INSTALL(8)              NetBSD System Manager's Manual              INSTALL(8)

NAME
    INSTALL -- Installation procedure for NetBSD/mac68k.

CONTENTS
    About this Document
    What is NetBSD?
    Dedication
    Changes Between The NetBSD 8 and 9 Releases
       Installation and Partitioning Changes
    Features to be removed in a later release
    The NetBSD Foundation
    Sources of NetBSD
    NetBSD 9.4 Release Contents
       NetBSD/mac68k subdirectory structure
       Binary distribution sets
    NetBSD/mac68k System Requirements and Supported Devices
       Supported models
       Supported devices
       Unsupported models
       Known hardware issues with this release
    Getting the NetBSD System on to Useful Media
    Preparing your System for NetBSD installation
    Installing the NetBSD System (Sysinst Method)
       Running the sysinst installation program
          Introduction
          Possible hardware-specific issues
          General
          Quick install
          Booting NetBSD
          Preparing your hard disk
          Getting the distribution sets
          Installation from CD-ROM
          Installation using FTP
          Installation using NFS
          Installation from Mac OS file systems
          Installation from an unmounted file system
          Installation from a local directory
          Extracting the distribution sets
          Configure additional items
          Finalizing your installation
    Installing the NetBSD System (Traditional Method)
       Preparing the file system(s)
       Installing the files
       Installation of base files
       Booting the system
    Post installation steps
    Upgrading a previously-installed NetBSD System
    Compatibility Issues With Previous NetBSD Releases
    Using online NetBSD documentation
    Administrivia
    Thanks go to
    Legal Mumbo-Jumbo
    The End
    Contributions

DESCRIPTION
  About this Document
    This document describes the installation procedure for
    NetBSD 9.4 on the mac68k platform.  It is available in four
    different formats titled INSTALL.ext, where .ext is one of
    .ps, .html, .more, or .txt:

          .ps     PostScript.

          .html   Standard Internet HTML.

          .more   The enhanced text format used on UNIX-like
                  systems by the more(1) and less(1) pager util-
                  ity programs.  This is the format in which the
                  on-line man pages are generally presented.

          .txt    Plain old ASCII.

    You are reading the ASCII version.

  What is NetBSD?
    The NetBSD Operating System is a fully functional Open
    Source UNIX-like operating system derived from the Univer-
    sity of California, Berkeley Networking Release 2 (Net/2),
    4.4BSD-Lite, and 4.4BSD-Lite2 sources.  NetBSD runs on many
    different different system architectures (ports) across a
    variety of distinct CPU families, and is being ported to
    more.  The NetBSD 9.4 release contains complete binary
    releases for most of these system architectures, with pre-
    liminary support for the others included in source form.
    Please see the NetBSD website: https://www.NetBSD.org/ for
    information on them.

    NetBSD is a completely integrated system.  In addition to
    its highly portable, high performance kernel, NetBSD fea-
    tures a complete set of user utilities, compilers for sev-
    eral languages, the X Window System, firewall software and
    numerous other tools, all accompanied by full source code.

    NetBSD is a creation of the members of the Internet commu-
    nity.  Without the unique cooperation and coordination the
    net makes possible, NetBSD would not exist.

  Dedication
    NetBSD 9.4 is dedicated to the memory of Wayne Knowles, who
    passed away in December 2022.

    Wayne was a long term contributor, working mostly on low
    level Mips code.

    Beyond his technical contributions, Wayne was always helpful
    and friendly.  His example encouraged users to contribute to
    the project and share their work with the community.

  Changes Between The NetBSD 8 and 9 Releases
    The NetBSD 9.4 release provides many significant changes,
    including support for many new devices, hundreds of bug
    fixes, new and updated kernel subsystems, and numerous user-
    land enhancements.  The result of these improvements is a
    stable operating system fit for production use that rivals
    most commercially available systems.

    It is impossible to completely summarize the massive devel-
    opment that went into the NetBSD 9.4 release.  The complete
    list of changes can be found in the following files:
    CHANGES:
          https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-9.4/CHANGES
    CHANGES-9.1:
          https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-9.4/CHANGES-9.1
    CHANGES-9.2:
          https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-9.4/CHANGES-9.2
    CHANGES-9.3:
          https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-9.4/CHANGES-9.3
    CHANGES-9.4:
          https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-9.4/CHANGES-9.4
    files in the top level directory of the NetBSD 9.4 release
    tree.

    Installation and Partitioning Changes

    The sysinst installation program has been reworked for this
    release.

    It now supports arbitrary big disks and offers GPT parti-
    tions as alternative to MBR/fdisk partitions on a lot archi-
    tectures.

    Unfortunately it has not been tested on all hardware sup-
    ported by NetBSD.  If you have problems partitioning the
    target disk or installing the system, please report bugs
    with as much details as possible.  See the Administrivia
    section below on how to report bugs or contact other users
    and ask for support.

  Features to be removed in a later release
    The following features are to be removed from NetBSD in the
    future:

    o   groff(1).  Man pages are now handled with mandoc(1), and
        groff(1) can still be found in pkgsrc as textproc/groff.

  The NetBSD Foundation
    The NetBSD Foundation is a tax exempt, not-for-profit
    501(c)(3) corporation that devotes itself to the traditional
    goals and Spirit of the NetBSD Project and owns the trade-
    mark of the word ``NetBSD''.  It supports the design, devel-
    opment, and adoption of NetBSD worldwide.  More information
    on the NetBSD Foundation, its composition, aims, and work
    can be found at:
          https://www.NetBSD.org/foundation/

  Sources of NetBSD
    Refer to mirrors:
          https://www.NetBSD.org/mirrors/

  NetBSD 9.4 Release Contents
    The root directory of the NetBSD 9.4 release is organized as
    follows:

    .../NetBSD-9.4/

    CHANGES       Changes between the 8.0 and 9.0 releases.

    CHANGES-9.0   Changes between the initial 9.0 branch and
                  final release of 9.0.

    CHANGES-9.1   Changes between the 9.0 and the 9.1 release.

    CHANGES-9.2   Changes between the 9.1 and the 9.2 release.

    CHANGES-9.3   Changes between the 9.2 and the 9.3 release.

    CHANGES-9.4   Changes between the 9.3 and the 9.4 release.

    CHANGES.prev  Changes in previous NetBSD releases.

    LAST_MINUTE   Last minute changes and notes about the
                  release.

    README.files  README describing the distribution's contents.

    images/       Images (ISO 9660 or USB) for installing
                  NetBSD.  Depending on your system, these may
                  be bootable.

    source/       Source distribution sets; see below.

    In addition to the files and directories listed above, there
    is one directory per architecture, for each of the architec-
    tures for which NetBSD 9.4 has a binary distribution.

    The source distribution sets can be found in subdirectories
    of the source subdirectory of the distribution tree.  They
    contain the complete sources to the system.  The source dis-
    tribution sets are as follows:

    gnusrc    This set contains the ``gnu'' sources, including
              the source for the compiler, assembler, groff, and
              the other GNU utilities in the binary distribution
              sets.

    sharesrc  This set contains the ``share'' sources, which
              include the sources for the man pages not associ-
              ated with any particular program; the sources for
              the typesettable document set; the dictionaries;
              and more.

    src       This set contains all of the base NetBSD 9.4
              sources which are not in gnusrc, sharesrc, or
              syssrc.

    syssrc    This set contains the sources to the NetBSD 9.4
              kernel for all architectures as well as the
              config(1) utility.

    xsrc      This set contains the sources to the X Window Sys-
              tem.

    All the above source sets are located in the source/sets
    subdirectory of the distribution tree.

    The source sets are distributed as compressed tar files.
    Except for the pkgsrc set, which is traditionally unpacked
    into /usr/pkgsrc, all sets may be unpacked into /usr/src
    with the command:
          # cd / ; tar -zxpf set_name.tgz

    In each of the source distribution set directories, there
    are files which contain the checksums of the files in the
    directory:

          MD5     MD5 digests in the format produced by the com-
                  mand:
                  cksum -a MD5 file.

          SHA512  SHA512 digests in the format produced by the
                  command:
                  cksum -a SHA512 file.

    The SHA512 digest is safer, but MD5 checksums are provided
    so that a wider range of operating systems can check the
    integrity of the release files.

    NetBSD/mac68k subdirectory structure

    The mac68k-specific portion of the NetBSD 9.4 release is
    found in the mac68k subdirectory of the distribution:
    .../NetBSD-9.4/mac68k/.  It contains the following files and
    directories:

    INSTALL.html
    INSTALL.ps
    INSTALL.txt
    INSTALL.more  Installation notes in various file formats,
                  including this file.  The .more file contains
                  underlined text using the more(1) conventions
                  for indicating italic and bold display.
    binary/
                  kernel/
                           netbsd-GENERIC.gz
                                      A kernel containing code
                                      for everything supported
                                      in this release using the
                                      standard SCSI driver.
                           netbsd-GENERICSBC.gz
                                      A kernel containing code
                                      for everything supported
                                      in this release using the
                                      SBC variant of the SCSI
                                      driver.
                  sets/    mac68k binary distribution sets; see
                           below.
    installation/
                  instkernel/
                             mac68k boot and installation ker-
                             nels; see installation section
                             (Sysinst Method), below.
                  misc/      Miscellaneous mac68k installation
                             utilities; see the Traditional
                             method installation section below.

