INSTALL(8) NetBSD System Manager's Manual INSTALL(8)

INSTALL(8) NetBSD System Manager's Manual INSTALL(8)

NNAAMMEE
IINNSSTTAALLLL -- Installation procedure for NetBSD/rs6000.

CCOONNTTEENNTTSS
About this Document
What is NetBSD?
Dedication
Changes Between The NetBSD 8 and 9 Releases
Installation and Partitioning Changes
Features to be removed in a later release
The NetBSD Foundation
Sources of NetBSD
NetBSD 9.4 Release Contents
NetBSD/rs6000 subdirectory structure
Binary distribution sets
NetBSD/rs6000 System Requirements and Supported Devices
Getting the NetBSD System on to Useful Media
Preparing your System for NetBSD installation
Installing the NetBSD System
Installing NetBSD by using a netboot setup
Post installation steps
Upgrading a previously-installed NetBSD System
Compatibility Issues With Previous NetBSD Releases
Using online NetBSD documentation
Administrivia
Thanks go to
Legal Mumbo-Jumbo
The End

DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN
AAbboouutt tthhiiss DDooccuummeenntt
This document describes the installation procedure for
NetBSD 9.4 on the _r_s_6_0_0_0 platform. It is available in four
different formats titled _I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._e_x_t, where _._e_x_t is one of
_._p_s, _._h_t_m_l, _._m_o_r_e, or _._t_x_t:

_._p_s PostScript.

_._h_t_m_l Standard Internet HTML.

_._m_o_r_e The enhanced text format used on UNIX-like
systems by the more(1) and less(1) pager util-
ity programs. This is the format in which the
on-line _m_a_n pages are generally presented.

_._t_x_t Plain old ASCII.

You are reading the _m_o_r_e version.

WWhhaatt iiss NNeettBBSSDD??
The NetBSD Operating System is a fully functional Open
Source UNIX-like operating system derived from the Univer-
sity of California, Berkeley Networking Release 2 (Net/2),
4.4BSD-Lite, and 4.4BSD-Lite2 sources. NetBSD runs on many
different different system architectures (ports) across a
variety of distinct CPU families, and is being ported to
more. The NetBSD 9.4 release contains complete binary
releases for most of these system architectures, with pre-
liminary support for the others included in source form.
Please see the NetBSD _w_e_b_s_i_t_e_: hhttttppss::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg// for
information on them.

NetBSD is a completely integrated system. In addition to
its highly portable, high performance kernel, NetBSD fea-
tures a complete set of user utilities, compilers for sev-
eral languages, the X Window System, firewall software and
numerous other tools, all accompanied by full source code.

NetBSD is a creation of the members of the Internet commu-
nity. Without the unique cooperation and coordination the
net makes possible, NetBSD would not exist.

DDeeddiiccaattiioonn
NetBSD 9.4 is dedicated to the memory of Wayne Knowles, who
passed away in December 2022.

Wayne was a long term contributor, working mostly on low
level Mips code.

Beyond his technical contributions, Wayne was always helpful
and friendly. His example encouraged users to contribute to
the project and share their work with the community.

CChhaannggeess BBeettwweeeenn TThhee NNeettBBSSDD 88 aanndd 99 RReelleeaasseess
The NetBSD 9.4 release provides many significant changes,
including support for many new devices, hundreds of bug
fixes, new and updated kernel subsystems, and numerous user-
land enhancements. The result of these improvements is a
stable operating system fit for production use that rivals
most commercially available systems.

It is impossible to completely summarize the massive devel-
opment that went into the NetBSD 9.4 release. The complete
list of changes can be found in the following files:
_C_H_A_N_G_E_S_:
hhttttppss::////ccddnn..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//NNeettBBSSDD--99..44//CCHHAANNGGEESS
_C_H_A_N_G_E_S_-_9_._1_:
hhttttppss::////ccddnn..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//NNeettBBSSDD--99..44//CCHHAANNGGEESS--99..11
_C_H_A_N_G_E_S_-_9_._2_:
hhttttppss::////ccddnn..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//NNeettBBSSDD--99..44//CCHHAANNGGEESS--99..22
_C_H_A_N_G_E_S_-_9_._3_:
hhttttppss::////ccddnn..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//NNeettBBSSDD--99..44//CCHHAANNGGEESS--99..33
_C_H_A_N_G_E_S_-_9_._4_:
hhttttppss::////ccddnn..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//NNeettBBSSDD--99..44//CCHHAANNGGEESS--99..44
files in the top level directory of the NetBSD 9.4 release
tree.

_I_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _a_n_d _P_a_r_t_i_t_i_o_n_i_n_g _C_h_a_n_g_e_s

The sysinst installation program has been reworked for this
release.

It now supports arbitrary big disks and offers GPT parti-
tions as alternative to MBR/fdisk partitions on a lot archi-
tectures.

Unfortunately it has not been tested on all hardware sup-
ported by NetBSD. If you have problems partitioning the
target disk or installing the system, please report bugs
with as much details as possible. See the Administrivia
section below on how to report bugs or contact other users
and ask for support.

FFeeaattuurreess ttoo bbee rreemmoovveedd iinn aa llaatteerr rreelleeaassee
The following features are to be removed from NetBSD in the
future:

++oo groff(1). Man pages are now handled with mandoc(1), and
groff(1) can still be found in pkgsrc as _t_e_x_t_p_r_o_c_/_g_r_o_f_f.

TThhee NNeettBBSSDD FFoouunnddaattiioonn
The NetBSD Foundation is a tax exempt, not-for-profit
501(c)(3) corporation that devotes itself to the traditional
goals and Spirit of the NetBSD Project and owns the trade-
mark of the word ``NetBSD''. It supports the design, devel-
opment, and adoption of NetBSD worldwide. More information
on the NetBSD Foundation, its composition, aims, and work
can be found at:
hhttttppss::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ffoouunnddaattiioonn//

SSoouurrcceess ooff NNeettBBSSDD
Refer to _m_i_r_r_o_r_s_:
hhttttppss::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//mmiirrrroorrss//

NNeettBBSSDD 99..44 RReelleeaassee CCoonntteennttss
The root directory of the NetBSD 9.4 release is organized as
follows:

_._._._/_N_e_t_B_S_D_-_9_._4_/

CHANGES Changes between the 8.0 and 9.0 releases.

