INSTALL(8) NetBSD System Manager's Manual INSTALL(8)

INSTALL(8) NetBSD System Manager's Manual INSTALL(8)

NAME
INSTALL -- Installation procedure for NetBSD/arc.

CONTENTS
About this Document
What is NetBSD?
Changes Between The NetBSD 9 and 10 Releases
Features to be removed in a later release
The NetBSD Foundation
Sources of NetBSD
NetBSD 10.1 Release Contents
NetBSD/arc subdirectory structure
Binary distribution sets
NetBSD/arc System Requirements and Supported Devices
Supported hardware
Getting the NetBSD System on to Useful Media
Preparing your System for NetBSD installation
Available Boot Media
Preparing the Bootable Media
Booting from CD-ROM and Hard disk
Installing the NetBSD System
Running the sysinst installation program
Introduction
Possible hardware problems
General
Quick install
Booting NetBSD
Network configuration
Installation drive selection and parameters
Selecting which sets to install
Partitioning the disk
Preparing your hard disk
Getting the distribution sets
Installation from CD-ROM
Installation using FTP
Installation using NFS
Installation from an unmounted file system
Installation from a local directory
Extracting the distribution sets
Configure additional items
Finalizing your installation
Post installation steps
Upgrading a previously-installed NetBSD System
Compatibility Issues With Previous NetBSD Releases
Using online NetBSD documentation
Administrivia
Thanks go to
Legal Mumbo-Jumbo
The End

DESCRIPTION
About this Document
This document describes the installation procedure for
NetBSD 10.1 on the arc platform. It is available in four
different formats titled INSTALL.ext, where .ext is one of
.ps, .html, .more, or .txt:

.ps PostScript.

.html Standard Internet HTML.

.more The enhanced text format used on UNIX-like
systems by the more(1) and less(1) pager util-
ity programs. This is the format in which the
on-line man pages are generally presented.

.txt Plain old ASCII.

You are reading the ASCII version.

What is NetBSD?
The NetBSD Operating System is a fully functional open-
source operating system derived from the University of Cali-
fornia, Berkeley Networking Release 2 (Net/2), 4.4BSD-Lite,
and 4.4BSD-Lite2 sources. NetBSD runs on many different
different system architectures (ports) across a variety of
distinct CPU families, and is being ported to more. The
NetBSD 10.1 release contains complete binary releases for
most of these system architectures, with preliminary support
for the others included in source form. For more informa-
tion please visit https://www.NetBSD.org/.

NetBSD is a completely integrated system. In addition to
its highly portable, high performance kernel, NetBSD fea-
tures a complete set of user utilities, compilers for sev-
eral languages, the X Window System, firewall software and
numerous other tools, all accompanied by full source code.

NetBSD is a creation of the members of the Internet commu-
nity. Without the unique cooperation and coordination the
net makes possible, NetBSD would not exist.

Changes Between The NetBSD 9 and 10 Releases
The NetBSD 10.1 release provides many significant changes,
including support for many new devices, hundreds of bug
fixes, new and updated kernel subsystems, and numerous user-
land enhancements. The result of these improvements is a
stable operating system fit for production use that rivals
most commercially available systems.

One important new feature in this release is the support for
extended attributes and access control lists on FFS file
systems.

For new installations the installer will by default disable
these features, so the file system is compatible with older
NetBSD releases (before 10), and allow other operating sys-
tems to mount this file systems at least in read-only mode.

If you want a new installed file system to support extended
attributes, change the file system type from ``FFSv2'' to
``FFSv2ea'' in the partitioning menu. You can also convert
file systems later, using the fsck_ffs(8) utility. More
details are available in this guide:
https://wiki.netbsd.org/tutorials/acls_and_extended_attributes_on_ffs.

If you are upgrading from a version of NetBSD -current
please also check the Compatibility Issues With Previous
NetBSD Releases. It is impossible to completely summarize
the massive development that went into the NetBSD 10.1
release. The complete list of changes can be found in
CHANGES:
https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-10.1/CHANGES
CHANGES-10.1:
https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-10.1/CHANGES-10.1
which are also present in the top level directory of the
NetBSD 10.1 release tree.

Features to be removed in a later release
The following features are to be removed from NetBSD in the
future:

o groff(1). Man pages are now handled with
mandoc(1), and groff(1) can still be found in
pkgsrc as textproc/groff.

o pf(4). This packet filter is obsolete and unmain-
tained in NetBSD. It will be eventually removed
due to possible long-standing security issues and
lack of multiprocessor support. New installations
should use npf(7).

The NetBSD Foundation
The NetBSD Foundation is a tax exempt, not-for-profit
501(c)(3) corporation that devotes itself to the traditional
goals and spirit of the NetBSD Project and owns the trade-
mark of the word ``NetBSD''. It supports the design, devel-
opment, and adoption of NetBSD worldwide. More information
on the NetBSD Foundation, its composition, aims, and work
can be found at:
https://www.NetBSD.org/foundation/

Sources of NetBSD
Refer to mirrors:
https://www.NetBSD.org/mirrors/

NetBSD 10.1 Release Contents
The root directory of the NetBSD 10.1 release is organized
as follows:

.../NetBSD-10.1/

CHANGES Changes between the 9.0 and 10.0 releases.

CHANGES-10.0 Changes between the initial 10.0 branch and
final release of 10.0.

CHANGES-10.1 Changes between the 10.0 and the 10.1 release.

CHANGES.prev Changes in previous NetBSD releases.

LAST_MINUTE Last minute changes and notes about the
release.

README.files README describing the distribution's contents.

images/ Images (ISO 9660 or USB) for installing
NetBSD. Depending on your system, these may
be bootable.

source/ Source distribution sets; see below.