    Binary distribution sets

    The NetBSD mac68k binary distribution sets contain the bina-
    ries which comprise the NetBSD 9.4 release for mac68k.  The
    binary distribution sets can be found in the
    mac68k/binary/sets subdirectory of the NetBSD 9.4 distribu-
    tion tree, and are as follows:

    base     The NetBSD 9.4 mac68k base binary distribution.
             You must install this distribution set.  It con-
             tains the base NetBSD utilities that are necessary
             for the system to run and be minimally functional.

    comp     Things needed for compiling programs.  This set
             includes the system include files (/usr/include)
             and the various system libraries (except the shared
             libraries, which are included as part of the base
             set).  This set also includes the manual pages for
             all of the utilities it contains, as well as the
             system call and library manual pages.

    debug    This distribution set contains debug information
             for all base system utilities.  It is useful when
             reporting issues with binaries or during develope-
             ment.  This set is huge, if the target disk is
             small, do not install it.

    etc      This distribution set contains the system configu-
             ration files that reside in /etc and in several
             other places.  This set must be installed if you
             are installing the system from scratch, but should
             not be used if you are upgrading.

    games    This set includes the games and their manual pages.

    kern-GENERIC
             This set contains a NetBSD/mac68k 9.4 GENERIC ker-
             nel, named /netbsd.  You must install either this
             distribution set or kern-GENERICSBC.

    kern-GENERICSBC
             This set contains a NetBSD/mac68k 9.4 GENERICSBC
             kernel, named /netbsd.  You must install either
             this distribution set or kern-GENERIC.

    man      This set includes all of the manual pages for the
             binaries and other software contained in the base
             set.  Note that it does not include any of the man-
             ual pages that are included in the other sets.

    misc     This set includes the system dictionaries, the
             typesettable document set, and other files from
             /usr/share.

    modules  This set includes kernel modules to add functional-
             ity to a running system.

    rescue   This set includes the statically linked emergency
             recover binaries installed in /rescue.

    text     This set includes NetBSD's text processing tools,
             including groff(1), all related programs, and their
             manual pages.

    NetBSD maintains its own set of sources for the X Window
    System in order to assure tight integration and compatibil-
    ity.  These sources are based on XFree86 4.5.0.  Binary sets
    for the X Window System are distributed with NetBSD.  The
    sets are:

    xbase    The basic files needed for a complete X client
             environment.  This does not include the X servers.

    xcomp    The extra libraries and include files needed to
             compile X source code.

    xdebug   This distribution set contains debug information
             for all X11 binaries.  It is useful when reporting
             issues with these binaries or during developement.
             This set is huge, if the target disk is small, do
             not install it.

    xfont    Fonts needed by the X server and by X clients.

    xetc     Configuration files for X which could be locally
             modified.

    xserver  The X server.  This includes the Xmac68k monochrome
             server with man pages.

    The mac68k binary distribution sets are distributed as
    gzipped tar files named with the extension .tgz, e.g.
    base.tgz.

    The instructions given for extracting the source sets work
    equally well for the binary sets, but it is worth noting
    that if you use that method, the filenames stored in the
    sets are relative and therefore the files are extracted
    below the current directory.  Therefore, if you want to
    extract the binaries into your system, i.e.  replace the
    system binaries with them, you have to run the tar -xzpf
    command from the root directory ( / ) of your system.

    Kernels suitable for booting from an AppleShare server may
    be found in the mac68k/binary/kernels subdirectory of the
    NetBSD 9.4 distribution tree.  These kernels are generally
    named something like netbsd-GENERIC.gz and can be booted as-
    is by the NetBSD/mac68k Booter utility, if desired.  Please
    note that these kernels are simply gzipped and are not in
    tar archives.

    The Mac OS based utilities necessary for installing and run-
    ning NetBSD can be found in the mac68k/installation/misc
    subdirectory of the NetBSD 9.4 distribution tree.  The
    important files in this directory are as follows:

    Booter.sea.hqx     The NetBSD/mac68k Booter utility.  This
                       program is used to boot the NetBSD kernel
                       from within Mac OS.
                       141 KB archived

    Installer.sea.hqx  The NetBSD/mac68k Installer utility.
                       This program is used to install the dis-
                       tribution sets onto your NetBSD parti-
                       tion(s).  This utility is used only in a
                       Traditional method installation; it is
                       not used or required for an installation
                       using the sysinst method.
                       147 KB archived

    Mkfs.sea.hqx       The Mkfs utility.  This program is used
                       to format your chosen partitions so that
                       they can be used with NetBSD.  This util-
                       ity is used only in a Traditional method
                       installation; it is not used or required
                       for an installation using the sysinst
                       method.
                       76 KB archived

    These files are all BinHexed, self-extracting archives.  If
    you need them, the sources for these utilities are in the
    src subdirectory.

    Note:  Each directory in the mac68k binary distribution also
           has its own checksum files, just as the source dis-
           tribution does.

  NetBSD/mac68k System Requirements and Supported Devices
    NetBSD/mac68k 9.4 runs on several of the older Macintosh
    computers.  About 4 MB of RAM is sufficient to boot a
    stripped-down custom kernel, and a subset of the system can
    be squeezed onto a 40 MB hard disk with considerable cre-
    ativity and persistence. However, 140 MB of disk should be
    considered a practical minimum, and to do anything more
    interesting than booting at least 8 MB of RAM and more disk
    space is recommended.

    Please note that to install NetBSD/mac68k 9.4 using the
    sysinst method, your system must have a minimum of 6 MB of
    RAM and 60 MB of available disk space (i.e. not part of an
    in-use HFS partition).

    Supported models

          o   Mac II, IIx, IIcx, SE/30, IIci, IIsi, IIvx, IIvi
          o   Performa 400/405/410/430, Performa 450, Performa
              460/466/467
          o   Performa 520, Performa 550/560, Performa 600/600CD
          o   LC II, LC III, LC III+, LC 520, LC 550
          o   MacTV
          o   Classic II, Color Classic
          o   Centris 650
          o   Quadra 610, Quadra 630, Quadra 650, Quadra 700,
              Quadra 800
          o   Quadra/Centris 660AV, Quadra 840AV
          o   PowerBook 140, PowerBook 145/145B, PowerBook 170
          o   PowerBook 160, PowerBook 165, PowerBook 180
          o   PowerBook 165c, PowerBook 180c, PowerBook 550c

    Supported devices

          o   Onboard SCSI bus and most SCSI tapes, hard drives,
              and CD-ROMs
          o   Internal sound -- enough to beep on some machines,
              anyway
          o   Most basic NuBus video cards (there have been some
              problems with some 24-bit color cards and with
              most QuickDraw accelerators)
          o   Both internal serial ports
          o   ADB keyboards and mice (both Apple and a number of
              third party multi-button mice and trackballs are
              supported)
          o   Ethernet cards based on the National Semiconductor
              8390 and the SONIC (DP83932) chips (Asante, Apple,
              and a few others -- problems still with Ethernet
              and many NuBus video cards)
          o   Ethernet cards based on the SMC 91c92 and 91c100
              (FEAST) chips.  This includes the AsanteFAST
              10/100 cards
          o   Onboard Ethernet based on the SONIC chip for
              Quadra-series Macs
          o   Onboard Ethernet based on the MACE (Am79C940) chip
              for the Quadra AV-series Macs
          o   Ethernet port on Asante NetDock and Newer Ether
              MicroDock, for PowerBook Duo series
          o   Comm-slot Ethernet should be working for most
              machines/cards

    If your 68030 system is not listed above, it may be because
    of a problem with accessing onboard video, and it may still
    work with a serial console.  Some of the known ones in this
    category:
          o   Mac Classic series
          o   PowerBook Duo series

    If your 68LC040 system is not listed above, it is due to a
    problem with floating point emulation (FPE) for this type of
    processor. Machines in this category include:
          o   Newer LC-series machines (47x, 57x)
          o   Newer Performa-series machines (47x, 57x, 58x,
              63x, 640)
          o   Some PowerBook 500-series Macs

    Unsupported models

          o   Macintosh IIfx

              This machine has unusual custom chips for the ADB
              and serial interfaces which make support for it
              difficult. Work is in progress on this, though.

          o   Quadra 900/950

              These machines have I/O processor chips for their
              ADB interfaces similar to those used in the IIfx
              and thus face similar support problems. Note that
              you can use a serial console on these systems.

          o   PowerPC-based Macs

              This is a separate effort from the mac68k port.
              PowerMacs use hardware that is quite different
              from that of the mac68k port.  See the
              NetBSD/macppc port webpage at
                    http://www.NetBSD.org/ports/macppc/
              for more information.

    Known hardware issues with this release

          o   Real Time Clock

              Due to oddities of the Macintosh hardware inter-
              rupt priority scheme, NetBSD/mac68k keeps very
              poor time. Under a high interrupt load (e.g.  SCSI
              or serial port activity), a machine can lose sev-
              eral minutes per hour. A consequence of this prob-
              lem is that attempting to run ntpd is generally
              rather pointless.

          o   SCSI difficulties

              The NetBSD/mac68k SCSI drivers are not quite as
              robust as their Mac OS counterparts. Symptoms of
              these problems are that some SCSI disks will not
              work under NetBSD that work fine under Mac OS.
              Other problems include occasional file system cor-
              ruption with some types of drives and the general
              unreliability of removable SCSI media.  Keep in
              mind that there are no clear patterns with these
              problems, and they do not appear to affect the
              majority of users.

  Getting the NetBSD System on to Useful Media
    There are currently two installation methods available for
    initial installation of NetBSD on Apple Macintosh
    68000-based systems. Neither supports all installation media
    types at this time, so the one you select must be compatible
    with the media you have available on your system.

    o   The sysinst method of installation uses an Installation
        Kernel which is a minimal NetBSD system with a memory
        resident set of utilities that are capable of partition-
        ing the disk, initializing the file systems, and loading
        them from the archive files.  Since the installation
        kernel does not currently support access to Mac OS HFS
        file systems this method requires that the Binary Dis-
        tribution Sets be accessible from CD-ROM, remote NFS
        partition, or via FTP access.

    o   The Traditional method of installation uses Mac OS
        hosted utilities to partition your disk, initialize the
        partitions for use by NetBSD, and load the file systems
        from archive files stored on the Mac OS HFS file system.
        This method requires that the Binary Distribution Sets
        reside on a local Macintosh hard drive, a CD-ROM, or an
        AppleShare volume.