CHANGES-9.0 Changes between the initial 9.0 branch and
final release of 9.0.

CHANGES-9.1 Changes between the 9.0 and the 9.1 release.

CHANGES-9.2 Changes between the 9.1 and the 9.2 release.

CHANGES-9.3 Changes between the 9.2 and the 9.3 release.

CHANGES-9.4 Changes between the 9.3 and the 9.4 release.

CHANGES.prev Changes in previous NetBSD releases.

LAST_MINUTE Last minute changes and notes about the
release.

README.files README describing the distribution's contents.

_i_m_a_g_e_s_/ Images (ISO 9660 or USB) for installing
NetBSD. Depending on your system, these may
be bootable.

_s_o_u_r_c_e_/ Source distribution sets; see below.

In addition to the files and directories listed above, there
is one directory per architecture, for each of the architec-
tures for which NetBSD 9.4 has a binary distribution.

The source distribution sets can be found in subdirectories
of the _s_o_u_r_c_e subdirectory of the distribution tree. They
contain the complete sources to the system. The source dis-
tribution sets are as follows:

ggnnuussrrcc This set contains the ``gnu'' sources, including
the source for the compiler, assembler, groff, and
the other GNU utilities in the binary distribution
sets.

sshhaarreessrrcc This set contains the ``share'' sources, which
include the sources for the man pages not associ-
ated with any particular program; the sources for
the typesettable document set; the dictionaries;
and more.

ssrrcc This set contains all of the base NetBSD 9.4
sources which are not in ggnnuussrrcc, sshhaarreessrrcc, or
ssyyssssrrcc.

ssyyssssrrcc This set contains the sources to the NetBSD 9.4
kernel for all architectures as well as the
config(1) utility.

xxssrrcc This set contains the sources to the X Window Sys-
tem.

All the above source sets are located in the _s_o_u_r_c_e_/_s_e_t_s
subdirectory of the distribution tree.

The source sets are distributed as compressed tar files.
Except for the ppkkggssrrcc set, which is traditionally unpacked
into _/_u_s_r_/_p_k_g_s_r_c, all sets may be unpacked into _/_u_s_r_/_s_r_c
with the command:
# ccdd // ;; ttaarr --zzxxppff sseett__nnaammee..ttggzz

In each of the source distribution set directories, there
are files which contain the checksums of the files in the
directory:

MD5 MD5 digests in the format produced by the com-
mand:
cckkssuumm --aa MMDD55 _f_i_l_e.

SHA512 SHA512 digests in the format produced by the
command:
cckkssuumm --aa SSHHAA551122 _f_i_l_e.

The SHA512 digest is safer, but MD5 checksums are provided
so that a wider range of operating systems can check the
integrity of the release files.

_N_e_t_B_S_D_/_r_s_6_0_0_0 _s_u_b_d_i_r_e_c_t_o_r_y _s_t_r_u_c_t_u_r_e

The rs6000-specific portion of the NetBSD 9.4 release is
found in the _r_s_6_0_0_0 subdirectory of the distribution:
_._._._/_N_e_t_B_S_D_-_9_._4_/_r_s_6_0_0_0_/. It contains the following files and
directories:

_I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._h_t_m_l
_I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._p_s
_I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._t_x_t
_I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._m_o_r_e Installation notes in various file formats,
including this file. The _._m_o_r_e file contains
underlined text using the more(1) conventions
for indicating italic and bold display.
_b_i_n_a_r_y_/
_k_e_r_n_e_l_/
_n_e_t_b_s_d_-_G_E_N_E_R_I_C_._g_z
A gzipped NetBSD kernel
containing code for every-
thing supported in this
release.
_s_e_t_s_/ rs6000 binary distribution sets; see
below.
_i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n_/
_m_i_s_c_/ Miscellaneous rs6000 installation
utilities; see installation section
below.

_B_i_n_a_r_y _d_i_s_t_r_i_b_u_t_i_o_n _s_e_t_s

The NetBSD rs6000 binary distribution sets contain the bina-
ries which comprise the NetBSD 9.4 release for rs6000. The
binary distribution sets can be found in the
_r_s_6_0_0_0_/_b_i_n_a_r_y_/_s_e_t_s subdirectory of the NetBSD 9.4 distribu-
tion tree, and are as follows:

bbaassee The NetBSD 9.4 rs6000 bbaassee binary distribution.
You _m_u_s_t install this distribution set. It con-
tains the base NetBSD utilities that are necessary
for the system to run and be minimally functional.

ccoommpp Things needed for compiling programs. This set
includes the system include files (_/_u_s_r_/_i_n_c_l_u_d_e)
and the various system libraries (except the shared
libraries, which are included as part of the bbaassee
set). This set also includes the manual pages for
all of the utilities it contains, as well as the
system call and library manual pages.

ddeebbuugg This distribution set contains debug information
for all base system utilities. It is useful when
reporting issues with binaries or during develope-
ment. This set is huge, if the target disk is
small, do not install it.

eettcc This distribution set contains the system configu-
ration files that reside in _/_e_t_c and in several
other places. This set _m_u_s_t be installed if you
are installing the system from scratch, but should
_n_o_t be used if you are upgrading.

ggaammeess This set includes the games and their manual pages.

kkeerrnn--GGEENNEERRIICC
This set contains a NetBSD/rs6000 9.4 GENERIC ker-
nel, named _/_n_e_t_b_s_d. You _m_u_s_t install this distri-
bution set.

mmaann This set includes all of the manual pages for the
binaries and other software contained in the bbaassee
set. Note that it does not include any of the man-
ual pages that are included in the other sets.

mmiisscc This set includes the system dictionaries, the
typesettable document set, and other files from
_/_u_s_r_/_s_h_a_r_e.

mmoodduulleess This set includes kernel modules to add functional-
ity to a running system.

rreessccuuee This set includes the statically linked emergency
recover binaries installed in _/_r_e_s_c_u_e.

tteexxtt This set includes NetBSD's text processing tools,
including groff(1), all related programs, and their
manual pages.

