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From: Bruce Grubb <[email protected]>
Newsgroups: comp.sys.mac.comm,comp.answers,news.answers
Subject: comp.sys.mac.comm FAQ (v 2.2.1) Aug 1 2000 1/3
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This is the Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) list for
comp.sys.mac.comm
=====================================================================

This list of frequently asked questions and answers is intended to
help reduce the number of "often asked questions" that make the
rounds here in comp.sys.mac.comm. Since comp.sys.mac.comm is intended
as a forum to discuss telecommunication (and related issues) that are
specific to the Macintosh, most questions about modems,
telecommunications in general, and other non-Macintosh specific
communication questions are not listed here. The proper newsgroup for
such questions is usually comp.dcom.modems.

This list is posted periodically (about once a month) to the Usenet
groups comp.sys.mac.comm, comp.answers, and news.answers. Latest
versions of the FAQ can be retrieved via anonymous FTP from any
info-mac mirror and from
<http://members.aol.com/BruceG6069/csm-comm-FAQ.txt>

This FAQ is purely a volunteer effort. Although every effort has been
made to insure that answers are as complete and accurate as possible,
NO GUARANTEE IS IMPLIED OR INTENDED. The editor and contributors have
developed this FAQ as a service to Usenet. We hope you find it useful.
It has been formatted in both HTMl and ASCII format for your browsing
convenience.

The editor/maintainer of this FAQ takes no responsibility for its
contents.  Thanks to David Oppenheimer for giving me permission to
continue the FAQ.

Please send your corrections and comments to the editor, Bruce L
Grubb at [email protected]

            SHARE THIS INFORMATION FREELY AND IN GOOD FAITH.
            DO NOT DISTRIBUTE MODIFIED VERSIONS OF THIS FAQ.
              DO NOT REMOVE THIS NOTICE OR THE TEXT ABOVE.
             (INCLUDING THE 'LastModified' HEADER; THANKS.)

Exception to the above: Excerpts of this FAQ not exceeding 9000
characters in length may be reprinted PROVIDED that
"the comp.sys.mac.comm Usenet newsgroup FAQ" is credited as the
source of the information. Even in this case, no editing of the
quoted material is permitted


=====================================================================

                             TABLE OF CONTENTS:

+ = Updated or New information

[1] Modems and Cables

[1.1] What kind of modem will work with my Macintosh?
[1.2] What kind of cable do I need to use my external modem with my
        Macintosh?
[1.3] What do V.32, V.42, bis, MNP, etc mean?
[1.4] How fast can the Macintosh serial ports really go?
[1.5] How can I disable call-waiting when using my modem?

[2] File Formats and Conversion

[2.1] What is a resource (or data) fork?
[2.2] What is encoding?
[2.3] What is BinHex? What is uuencode? What is Base64?
[2.4] What are AppleSingle and AppleDouble? What is MacBinary?
[2.5] What do file suffixes like .hqx, .sit, .bin, etc ... mean
        and how can I convert such files back to normal Macintosh
        applications and documents?
[2.6] After decoding and expanding a file I get an unknown document
      file. How do I open this file?

[3] Macintosh File Transfers

[3.1] What is the difference between a commmunication and an
      Internet connection?
[3.2] What commmunications programs are available?
[3.3] What Internet programs are available?
[3.4] What is Telnet, and what MacOS Telnet Programs are there?
[3.5] What's the best compression program to use when uploading
        files to an archive or BBS? Are there any other guidelines
        I should follow?
[3.6] How can I transfer Macintosh files to/from my Macintosh and
        other non-Macintosh computers (eg: mainframes, UNIX boxes,
        PCs)?
[3.7] Is there a newsgroup for MacOS binaries?

[4] Networking basics

[4.1] What is the difference between AppleTalk, LocalTalk,
        Ethernet, EtherTalk, TCP/IP, etc?
[4.2] What is Open Transport?
[4.3] How can I change the Chooser "user" and name of my Macintosh?
        Also: Why can I no longer change the name of my hard-disk?
[4.4] How can I use the services of my EtherTalk network and print
      to my LocalTalk-only printer at the same time?