    The Traditional method of installation is currently sup-
    ported from the local Macintosh hard drive, from a CD-ROM,
    or from an AppleShare volume (however, you may upgrade a
    system from within NetBSD; see the
    Upgrading a previously-installed NetBSD System section for
    more details).  If you are installing from a local hard
    drive, this means that you'll need at least enough room for
    the largest file that you will have to install.

    If the install is being done from an AppleShare-mounted vol-
    ume, the NetBSD/mac68k Installer must be in the same folder
    as the binary distribution sets.

    Each distribution file is in raw archive format.

    o   Distribution files must be downloaded in binary mode.
        Common web browsers may not be suitable for this task;
        FTP clients such as Fetch and Anarchie work fine, but be
        sure to specify a binary file transfer.

    o   The files should not be unpacked.  If you have the
        Internet Config extension installed, you can disable
        this in the ``Helpers'' dialog by removing the entry
        associated with ``.tgz'' files.  Other FTP clients may
        require separate changes; consult your package's docu-
        mentation.

    o   If you are installing from a CD-ROM, the distribution
        sets are already in the proper format. No special han-
        dling is required.

    You will also need to collect the Mac OS installation tools
    from the mac68k/installation/misc subdirectory of the
    NetBSD 9.4 distribution: Mkfs, NetBSD/mac68k Installer, and
    NetBSD/mac68k Booter. These three are in BinHexed, self-
    extracting archives as Mkfs.sea.hqx, Installer.sea.hqx, and
    Booter.sea.hqx, respectively. Extract them as you would any
    other Macintosh application.

    Note:  The Booter is the only Mac OS application needed if
           the sysinst method of installation is used.  The Tra-
           ditional method of installation is deprecated and
           will be removed in a future release, and the Mkfs and
           Installer tools will be retired.

  Preparing your System for NetBSD installation
    No matter which installation method you use, there is some
    planning and preparation that is required beforehand.  First
    and foremost, before beginning the installation process,
    make sure you have a reliable backup of any data on your
    hard disk that you wish to keep.  Mistakes in partitioning
    your hard disk may lead to data loss.

    NetBSD/mac68k uses the same disk mapping scheme as Mac OS:
    the Apple Disk Partition Map.  This permits both systems to
    reside on the same disk, but introduces some installation
    problems unique to the Macintosh. There are very few, if
    any, reliable ways to reduce the size of an existing Mac OS
    disk partition, so partitioning a disk that currently con-
    tains Mac OS will almost always require a backup and reload
    step under Mac OS.

    If you are using the sysinst method of installation you will
    be able to do most, if not all, of your disk partitioning
    during the install process.  Partitioning the disk with
    sysinst will destroy any partition that is resized, deleted,
    converted, or designated for use by NetBSD.  All space not
    planned to be used for Mac OS HFS partitions may be used by
    NetBSD and can be sub-divided by the sysinst process.  This
    space may be defined within one or more existing disk parti-
    tions of any type, including HFS partitions that are no
    longer needed for Mac OS. However it is best if this space
    is physically contiguous on the disk as sysinst is not capa-
    ble of merging non-contiguous disk partitions.  If you are
    using the sysinst method and have sufficient disk space in
    one or more disk partitions you should skip forward to the
    section labeled
    Installing the NetBSD System (Sysinst Method) in this docu-
    ment.

    If you are using the Traditional method of installation you
    must use a disk partitioning utility to designate the dif-
    ferent partitions you will want in your final NetBSD config-
    uration.  It is not necessary to create NetBSD (or AU/X)
    type partitions at this stage; the Mkfs utility can convert
    a partition of any type to one usable for NetBSD.

    If disk partitioning is required because you've selected the
    Traditional method of installation, or because disk space
    needs to be freed up for use for the sysinst method of
    installation, follow the directions in the remainder of this
    section.

    Find your favorite disk partitioning utility. Any formatter
    capable of partitioning a SCSI disk should work. Some of the
    ones that have been tried and seem to work are:

          o   Apple HD SC Setup
          o   Hard Disk ToolKit from FWB
          o   SCSI Director Lite
          o   Disk Manager Mac from OnTrack
          o   Silverlining from LaCie
          o   APS Disk Tools

    Apple's HD SC Setup is probably the easiest to use and the
    most commonly available. Instructions for patching HD SC
    Setup so that it will recognize non-Apple drives is avail-
    able at:

          http://www.euronet.nl/users/ernstoud/patch.html

    First, you need to choose a drive on which to install
    NetBSD.  Try to pick a drive with a low SCSI target number
    (or "SCSI ID"), especially if you are likely to add or
    remove drives to your SCSI chain in the future.

    Note:  Be certain you have a reliable backup of any data
           that you may want to keep.  Repartitioning your hard
           drive is an excellent way to destroy important data.

    Second, decide how you want to set up your partitions. At
    minimum, you need a partition to hold the NetBSD installa-
    tion (the root partition -- /) and a partition to serve as
    swap space. You may choose to use more than one partition to
    hold the installation. This allows you to separate the more
    vital portions of the file system (such as the kernel and
    the /etc directory) from the more volatile parts of the file
    system.  Typical setups place the /usr directory on a sepa-
    rate partition from the root partition (/).  Generally, /
    can be fairly small while the /usr partition should be
    fairly large.  If you plan to use this machine as a server,
    you may also want a separate /var partition.

    Once you have decided how to lay out your partitions, you
    need to calculate how much space to allocate to each parti-
    tion. A minimal install of NetBSD (i.e.  base.tgz, etc.tgz,
    and either kern-GENERIC.tgz or kern-GENERICSBC.tgz) requires
    about 140MB.  A general rule of thumb for sizing the swap
    partition is to allocate twice as much swap space as you
    have real memory.  Having your swap + real memory total at
    least 20 MB is also a good idea.  Systems that will be heav-
    ily used or that are low on real memory should have more
    swap space allocated. Systems that will be only lightly used
    or have a very large amount of real memory can get away with
    less.

    Keep in mind that NetBSD currently requires Mac OS in order
    to boot, so it is likely that you will want to keep at least
    a minimal install of Mac OS around on an HFS partition for
    this purpose.  The size of this partition may vary depending
    on the size requirements for the version of Mac OS you are
    using.  Of course, if you have Mac OS on another hard drive
    or can boot from a floppy, feel free to dedicate the entire
    drive to NetBSD.

    Next, use your favorite partitioning utility to make parti-
    tions of the necessary sizes. You can use any type of parti-
    tion, but partitions of type Apple_Free might save you some
    confusion in the future.

    You are now set to install NetBSD on your hard drive.

  Installing the NetBSD System (Sysinst Method)
    Running the sysinst installation program

    1.   Introduction

         Using sysinst, installing NetBSD is a relatively easy
         process.  Still, you should read this document and have
         it available during the installation process.  This
         document tries to be a good guide to the installation,
         and as such, covers many details for the sake of com-
         pleteness.  Do not let this discourage you; the install
         program is not hard to use.

    2.   Possible hardware-specific issues

         o   SCSI driver problems

             The SCSI driver used in the kernel on many older
             Macintosh systems is, by default, the ncrscsi
             driver.  It contains a recognized but as yet
             unfixed bug that affects some disk drive/controller
             combinations, usually Quantum disks.  Under heavy
             load these systems may hang or corrupt the file
             system; or, you may experience frequent
             Segmentation fault and Illegal instruction errors
             that may or may not be consistently repeatable.
             This latter condition is particularly prevalent on
             systems with minimal RAM installed.

             If either of these problems occur on your system
             you are advised to use the SBC variants of the Ker-
             nel and Installation Kernel.  However, be aware
             that this issue does not affect e.g. Centris or
             Quadra systems.

         o   The 68LC040 processor

             NetBSD has known but unresolved problems running on
             the 68LC040 processor, the variant of the 68040
             that does not contain the floating point unit
             (FPU).  The kernel is thus forced to emulate the
             missing operations in software.  Unfortunately the
             68LC040 processor has a design problem that causes
             the emulation to fail intermittently.  We hope to
             provide a solution for this issue in a future
             NetBSD release.

             Software emulation of floating point operations is
             not a problem on the 68020 and 68030 processors.

    3.   General

         The following is a walk-through of the steps you will
         take while installing NetBSD on your hard disk.
         sysinst is a menu driven program that guides you
         through the installation process.  Sometimes questions
         will be asked, and in many cases the default answer
         will be displayed in brackets (``[ ]'') after the ques-
         tion.  If you wish to stop the installation, you may
         press CONTROL-C at any time, but if you do, you'll have
         to begin the installation process again from scratch by
         running the /sysinst program from the command prompt.
         It is not necessary to reboot.

    4.   Quick install

         First, let's describe a quick install.  The other sec-
         tions of this document go into the installation proce-
         dure in more detail, but you may find that you do not
         need this.  If you want detailed instructions, skip to
         the next section.  This section describes a basic
         installation, using a CD / DVD as the install media.

         o   What you need.

             -   The distribution sets (in this example, they
                 are on the CD or DVD).

             -   The Mac OS Booter application and an Installa-
                 tion Kernel

             -   A Macintosh with a 68020 and MMU, 68030 or
                 68RC040 processor.  An FPU is not required but
                 will be used if present (but see the note above
                 regarding the 68LC040).