In addition to the files and directories listed above, there
is one directory per architecture, for each of the architec-
tures for which NetBSD 10.1 has a binary distribution.

The source distribution sets can be found in subdirectories
of the source subdirectory of the distribution tree. They
contain the complete sources to the system. The source dis-
tribution sets are as follows:

gnusrc This set contains the ``gnu'' sources, including
the source for the compiler, assembler, groff, and
the other GNU utilities in the binary distribution
sets.

sharesrc This set contains the ``share'' sources, which
include the sources for the man pages not associ-
ated with any particular program; the sources for
the typesettable document set; the dictionaries;
and more.

src This set contains all of the base NetBSD 10.1
sources which are not in gnusrc, sharesrc, or
syssrc.

syssrc This set contains the sources to the NetBSD 10.1
kernel for all architectures as well as the
config(1) utility.

xsrc This set contains the sources to the X Window Sys-
tem.

All the above source sets are located in the source/sets
subdirectory of the distribution tree.

The source sets are distributed as compressed tar files.
Except for the pkgsrc set, which is traditionally unpacked
into /usr/pkgsrc, all sets may be unpacked into /usr/src
with the command:
# cd / ; tar -zxpf set_name.tgz

In each of the source distribution set directories, there
are files which contain the checksums of the files in the
directory:

MD5 MD5 digests in the format produced by the com-
mand:
cksum -a MD5 file.

SHA512 SHA512 digests in the format produced by the
command:
cksum -a SHA512 file.

The SHA512 digest is safer, but MD5 checksums are provided
so that a wider range of operating systems can check the
integrity of the release files.

NetBSD/arc subdirectory structure

The arc-specific portion of the NetBSD 10.1 release is found
in the arc subdirectory of the distribution:
.../NetBSD-10.1/arc/. It contains the following files and
directories:

INSTALL.html
INSTALL.ps
INSTALL.txt
INSTALL.more Installation notes in various file formats,
including this file. The .more file contains
underlined text using the more(1) conventions
for indicating italic and bold display.
binary/
kernel/
netbsd-GENERIC.gz
A gzipped NetBSD kernel
containing code for every-
thing supported in this
release.
sets/ arc binary distribution sets; see
below.
installation/
misc/ Miscellaneous arc installation
utilities; see installation section
below.

Binary distribution sets

The NetBSD arc binary distribution sets contain the binaries
which comprise the NetBSD 10.1 release for arc. The binary
distribution sets can be found in the arc/binary/sets subdi-
rectory of the NetBSD 10.1 distribution tree, and are as
follows:

base The NetBSD 10.1 arc base binary distribution. You
must install this distribution set. It contains
the base NetBSD utilities that are necessary for
the system to run and be minimally functional.

comp Things needed for compiling programs. This set
includes the system include files (/usr/include)
and the various system libraries (except the shared
libraries, which are included as part of the base
set). This set also includes the manual pages for
all of the utilities it contains, as well as the
system call and library manual pages.

debug This distribution set contains debug information
for all base system utilities. It is useful when
reporting issues with binaries or during develop-
ment. This set is huge, if the target disk is
small, do not install it.

etc This distribution set contains the system configu-
ration files that reside in /etc and in several
other places. This set must be installed if you
are installing the system from scratch, but should
not be used if you are upgrading.

games This set includes the games and their manual pages.

kern-GENERIC
This set contains a NetBSD/arc 10.1 GENERIC kernel,
named /netbsd. You must install this distribution
set.

man This set includes all of the manual pages for the
binaries and other software contained in the base
set. Note that it does not include any of the man-
ual pages that are included in the other sets.

misc This set includes the system dictionaries, the
typesettable document set, and other files from
/usr/share.

modules This set includes kernel modules to add functional-
ity to a running system.

rescue This set includes the statically linked emergency
recovery binaries installed in /rescue.

text This set includes NetBSD's text processing tools,
including groff(1), all related programs, and their
manual pages.

NetBSD maintains its own set of sources for the X Window
System in order to assure tight integration and compatibil-
ity. These sources are based on X.Org. Binary sets for the
X Window System are distributed with NetBSD. The sets are:

xbase The basic files needed for a complete X client
environment. This does not include the X servers.

xcomp The extra libraries and include files needed to
compile X source code.

xdebug This distribution set contains debug information
for all X11 binaries. It is useful when reporting
issues with these binaries or during development.
This set is huge, if the target disk is small, do
not install it.

xfont Fonts needed by the X server and by X clients.

xetc Configuration files for X which could be locally
modified.

xserver The X server.

The arc binary distribution sets are distributed as gzipped
tar files named with the extension .tgz, e.g. base.tgz.

The instructions given for extracting the source sets work
equally well for the binary sets, but it is worth noting
that if you use that method, the filenames stored in the
sets are relative and therefore the files are extracted
below the current directory. Therefore, if you want to
extract the binaries into your system, i.e. replace the
system binaries with them, you have to run the tar -xzpf
command from the root directory ( / ) of your system.

Note: Each directory in the arc binary distribution also
has its own checksum files, just as the source dis-
tribution does.