[5] Internet Networking

[5.1] What kind of hardware and software do I need to have a
      direct connection (ie use TCP/IP protocol) to the Internet?
[5.2] What are SLIP, CSLIP and PPP?
+[5.3] FreePPP and OT/PPP Frequently Asked Questions
[5.4] Do I have to know anything about Unix to use the Internet?
[5.5] Is there a UNIX program that will convert between BinHex
      and MacBinary?

[6] Miscellaneous

+[6.1] I just downloaded an .AVI file but Quicktime will not play it
      correctly.  Am I missing something?


Appendices:

[A]   List of Common File Suffixes and Abbreviations
[B]   Mac program archive list link and Vendor Information
[C]   Contributors

=====================================================================
[1] Modems and Cables
=====================

[1.1] What kind of modem will work with my Macintosh?
-----------------------------------------------------

Any *external* Hayes compatible modem will work with your Macintosh.
There are too many to list or review here. The USENET newsgroup
comp.dcom.modems is a good place to ask questions about the many
different external Hayes compatible modems. Such modems can be used
with any computer (Macintosh, UNIX box, MS-DOS PC, Amiga, etc) with
a serial port (e.g.: Macintosh modem port) interface. However, there
*are* modems that are designed specifically for use with the
Macintosh.  Examples include internal Powerbook modems, ADB modems,
and internal NuBus modems.

    Note that modems for the Macintosh Performa apparently can only
    plug into the Macintosh Performa because of an extra pin which
    they posesses (there is a corresponding extra hole on the
    Performa serial port connector into which this pin fits). As a
    result, the bundled Global Village FAX modem can only plug into
    the Performa.  Other modems can of course also plug into the
    Performa; the extra pin only prevents plugging the Performa-specific
    modem into other Macs.

Assuming you wish to use an external modem, your only other hardware
consideration is to find an appropriate hardware-handshaking cable
to connect it to your Macintosh. (see [1.2] for details).

Various special modems exist with unique features; the most
notable type is the dual FAX/modem. For more information,
visit comp.dcom.modems or your local dealer: there are simply
too many products to describe here.


[1.2] What kind of cable do I need to use my external modem with my
Macintosh?
---------------------------------------------------------------------

Most modems have a female DB-25 (25 pin) connector labelled RS-232C
on their backsides.  The earliest models of the Macintosh used DB-9
(9 pin) connector, while from the Mac Plus to the first G3 macs
used mini DIN-8 (8 pin) connector for the two serial ports (modem
and printer), and the current G3 models use a USB port.

Finding a hardware handshaking cable for a DB-25 to DIN-8 14.4K+
configuration at most computer accessory store should not be very
difficult and typically sale $15.00 (10 ft) via mail order.   Note
some older modem cables are -not- hardware-handshaking and can cause
such problems as repeated transmission errors, a drop in the transfer
rate, and possibly an aborted transmission.

I am not currently aware of any USB to DB-25 cables but given the large
number of DB-25 modems out there I imagine there either are some or soon
will be.

[1.3] What do V.32, V.42, bis, MNP, etc mean?
---------------------------------------------

Because these topics are universal telecommunications issues,
they are more fully discussed in comp.dcom.modems. However, a
short description of some of the more common abbreviations and
buzzwords is given below.

<<An excellent article on the subject of modems, including
a guide to buying high-speed modems, is available from
InfoMac and its mirror sites as the file
info-mac/comm/info/modem-guide-11.hqx.>>