             -   A minimum of 8 MB of memory installed.

             -   An optical drive.

             -   A hard drive with at least 500 MB of free space
                 for a complete base install, not including room
                 for swap.  If you wish to install the X Window
                 System as well, you will need at least 225 MB
                 more.

         o   The NetBSD Boot Tools folder.

             -   Create a Folder on your Mac OS disk for the
                 NetBSD/mac68k components.

             -   Copy the Booter application into the newly cre-
                 ated Folder.  Expand the file if necessary to
                 create the Mac OS executable.

             -   Copy the Installation Kernels into the newly
                 created Folder.  It is not necessary to gunzip
                 compressed kernel files.

             -   Single-click on the Booter application icon
                 then select the "Get Info" from the File Menu
                 list.  Increase the memory allocation for the
                 Booter to as much as possible for your system.
                 Having a large number of fonts, extensions or
                 sounds installed on your system can cause mem-
                 ory exhaustion problems for the Booter if you
                 don't do this.  Also, the extra memory is
                 needed by the Booter to expand compressed ker-
                 nels while booting.

         o   The Quick Installation

             -   Double-click on the Booter application icon to
                 start executing it.  From the Options pull-down
                 menu, select Monitors, then select Change
                 Monitor Depth and make sure B&W is highlighted.
                 Close the window using the Close button.

             -   From the Options pull-down menu select Boot
                 Options.  This will bring up an option panel.
                 Set the Auto-set GMT Bias checkbox in the lower
                 left and then select the Boot from Mac OS
                 option at the top of the window.  The Set but-
                 ton on the right will become active.  Use it to
                 locate and select the Installation Kernel file
                 appropriate for your hardware.  This will be
                 either netbsd-INSTALL.gz or
                 netbsd-INSTALLSBC.gz.  Close the window using
                 the Close button.

             -   From the Options pull-down menu select the Boot
                 Now, or use the Apple-B (Command-B) key combi-
                 nation to start the NetBSD boot process.  Do
                 not move the mouse while the boot operation is
                 in progress as this may leave the keyboard
                 locked to NetBSD.

                 The main menu will be displayed.  Insert the
                 first boot floppy you just created and boot the
                 computer.  After language selection, the main
                 menu will be displayed.

                         .***********************************************.
                         * NetBSD-9.4 Install System                     *
                         *                                               *
                         *>a: Install NetBSD to hard disk                *
                         * b: Upgrade NetBSD on a hard disk              *
                         * c: Re-install sets or install additional sets *
                         * d: Reboot the computer                        *
                         * e: Utility menu                               *
                         * f: Config menu                                *
                         * x: Exit Install System                        *
                         .***********************************************.

             -   If you wish, you can configure some network
                 settings immediately by choosing the Utility
                 menu and then Configure network.  It isn't
                 actually required at this point, but it may be
                 more convenient.  Go back to the main menu.

             -   Choose Install.

             -   You will be guided through the setup of your
                 disk.

             -   You will be asked to choose which distribution
                 sets to install.

             -   When prompted, choose CD-ROM as the install
                 medium if booted from CD-ROM.  The default val-
                 ues for the path and device should be ok.

             -   After the installation process has completed,
                 you will be brought back to the main menu,
                 where you should select Reboot.

             -   NetBSD will now boot.  If you didn't set a
                 password for the root user when prompted by
                 sysinst, logging in as root and setting a pass-
                 word should be your first task.  You are also
                 advised to read afterboot(8).

    5.   Booting NetBSD

         Prior to attempting to boot NetBSD/mac68k verify that
         all the following are done:

         o   Enable 32-bit addressing in the Memory Control
             Panel [1].

         o   Disable all forms of virtual memory (the Memory
             Control Panel, RAM Doubler, or other software-based
             memory enhancement products).

         o   Place the system in B&W Mode (1-bit color or
             grayscale) as shown in the Monitors Control Panel
             or in the Monitors options dialog of the Booter.
             You may choose to have the Booter do this for you
             automatically by selecting the appropriate check
             box and radio button in the Monitors dialog on the
             Options menu.

         It is probably best to boot your machine with all
         extensions turned off [1].  You can do this by booting
         into Mac OS with the SHIFT key held down.  You may have
         to restart your Macintosh for changes to take effect
         before proceeding.

         [1]  If your version of the Memory control panel does
              not have a 32-bit addressing mode radio button,
              this means that your system is already 32-bit
              clean and is running in 32-bit addressing mode by
              default.  If the Booter complains that your are
              not in 32-bit mode, it may be necessary for you to
              press the "Use Defaults" button in the Memory con-
              trol panel to restore 32-bit addressing.  You
              should probably reboot after doing so.  If you
              have an older II-class system (including the II,
              IIx, IIcx, and SE/30), it is necessary to install
              Connectix's MODE32 to work around ROM issues which
              prevent you from enabling 32-bit addressing.
              Please see the NetBSD/mac68k FAQ:
                    https://www.NetBSD.org/ports/mac68k/faq/
              for more information.

         Double-click on the NetBSD/mac68k Booter icon to start
         the application.  Select Booting from the Options menu.
         Select the Kernel Location to be from Mac OS with the
         filename corresponding to the name of the Installation
         Kernel you are using.  Typically this will be netbsd-
         INSTALL.gz.

         If you haven't already put your Macintosh into B&W
         mode, select the Monitor Options from the Options menu
         and check the box for B&W mode.

         Try booting NetBSD by selecting Boot Now from the
         Options menu.

         If the system does not come up, send mail to
         [email protected] describing your software, your
         hardware, and as complete a description of the problem
         as you can.  As an alternative, try using the Tradi-
         tional method of installation described in the next
         section.

    6.   Preparing your hard disk

         You are now at the point of no return.  Nothing has
         been written to your disk yet, but if you confirm that
         you want to install NetBSD, your hard drive will be
         modified.  If you are sure you want to proceed, select
         yes.

         The install program will now label your disk and create
         the file systems you specified.  The file systems will
         be initialized to contain NetBSD bootstrapping binaries
         and configuration files.  You will see messages on your
         screen from the various NetBSD disk preparation tools
         that are running.  There should be no errors in this
         section of the installation.  If there are, restart
         from the beginning of the installation process.  Other-
         wise, you can continue the installation program after
         pressing the return key.

    7.   Getting the distribution sets

         The NetBSD distribution consists of a number of sets
         that come in the form of gzipped tar files.  At this
         point, you will be presented with a menu which enables
         you to choose from one of the following methods of
         installing the sets.  Some of these methods will first
         transfer the sets to your hard disk, others will
         extract the sets directly.

         For all these methods, the first step is to make the
         sets available for extraction.  The sets can be made
         available in a few different ways.  The following sec-
         tions describe each of the methods.  After reading
         about the method you will be using, you can continue to
         the section labeled `Extracting the distribution sets'.

    8.   Installation from CD-ROM

         When installing from a CD-ROM, you will be asked to
         specify the device name for your CD-ROM drive (usually
         cd0) and the directory name on the CD-ROM where the
         distribution files are.

         sysinst will then check that the files are actually
         present in the specified location and proceed to the
         extraction of the sets.

    9.   Installation using FTP

         To install using ftp, you first need to configure your
         network setup if you haven't already done so.  sysinst
         will help you with this, asking if you want to use
         DHCP.  If you do not use DHCP, you can enter network
         configuration details yourself.  If you do not have DNS
         set up for the machine that you are installing on, you
         can just press RETURN in answer to this question, and
         DNS will not be used.

         You will also be asked to specify the host that you
         want to transfer the sets from, the directory on that
         host, the account name and password used to log into
         that host using ftp, and optionally a proxy server to
         use.  If you did not set up DNS, you will need to spec-
         ify an IP address instead of a hostname for the ftp
         server.

         sysinst will then transfer the set files from the
         remote site to your hard disk.

    10.  Installation using NFS

         To install using NFS, you first need to configure your
         network setup if you haven't already done so.  sysinst
         will do this for you, asking you if you want to use
         DHCP.  If you do not use DHCP, you can enter network
         configuration details yourself.  If you do not have DNS
         set up for the machine that you are installing on, you
         can just press RETURN in answer to this question, and
         DNS will not be used.

         You will also be asked to specify the host that you
         want to transfer the sets from and the directory on
         that host that the files are in.  This directory should
         be mountable by the machine you are installing on,
         i.e., correctly exported to your machine.

         If you did not set up DNS, you will need to specify an
         IP address instead of a hostname for the NFS server.

    11.  Installation from Mac OS file systems

         NetBSD/mac68k does not currently have in-kernel support
         for Mac OS HFS/HFS+ or AppleShare filesystems.  sysinst
         therefore can not access the file sets if they are on
         these filesystems.

    12.  Installation from an unmounted file system

         In order to install from a local file system, you will
         need to specify the device that the file system resides
         on (for example wd1e), the type of the file system, and
         the directory on the specified file system where the
         sets are located.  sysinst will then check if it can
         indeed access the sets at that location.

    13.  Installation from a local directory

         This option assumes that you have already done some
         preparation yourself.  The sets should be located in a
         directory on a file system that is already accessible.
         sysinst will ask you for the name of this directory.

    14.  Extracting the distribution sets

         A progress bar will be displayed while the distribution
         sets are being extracted.

         After all the files have been extracted, the device
         node files will be created.  If you have already con-
         figured networking, you will be asked if you want to
         use this configuration for normal operation.  If so,
         these values will be installed in the network configu-
         ration files.

    15.  Configure additional items

         The next menu will allow you to select a number of
         additional items to configure, including the time zone
         that you're in, to make sure your clock has the right
         offset from UTC, the root user's shell, and the initial
         root password.