NetBSD/arc System Requirements and Supported Devices
NetBSD/arc 10.1 will run on MIPS basec ARC-compliant
machines. More information can also be found at the
NetBSD/arc homepage:
http://www.NetBSD.org/ports/arc/

Supported hardware

o System Models
- Acer PICA
- MIPS Magnum 4000 (serial console only)
- NEC Image RISCstation (OEM of PICA)
- NEC Express RISCserver
- NEC RISCserver 2200
- NEC RISCstation 2200
- NEC RISCstation 2250
- NEC Express5800/230 R4400 PCI
- NEC Express5800/230 R4400 EISA
- DeskStation Tyne

o Peripherals
- 16450/16550 based serial ports on ISA and Jazz
- SONIC Ethernet
- Floppy disk controller
- Jazz VGA console (PICA and Image RISCstation)
- ISA VGA console (RISCserver 2200 and
Express5800/240 R4400 EISA)
- TGA frame buffer (RISCstation 2250 and
Express5800/230 R4400 PCI)
- NCR 53C94 SCSI
- NCR 53C700 SCSI (xpress5800/240 R4400 EISA,
RISCserver 2200 and RISCstation 22x0)
- NCR 53C710 SCSI
- Most machine independent PCI devices
(Express5800/230 R4400 PCI)

If it's not on this list, there is no official support for
it in this release.

Getting the NetBSD System on to Useful Media
You will need to create a CD with an install kernel on it or
have a FAT partition and working other OS (Windows NT) which
can write install files into it.

Installation is supported from several media types, includ-
ing:

o CD-ROM / DVD / USB stick
o FTP
o Remote NFS partition
o Tape
o Existing NetBSD partitions, if performing an
upgrade

The steps necessary to prepare the distribution sets for
installation depend upon which installation medium you
choose. The steps for the various media are outlined below.

CD-ROM / DVD / USB stick Find out where the distribution
set files are on the CD-ROM, DVD
or USB stick. Likely locations
are binary/sets and
arc/binary/sets. (You only need
to know this if you are mixing
installer and installation media
from different versions - the
installer will know the proper
default location for the sets it
comes with).

Proceed to the instructions on
installation.

FTP The preparations for this instal-
lation/upgrade method are easy;
all you need to do is make sure
that there's an FTP site from
which you can retrieve the NetBSD
distribution when you're about to
install or upgrade. If you don't
have DHCP available on your net-
work, you will need to know the
numeric IP address of that site,
and, if it's not on a network
directly connected to the machine
on which you're installing or
upgrading NetBSD, you need to know
the numeric IP address of the
router closest to the NetBSD
machine. Finally, you need to
know the numeric IP address of the
NetBSD machine itself.

Once you have this information,
you can proceed to the next step
in the installation or upgrade
process. If you're installing
NetBSD from scratch, go to the
section on preparing your hard
disk, below. If you're upgrading
an existing installation, go
directly to the section on upgrad-
ing.

NFS Place the NetBSD distribution sets
you wish to install into a direc-
tory on an NFS server, and make
that directory mountable by the
machine on which you are
installing or upgrading NetBSD.
This will probably require modify-
ing the /etc/exports file on the
NFS server and resetting its mount
daemon (mountd). (Both of these
actions will probably require
superuser privileges on the
server.)

You need to know the numeric IP
address of the NFS server, and, if
you don't have DHCP available on
your network and the server is not
on a network directly connected to
the machine on which you're
installing or upgrading NetBSD,
you need to know the numeric IP
address of the router closest to
the NetBSD machine. Finally, you
need to know the numeric IP
address of the NetBSD machine
itself.

Once the NFS server is set up
properly and you have the informa-
tion mentioned above, you can pro-
ceed to the next step in the
installation or upgrade process.
If you're installing NetBSD from
scratch, go to the section on pre-
paring your hard disk, below. If
you're upgrading an existing
installation, go directly to the
section on upgrading.

Tape To install NetBSD from a tape, you
need to make a tape that contains
the distribution set files, in
`tar' format.

If you're making the tape on a
UNIX-like system, the easiest way
to do so is probably something
like:

# tar -cf tape_device
dist_sets

where tape_device is the name of
the tape device that represents
the tape drive you're using. This
might be /dev/rst0, or something
similar, but it will vary from
system to system. In the above
example, dist_sets is a list of
filenames corresponding to the
distribution sets that you wish to
place on the tape. For instance,
to put the kern-GENERIC, base, and
etc distributions on tape (the
absolute minimum required for
installation), you would do the
following:

# cd .../NetBSD-10.1
# cd arc/binary
# tar -cf tape_device
kern-GENERIC.tgz base.tgz
etc.tgz

Note: You still need to fill in
tape_device in the example.

Once you have the files on the
tape, you can proceed to the next
step in the installation or
upgrade process. If you're
installing NetBSD from scratch, go
to the section on preparing your
hard disk, below. If you're
upgrading an existing installa-
tion, go directly to the section
on upgrading.

Preparing your System for NetBSD installation
First and foremost, before beginning the installation
process, make sure you have a reliable backup of any data on
your hard disk that you wish to keep, including existing
Windows NT partition. Mistakes in partitioning your hard
disk may lead to data loss. NetBSD/arc is still in very
experimental state so unexpected trouble could also happen
even on normal operations.

Available Boot Media

The ARC firmware on most machines allows for system booting
using:
o Local floppy disk, hard disk or CD-ROM with the follow-
ing file systems:
- MS-DOS (FAT12) file system
- ISO9660 CD-ROM file system

Some ARC implementation might support netboot, but the
NetBSD/arc bootloader doesn't support netboot due to lack of
information.

There are no bootable floppies in the distribution because
the NetBSD/arc bootloader doesn't support loading a kernel
from multiple floppies and the installation kernel is too
large to fit one floppy.

Preparing the Bootable Media

This section describes how to get a NetBSD/arc install ker-
nel onto a CD-R.

