,
and refer to a non-existent command,
you will be told.
For example, if you type
P1
whom
P2
you will be told
P1
whom: not found
P2
Of course, if you inadvertently type the name of some other command,
it will run,
with more or less mysterious results.
SH
Strange Terminal Behavior
PP
Sometimes you can get into a state
where your terminal acts strangely.
For example,
each letter may be typed twice,
or the
UC RETURN
may not cause a line feed
or a return to the left margin.
You can often fix this by logging out and logging back in.\(dg
FS
\(dg In Berkeley Unix, the command "reset<control-j>"
will often reset a terminal apparently in a strange state because a fullscreen
editor crashed.
FE
Or you can read the description of the command
UL stty
in section 1 of the manual.
To get intelligent treatment of
tab characters
(which are much used in
UC UNIX )
if your terminal doesn't have tabs,
type the command
P1
stty \-tabs
P2
and the system will convert each tab into the right number
of blanks for you.
SH
Mistakes in Typing
PP
If you make a typing mistake, and see it before
UC RETURN
has been typed,
there are two ways to recover.
The sharp-character
UL #
erases the last character typed;
in fact successive uses of
UL #
erase characters back to
the beginning of the line (but not beyond).
So if you type badly, you can correct as you go:
P1
dd#atte##e
P2
is the same as
UL date .\(dd
FS
\(dd Many installations set the erase character for display terminals to
the delete or backspace key. "stty all" tells you what it actually is.
FE
PP
The at-sign
UL @
erases all of the characters
typed so far
on the current input line,
so if the line is irretrievably fouled up, type an
UL @
and start the line over.
PP
What if you must enter a sharp or at-sign
as part of the text?
If you precede either
UL #
or
UL @
by a backslash
UL \e ,
it loses its erase meaning.
So to enter a sharp or at-sign in something, type
UL \e#
or
UL \e@ .
The system will always echo a newline at you after your at-sign,
even if preceded by a backslash.
Don't worry \(em
the at-sign has been recorded.
PP
To erase a backslash,
you have to type two sharps or two at-signs, as in
UL \e## .
The backslash is used extensively in
UC UNIX
to indicate that the following character is in some way special.
SH
Read-ahead
PP
UC UNIX
has full read-ahead,
which means that you can type as fast as you want,
whenever you want,
even when some command is typing at you.
If you type during output,
your input characters will appear intermixed with the output characters,
but they will be stored away
and interpreted in the correct order.
So you can type several commands one after another without
waiting for the first to finish or even begin.
SH
Stopping a Program
PP
You can stop most programs by
typing the character
UC DEL '' ``
(perhaps called ``delete'' or ``rubout'' on your terminal).
The ``interrupt'' or ``break'' key found on most terminals
can also be used.\(dg
FS
\(dg In Berkeley Unix, "control-c" is the usual way to stop programs. "stty all"
tells you the value of your "intr" key.
FE
In a few programs, like the text editor,
UC DEL
stops whatever the program is doing but leaves you in that program.
Hanging up the phone will stop most programs.\(dd
FS
\(dd In most modern shells, programs running in the background continue
running even if you hang up.
FE
SH
Logging Out
PP
The easiest way to log out is to hang up the phone.
You can also type
P1
login
P2
and let someone else use the terminal you were on.*
FS
* "control-d" and "logout" are other alternatives.
FE
It is usually not sufficient just to turn off the terminal.
Most
UC UNIX
systems
do not use a time-out mechanism, so you'll be
there forever unless you hang up.
SH
Mail
PP
When you log in, you may sometimes get the message
P1
You have mail.
P2
UC UNIX
provides a postal system so you can
communicate with
other users of the system.
To read your mail,
type the command
P1
mail
P2
The headers of your mail will be printed, in the order of their receipt.
A message can be read with the
UL print
command,
or specified directly by number.
Other commands are described in the manual.
(Earlier versions of
UL mail
do not process one message at a time,
but are otherwise similar.)
PP
How do you send mail to someone else?
Suppose it is to go to ``joe'' (assuming ``joe'' is someone's login name).
The easiest way is this:
P1
mail joe
ft I
now type in the text of the letter
on as many lines as you like ...
After the last line of the letter
type the character ``.'',
alone on the last line,
like so:
\&.
P2
And that's it.
PP
For practice, send mail to yourself.
(This isn't as strange as it might sound \(em
mail to oneself is a handy reminder mechanism.)
PP
There are other ways to send mail \(em
you can send a previously prepared letter,
and you can mail to a number of people all at once.
For more details, see
UL mail (1).
(The notation
UL mail (1)
means the command
UL mail
in section 1
of the
ul
UC UNIX
ul
IT Programmer's
IT Manual .)
SH
Writing to other users\(dg
FS
\(dg Although "write" works on Berkeley
UC UNIX,
there is a much nicer way of communicating using display-terminals \(em
"talk" splits the screen into two sections, and both of you can type
simultaneously (see talk(1)).
FE
PP
At some point,
out of the blue will come a message
like
P1
Message from joe tty07...
P2
accompanied by a startling beep.
It means that Joe wants to talk to you,
but unless you take explicit action you won't be able to talk back.
To respond,
type the command
P1
write joe
P2
This establishes a two-way communication path.
Now whatever Joe types on his terminal will appear on yours
and vice versa.
The path is slow, rather like talking to the moon.
(If you are in the middle of something, you have to
get to a state where you can type a command.
Normally, whatever program you are running has to terminate or be terminated.
If you're editing, you can escape temporarily from the editor \(em
read the editor tutorial.)
PP
A protocol is needed to keep what you type from getting
garbled up with what Joe types.
Typically it's like this:
P1
tr --
fi
ft R
Joe types
UL write
UL smith
and waits.
br
Smith types
UL write
UL joe
and waits.
br
Joe now types his message
(as many lines as he likes).
When he's ready for a reply, he
signals it by typing
UL (o) ,
which
stands for ``over''.
br
Now Smith types a reply, also
terminated by
UL (o) .
br
This cycle repeats until
someone gets tired; he then
signals his intent to quit with
UL (oo) ,
for ``over
and out''.
br
To terminate
the conversation, each side must
type a ``control-d'' character alone
on a line.
When the other person types his ``control-d'',
you will get the message
UL EOF
on your terminal.
P2
PP
If you write to someone who isn't logged in,
or who doesn't want to be disturbed,
you'll be told.
If the target is logged in but doesn't answer
after a decent interval,
simply type ``control-d''.
SH
On-line Manual
PP
The
ul
UC UNIX
ul
Programmer's Manual
is typically kept on-line.
If you get stuck on something,
and can't find an expert to assist you,
you can print on your terminal some manual section that might help.
This is also useful for getting the most up-to-date
information on a command.
To print a manual section, type
``man command-name''.
Thus to read up on the
UL who
command,
type
P1
man who
P2
and, of course,
P1
man man
P2
tells all about the
UL man
command.
SH
Computer Aided Instruction
PP
Your
UC UNIX
system may have available
a program called
UL learn ,
which provides computer aided instruction on
the file system and basic commands,
the editor,
document preparation,
and even C programming.
Try typing the command
P1
learn
P2
If
UL learn
exists on your system,
it will tell you what to do from there.

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