         You can also enable installation of binary packages,
         which installs the pkgin(1) tool for managing binary
         packages for third-party software.  This will feel
         familiar to users of package tools such as apt-get or
         yum.  If you prefer to install third-party software
         from source, you can install the pkgsrc(7) tree.

         Finally, you can enable some daemons such as sshd(8),
         ntpd(8), or mdnsd(8).

    16.  Finalizing your installation

         Congratulations, you have successfully installed NetBSD
         9.4.  You can now reboot the machine and boot NetBSD
         from hard disk.

  Installing the NetBSD System (Traditional Method)
    The Traditional method of installation can be broken down
    into three basic steps:

    o   Run Mkfs to build a file system or file systems.
    o   Run the Installer to load the files onto your file sys-
        tems.
    o   Run the Booter to boot the system.

    Preparing the file system(s)

    Double-click on the Mkfs application icon to start it up. It
    will ask you for the SCSI-ID (SCSI target number) of the
    drive that you are installing NetBSD on. Once this is
    selected, it will present a list of the partitions on that
    disk. You must first convert the partitions to a type which
    NetBSD can understand. Select each partition on which you
    wish to build a file system and click on the Change button.
    If you are placing the entire installation on a single par-
    tition, select the NetBSD Root&Usr radio button. If you are
    using multiple partitions, select NetBSD Root for the root
    partition (/) and NetBSD Usr for all the other partitions.
    You should select NetBSD Swap for the swap partition.

    When you have finished converting each partition, select
    each partition and click on the Format button. You will now
    be asked for a bunch of parameters for the hard drive and
    the file system. Usually, you can just take the defaults. If
    you are installing onto removable media (e.g. a Zip, Jaz, or
    Syquest), please see the FAQ. Note that although this dialog
    only has the OK button, you are not committed, yet. Once you
    get the values you want, press the OK button. A dialog will
    be presented at this point with two options: Format and
    Cancel.  If you choose Cancel, nothing will be written to
    your drive. If you choose Format, the program will proceed
    to make a file system.

    Mkfs is not a well-behaved Macintosh application. It will
    not allow any other tasks to run while it does (cooperative
    multitasking at its best).  When it's finished, the program
    will put up a dialog to ask if you have scanned the output
    for any error messages. Usually there won't have been any
    errors, but do scan the output to make sure. Simply click on
    the I Read It button and the program will quit.

    Repeat as necessary for any extra partitions that you wish
    to make file systems on. Note that you do not need a file
    system on your swap partition.

    When you are finished, click on the Done button and choose
    Quit from the File menu to exit Mkfs.

    Installing the files

    Before using the Installer, it is probably a good idea to
    increase its memory allocation. Select the Installer icon by
    clicking on it and choose Get Info from the File menu.
    Increase both the Minimum and Preferred sizes to as much as
    you can spare.

    Double-click on the Installer icon to start it up. The
    Installer will present the same SCSI-ID menu that Mkfs did.
    Select the same SCSI-ID (SCSI target number) that you did
    for Mkfs - i.e., the one you are installing NetBSD on.

    If you are installing onto a single root partition (/), pro-
    ceed to the Installation of base files section, below.

    If you have not created file systems for / (root), usr, and
    any other file systems, go back to Preparing the file
    system(s) above.

    When you started the Installer, it mounted your root parti-
    tion (/).  Just before it printed

          Mounting partition 'A' as /

    it printed lines like:

          sd1 at scsi ID 5

    This means that the device for SCSI target 5 ("SCSI ID 5")
    is sd1.  The partitions are signified by a trailing letter.
    For instance, sd1a would be the root partition (/) of the
    second SCSI disk in the chain, and sd0g would be the first
    Usr partition on the first SCSI disk.

    You will need to know the proper device to mount the remain-
    ing partition(s) by hand:

          1.   Select Build Devices from the File menu.

          2.   Select Mini Shell from the File menu.

          3.   You can use the disklabel command to get a list-
               ing of the available partitions and their types
               and sizes.

          4.   Create the directory mount point(s) with the com-
               mand:

                     # mkdir path

               E.g. for the /usr partition type:

                     # mkdir /usr

          5.   Mount the file systems you wish with the command:

                     # mount device path
               For example, if you wish to mount a /usr parti-
               tion from the first SCSI disk sd0, on /usr, you
               would type:

                     # mount /dev/sd0g /usr

          6.   Type
                     # fstab force
               to create a proper /etc/fstab file.

          7.   Type quit after you have mounted all the file
               systems.

    Installation of base files

    Select the Install menu item from the File menu and install
    base.tgz, etc.tgz, either kern-GENERIC.tgz or
    kern-GENERICSBC.tgz, and any other sets you wish to
    install   at this time (see the NetBSD 9.4 Release Contents
    for information about what's in each set). The Installer
    will print out the filename of each file as it is installed,
    and will take quite some time to install everything (the
    base package alone can take over two hours on a slow hard
    drive).

    As is the case with Mkfs, this is not a particularly well-
    behaved Macintosh application and the machine will be com-
    pletely tied up while the installation takes place.

    At some point after installing the base set, select the
    Build Devices option from the File menu if you have not
    already done so. This will create a bunch of device nodes
    for you and will create your initial /etc/fstab.  The
    Installer program also has an option to give you a mini-
    shell. Do not use this unless you are sure know what you are
    doing.

    When you are finished installing all of the sets you wish to
    install, exit the Installer by choosing Quit from the File
    menu.

    Booting the system

    Prior to attempting to boot NetBSD/mac68k, please verify
    that all of the following are true:

    1.   32-bit addressing is enabled [2] in the Memory control
         panel;

    2.   All forms of virtual memory are disabled (the Memory
         control panel, RAM Doubler, or other software-based
         memory enhancement products); and

    3.   Your system is in B&W mode (1-bit color or grayscale)
         as shown by the Monitors control panel. You may choose
         to have the Booter do this for you automatically by
         selecting the appropriate check box and radio button in
         the Monitors dialog on the Options menu.

    It is probably best to boot your machine with all extensions
    turned off [2]. You can do this by booting into Mac OS with
    the SHIFT key held down. You may have to restart your Macin-
    tosh for changes to take effect before proceeding.

    [2]  If your version of the Memory control panel does not
         have a 32-bit addressing mode radio button, this means
         that your system is already 32-bit clean and is running
         in 32-bit addressing mode by default.  If the Booter
         complains that you are not in 32-bit mode, it may be
         necessary for you to press the Use Defaults button in
         the Memory control panel to restore 32-bit addressing.
         You should probably reboot after doing so.  If you have
         an older II-class system (including the II, IIx, IIcx,
         and SE/30), it is necessary to install Connectix's
         MODE32 to work around ROM issues which prevent you from
         enabling 32-bit addressing. Please see the
         NetBSD/mac68k FAQ at
               http://www.NetBSD.org/ports/mac68k/faq/
         for more information.

    Double-click on the NetBSD/mac68k Booter icon to start the
    application.  Select Booting from the Options menu. Check
    that all of the items in the resulting dialog look sane -
    especially the SCSI target number.  If not, correct them to
    your preference (the SCSI target number, or "SCSI ID",
    should be the only thing you need to change). When you are
    satisfied with your choices, try booting NetBSD by selecting
    Boot Now from the Options menu.

    If you wish to save your preferences, choose Save Options
    from the File menu before Booting (your preferences will not
    be saved if you forget to do this).

    If the system does not come up, send mail to
    [email protected] describing your software, your hard-
    ware, and as complete a description of the problem as you
    can.

    If the system does come up, congratulations, you have suc-
    cessfully installed NetBSD 9.4.

  Post installation steps
    Once you've got the operating system running, there are a
    few things you need to do in order to bring the system into
    a properly configured state.  The most important steps are
    described below.

    1.   Before all else, read postinstall(8).

    2.   Configuring /etc/rc.conf

         If you or the installation software haven't done any
         configuration of /etc/rc.conf (sysinst normally will),
         the system will drop you into single user mode on first
         reboot with the message

               /etc/rc.conf is not configured. Multiuser boot
               aborted.

         and with the root file system (/) mounted read-only.
         When the system asks you to choose a shell, simply
         press RETURN to get to a /bin/sh prompt.  If you are
         asked for a terminal type, respond with vt220 (or what-
         ever is appropriate for your terminal type) and press
         RETURN.  You may need to type one of the following com-
         mands to get your delete key to work properly, depend-
         ing on your keyboard:
               # stty erase '^h'
               # stty erase '^?'
         At this point, you need to configure at least one file
         in the /etc directory.  You will need to mount your
         root file system read/write with:
               # /sbin/mount -u -w /
         Change to the /etc directory and take a look at the
         /etc/rc.conf file.  Modify it to your tastes, making
         sure that you set rc_configured=YES so that your
         changes will be enabled and a multi-user boot can pro-
         ceed.  Default values for the various programs can be
         found in /etc/defaults/rc.conf, where some in-line doc-
         umentation may be found.  More complete documentation
         can be found in rc.conf(5).

         When you have finished editing /etc/rc.conf, type exit
         at the prompt to leave the single-user shell and con-
         tinue with the multi-user boot.

         Other values that may need to be set in /etc/rc.conf
         for a networked environment are hostname and possibly
         defaultroute.  You may also need to add an ifconfig_int
         for your <int> network interface, where your on-board,
         NuBus or PDS interface may be ae0, mc0 or sn0.  For
         example:

               ifconfig_sn0="inet 192.0.2.123 netmask
               255.255.255.0"

         or, if you have myname.my.dom in /etc/hosts:

               ifconfig_sn0="inet myname.my.dom netmask
               255.255.255.0"

         To enable proper hostname resolution, you will also
         want to add an /etc/resolv.conf file or (if you are
         feeling a little more adventurous) run named(8).  See
         resolv.conf(5) or named(8) for more information.