Go to one of the NetBSD mirror sites and download CD-R image
from the pub/NetBSD/images directory.
http://www.NetBSD.org/mirrors/#iso

Get and install cdrecord. This is available in the packages
collection under pkgsrc/sysutils/cdrtools. Systems not sup-
ported by the packages collection should get it from the
official website:
https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/packages/pkgsrc/sysutils/cdrtools/
http://cdrecord.berlios.de/old/private/cdrecord.html

# cdrecord -v speed=16 dev=/dev/cd0d NetBSD-arc-10.1.iso

You will need to substitute the correct name of the disk
image file, speed for your CD writer, and the correct device
for your system (for i386 it would be /dev/cd0d).

Booting from CD-ROM and Hard disk

To boot from a CD-ROM and a hard disk, choose the `Run a
program' menu on the ARC BIOS prompt and specify the `boot'
program with appropriate boot device paths. The first argu-
ment is a path to bootloader, and the second argument is a
path to a kernel to be loaded.

The device pathnames might be machine dependent. See
``Advanced RISC Computing Specification'' found in
NetBSD/arc page
http://www.NetBSD.org/ports/arc/index.html
for details.

o Booting a kernel from the installation CD-ROM:

scsi(0)cdrom(4)fdisk(0)boot scsi(0)cdrom(4)fdisk(0)netbsd

Note: `(0)' after `scsi' is used to specify SCSI inter-
faces. If your boot devices are connected to the
secondary SCSI, use `scsi(1)' instead.

`(4)' after `cdrom' is a SCSI ID of the CD-ROM.
You might have to use a different number.

o Booting a kernel in the FAT partition via bootloader in
the same FAT partition:

scsi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(1)boot scsi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(1)netbsd

o Booting a kernel in the FFS partition via bootloader in
the FAT partition:

scsi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(1)boot scsi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(2)netbsd

Note: `(0)' after `disk' is the SCSI ID of the disk.
You might have to use a different number.

`(1)' and `(2)' after `partition' are the parti-
tion numbers of the FDISK (MBR) partition of the
disk. Usually the FAT partition (which is manda-
tory for the bootloader) is in the first parti-
tion and NetBSD/arc will be installed in the sec-
ond partition, so use `partition(1)' for a boot-
loader and specify `partition(2)' for the
NetBSD/arc kernel after it's installed in the
NetBSD/arc partition.
Once you have successfully installed NetBSD/arc, you can
store the above default boot command into NV-RAM with the
`Run setup' and `Manage startup' commands on the ARC BIOS
menu.

Installing the NetBSD System
Running the sysinst installation program

1. Introduction

Using sysinst, installing NetBSD is a relatively easy
process. Still, you should read this document and have
it available during the installation process. This
document tries to be a good guide to the installation,
and as such, covers many details for the sake of com-
pleteness. Do not let this discourage you; the install
program is not hard to use.

2. Possible hardware problems

Should you encounter hardware problems during installa-
tion, try rebooting after unplugging removable devices
you don't need for installation. Non-removable devices
can be disabled with userconf (use boot -c to enter
it).

3. General

The following is a walk-through of the steps you will
take while installing NetBSD on your hard disk.
sysinst is a menu-driven program that guides you
through the installation process. Sometimes questions
will be asked, and in many cases the default answer
will be displayed in brackets (``[ ]'') after the ques-
tion. If you wish to stop the installation, you may
press CONTROL-C at any time, but if you do, you'll have
to begin the installation process again from scratch by
running the /sysinst program from the command prompt.
It is not necessary to reboot.

4. Quick install

First, let's describe a quick install. The other sec-
tions of this document go into the installation proce-
dure in more detail, but you may find that you do not
need this. If you want detailed instructions, skip to
the next section. This section describes a basic
installation, using a CD / DVD as the install medium.

o What you need.

- The distribution sets (in this example, they
are on the CD or DVD).

- Some form of bootable media, described above.

- A minimum of 16 MB of memory installed.

- An optical drive.

- A hard drive with at least 600 MB of free space
for a complete base install, not including room
for swap. If you wish to install the X Window
System as well, you will need at least 225 MB
more.

o The Quick Installation

- Insert the first boot floppy you just created
and boot the computer. After language selec-
tion, the main menu will be displayed.

.***********************************************.
* NetBSD-10.1 Install System *
* *
*>a: Install NetBSD to hard disk *
* b: Upgrade NetBSD on a hard disk *
* c: Re-install sets or install additional sets *
* d: Reboot the computer *
* e: Utility menu *
* f: Config menu *
* x: Exit Install System *
.***********************************************.

- If you wish, you can configure some network
settings immediately by choosing the Utility
menu and then Configure network. It isn't
actually required at this point, but it may be
more convenient. Go back to the main menu.

- Choose Install.

- You will be guided through the setup of your
disk.

- You will be asked to choose which distribution
sets to install.

- When prompted, choose CD-ROM as the install
medium if booted from CD-ROM. The default val-
ues for the path and device should be OK.

- After the installation process has completed,
you will be brought back to the main menu,
where you should select Reboot, after you have
removed the bootfloppy from the drive.

- NetBSD will now boot. If you didn't set a
password for the root user when prompted by
sysinst, logging in as root and setting a pass-
word should be your first task. You are also
advised to read afterboot(8).

5. Booting NetBSD

Boot your machine. The boot loader will start, which
will print a countdown and begin booting.

If the boot loader messages do not appear in a reason-
able amount of time, you either have a bad boot floppy
or a hardware problem. Try writing the install floppy
image to a different disk, and using that.

It will take a while to load the kernel from the
floppy, probably around a minute or so; then the kernel
boot messages will be displayed. This may take a lit-
tle while also, as NetBSD will be probing your system
to discover which hardware devices are installed. The
most important thing to know is that wd0 is NetBSD's
name for your first SATA/PATA disk, wd1 the second,
etc. sd0 is your first SCSI disk, sd1 the second, etc.