  Buzzword         What it typically means
---------------   ----------------------------------------------
  bit             : binary digit; amount of information necessary
                    to distinguish between two equally likely
                    events (such as the value of a binary digit)
  byte            : eight bits; size of a single ASCII character
  bps             : bits per second
  baud            : one analog signal state change; people usually
                    use baud and bps interchangeable, although most
                    modern modems can encode multiple bits per baud
  Bell 103        : 300 bps U.S. Standard
  Bell 212A       : 1200 bps U.S. Standard
  LAP/M           : Link Access Protocol/Modem.
  MNP             : Microcom Networking Protocol (Proprietary)
  MNP5            : MNP extension; 2 to 1 data compression.
  V.32            : 9600bps, 4800bps
  V.32bis         : 14.4Kbps, 12Kbps, 9600bps, 7200bps, 4800bps
  V.32terbo       : psuedo-standard extending V.32bis to 16.8, 19.2 kbs
  V.34            : 28,800 bps, 14,400 bps, 9,600 bps, 2,400 bps
  V.Fast          : Interim version of V.34; sometimes used as a
                        nickname for V.34
  V.FC            : proprietary Rockwell protocol used before V.34
                          was approved as a standard
  V.42            : MNP 4 and LAP/M modem to modem error correction
  V.42bis         : LAP/M and 4-to-1 data compression.
  X2/K56flex      : Two incompatable proprietary formats for 56K
                    Dependent on a digital equipment which some areas
                    do not have.
  V.90            : standard for 56K modems

  Note: Some V.FC modems do not work with V.34 modems at 28,800 bps.

  FAX standards:
    V.21          : 300 bps FAX
    V.27ter       : 4800 bps FAX
    V.29          : 9600 bps FAX
    V.17          : 14400 bps FAX

                            Table 1.3.1


[1.4] How fast could the Macintosh serial ports really go?
--------------------------------------------------------

Orignally the MacOS supported up to an asynchronous data rate
of 57600 bps though the serial hardware could support much higher
transfer rates externally clocked (as much as 16 times synchronously).
The AV and Powermac introduced a different SCC clock and DMA based
serial driver which allowed 115,200 and 230,400 bps.
(Ward McFarland <[email protected]>,
Dan Schwarz <Dan_Schwarz/[email protected]>) USB which replaced
the serial ports can go as fast as 1.5 MB/s

While the ability of the serial ports to achive these speeds was
useful in the days of communications software (see [3.1]) its
importance dwindled with the introduction of Intenet communications
and PPP (see [5.3]).  The reason is that many non-text files on the
Internet are already compressed which renders the built in MNP5 and
V.42bis compression methods virturally useless.  In addition due to
limiations in equipment and phone line quality even a 56K modem
rarely gets a sustained throughput over 50K.

For these reasons the modem scripts that come with Open Transport
have 57600 bps as the maximum serial speed for a modem.


[1.5] How can I disable call-waiting when using my modem?
---------------------------------------------------------

This varies depending on your local phone company, but often, if you
preced the phone number you wish to tone dial with "*70," (omit the
quotes but not the comma), you can disable call-waiting FOR THAT CALL
ONLY.

If you have a strictly rotary dial line, try preceding the
phone number with "1170".

In the United Kingdom, the code to use is #43#.

  In New Zealand, the code to use is *52.

  If you are using Telecom Australia,
  ATDT#43#,;H     Will turn call-waiting OFF
  ATDT*43#,;H     Will turn it back ON again.

=====================================================================
[2] File Formats and Conversion
===============================

[2.1] What is a resource (or data) fork?
----------------------------------------

A Macintosh file has two parts: a data fork and a resource fork. Text
files and GIF image files are examples of Macintosh files that are
usually stored completely in the data fork, and have an empty
(or nonexistent) resource fork. Applications, as a counter-example,
store most if not all of their information in 'resources' in the
resource fork and usually have an empty data fork.

Because this two-forked organization of files isn't very common,
not only did Mac archive formats have to support them but a means to
turn the two fork Mac file into a data fork had to be developed so that
mac files could pass through non-macintosh machines (such as UNIX boxes,
or MS-DOS machines) without being damaged.

This also means that without modification non-mac archives and encoding
formats cannot be used to send mac files.

[2.2] What is encoding?
------------------------

To understand 'encoding' as the term is normally used on the Internet
one needs to understand the difference between "binary" and ASCII.
With the noted exception of text files computers store information in
"binary" format which means that all 8-bits of a byte are used.  By
contrast ASCII originally only defined the first 7 bits of a byte
setting the high bit in each byte to zero. As an added complication
the character sets for byte values 128-255 used by ANSI and early
(1981-c1990) IBM PCs differed.