         Instead of manually configuring networking, DHCP can be
         used by setting dhcpcd=YES in /etc/rc.conf.

    3.   Logging in

         After reboot, you can log in as root at the login
         prompt.  If you didn't set a password in sysinst, there
         is no initial password.  You should create an account
         for yourself (see below) and protect it and the
         ``root'' account with good passwords.  By default, root
         login from the network is disabled (even via ssh(1)).
         One way to become root over the network is to log in as
         a different user that belongs to group ``wheel'' (see
         group(5)) and use su(1) to become root.

    4.   Adding accounts

         Use the useradd(8) command to add accounts to your sys-
         tem.  Do not edit /etc/passwd directly! See vipw(8) and
         pwd_mkdb(8) if you want to edit the password database.

    5.   The X Window System

         If you installed the X Window System, you may want to
         read the chapter about X in the NetBSD Guide:
               https://www.NetBSD.org/docs/guide/en/chap-x.html:

         [Color_X]  Some systems are capable of supporting a
                    color X Server in either thousands or mil-
                    lions of colors.  The mac68k port does not
                    support resolution switching at this time.
                    If your system is capable of running the
                    color X Server it can be installed at this
                    point and the Booter options can be modified
                    to match the resolution depth.

    6.   Installing third party packages

         If you wish to install any of the software freely
         available for UNIX-like systems you are strongly
         advised to first check the NetBSD package system,
         pkgsrc.  pkgsrc automatically handles any changes nec-
         essary to make the software run on NetBSD.  This
         includes the retrieval and installation of any other
         packages the software may depend upon.

         -   More information on the package system is available
             at
                   https://www.NetBSD.org/docs/software/packages.html

         -   A list of available packages suitable for browsing
             is at
                   https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/README.html

         -   Precompiled binaries can be found at
                   https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/packages/NetBSD/
             usually in the mac68k/9.4/All subdir.  If you
             installed pkgin(1) in the sysinst post-installation
             configuration menu, you can use it to automatically
             install binary packages over the network.  Assuming
             that /usr/pkg/etc/pkgin/repositories.conf is cor-
             rectly configured, you can install them with the
             following commands:

             # pkgin install tcsh
             # pkgin install bash
             # pkgin install perl
             # pkgin install apache
             # pkgin install kde
             # pkgin install firefox
             ...

             Note:  Some mirror sites don't mirror the
                    /pub/pkgsrc directory.

             The above commands will install the Tenex-csh and
             Bourne Again shells, the Perl programming language,
             Apache web server, KDE desktop environment and the
             Firefox web browser as well as all the packages
             they depend on.

         -   If you did not install it from the sysinst post-
             installation configuration menu, the pkgsrc(7)
             framework for compiling packages can be obtained by
             retrieving the file
                   https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/stable/pkgsrc.tar.gz.
             It is typically extracted into /usr/pkgsrc (though
             other locations work fine) with the commands:

                   # cd /usr
                   # tar -zxpf pkgsrc.tar.gz

             After extracting, see the doc/pkgsrc.txt file in
             the extraction directory (e.g.,
             /usr/pkgsrc/doc/pkgsrc.txt) for more information.

    7.   Misc

         -   Edit /etc/mail/aliases to forward root mail to the
             right place.  Don't forget to run newaliases(1)
             afterwards.

         -   Edit /etc/rc.local to run any local daemons you
             use.

         -   Many of the /etc files are documented in section 5
             of the manual; so just invoking

                   # man 5 filename

             is likely to give you more information on these
             files.

  Upgrading a previously-installed NetBSD System
    The easiest way to upgrade to NetBSD 9.4 is with binaries,
    and that is the method documented here.

    To do the upgrade, you must boot the install kernel using
    one of the methods described above.  You must also have at
    least the base and kern binary distribution sets available.
    Finally, you must have sufficient disk space available to
    install the new binaries.  Since files already installed on
    the system are overwritten in place, you only need addi-
    tional free space for files which weren't previously
    installed or to account for growth of the sets between
    releases.

    Since upgrading involves replacing the kernel, boot blocks,
    and most of the system binaries, it has the potential to
    cause data loss.  You are strongly advised to back up any
    important data on the NetBSD partition or on another operat-
    ing system's partition on your disk before beginning the
    upgrade process.

    The upgrade procedure is similar to an installation, but
    without the hard disk partitioning.

    Fetching the binary sets is done in the same manner as the
    installation procedure; refer to the installation part of
    the document for help.  File systems are checked before
    unpacking the sets.

    After a new kernel has been copied to your hard disk, your
    machine is a complete NetBSD 9.4 system.  However, that
    doesn't mean that you're finished with the upgrade process.
    You will probably want to update the set of device nodes you
    have in /dev.  If you've changed the contents of /dev by
    hand, you will need to be careful about this, but if not,
    you can just cd into /dev, and run the command:

          # sh MAKEDEV all

    sysinst will attempt to merge the settings stored in your
    /etc directory with the new version of NetBSD using the
    postinstall(8) utility.  However, postinstall(8) is only
    able to deal with changes that are easily automated.  It is
    recommended that you use the etcupdate(8) tool to merge any
    remaining configuration changes.

  Compatibility Issues With Previous NetBSD Releases
    Users upgrading from previous versions of NetBSD may wish to
    bear the following problems and compatibility issues in mind
    when upgrading to NetBSD 9.4.

    Note that sysinst will automatically invoke

          postinstall fix
    and thus all issues that are fixed by postinstall by default
    will be handled.

    A number of things have been removed from the NetBSD 9.4
    release.  See the ``Components removed from NetBSD'' section
    near the beginning of this document for a list.

  Using online NetBSD documentation
    Documentation is available if you installed the manual dis-
    tribution set.  Traditionally, the ``man pages'' (documenta-
    tion) are denoted by `name(section)'.  Some examples of this
    are

          -   intro(1),
          -   man(1),
          -   apropos(1),
          -   passwd(1), and
          -   passwd(5).

    The section numbers group the topics into several cate-
    gories, but three are of primary interest: user commands are
    in section 1, file formats are in section 5, and administra-
    tive information is in section 8.

    The man command is used to view the documentation on a
    topic, and is started by entering man [section] topic.  The
    brackets [] around the section should not be entered, but
    rather indicate that the section is optional.  If you don't
    ask for a particular section, the topic with the lowest num-
    bered section name will be displayed.  For instance, after
    logging in, enter

          # man passwd

    to read the documentation for passwd(1).  To view the docu-
    mentation for passwd(5), enter

          # man 5 passwd

    instead.

    If you are unsure of what man page you are looking for,
    enter

          # apropos subject-word

    where subject-word is your topic of interest; a list of pos-
    sibly related man pages will be displayed.

  Administrivia
    If you've got something to say, do so!  We'd like your
    input.  There are various mailing lists available via the
    mailing list server at [email protected].  See
          https://www.NetBSD.org/mailinglists/
    for details.

    There are various mailing lists set up to deal with comments
    and questions about this release.  Please send comments to:
    [email protected].

    To report bugs, use the send-pr(1) command shipped with
    NetBSD, and fill in as much information about the problem as
    you can.  Good bug reports include lots of details.

    Bugs also can be submitted and queried with the web inter-
    face at
          https://www.NetBSD.org/support/send-pr.html

    There are also port-specific mailing lists, to discuss
    aspects of each port of NetBSD.  Use majordomo to find their
    addresses, or visit
          https://www.NetBSD.org/mailinglists/

    If you're interested in doing a serious amount of work on a
    specific port, you probably should contact the `owner' of
    that port (listed below).

    If you'd like to help with NetBSD, and have an idea as to
    how you could be useful, send us mail or subscribe to:
    [email protected].

    As a favor, please avoid mailing huge documents or files to
    these mailing lists.  Instead, put the material you would
    have sent up for FTP or WWW somewhere, then mail the appro-
    priate list about it.  If you'd rather not do that, mail the
    list saying you'll send the data to those who want it.

  Thanks go to
    -   The former members of UCB's Computer Systems Research
        Group, including (but not limited to):

              Keith Bostic
              Ralph Campbell
              Mike Karels
              Marshall Kirk McKusick

        for their work on BSD systems, support, and encourage-
        ment.

    -   The Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. for hosting the
        NetBSD FTP, CVS, AnonCVS, mail, mail archive, GNATS,
        SUP, Rsync and WWW servers.

    -   The Internet Research Institute in Japan for hosting the
        server which runs the CVSweb interface to the NetBSD
        source tree.

    -   The Columbia University Computer Science Department for
        hosting the build cluster.

    -   The many organizations that provide NetBSD mirror sites.

    -   Without CVS, this project would be impossible to manage,
        so our hats go off to Brian Berliner, Jeff Polk, and the
        various other people who've had a hand in making CVS a
        useful tool.

    -   We list the individuals and organizations that have made
        donations or loans of hardware and/or money, to support
        NetBSD development, and deserve credit for it at
              https://www.NetBSD.org/donations/
        (If you're not on that list and should be, tell us!  We
        probably were not able to get in touch with you, to ver-
        ify that you wanted to be listed.)

    -   Finally, we thank all of the people who've put sweat and
        tears into developing NetBSD since its inception in Jan-
        uary, 1993.  (Obviously, there are a lot more people who
        deserve thanks here.  If you're one of them, and would
        like to be mentioned, tell us!)

  Legal Mumbo-Jumbo
    All product names mentioned herein are trademarks or regis-
    tered trademarks of their respective owners.