Note that once the system has finished booting, you
need not leave the floppy in the disk drive.

Once NetBSD has booted and printed all the boot mes-
sages, you will be presented with a welcome message and
a main menu. It will also include instructions for
using the menus.

6. Network configuration

If you do not intend to use networking during the
installation, but you do want your machine to be con-
figured for networking once the system is installed,
you should first go to the Utility menu and select the
Configure network option. If you only want to tempo-
rarily use networking during the installation, you can
specify these parameters later. If you are not using
the Domain Name System (DNS), you can give an empty
response when asked to provide a server.

7. Installation drive selection and parameters

To start the installation, select Install NetBSD to
hard disk from the main menu.

The first thing is to identify the disk on which you
want to install NetBSD. sysinst will report a list of
disks it finds and ask you for your selection. You
should see disk names like sd0 or sd1.

8. Selecting which sets to install

The next step is to choose which distribution sets you
wish to install. Options are provided for full, mini-
mal, and custom installations. If you choose sets on
your own, base, etc, and a kernel must be selected.

9. Partitioning the disk

o Choosing which portion of the disk to use.

You will be asked if you want to use the entire
disk or only part of the disk. If you decide to
use the entire disk for NetBSD, sysinst will check
for the presence of other operating systems and you
will be asked to confirm that you want to overwrite
these.

10. Editing the NetBSD disklabel

The partition table of the NetBSD part of a disk is
called a disklabel. If your disk already has a diskla-
bel written to it, you can choose Use existing
partition sizes. Otherwise, select Set sizes of NetBSD
partitions.

After you have chosen your partitions and their sizes
(or if you opted to use the existing partitions), you
will be presented with the layout of the NetBSD diskla-
bel and given one more chance to change it. For each
partition, you can set the type, offset and size, block
and fragment size, and the mount point. The type that
NetBSD uses for normal file storage is called 4.2BSD.
A swap partition has a special type called swap. Some
partitions in the disklabel have a fixed purpose.

a Root partition (/)

b Swap partition.

c The NetBSD portion of the disk.

d The entire disk.

g-p Available for other use. Traditionally,
f is the partition mounted on /usr, but
this is historical practice and not a
fixed value.

You will then be asked to name your disk's disklabel.
The default response will be OK for most purposes. If
you choose to name it something different, make sure
the name is a single word and contains no special char-
acters. You don't need to remember this name.

11. Preparing your hard disk

You are now at the point of no return. Nothing has
been written to your disk yet, but if you confirm that
you want to install NetBSD, your hard drive will be
modified. If you are sure you want to proceed, select
yes.

The install program will now label your disk and create
the file systems you specified. The file systems will
be initialized to contain NetBSD bootstrapping binaries
and configuration files. You will see messages on your
screen from the various NetBSD disk preparation tools
that are running. There should be no errors in this
section of the installation. If there are, restart
from the beginning of the installation process. Other-
wise, you can continue the installation program after
pressing the return key.

12. Getting the distribution sets

The NetBSD distribution consists of a number of sets
that come in the form of gzipped tar files. At this
point, you will be presented with a menu which enables
you to choose from one of the following methods of
installing the sets. Some of these methods will first
transfer the sets to your hard disk, others will
extract the sets directly.

For all these methods, the first step is to make the
sets available for extraction. The sets can be made
available in a few different ways. The following sec-
tions describe each of the methods. After reading
about the method you will be using, you can continue to
the section labeled `Extracting the distribution sets'.

13. Installation from CD-ROM

When installing from a CD-ROM, you will be asked to
specify the device name for your CD-ROM drive (usually
cd0) and the directory name on the CD-ROM where the
distribution files are.

sysinst will then check that the files are actually
present in the specified location and proceed to the
extraction of the sets.

14. Installation using FTP

To install using FTP, you first need to configure your
network setup if you haven't already done so. sysinst
will help you with this, asking if you want to use
DHCP. If you do not use DHCP, you can enter network
configuration details yourself. If you do not have DNS
set up for the machine that you are installing on, you
can just press RETURN in answer to this question, and
DNS will not be used.

You will also be asked to specify the host that you
want to transfer the sets from, the directory on that
host, the account name and password used to log into
that host using FTP, and optionally a proxy server to
use. If you did not set up DNS, you will need to spec-
ify an IP address instead of a hostname for the FTP
server.

sysinst will then transfer the set files from the
remote site to your hard disk.

15. Installation using NFS

To install using NFS, you first need to configure your
network setup if you haven't already done so. sysinst
will do this for you, asking you if you want to use
DHCP. If you do not use DHCP, you can enter network
configuration details yourself. If you do not have DNS
set up for the machine that you are installing on, you
can just press RETURN in answer to this question, and
DNS will not be used.

You will also be asked to specify the host that you
want to transfer the sets from and the directory on
that host that the files are in. This directory should
be mountable by the machine you are installing on,
i.e., correctly exported to your machine.

If you did not set up DNS, you will need to specify an
IP address instead of a hostname for the NFS server.

16. Installation from an unmounted file system

In order to install from a local file system, you will
need to specify the device that the file system resides
on (for example wd1e), the type of the file system, and
the directory on the specified file system where the
sets are located. sysinst will then check if it can
indeed access the sets at that location.

17. Installation from a local directory

This option assumes that you have already done some
preparation yourself. The sets should be located in a
directory on a file system that is already accessible.
sysinst will ask you for the name of this directory.

18. Extracting the distribution sets

A progress bar will be displayed while the distribution
sets are being extracted.

After all the files have been extracted, the device
node files will be created. If you have already con-
figured networking, you will be asked if you want to
use this configuration for normal operation. If so,
these values will be installed in the network configu-
ration files.