NetBSD maintains its own set of sources for the X Window
System in order to assure tight integration and compatibil-
ity. These sources are based on X.Org. Binary sets for the
X Window System are distributed with NetBSD. The sets are:

xxbbaassee The basic files needed for a complete X client
environment. This does not include the X servers.

xxccoommpp The extra libraries and include files needed to
compile X source code.

xxddeebbuugg This distribution set contains debug information
for all X11 binaries. It is useful when reporting
issues with these binaries or during developement.
This set is huge, if the target disk is small, do
not install it.

xxffoonntt Fonts needed by the X server and by X clients.

xxeettcc Configuration files for X which could be locally
modified.

xxsseerrvveerr The X server.

The rs6000 binary distribution sets are distributed as
gzipped tar files named with the extension ..ttggzz, e.g.
_b_a_s_e_._t_g_z.

The instructions given for extracting the source sets work
equally well for the binary sets, but it is worth noting
that if you use that method, the filenames stored in the
sets are relative and therefore the files are extracted
_b_e_l_o_w _t_h_e _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _d_i_r_e_c_t_o_r_y. Therefore, if you want to
extract the binaries into your system, i.e. replace the
system binaries with them, you have to run the ttaarr --xxzzppff
command from the root directory ( _/ ) of your system.

_N_o_t_e_: Each directory in the rs6000 binary distribution also
has its own checksum files, just as the source dis-
tribution does.

NNeettBBSSDD//rrss66000000 SSyysstteemm RReeqquuiirreemmeennttss aanndd SSuuppppoorrtteedd DDeevviicceess
Since NetBSD/rs6000 is an experimental port, the hardware
support is in a constant state of flux. Check the
_p_o_r_t_-_p_r_e_p_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g mailing list and the NetBSD/rs6000 port
homepage for an up-to-date list of known supported hardware.
hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppoorrttss//rrss66000000//

NetBSD/rs6000 9.4 works diskless via netboot.

GGeettttiinngg tthhee NNeettBBSSDD SSyysstteemm oonn ttoo UUsseeffuull MMeeddiiaa
Installation is supported from several media types, includ-
ing:

++oo CD-ROM / DVD / USB-stick
++oo FTP
++oo Remote NFS partition
++oo Tape
++oo Existing NetBSD partitions, if performing an
upgrade

The steps necessary to prepare the distribution sets for
installation depend upon which installation medium you
choose. The steps for the various media are outlined below.

_C_D_-_R_O_M _/ _D_V_D _/ _U_S_B_-_s_t_i_c_k Find out where the distribution
set files are on the CD-ROM, DVD
or USB stick. Likely locations
are _b_i_n_a_r_y_/_s_e_t_s and
_r_s_6_0_0_0_/_b_i_n_a_r_y_/_s_e_t_s. (You only
need to know this if you are mix-
ing installer and installation
media from different versions -
the installer will know the proper
default location for the sets it
comes with).

Proceed to the instructions on
installation.

_F_T_P The preparations for this instal-
lation/upgrade method are easy;
all you need to do is make sure
that there's an FTP site from
which you can retrieve the NetBSD
distribution when you're about to
install or upgrade. If you don't
have DHCP available on your net-
work, you will need to know the
numeric IP address of that site,
and, if it's not on a network
directly connected to the machine
on which you're installing or
upgrading NetBSD, you need to know
the numeric IP address of the
router closest to the NetBSD
machine. Finally, you need to
know the numeric IP address of the
NetBSD machine itself.

Once you have this information,
you can proceed to the next step
in the installation or upgrade
process. If you're installing
NetBSD from scratch, go to the
section on preparing your hard
disk, below. If you're upgrading
an existing installation, go
directly to the section on upgrad-
ing.

_N_F_S Place the NetBSD distribution sets
you wish to install into a direc-
tory on an NFS server, and make
that directory mountable by the
machine on which you are
installing or upgrading NetBSD.
This will probably require modify-
ing the _/_e_t_c_/_e_x_p_o_r_t_s file on the
NFS server and resetting its mount
daemon (mountd). (Both of these
actions will probably require
superuser privileges on the
server.)

You need to know the numeric IP
address of the NFS server, and, if
you don't have DHCP available on
your network and the server is not
on a network directly connected to
the machine on which you're
installing or upgrading NetBSD,
you need to know the numeric IP
address of the router closest to
the NetBSD machine. Finally, you
need to know the numeric IP
address of the NetBSD machine
itself.

Once the NFS server is set up
properly and you have the informa-
tion mentioned above, you can pro-
ceed to the next step in the
installation or upgrade process.
If you're installing NetBSD from
scratch, go to the section on pre-
paring your hard disk, below. If
you're upgrading an existing
installation, go directly to the
section on upgrading.

_T_a_p_e To install NetBSD from a tape, you
need to make a tape that contains
the distribution set files, in
`tar' format.

If you're making the tape on a
UNIX-like system, the easiest way
to do so is probably something
like:

# ttaarr --ccff _t_a_p_e___d_e_v_i_c_e
_d_i_s_t___s_e_t_s

where _t_a_p_e___d_e_v_i_c_e is the name of
the tape device that represents
the tape drive you're using. This
might be _/_d_e_v_/_r_s_t_0, or something
similar, but it will vary from
system to system. In the above
example, _d_i_s_t___s_e_t_s is a list of
filenames corresponding to the
distribution sets that you wish to
place on the tape. For instance,
to put the kkeerrnn--GGEENNEERRIICC,, bbaassee,, and
eettcc distributions on tape (the
absolute minimum required for
installation), you would do the
following:

# ccdd ......//NNeettBBSSDD--99..44
# ccdd rrss66000000//bbiinnaarryy
# ttaarr --ccff _t_a_p_e___d_e_v_i_c_e
kkeerrnn--GGEENNEERRIICC..ttggzz bbaassee..ttggzz
eettcc..ttggzz

_N_o_t_e_: You still need to fill in
_t_a_p_e___d_e_v_i_c_e in the example.