    The following notices are required to satisfy the license
    terms of the software that we have mentioned in this docu-
    ment:

    NetBSD is a registered trademark of The NetBSD Foundation,
    Inc.
    This product includes software developed by the University
    of California, Berkeley and its contributors.
    This product includes software developed by the NetBSD Foun-
    dation.
    This product includes software developed by The NetBSD Foun-
    dation, Inc. and its contributors.
    This product includes software developed for the NetBSD
    Project.  See https://www.NetBSD.org/ for information about
    NetBSD.
    This product includes cryptographic software written by Eric
    Young ([email protected])
    This product includes cryptographic software written by Eric
    Young ([email protected])
    This product includes software designed by William Allen
    Simpson.
    This product includes software developed at Ludd, University
    of Lulea.
    This product includes software developed at Ludd, University
    of Lulea, Sweden and its contributors.
    This product includes software developed at the Information
    Technology Division, US Naval Research Laboratory.
    This product includes software developed by Aaron Brown and
    Harvard University.
    This product includes software developed by Adam Ciarcinski
    for the NetBSD project.
    This product includes software developed by Adam Glass.
    This product includes software developed by Adam Glass and
    Charles M.  Hannum.
    This product includes software developed by Alex Zepeda.
    This product includes software developed by Alex Zepeda, and
    Colin Wood for the NetBSD Projet.
    This product includes software developed by Allen Briggs.
    This product includes software developed by Amancio Hasty
    and Roger Hardiman
    This product includes software developed by Ben Gray.
    This product includes software developed by Berkeley Soft-
    ware Design, Inc.
    This product includes software developed by Bill Paul.
    This product includes software developed by Boris Popov.
    This product includes software developed by Brini.
    This product includes software developed by Bruce M. Simp-
    son.
    This product includes software developed by Causality Lim-
    ited.
    This product includes software developed by Charles Hannum.
    This product includes software developed by Charles M. Han-
    num.
    This product includes software developed by Charles M. Han-
    num, by the University of Vermont and State Agricultural
    College and Garrett A.  Wollman, by William F. Jolitz, and
    by the University of California, Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley
    Laboratory, and its contributors.
    This product includes software developed by Christian E.
    Hopps.
    This product includes software developed by Christian E.
    Hopps, Ezra Story, Kari Mettinen, Markus Wild, Lutz Vieweg
    and Michael Teske.
    This product includes software developed by Christopher G.
    Demetriou.
    This product includes software developed by Christopher G.
    Demetriou for the NetBSD Project.
    This product includes software developed by Chuck Silvers.
    This product includes software developed by Cisco Systems,
    Inc.
    This product includes software developed by Colin Wood.
    This product includes software developed by Colin Wood for
    the NetBSD Project.
    This product includes software developed by Computing Ser-
    vices at Carnegie Mellon University (http://www.cmu.edu/com-
    puting/).
    This product includes software developed by Daan Vreeken.
    This product includes software developed by Daishi Kato
    This product includes software developed by Daniel Widenfalk
    and Michael L. Hitch.
    This product includes software developed by Daniel Widenfalk
    for the NetBSD Project.
    This product includes software developed by David Jones and
    Gordon Ross
    This product includes software developed by David Miller.
    This product includes software developed by Dean Huxley.
    This product includes software developed by Emmanuel Dreyfus
    This product includes software developed by Eric S. Hvozda.
    This product includes software developed by Eric S. Raymond
    This product includes software developed by Eric Young
    ([email protected])
    This product includes software developed by Eric Young
    ([email protected])
    This product includes software developed by Ezra Story.
    This product includes software developed by Ezra Story and
    by Kari Mettinen.
    This product includes software developed by Ezra Story, by
    Kari Mettinen and by Bernd Ernesti.
    This product includes software developed by Ezra Story, by
    Kari Mettinen, and Michael Teske.
    This product includes software developed by Ezra Story, by
    Kari Mettinen, Michael Teske and by Bernd Ernesti.
    This product includes software developed by Frank van der
    Linden for the NetBSD Project.
    This product includes software developed by Gardner
    Buchanan.
    This product includes software developed by Garrett D'Amore.
    This product includes software developed by Gary Thomas.
    This product includes software developed by Gordon Ross
    This product includes software developed by Harvard Univer-
    sity.
    This product includes software developed by Harvard Univer-
    sity and its contributors.
    This product includes software developed by Hellmuth
    Michaelis and Joerg Wunsch
    This product includes software developed by Henrik Vester-
    gaard Draboel.
    This product includes software developed by Herb Peyerl.
    This product includes software developed by Hidetoshi
    Shimokawa.
    This product includes software developed by Hubert Feyrer
    for the NetBSD Project.
    This product includes software developed by Ian W. Dall.
    This product includes software developed by Intel Corpora-
    tion and its contributors.
    This product includes software developed by Internet Initia-
    tive Japan Inc.
    This product includes software developed by Internet
    Research Institute, Inc.
    This product includes software developed by James R. Maynard
    III.
    This product includes software developed by Jared D.
    McNeill.
    This product includes software developed by Jason L. Wright
    This product includes software developed by Jason R. Thorpe
    for And Communications, http://www.and.com/
    This product includes software developed by Joachim Koenig-
    Baltes.
    This product includes software developed by Jochen Pohl for
    The NetBSD Project.
    This product includes software developed by Joerg Wunsch
    This product includes software developed by John Birrell.
    This product includes software developed by John P. Wit-
    tkoski.
    This product includes software developed by John Polstra.
    This product includes software developed by Jonathan R.
    Stone for the NetBSD Project.
    This product includes software developed by Jonathan Stone.
    This product includes software developed by Jonathan Stone
    and Jason R. Thorpe for the NetBSD Project.
    This product includes software developed by Jonathan Stone
    for the NetBSD Project.
    This product includes software developed by Julian High-
    field.
    This product includes software developed by K. Kobayashi
    This product includes software developed by K. Kobayashi and
    H. Shimokawa
    This product includes software developed by Kazuhisa
    Shimizu.
    This product includes software developed by Kazuki Sakamoto.
    This product includes software developed by Kenneth Stailey.
    This product includes software developed by Kiyoshi Ikehara.
    This product includes software developed by Klaus Burkert,by
    Bernd Ernesti, by Michael van Elst, and by the University of
    California, Berkeley and its contributors.
    This product includes software developed by Kyma Systems.
    This product includes software developed by Leo Weppelman
    and Waldi Ravens.
    This product includes software developed by Lloyd Parkes.
    This product includes software developed by Lutz Vieweg.
    This product includes software developed by Marc Horowitz.
    This product includes software developed by Marcus Comstedt.
    This product includes software developed by Mark Brinicombe.
    This product includes software developed by Mark Brinicombe
    for the NetBSD Project.
    This product includes software developed by Mark Tinguely
    and Jim Lowe
    This product includes software developed by Markus Wild.
    This product includes software developed by Marshall M. Mid-
    den.
    This product includes software developed by Masanobu Saitoh.
    This product includes software developed by Masaru Oki.
    This product includes software developed by Matt DeBergalis
    This product includes software developed by Matthew Fre-
    dette.
    This product includes software developed by Michael Smith.
    This product includes software developed by Microsoft
    This product includes software developed by Mika Kortelainen
    This product includes software developed by Mike Pritchard.
    This product includes software developed by Mike Pritchard
    and contributors.
    This product includes software developed by Minoura Makoto.
    This product includes software developed by MINOURA Makoto,
    Takuya Harakawa.
    This product includes software developed by Niels Provos.
    This product includes software developed by Niklas Hal-
    lqvist.
    This product includes software developed by Niklas Hal-
    lqvist, Brandon Creighton and Job de Haas.
    This product includes software developed by Paolo Abeni.
    This product includes software developed by Paul Kranenburg.
    This product includes software developed by Paul Mackerras.
    This product includes software developed by Paul Mackerras
    <[email protected]>.
    This product includes software developed by Pedro Roque Mar-
    ques <[email protected]>
    This product includes software developed by Per Fogelstrom.
    This product includes software developed by Peter Galbavy.
    This product includes software developed by Phase One, Inc.
    This product includes software developed by Philip A. Nel-
    son.
    This product includes software developed by QUALCOMM Incor-
    porated.
    This product includes software developed by RiscBSD.
    This product includes software developed by Roar Thronaes.
    This product includes software developed by Rodney W.
    Grimes.
    This product includes software developed by Roger Hardiman
    This product includes software developed by Rolf Grossmann.
    This product includes software developed by Ross Harvey.
    This product includes software developed by Ross Harvey for
    the NetBSD Project.
    This product includes software developed by Scott Bartram.
    This product includes software developed by Scott Stevens.
    This product includes software developed by Shingo WATANABE.
    This product includes software developed by Softweyr LLC,
    the University of California, Berkeley, and its contribu-
    tors.
    This product includes software developed by Stephan Thesing.
    This product includes software developed by Steven M.
    Bellovin
    This product includes software developed by Takashi Hamada.
    This product includes software developed by Takumi Nakamura.
    This product includes software developed by Tatoku Ogaito
    for the NetBSD Project.
    This product includes software developed by Tommi Komulainen
    <[email protected]>.
    This product includes software developed by TooLs GmbH.
    This product includes software developed by Trimble Naviga-
    tion, Ltd.
    This product includes software developed by Waldi Ravens.
    This product includes software developed by WIDE Project and
    its contributors.
    This product includes software developed by Winning Strate-
    gies, Inc.
    This product includes software developed by Yasushi Yamasaki
    This product includes software developed by Yen Yen Lim and
    North Dakota State University
    This product includes software developed by Zembu Labs, Inc.
    This product includes software developed by the Alice Group.
    This product includes software developed by the Computer
    Systems Engineering Group at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory.
    This product includes software developed by the Computer
    Systems Laboratory at the University of Utah.
    This product includes software developed by the Harvard Uni-
    versity and its contributors.
    This product includes software developed by the Kungliga
    Tekniska Hoegskolan and its contributors.
    This product includes software developed by the Network
    Research Group at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory.
    This product includes software developed by the OpenSSL
    Project for use in the OpenSSL Toolkit.
    (http://www.OpenSSL.org/)
    This product includes software developed by the PocketBSD
    project and its contributors.
    This product includes software developed by the RiscBSD ker-
    nel team
    This product includes software developed by the RiscBSD
    team.
    This product includes software developed by the SMCC Tech-
    nology Development Group at Sun Microsystems, Inc.
    This product includes software developed by the University
    of California, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratories.
    This product includes software developed by the University
    of California, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory.
    This product includes software developed by the University
    of California, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and its contrib-
    utors.
    This product includes software developed by the University
    of Vermont and State Agricultural College and Garrett A.
    Wollman.
    This product includes software developed by the University
    of Vermont and State Agricultural College and Garrett A.
    Wollman, by William F.  Jolitz, and by the University of
    California, Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, and its
    contributors.
    This product includes software developed by the Urbana-Cham-
    paign Independent Media Center.
    This product includes software developed for the FreeBSD
    project
    This product includes software developed for the NetBSD
    Project by Allegro Networks, Inc., and Wasabi Systems, Inc.
    This product includes software developed for the NetBSD
    Project by Bernd Ernesti.
    This product includes software developed for the NetBSD
    Project by Christopher G. Demetriou.
    This product includes software developed for the NetBSD
    Project by Eiji Kawauchi.
    This product includes software developed for the NetBSD
    Project by Frank van der Linden
    This product includes software developed for the NetBSD
    Project by Genetec Corporation.
    This product includes software developed for the NetBSD
    Project by Jason R. Thorpe.
    This product includes software developed for the NetBSD
    Project by John M. Vinopal.
    This product includes software developed for the NetBSD
    Project by Jonathan Stone.
    This product includes software developed for the NetBSD
    Project by Kyma Systems LLC.
    This product includes software developed for the NetBSD
    Project by Matthias Drochner.
    This product includes software developed for the NetBSD
    Project by Perry E. Metzger.
    This product includes software developed for the NetBSD
    Project by Piermont Information Systems Inc.
    This product includes software developed for the NetBSD
    Project by Shigeyuki Fukushima.
    This product includes software developed for the NetBSD
    Project by SUNET, Swedish University Computer Network.
    This product includes software developed for the NetBSD
    Project by Wasabi Systems, Inc.
    This product includes software developed or owned by Caldera
    International, Inc.
    This product includes software developed under OpenBSD by
    Per Fogelstrom.
    This product includes software developed under OpenBSD by
    Per Fogelstrom Opsycon AB for RTMX Inc, North Carolina, USA.
    This software was developed by Holger Veit and Brian Moore
    for use with "386BSD" and similar operating systems.  "Simi-
    lar operating systems" includes mainly non-profit oriented
    systems for research and education, including but not
    restricted to "NetBSD", "FreeBSD", "Mach" (by CMU).
    The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and
    The Open Group, have given us permission to reprint portions
    of their documentation.