19. Configure additional items

The next menu will allow you to select a number of
additional items to configure, including the time zone
that you're in, to make sure your clock has the right
offset from UTC, the root user's shell, and the initial
root password.

You can also enable installation of binary packages,
which installs the pkgin(1) tool for managing binary
packages for third-party software. This will feel
familiar to users of package tools such as apt-get or
yum. If you prefer to install third-party software
from source, you can install the pkgsrc(7) tree.

Finally, you can enable some daemons such as sshd(8),
ntpd(8), or mdnsd(8).

20. Finalizing your installation

Congratulations, you have successfully installed NetBSD
10.1. You can now reboot the machine and boot NetBSD
from hard disk.

Post installation steps
Once you've got the operating system running, there are a
few things you need to do in order to bring the system into
a properly configured state. The most important steps are
described below.

1. Before all else, read postinstall(8).

2. Configuring /etc/rc.conf

If you or the installation software haven't done any
configuration of /etc/rc.conf (sysinst normally will),
the system will drop you into single user mode on first
reboot with the message

/etc/rc.conf is not configured. Multiuser boot
aborted.

and with the root file system (/) mounted read-only.
When the system asks you to choose a shell, simply
press RETURN to get to a /bin/sh prompt. If you are
asked for a terminal type, respond with vt220 (or what-
ever is appropriate for your terminal type) and press
RETURN. You may need to type one of the following com-
mands to get your delete key to work properly, depend-
ing on your keyboard:
# stty erase '^h'
# stty erase '^?'
At this point, you need to configure at least one file
in the /etc directory. You will need to mount your
root file system read/write with:
# /sbin/mount -u -w /
Change to the /etc directory and take a look at the
/etc/rc.conf file. Modify it to your tastes, making
sure that you set rc_configured=YES so that your
changes will be enabled and a multi-user boot can pro-
ceed. Default values for the various programs can be
found in /etc/defaults/rc.conf, where some in-line doc-
umentation may be found. More complete documentation
can be found in rc.conf(5).

When you have finished editing /etc/rc.conf, type exit
at the prompt to leave the single-user shell and con-
tinue with the multi-user boot.

Other values that may need to be set in /etc/rc.conf
for a networked environment are hostname and possibly
defaultroute. You may also need to add an ifconfig_int
for your <int> network interface, along the lines of

ifconfig_sn0="inet 192.0.2.123 netmask
255.255.255.0"

or, if you have myname.my.dom in /etc/hosts:

ifconfig_sn0="inet myname.my.dom netmask
255.255.255.0"

To enable proper hostname resolution, you will also
want to add an /etc/resolv.conf file or (if you are
feeling a little more adventurous) run named(8). See
resolv.conf(5) or named(8) for more information.

Instead of manually configuring networking, DHCP can be
used by setting dhcpcd=YES in /etc/rc.conf.

3. Logging in

After reboot, you can log in as root at the login
prompt. If you didn't set a password in sysinst, there
is no initial password. You should create an account
for yourself (see below) and protect it and the
``root'' account with good passwords. By default, root
login from the network is disabled (even via ssh(1)).
One way to become root over the network is to log in as
a different user that belongs to group ``wheel'' (see
group(5)) and use su(1) to become root.

4. Adding accounts

Use the useradd(8) command to add accounts to your sys-
tem. Do not edit /etc/passwd directly! See vipw(8) and
pwd_mkdb(8) if you want to edit the password database.

5. The X Window System

If you installed the X Window System, you may want to
read the chapter about X in the NetBSD Guide:
https://www.NetBSD.org/docs/guide/en/chap-x.html:

6. Installing third-party packages

If you wish to install any of the software freely
available for UNIX-like systems you are strongly
advised to first check the NetBSD package system,
pkgsrc. pkgsrc automatically handles any changes nec-
essary to make the software run on NetBSD. This
includes the retrieval and installation of any other
packages the software may depend upon.

o More information on the package system is available
at
https://www.NetBSD.org/docs/software/packages.html

o A list of available packages suitable for browsing
is at
https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/README.html

o Precompiled binaries can be found at
https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/packages/NetBSD/
usually in the arc/10.1/All subdir. If you
installed pkgin(1) in the sysinst post-installation
configuration menu, you can use it to automatically
install binary packages over the network. Assuming
that /usr/pkg/etc/pkgin/repositories.conf is cor-
rectly configured, you can install them with the
following commands:

# pkgin install tcsh bash perl apache xfce4 firefox
...

The above command will install the Tenex-csh and
Bourne Again shells, the Perl programming language,
Apache web server, Xfce desktop environment and the
Firefox web browser as well as all the packages
they depend on.

If it was not automatically installed, pkgin(1) can
be installed on a fresh NetBSD system with
pkg_add(1):

export PKG_PATH=https://cdn.netbsd.org/pub/pkgsrc/packages/NetBSD/$(uname -p)/$(uname -r | cut -d_ -f1)/All
pkg_add pkgin

o If you wish to use the pkgsrc(7) framework for com-
piling packages and did not install it from the
sysinst(8) post-installation configuration menu,
you can obtain it by retrieving the file
https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/stable/pkgsrc.tar.gz.
It is typically extracted into /usr/pkgsrc (though
other locations work fine) with the commands:

# cd /usr
# tar -zxpf pkgsrc.tar.gz

After extracting, see the doc/pkgsrc.txt file in
the extraction directory (e.g.,
/usr/pkgsrc/doc/pkgsrc.txt) for more information.