Once you have the files on the
tape, you can proceed to the next
step in the installation or
upgrade process. If you're
installing NetBSD from scratch, go
to the section on preparing your
hard disk, below. If you're
upgrading an existing installa-
tion, go directly to the section
on upgrading.

PPrreeppaarriinngg yyoouurr SSyysstteemm ffoorr NNeettBBSSDD iinnssttaallllaattiioonn
IInnssttaalllliinngg tthhee NNeettBBSSDD SSyysstteemm
_I_n_s_t_a_l_l_i_n_g _N_e_t_B_S_D _b_y _u_s_i_n_g _a _n_e_t_b_o_o_t _s_e_t_u_p

1. Introduction

To netboot a rs6000, you must configure one or more
servers to provide information and files to your rs6000
(the `client'). If you are using NetBSD (any architec-
ture) on your netboot server(s), the information pro-
vided here should be sufficient to configure every-
thing. Additionally, you may wish to look at the
diskless(8) manual page and the manual pages for each
daemon you'll be configuring. If the server(s) are
another operating system, you should consult the NetBSD
Diskless HOW-TO, which will walk you through the steps
necessary to configure the netboot services on a vari-
ety of platforms:
hhttttppss::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ddooccss//nneettwwoorrkk//nneettbboooott//

You may either netboot the installer so you can install
onto a locally attached disk, or you may run your sys-
tem entirely over the network.

Briefly, the netboot process involves discovery, boot-
strap, kernel and file system stages. In the first
stage, the client discovers information about where to
find the bootstrap program. Next, it downloads and
executes the bootstrap program. The bootstrap program
goes through another discovery phase to determine where
the kernel is located. The bootstrap program tries to
mount the NFS share containing the kernel. Once the
kernel is loaded, it starts executing. For RAM disk
kernels, it mounts the RAM disk file system and begins
executing the installer from the RAM disk. For normal
(non-RAM disk) kernels, the kernel tries to mount the
NFS share that had the kernel and starts executing the
installation tools or init(8). TFTP is used in the
bootstrap phase to download NFS is used in both the
kernel and file system stages to download the kernel,
and to access files on the file server.

We will use `CC:CC:CC:CC:CC:CC' as the MAC address
(ethernet hardware address) of your netboot client
machine. You should have determined this address in an
earlier stage. In this example, we will use
`192.168.1.10' as the IP address of your client and
`client.test.net' as its name. We will assume you're
providing all of your netboot services on one machine
called `server.test.net' with the client's files
exported from the directory _/_e_x_p_o_r_t_/_c_l_i_e_n_t_/_r_o_o_t. You
should, of course, replace all of these with the names,
addresses, and paths appropriate to your environment.

You should set up each netboot stage in order (i.e.,
discovery, bootstrap, kernel, and then file system) so
that you can test them as you proceed.

2.

3. tftpd(8)

The default configuration of the TFTP server is to run
in a chroot(8) environment in the _/_t_f_t_p_b_o_o_t directory.
Thus, the first order of business is to create this
directory:

# mmkkddiirr --pp //ttffttppbboooott

Next, edit _/_e_t_c_/_i_n_e_t_d_._c_o_n_f and uncomment the line with
the TFTP daemon:

tftp dgram udp wait root /usr/libexec/tftpd tftpd -l -s /tftpboot

Now, restart inetd(8). If the server is running
NetBSD, you can achieve this with:

# //eettcc//rrcc..dd//iinneettdd rreessttaarrtt

Now, you need to copy the bootloader for your rs6000
machine to _/_t_f_t_p_b_o_o_t. Just to be sure, let's make
everything readable.

# cchhmmoodd --RR aa++rrXX //ttffttppbboooott

Sometimes, the arp(8) table gets messed up, and the
TFTP server can't communicate with the client. In this
case, it will write a log message (via syslogd(8)) to
_/_v_a_r_/_l_o_g_/_m_e_s_s_a_g_e_s saying: `tftpd: write: Host is down'.
If this is the case, you may need to force the server
to map your client's ethernet address to its IP
address:

# aarrpp --ss cclliieenntt CCCC::CCCC::CCCC::CCCC::CCCC::CCCC

4. nfsd(8), mountd(8), and rpcbind(8)

Now your system should be able to load the bootstrap
program and start looking for the kernel. Let's set up
the NFS server. Create the directory you are exporting
for the netboot client:

# mmkkddiirr --pp //eexxppoorrtt//cclliieenntt//rroooott

Put the following line in _/_e_t_c_/_e_x_p_o_r_t_s to enable NFS
sharing:

/export/client/root -maproot=root client.test.net

If your server is currently running an NFS server, you
only need to restart mountd(8). Otherwise, you need to
start rpcbind(8) and nfsd(8). If the server is running
NetBSD, you can achieve this with:

# //eettcc//rrcc..dd//rrppccbbiinndd ssttaarrtt
# //eettcc//rrcc..dd//nnffssdd ssttaarrtt
# //eettcc//rrcc..dd//mmoouunnttdd rreessttaarrtt

5. NetBSD kernel and installation tools

Now, if you place a kernel named _n_e_t_b_s_d in
_/_e_x_p_o_r_t_/_c_l_i_e_n_t_/_r_o_o_t your client should boot the kernel.