    In the following statement, the phrase ``this text'' refers
    to portions of the system documentation.

    Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in
    electronic form in NetBSD, from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2004
    Edition, Standard for Information Technology -- Portable
    Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
    Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2004 by the
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and
    The Open Group.  In the event of any discrepancy between
    these versions and the original IEEE and The Open Group
    Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard is
    the referee document.

    The original Standard can be obtained online at
    http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html.

    This notice shall appear on any product containing this
    material.

    In the following statement, "This software" refers to the
    parallel port driver:
          This software is a component of "386BSD" developed by
          William F. Jolitz, TeleMuse.

    Some files have the following copyright:
          Mach Operating System
          Copyright (c) 1991,1990,1989 Carnegie Mellon Univer-
          sity
          All Rights Reserved.

          Permission to use, copy, modify and distribute this
          software and its documentation is hereby granted, pro-
          vided that both the copyright notice and this permis-
          sion notice appear in all copies of the software, de-
          rivative works or modified versions, and any portions
          thereof, and that both notices appear in supporting
          documentation.

          CARNEGIE MELLON ALLOWS FREE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE IN
          ITS CONDITION.  CARNEGIE MELLON DISCLAIMS ANY LIABIL-
          ITY OF ANY KIND FOR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING
          FROM THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE.

          Carnegie Mellon requests users of this software to
          return to
          Software Distribution Coordinator  or  Software.Dis-
          [email protected]
          School of Computer Science
          Carnegie Mellon University
          Pittsburgh PA 15213-3890

          any improvements or extensions that they make and
          grant Carnegie the rights to redistribute these
          changes.

    Some files have the following copyright:
          Copyright (c) 1994, 1995 Carnegie-Mellon University.
          All rights reserved.

          Author: Chris G. Demetriou

          Permission to use, copy, modify and distribute this
          software and its documentation is hereby granted, pro-
          vided that both the copyright notice and this permis-
          sion notice appear in all copies of the software, de-
          rivative works or modified versions, and any portions
          thereof, and that both notices appear in supporting
          documentation.
          CARNEGIE MELLON ALLOWS FREE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE IN
          ITS "AS IS" CONDITION.  CARNEGIE MELLON DISCLAIMS ANY
          LIABILITY OF ANY KIND FOR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER
          RESULTING FROM THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE.

          Carnegie Mellon requests users of this software to
          return to
          Software Distribution Coordinator  or  Software.Dis-
          [email protected]
          School of Computer Science
          Carnegie Mellon University
          Pittsburgh PA 15213-3890

          any improvements or extensions that they make and
          grant Carnegie the rights to redistribute these
          changes.

    Some files have the following copyright:
          Copyright 1996 The Board of Trustees of The Leland
          Stanford Junior University. All Rights Reserved.

          Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this
          software and its documentation for any purpose and
          without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
          copyright notice appear in all copies.  Stanford Uni-
          versity makes no representations about the suitability
          of this software for any purpose.  It is provided "as
          is" without express or implied warranty.

  The End
  Contributions
    The following people have made contributions of various
    sorts specifically for the Macintosh port (in alphabetical
    order):

    -   All of the users who have supplied us with good bug
        reports and moral support.

    -   The Alice Group (Allen K. Briggs, Chris P. Caputo,
        Michael L. Finch, Bradley A. Grantham, and Lawrence A.
        Kesteloot), without whom there would be no NetBSD port
        for the Macintosh.

    -   Steven R. Allen for keeping our snapshot distributions
        up-to-date.

    -   Stephen C. Brown for maintaining the Installer applica-
        tion.

    -   Denton Gentry and Yanagisawa Takeshi for their work on
        the SONIC Ethernet driver.

    -   Paul Goyette, Taras Ivanenko, Ken Nakata, and Michael R.
        Zucca for invaluable work towards supporting color X.

    -   Takashi Hamada and John Wittkoski beating the direct ADB
        hardware driver into submission.

    -   David Huang for getting MACE Ethernet and basic DMA
        working on the AV Macs.

    -   Scott Jann for acquiring a IIx and a IIci, used for
        building and testing release sets.

    -   Scott Kaplan for lending his IIci and Kensington Turbo
        Mouse for IIci/IIsi banked memory and internal video as
        well as non-Apple ADB devices.

    -   Noah M. Kieserman for lending a PowerBook 520C for
        tracking down several bugs on that platform.

    -   Markus Krummenacker for monetary donations.

    -   Glan Lalonde for an invaluable IIci page table dump.

    -   Dan McMahill for lending a PowerBook 165 to tweak ADB
        support on the PowerBook 160 and 180 family laptops.

    -   Bob Nestor for (unofficially) maintaining the Mkfs util-
        ity, and providing a lot of useful information about the
        ROM vectors used by different systems.

    -   Brad Parker for serial and Ethernet drivers/improve-
        ments.

    -   Brian R. Gaeke and Nigel Pearson for tweaking, polish-
        ing, and performing the occasional major refit on the
        Booter application.

    -   Scott Redman for lending Brad Grantham a PowerBook 160.

    -   Craig Ruff for assembling an '030 pmove ttx instruction.

    -   Brad Salai for lending an Ethernet card to help resolve
        interrupt conflicts.

    -   Larry Samuels for monetary donations.

    -   Peter Siebold for lending his IIvx in support of ADB and
        IIvx internal video.

    -   Glen Stewart for lending a Carrera040 accelerator which,
        while still unsupported, helped to track down memory
        management bugs for '030-based machines.

    -   Bill Studenmund for providing a stable front end to the
        machine- independent serial driver.

    -   Schuyler Stultz for the loan of his Macintosh II when we
        desperately needed another machine on which to compile
        and test during the '93 Xmas vacation.

    -   Tenon Intersystems for monetary donations, MachTen, and
        Brad's access to several machines and documentation
        after hours.

    -   Virginia Tech English Department for loan of a IIci w/
        NuBus video and 32 MB of RAM -- the first IIci to run
        NetBSD/mac68k.

    -   Rob Windsor for donating a variety of Macintosh II-fam-
        ily systems, a Centris 650, a Quadra 700, and several
        boxes full of miscellaneous peripherals and parts in the
        interest of ensuring adequate testing and working out
        minor (and not-so-minor) problems.

    -   Colin Wood for maintaining a host of NetBSD/mac68k docu-
        mentation, including the FAQ, Meta-FAQ, and OS Info doc-
        uments.

NetBSD/mac68k 9.4                Apr 20, 2024                NetBSD/mac68k 9.4

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