7. Misc

o Edit /etc/mail/aliases to forward root mail to the
right place. Don't forget to run newaliases(1)
afterwards.

o Edit /etc/rc.local to run any local daemons you
use.

o Many of the /etc files are documented in section 5
of the manual; so just invoking

# man 5 filename

is likely to give you more information on these
files.

Upgrading a previously-installed NetBSD System
The easiest way to upgrade to NetBSD 10.1 is with binaries,
and that is the method documented here.

To do the upgrade, you must have one form of boot media
available. You must also have at least the base and kern
binary distribution sets available. Finally, you must have
sufficient disk space available to install the new binaries.
Since files already installed on the system are overwritten
in place, you only need additional free space for files
which weren't previously installed or to account for growth
of the sets between releases.

Since upgrading involves replacing the kernel, boot blocks,
and most of the system binaries, it has the potential to
cause data loss. You are strongly advised to back up any
important data on the NetBSD partition or on another operat-
ing system's partition on your disk before beginning the
upgrade process.

The upgrade procedure is similar to an installation, but
without the hard disk partitioning.

Fetching the binary sets is done in the same manner as the
installation procedure; refer to the installation part of
the document for help. File systems are checked before
unpacking the sets.

After a new kernel has been copied to your hard disk, your
machine is a complete NetBSD 10.1 system. However, that
doesn't mean that you're finished with the upgrade process.
You will probably want to update the set of device nodes you
have in /dev. If you've changed the contents of /dev by
hand, you will need to be careful about this, but if not,
you can just cd into /dev, and run the command:

# sh MAKEDEV all

sysinst will attempt to merge the settings stored in your
/etc directory with the new version of NetBSD using the
postinstall(8) utility. However, postinstall(8) is only
able to deal with changes that are easily automated. It is
recommended that you use the etcupdate(8) tool to merge any
remaining configuration changes.

Compatibility Issues With Previous NetBSD Releases
Users upgrading from previous versions of NetBSD may wish to
bear the following problems and compatibility issues in mind
when upgrading to NetBSD 10.1.

Note that sysinst will automatically invoke

postinstall fix
and thus all issues that are fixed by postinstall by default
will be handled.

In NetBSD 9 and earlier, filesystems listed in /etc/fstab
would be mounted before non-legacy zfs filesystems. Starting
from NetBSD 10 this order has been reversed.

If you have ever run a version of NetBSD -current between
April 18, 2020 and September 23, 2022 (the version numbers
used in the affected time range are between 9.99.56 and
9.99.106) your FFS file systems might have broken extended
attributes stored.

You should follow this guide:
https://wiki.netbsd.org/features/UFS2ea/
before booting the updated system multi-user for the first
time.

Note that you do not need to do anything special if you
never did run any affected kernel, especially if you have
never run NetBSD -current.

The display drivers used for modern GPUs and the whole sub-
system supporting it (DRM/KMS) have been updated to a newer
version. Unfortunately not all issues with this have been
resolved before the NetBSD 10.0 release. You can find a list
of issues in the Open issues with new DRM/KMS:
https://wiki.netbsd.org/releng/netbsd-10/
section of the release engineering wiki page.

A number of things have been removed from the NetBSD 10.1
release. See the ``Components removed from NetBSD'' section
near the beginning of this document for a list.

Using online NetBSD documentation
Documentation is available if you installed the manual dis-
tribution set. Traditionally, the ``man pages'' (documenta-
tion) are denoted by `name(section)'. Some examples of this
are

o intro(1),
o man(1),
o apropos(1),
o passwd(1), and
o passwd(5).

The section numbers group the topics into several cate-
gories, but three are of primary interest: user commands are
in section 1, file formats are in section 5, and administra-
tive information is in section 8.

The man command is used to view the documentation on a
topic, and is started by entering man [section] topic. The
brackets [] around the section should not be entered, but
rather indicate that the section is optional. If you don't
ask for a particular section, the topic with the lowest num-
bered section name will be displayed. For instance, after
logging in, enter

# man passwd

to read the documentation for passwd(1). To view the docu-
mentation for passwd(5), enter

# man 5 passwd

instead.

If you are unsure of what man page you are looking for,
enter

# apropos subject-word

where subject-word is your topic of interest; a list of pos-
sibly related man pages will be displayed.

Administrivia
If you've got something to say, do so! We'd like your
input. There are various mailing lists available via the
mailing list server at [email protected]. See
https://www.NetBSD.org/mailinglists/
for details.

There are various mailing lists set up to deal with comments
and questions about this release. Please send comments to:
[email protected].

To report bugs, use the send-pr(1) command shipped with
NetBSD, and fill in as much information about the problem as
you can. Good bug reports include lots of details.

Bugs also can be submitted and queried with the web inter-
face at
https://www.NetBSD.org/support/send-pr.html

There are also port-specific mailing lists, to discuss
aspects of each port of NetBSD. Use majordomo to find their
addresses, or visit
https://www.NetBSD.org/mailinglists/

If you're interested in doing a serious amount of work on a
specific port, you probably should contact the `owner' of
that port (listed below).

If you'd like to help with NetBSD, and have an idea as to
how you could be useful, send us mail or subscribe to:
[email protected].

As a favor, please avoid mailing huge documents or files to
these mailing lists. Instead, put the material you would
have sent up for FTP or WWW somewhere, then mail the appro-
priate list about it. If you'd rather not do that, mail the
list saying you'll send the data to those who want it.