6. Client file system

You can skip this step if you do not plan to run your
client diskless after installation. Otherwise, you
need to extract and set up the client's installation of
NetBSD. The Diskless HOW-TO describes how to provide
better security and save space on the NFS server over
the procedure listed here. See _f_o_r _d_e_t_a_i_l_s_:
hhttttppss::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ddooccss//nneettwwoorrkk//nneettbboooott//nnffss..hhttmmll.
++oo Extracting distribution sets

# ccdd //eexxppoorrtt//cclliieenntt//rroooott
# ttaarr --xxppzzff //ppaatthh//ttoo//ffiilleess//bbaassee..ttggzz
# ttaarr --xxppzzff //ppaatthh//ttoo//ffiilleess//eettcc..ttggzz

Continue with the other non-essential distribution
sets if desired.

++oo Set up swap

# mmkkddiirr //eexxppoorrtt//cclliieenntt//rroooott//sswwaapp
# dddd iiff==//ddeevv//zzeerroo ooff==//eexxppoorrtt//cclliieenntt//sswwaapp bbss==44kk ccoouunntt==44kk
# eecchhoo ''//eexxppoorrtt//cclliieenntt//sswwaapp --mmaapprroooott==rroooott::wwhheeeell cclliieenntt..tteesstt..nneett'' >>>> //eettcc//eexxppoorrttss
# //eettcc//rrcc..dd//mmoouunnttdd rreessttaarrtt
This creates a 16 MB swap file and exports it to
the client.

++oo Create device nodes

# ccdd //eexxppoorrtt//cclliieenntt//rroooott//ddeevv
# ..//MMAAKKEEDDEEVV aallll

This procedure only works on NetBSD hosts.

++oo Set up the client's fstab(5)

Create a file in _/_e_x_p_o_r_t_/_c_l_i_e_n_t_/_r_o_o_t_/_e_t_c_/_f_s_t_a_b with
the following lines:

server:/export/client/swap none swap sw,nfsmntpt=/swap
server:/export/client/root / nfs rw 0 0

++oo Set up the client's rc.conf(5)

Edit _/_e_x_p_o_r_t_/_c_l_i_e_n_t_/_r_o_o_t_/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f

rc_configured=YES
hostname="client"
defaultroute="192.168.1.1"
nfs_client=YES
auto_ifconfig=NO
net_interfaces=""

Make sure rc does not reconfigure the network
device since it will lose its connection to the NFS
server with your root file system.

++oo Set up the client's hosts(5) file.

Edit _/_e_x_p_o_r_t_/_c_l_i_e_n_t_/_r_o_o_t_/_e_t_c_/_h_o_s_t_s

::1 localhost
127.0.0.1 localhost
192.168.1.10 client.test.net client
192.168.1.5 server.test.net server

7. Setting up the server daemons

If you want these services to start up every time you
boot your server, make sure the following lines are
present in your _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f:

nfs_server=YES # enable server daemons
mountd=YES
rpcbind=YES rpcbind_flags="-l" # -l logs libwrap

Also, you'll need to make sure the _t_f_t_p_d line in
_/_e_t_c_/_i_n_e_t_d_._c_o_n_f remains uncommented.

PPoosstt iinnssttaallllaattiioonn sstteeppss
Once you've got the operating system running, there are a
few things you need to do in order to bring the system into
a properly configured state. The most important steps are
described below.

1. Before all else, read postinstall(8).

2. Configuring _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f

If you or the installation software haven't done any
configuration of _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f (ssyyssiinnsstt normally will),
the system will drop you into single user mode on first
reboot with the message

/etc/rc.conf is not configured. Multiuser boot
aborted.

and with the root file system (_/) mounted read-only.
When the system asks you to choose a shell, simply
press RETURN to get to a _/_b_i_n_/_s_h prompt. If you are
asked for a terminal type, respond with vvtt222200 (or what-
ever is appropriate for your terminal type) and press
RETURN. You may need to type one of the following com-
mands to get your delete key to work properly, depend-
ing on your keyboard:
# ssttttyy eerraassee ''^^hh''
# ssttttyy eerraassee ''^^??''
At this point, you need to configure at least one file
in the _/_e_t_c directory. You will need to mount your
root file system read/write with:
# //ssbbiinn//mmoouunntt --uu --ww //
Change to the _/_e_t_c directory and take a look at the
_/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f file. Modify it to your tastes, making
sure that you set rc_configured=YES so that your
changes will be enabled and a multi-user boot can pro-
ceed. Default values for the various programs can be
found in _/_e_t_c_/_d_e_f_a_u_l_t_s_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f, where some in-line doc-
umentation may be found. More complete documentation
can be found in rc.conf(5).

When you have finished editing _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f, type eexxiitt
at the prompt to leave the single-user shell and con-
tinue with the multi-user boot.

Other values that may need to be set in _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f
for a networked environment are _h_o_s_t_n_a_m_e and possibly
_d_e_f_a_u_l_t_r_o_u_t_e. You may also need to add an _i_f_c_o_n_f_i_g___i_n_t
for your <int> network interface, along the lines of

ifconfig_le0="inet 192.0.2.123 netmask
255.255.255.0"

or, if you have _m_y_n_a_m_e_._m_y_._d_o_m in _/_e_t_c_/_h_o_s_t_s:

ifconfig_le0="inet myname.my.dom netmask
255.255.255.0"

To enable proper hostname resolution, you will also
want to add an _/_e_t_c_/_r_e_s_o_l_v_._c_o_n_f file or (if you are
feeling a little more adventurous) run named(8). See
resolv.conf(5) or named(8) for more information.

Instead of manually configuring networking, DHCP can be
used by setting dhcpcd=YES in _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f.

3. Logging in

After reboot, you can log in as root at the login
prompt. If you didn't set a password in ssyyssiinnsstt, there
is no initial password. You should create an account
for yourself (see below) and protect it and the
``root'' account with good passwords. By default, root
login from the network is disabled (even via ssh(1)).
One way to become root over the network is to log in as
a different user that belongs to group ``wheel'' (see
group(5)) and use su(1) to become root.

4. Adding accounts

Use the useradd(8) command to add accounts to your sys-
tem. Do not edit _/_e_t_c_/_p_a_s_s_w_d directly! See vipw(8) and
pwd_mkdb(8) if you want to edit the password database.