Thanks go to
o The former members of UCB's Computer Systems Research
Group, including (but not limited to):

Keith Bostic
Ralph Campbell
Mike Karels
Marshall Kirk McKusick

for their work on BSD systems, support, and encourage-
ment.

o The Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. for hosting the
NetBSD FTP, CVS, AnonCVS, mail, mail archive, GNATS,
SUP, Rsync and WWW servers.

o The Internet Research Institute in Japan for hosting the
server which runs the CVSweb interface to the NetBSD
source tree.

o The Columbia University Computer Science Department for
hosting the build cluster.

o The many organizations that provide NetBSD mirror sites.

o Without CVS, this project would be impossible to manage,
so our hats go off to Brian Berliner, Jeff Polk, and the
various other people who've had a hand in making CVS a
useful tool.

o We list the individuals and organizations that have made
donations or loans of hardware and/or money, to support
NetBSD development, and deserve credit for it at
https://www.NetBSD.org/donations/
(If you're not on that list and should be, tell us! We
probably were not able to get in touch with you, to ver-
ify that you wanted to be listed.)

o Finally, we thank all of the people who've put sweat and
tears into developing NetBSD since its inception in Jan-
uary, 1993. (Obviously, there are a lot more people who
deserve thanks here. If you're one of them, and would
like to be mentioned, tell us!)

Legal Mumbo-Jumbo
All product names mentioned herein are trademarks or regis-
tered trademarks of their respective owners.

The following notices are required to satisfy the license
terms of the software that we have mentioned in this docu-
ment:

NetBSD is a registered trademark of The NetBSD Foundation,
Inc.
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Project by Jason R. Thorpe.
This product includes software developed for the NetBSD
Project by John M. Vinopal.
This product includes software developed for the NetBSD
Project by Jonathan Stone.
This product includes software developed for the NetBSD
Project by Kyma Systems LLC.
This product includes software developed for the NetBSD
Project by Matthias Drochner.
This product includes software developed for the NetBSD
Project by Perry E. Metzger.
This product includes software developed for the NetBSD
Project by Piermont Information Systems Inc.
This product includes software developed for the NetBSD
Project by Shigeyuki Fukushima.
This product includes software developed for the NetBSD
Project by SUNET, Swedish University Computer Network.
This product includes software developed for the NetBSD
Project by Wasabi Systems, Inc.
This product includes software developed or owned by Caldera
International, Inc.
This product includes software developed under OpenBSD by
Per Fogelstrom.
This product includes software developed under OpenBSD by
Per Fogelstrom Opsycon AB for RTMX Inc, North Carolina, USA.
This software was developed by Holger Veit and Brian Moore
for use with "386BSD" and similar operating systems. "Simi-
lar operating systems" includes mainly non-profit oriented
systems for research and education, including but not
restricted to "NetBSD", "FreeBSD", "Mach" (by CMU).
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and
The Open Group, have given us permission to reprint portions
of their documentation.

In the following statement, the phrase ``this text'' refers
to portions of the system documentation.

Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in
electronic form in NetBSD, from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2004
Edition, Standard for Information Technology -- Portable
Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2004 by the
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and
The Open Group. In the event of any discrepancy between
these versions and the original IEEE and The Open Group
Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard is
the referee document.

The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html.

This notice shall appear on any product containing this
material.

In the following statement, "This software" refers to the
parallel port driver:
This software is a component of "386BSD" developed by
William F. Jolitz, TeleMuse.

Some files have the following copyright:
Mach Operating System
Copyright (c) 1991,1990,1989 Carnegie Mellon Univer-
sity
All Rights Reserved.

Permission to use, copy, modify and distribute this
software and its documentation is hereby granted, pro-
vided that both the copyright notice and this permis-
sion notice appear in all copies of the software, de-
rivative works or modified versions, and any portions
thereof, and that both notices appear in supporting
documentation.

CARNEGIE MELLON ALLOWS FREE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE IN
ITS CONDITION. CARNEGIE MELLON DISCLAIMS ANY LIABIL-
ITY OF ANY KIND FOR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING
FROM THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE.

Carnegie Mellon requests users of this software to
return to
Software Distribution Coordinator or Software.Dis-
[email protected]
School of Computer Science
Carnegie Mellon University
Pittsburgh PA 15213-3890

any improvements or extensions that they make and
grant Carnegie the rights to redistribute these
changes.

Some files have the following copyright:
Copyright (c) 1994, 1995 Carnegie-Mellon University.
All rights reserved.

Author: Chris G. Demetriou

Permission to use, copy, modify and distribute this
software and its documentation is hereby granted, pro-
vided that both the copyright notice and this permis-
sion notice appear in all copies of the software, de-
rivative works or modified versions, and any portions
thereof, and that both notices appear in supporting
documentation.
CARNEGIE MELLON ALLOWS FREE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE IN
ITS "AS IS" CONDITION. CARNEGIE MELLON DISCLAIMS ANY
LIABILITY OF ANY KIND FOR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER
RESULTING FROM THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE.

Carnegie Mellon requests users of this software to
return to
Software Distribution Coordinator or Software.Dis-
[email protected]
School of Computer Science
Carnegie Mellon University
Pittsburgh PA 15213-3890

any improvements or extensions that they make and
grant Carnegie the rights to redistribute these
changes.

Some files have the following copyright:
Copyright (C) 1989 Digital Equipment Corpora-
tion.
Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this
software and its documentation for any purpose and
without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
copyright notice appears in all copies. Digital
Equipment Corporation makes no representations about
the suitability of this software for any purpose. It
is provided "as is" without express or implied war-
ranty.

Some files have the following copyright:
Copyright 1996 The Board of Trustees of The Leland
Stanford Junior University. All Rights Reserved.

Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this
software and its documentation for any purpose and
without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
copyright notice appear in all copies. Stanford Uni-
versity makes no representations about the suitability
of this software for any purpose. It is provided "as
is" without express or implied warranty.

The End
NetBSD/arc 10.1 Dec 17, 2024 NetBSD/arc 10.1