5. The X Window System

If you installed the X Window System, you may want to
read the chapter about X in the _N_e_t_B_S_D _G_u_i_d_e_:
hhttttppss::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ddooccss//gguuiiddee//eenn//cchhaapp--xx..hhttmmll:

6. Installing third party packages

If you wish to install any of the software freely
available for UNIX-like systems you are strongly
advised to first check the NetBSD package system,
pkgsrc. pkgsrc automatically handles any changes nec-
essary to make the software run on NetBSD. This
includes the retrieval and installation of any other
packages the software may depend upon.

++oo More information on the package system is available
at
hhttttppss::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ddooccss//ssooffttwwaarree//ppaacckkaaggeess..hhttmmll

++oo A list of available packages suitable for browsing
is at
hhttttppss::////ccddnn..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//ppkkggssrrcc//ccuurrrreenntt//ppkkggssrrcc//RREEAADDMMEE..hhttmmll

++oo Precompiled binaries can be found at
hhttttppss::////ccddnn..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//ppkkggssrrcc//ppaacckkaaggeess//NNeettBBSSDD//
usually in the _r_s_6_0_0_0_/_9_._4_/_A_l_l subdir. If you
installed pkgin(1) in the ssyyssiinnsstt post-installation
configuration menu, you can use it to automatically
install binary packages over the network. Assuming
that _/_u_s_r_/_p_k_g_/_e_t_c_/_p_k_g_i_n_/_r_e_p_o_s_i_t_o_r_i_e_s_._c_o_n_f is cor-
rectly configured, you can install them with the
following commands:

## ppkkggiinn iinnssttaallll ttccsshh
## ppkkggiinn iinnssttaallll bbaasshh
## ppkkggiinn iinnssttaallll ppeerrll
## ppkkggiinn iinnssttaallll aappaacchhee
## ppkkggiinn iinnssttaallll kkddee
## ppkkggiinn iinnssttaallll ffiirreeffooxx
...

_N_o_t_e_: Some mirror sites don't mirror the
_/_p_u_b_/_p_k_g_s_r_c directory.

The above commands will install the Tenex-csh and
Bourne Again shells, the Perl programming language,
Apache web server, KDE desktop environment and the
Firefox web browser as well as all the packages
they depend on.

++oo If you did not install it from the ssyyssiinnsstt post-
installation configuration menu, the pkgsrc(7)
framework for compiling packages can be obtained by
retrieving the file
hhttttppss::////ccddnn..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//ppkkggssrrcc//ssttaabbllee//ppkkggssrrcc..ttaarr..ggzz.
It is typically extracted into _/_u_s_r_/_p_k_g_s_r_c (though
other locations work fine) with the commands:

# ccdd //uussrr
# ttaarr --zzxxppff ppkkggssrrcc..ttaarr..ggzz

After extracting, see the _d_o_c_/_p_k_g_s_r_c_._t_x_t file in
the extraction directory (e.g.,
_/_u_s_r_/_p_k_g_s_r_c_/_d_o_c_/_p_k_g_s_r_c_._t_x_t) for more information.

7. Misc

++oo Edit _/_e_t_c_/_m_a_i_l_/_a_l_i_a_s_e_s to forward root mail to the
right place. Don't forget to run newaliases(1)
afterwards.

++oo Edit _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._l_o_c_a_l to run any local daemons you
use.

++oo Many of the _/_e_t_c files are documented in section 5
of the manual; so just invoking

# mmaann 55 _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e

is likely to give you more information on these
files.

UUppggrraaddiinngg aa pprreevviioouussllyy--iinnssttaalllleedd NNeettBBSSDD SSyysstteemm
The easiest way to upgrade to NetBSD 9.4 is with binaries,
and that is the method documented here.

To do the upgrade, you must have one form of boot media
available. You must also have at least the bbaassee and kkeerrnn
binary distribution sets available. Finally, you must have
sufficient disk space available to install the new binaries.
Since files already installed on the system are overwritten
in place, you only need additional free space for files
which weren't previously installed or to account for growth
of the sets between releases.

Since upgrading involves replacing the kernel, boot blocks,
and most of the system binaries, it has the potential to
cause data loss. You are strongly advised to _b_a_c_k _u_p any
important data on the NetBSD partition or on another operat-
ing system's partition on your disk before beginning the
upgrade process.

The upgrade procedure is similar to an installation, but
without the hard disk partitioning.

Fetching the binary sets is done in the same manner as the
installation procedure; refer to the installation part of
the document for help. File systems are checked before
unpacking the sets.

After a new kernel has been copied to your hard disk, your
machine is a complete NetBSD 9.4 system. However, that
doesn't mean that you're finished with the upgrade process.
You will probably want to update the set of device nodes you
have in _/_d_e_v. If you've changed the contents of _/_d_e_v by
hand, you will need to be careful about this, but if not,
you can just cd into _/_d_e_v, and run the command:

# sshh MMAAKKEEDDEEVV aallll

ssyyssiinnsstt will attempt to merge the settings stored in your
_/_e_t_c directory with the new version of NetBSD using the
postinstall(8) utility. However, postinstall(8) is only
able to deal with changes that are easily automated. It is
recommended that you use the etcupdate(8) tool to merge any
remaining configuration changes.

CCoommppaattiibbiilliittyy IIssssuueess WWiitthh PPrreevviioouuss NNeettBBSSDD RReelleeaasseess
Users upgrading from previous versions of NetBSD may wish to
bear the following problems and compatibility issues in mind
when upgrading to NetBSD 9.4.

Note that ssyyssiinnsstt will automatically invoke

postinstall fix
and thus all issues that are fixed by ppoossttiinnssttaallll by default
will be handled.

A number of things have been removed from the NetBSD 9.4
release. See the ``Components removed from NetBSD'' section
near the beginning of this document for a list.

UUssiinngg oonnlliinnee NNeettBBSSDD ddooccuummeennttaattiioonn
Documentation is available if you installed the manual dis-
tribution set. Traditionally, the ``man pages'' (documenta-
tion) are denoted by `name(section)'. Some examples of this
are

++oo intro(1),
++oo man(1),
++oo apropos(1),
++oo passwd(1), and
++oo passwd(5).

The section numbers group the topics into several cate-
gories, but three are of primary interest: user commands are
in section 1, file formats are in section 5, and administra-
tive information is in section 8.

The _m_a_n command is used to view the documentation on a
topic, and is started by entering mmaann [_s_e_c_t_i_o_n] _t_o_p_i_c. The
brackets [] around the section should not be entered, but
rather indicate that the section is optional. If you don't
ask for a particular section, the topic with the lowest num-
bered section name will be displayed. For instance, after
logging in, enter

# mmaann ppaasssswwdd

to read the documentation for passwd(1). To view the docu-
mentation for passwd(5), enter

# mmaann 55 ppaasssswwdd

instead.

If you are unsure of what man page you are looking for,
enter

# aapprrooppooss _s_u_b_j_e_c_t_-_w_o_r_d

where _s_u_b_j_e_c_t_-_w_o_r_d is your topic of interest; a list of pos-
sibly related man pages will be displayed.

AAddmmiinniissttrriivviiaa
If you've got something to say, do so! We'd like your
input. There are various mailing lists available via the
mailing list server at _m_a_j_o_r_d_o_m_o_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g. See
hhttttppss::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//mmaaiilliinngglliissttss//
for details.

There are various mailing lists set up to deal with comments
and questions about this release. Please send comments to:
_n_e_t_b_s_d_-_c_o_m_m_e_n_t_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g.

To report bugs, use the send-pr(1) command shipped with
NetBSD, and fill in as much information about the problem as
you can. Good bug reports include lots of details.

Bugs also can be submitted and queried with the web inter-
face at
hhttttppss::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ssuuppppoorrtt//sseenndd--pprr..hhttmmll

There are also port-specific mailing lists, to discuss
aspects of each port of NetBSD. Use majordomo to find their
addresses, or visit
hhttttppss::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//mmaaiilliinngglliissttss//

If you're interested in doing a serious amount of work on a
specific port, you probably should contact the `owner' of
that port (listed below).

If you'd like to help with NetBSD, and have an idea as to
how you could be useful, send us mail or subscribe to:
_n_e_t_b_s_d_-_u_s_e_r_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g.

As a favor, please avoid mailing huge documents or files to
these mailing lists. Instead, put the material you would
have sent up for FTP or WWW somewhere, then mail the appro-
priate list about it. If you'd rather not do that, mail the
list saying you'll send the data to those who want it.

TThhaannkkss ggoo ttoo
++oo The former members of UCB's Computer Systems Research
Group, including (but not limited to):

Keith Bostic
Ralph Campbell
Mike Karels
Marshall Kirk McKusick

for their work on BSD systems, support, and encourage-
ment.

++oo The Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. for hosting the
NetBSD FTP, CVS, AnonCVS, mail, mail archive, GNATS,
SUP, Rsync and WWW servers.

++oo The Internet Research Institute in Japan for hosting the
server which runs the CVSweb interface to the NetBSD
source tree.

++oo The Columbia University Computer Science Department for
hosting the build cluster.

++oo The many organizations that provide NetBSD mirror sites.

++oo Without CVS, this project would be impossible to manage,
so our hats go off to Brian Berliner, Jeff Polk, and the
various other people who've had a hand in making CVS a
useful tool.

++oo We list the individuals and organizations that have made
donations or loans of hardware and/or money, to support
NetBSD development, and deserve credit for it at
hhttttppss::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ddoonnaattiioonnss//
(If you're not on that list and should be, tell us! We
probably were not able to get in touch with you, to ver-
ify that you wanted to be listed.)

++oo Finally, we thank all of the people who've put sweat and
tears into developing NetBSD since its inception in Jan-
uary, 1993. (Obviously, there are a lot more people who
deserve thanks here. If you're one of them, and would
like to be mentioned, tell us!)

LLeeggaall MMuummbboo--JJuummbboo
All product names mentioned herein are trademarks or regis-
tered trademarks of their respective owners.

The following notices are required to satisfy the license
terms of the software that we have mentioned in this docu-
ment:

NetBSD is a registered trademark of The NetBSD Foundation,
Inc.
This product includes software developed by the University
of California, Berkeley and its contributors.
This product includes software developed by the NetBSD Foun-
dation.
This product includes software developed by The NetBSD Foun-
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This product includes software developed for the NetBSD
Project. See https://www.NetBSD.org/ for information about
NetBSD.
This product includes cryptographic software written by Eric
Young ([email protected])
This product includes cryptographic software written by Eric
Young ([email protected])
This product includes software designed by William Allen
Simpson.
This product includes software developed at Ludd, University
of Luleoa.
This product includes software developed at Ludd, University
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This product includes software developed at the Information
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This product includes software developed by Aaron Brown and
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This product includes software developed by Ross Harvey for
the NetBSD Project.
This product includes software developed by Scott Bartram.
This product includes software developed by Scott Stevens.
This product includes software developed by Shingo WATANABE.
This product includes software developed by Softweyr LLC,
the University of California, Berkeley, and its contribu-
tors.
This product includes software developed by Stephan Thesing.
This product includes software developed by Steven M.
Bellovin
This product includes software developed by Takashi Hamada.
This product includes software developed by Takumi Nakamura.
This product includes software developed by Tatoku Ogaito
for the NetBSD Project.
This product includes software developed by Tommi Komulainen
<[email protected]>.
This product includes software developed by TooLs GmbH.
This product includes software developed by Trimble Naviga-
tion, Ltd.
This product includes software developed by Waldi Ravens.
This product includes software developed by WIDE Project and
its contributors.
This product includes software developed by Winning Strate-
gies, Inc.
This product includes software developed by Yasushi Yamasaki
This product includes software developed by Yen Yen Lim and
North Dakota State University
This product includes software developed by Zembu Labs, Inc.
This product includes software developed by the Alice Group.
This product includes software developed by the Computer
Systems Engineering Group at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory.
This product includes software developed by the Computer
Systems Laboratory at the University of Utah.
This product includes software developed by the Harvard Uni-
versity and its contributors.
This product includes software developed by the Kungliga
Tekniska Hoegskolan and its contributors.
This product includes software developed by the Network
Research Group at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory.
This product includes software developed by the OpenSSL
Project for use in the OpenSSL Toolkit.
(http://www.OpenSSL.org/)
This product includes software developed by the PocketBSD
project and its contributors.
This product includes software developed by the RiscBSD ker-
nel team
This product includes software developed by the RiscBSD
team.
This product includes software developed by the SMCC Tech-
nology Development Group at Sun Microsystems, Inc.
This product includes software developed by the University
of California, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratories.
This product includes software developed by the University
of California, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory.
This product includes software developed by the University
of California, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and its contrib-
utors.
This product includes software developed by the University
of Vermont and State Agricultural College and Garrett A.
Wollman.
This product includes software developed by the University
of Vermont and State Agricultural College and Garrett A.
Wollman, by William F. Jolitz, and by the University of
California, Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, and its
contributors.
This product includes software developed by the Urbana-Cham-
paign Independent Media Center.
This product includes software developed for the FreeBSD
project
This product includes software developed for the NetBSD
Project by Allegro Networks, Inc., and Wasabi Systems, Inc.
This product includes software developed for the NetBSD
Project by Bernd Ernesti.
This product includes software developed for the NetBSD
Project by Christopher G. Demetriou.
This product includes software developed for the NetBSD
Project by Eiji Kawauchi.
This product includes software developed for the NetBSD
Project by Frank van der Linden
This product includes software developed for the NetBSD
Project by Genetec Corporation.
This product includes software developed for the NetBSD
Project by Jason R. Thorpe.
This product includes software developed for the NetBSD
Project by John M. Vinopal.
This product includes software developed for the NetBSD
Project by Jonathan Stone.
This product includes software developed for the NetBSD
Project by Kyma Systems LLC.
This product includes software developed for the NetBSD
Project by Matthias Drochner.
This product includes software developed for the NetBSD
Project by Perry E. Metzger.
This product includes software developed for the NetBSD
Project by Piermont Information Systems Inc.
This product includes software developed for the NetBSD
Project by Shigeyuki Fukushima.
This product includes software developed for the NetBSD
Project by SUNET, Swedish University Computer Network.
This product includes software developed for the NetBSD
Project by Wasabi Systems, Inc.
This product includes software developed or owned by Caldera
International, Inc.
This product includes software developed under OpenBSD by
Per Fogelstrom.
This product includes software developed under OpenBSD by
Per Fogelstrom Opsycon AB for RTMX Inc, North Carolina, USA.
This software was developed by Holger Veit and Brian Moore
for use with "386BSD" and similar operating systems. "Simi-
lar operating systems" includes mainly non-profit oriented
systems for research and education, including but not
restricted to "NetBSD", "FreeBSD", "Mach" (by CMU).
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and
The Open Group, have given us permission to reprint portions
of their documentation.

In the following statement, the phrase ``this text'' refers
to portions of the system documentation.

Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in
electronic form in NetBSD, from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2004
Edition, Standard for Information Technology -- Portable
Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2004 by the
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and
The Open Group. In the event of any discrepancy between
these versions and the original IEEE and The Open Group
Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard is
the referee document.

The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html.

This notice shall appear on any product containing this
material.

In the following statement, "This software" refers to the
parallel port driver:
This software is a component of "386BSD" developed by
William F. Jolitz, TeleMuse.

Some files have the following copyright:
Mach Operating System
Copyright (c) 1991,1990,1989 Carnegie Mellon Univer-
sity
All Rights Reserved.

Permission to use, copy, modify and distribute this
software and its documentation is hereby granted, pro-
vided that both the copyright notice and this permis-
sion notice appear in all copies of the software, de-
rivative works or modified versions, and any portions
thereof, and that both notices appear in supporting
documentation.

CARNEGIE MELLON ALLOWS FREE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE IN
ITS CONDITION. CARNEGIE MELLON DISCLAIMS ANY LIABIL-
ITY OF ANY KIND FOR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING
FROM THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE.

Carnegie Mellon requests users of this software to
return to
Software Distribution Coordinator or Software.Dis-
[email protected]
School of Computer Science
Carnegie Mellon University
Pittsburgh PA 15213-3890

any improvements or extensions that they make and
grant Carnegie the rights to redistribute these
changes.

Some files have the following copyright:
Copyright (c) 1994, 1995 Carnegie-Mellon University.
All rights reserved.

Author: Chris G. Demetriou

Permission to use, copy, modify and distribute this
software and its documentation is hereby granted, pro-
vided that both the copyright notice and this permis-
sion notice appear in all copies of the software, de-
rivative works or modified versions, and any portions
thereof, and that both notices appear in supporting
documentation.
CARNEGIE MELLON ALLOWS FREE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE IN
ITS "AS IS" CONDITION. CARNEGIE MELLON DISCLAIMS ANY
LIABILITY OF ANY KIND FOR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER
RESULTING FROM THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE.

Carnegie Mellon requests users of this software to
return to
Software Distribution Coordinator or Software.Dis-
[email protected]
School of Computer Science
Carnegie Mellon University
Pittsburgh PA 15213-3890

any improvements or extensions that they make and
grant Carnegie the rights to redistribute these
changes.

Some files have the following copyright:
Copyright 1996 The Board of Trustees of The Leland
Stanford Junior University. All Rights Reserved.

Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this
software and its documentation for any purpose and
without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
copyright notice appear in all copies. Stanford Uni-
versity makes no representations about the suitability
of this software for any purpose. It is provided "as
is" without express or implied warranty.

TThhee EEnndd
NetBSD/rs6000 9.4 Apr 20, 2024 NetBSD/rs6000 9.4