As a result for 8-bit information to reliably be sent between
computers it had to be translated into 7-bit ASCII text or 'encoded'.
This was especially true of Usenet and e-mail which even today mostly
supports 7-bit ASCII.  Because 8-bits worth of data are being put into
a 7-bit text file encoded files are always larger than their binary
counterparts.

Due to its data and resource fork structure the Mac has an additional
type of encoding structure: Binary encoding.  Unlike ASCII encoding
there is virturally no increase in file size but since these formats
are 8-bit they cannot be used on their own in the remaining areas of
the Internet that only support 7-bit (like E-mail and Usenet).

[2.3] (a) What is BinHex? (b) What is uuencode? (c) What is Base64 ?
---------------------------------------------------------------------

These are all ASCII encoding (see [2.2]) formats.

(a) BinHex 4.0, by Yves Lempereur, is a binary to text translator
that can directly encode any Macintosh document (ie: it knows how to
convert information in both the resource and data forks).  Since the
format is mainly used on already compressed files the RLE compression
method that can be part of the format is rarely used.
BinHex files can be easily recognized since they begin with the line:

               (This file must be converted with BinHex 4.0)

and are followed by a line starting with a colon, ':'. The BinHex
encoding of the file follows, and is ended with another colon.
Binhex 4.0 files also can be identified externally by the suffix ".hqx".

There is in fact a program called "BinHex 4.0" in various archives,
but it has a bug wherein it refuses to decode .hqx files with very
long names and you don't have to use it to convert files to and from
BinHex.

It's best to use one of the other more powerful utilities like
StuffIt Expander and other StuffIt programs, SunTar, and HQXer to
name only a few.  StuffIt Expander has the advantage of also being
able to automatically expand StuffIt, Compact Pro, and Applelink
archives and being available on PCs.

UNIX utilities (see [5.6]) that manipulate BinHex, MacBinary II, and
other types of Macintosh files are also available though they are very
old.

The specifications to BinHex, should you be an interested programmer,
are available at the University of Michigan's Macintosh archive site
as mac/misc/documentation/binhex4.0specs.txt, or at InfoMac sites as
dev/info/binhex-40-specs.txt.

There is also a program/format called "BinHex 5.0"; but it is NOT a
more advanced version of "BinHex 4.0" but rather a separate _binary_
encoding format (see [2.2]). BinHex 5.0, written by Yves Lempereur,
in 1985 was the first MacBinary converter available. BinHex 5.0 (also
called MacBinary I) was replaced by the MacBinary II format which
added support for several then new MacOS features (see [2.4b]).

As new versions of BinHex were developed, they encoded only the
new format but continued to decode all previous formats:

    BinHex 1.0 encodes .hex and decodes .hex
    BinHex 2.0 encodes .hex & .hcx and decodes .hex & .hcx
    BinHex 3.0 never existed
    BinHex 4.0 encodes .hqx and decodes .hex, .hcx & .hqx
    BinHex 5.0 encodes MacBinary I and decodes .hex, .hcx,
               .hqx & MacBinary I

(b) "uuencode" is a binary to text translator that serves the same
purpose as BinHex, except that it knows nothing about the Macintosh
resource/data fork structure. Uuencode was designed to allow UNIX
binary files to be easily transferred through text-only interfaces,
such as e-mail. Every uuencoded file contains a line similar to:

               begin 644 usa-map.gif

followed by a series of lines of ASCII text characters (which are
normally 60 characters long and begin with the letter 'M').
The file ends with a line containing the word 'end'. There may be
other special keywords included.  Externally uuencode files are
usially denoted with the suffix ".uu" or ".uue".

Usually, one won't find Macintosh files in uuencode format; however,
most non-Macintosh specific binary data posted to Usenet is
uuencoded, so if you wish to use any of this data (such as the images
posted in alt.binaries.* and elsewhere), you will need to deal with
uuencode.  The programs 'uuencode' and 'uudecode' exist on most UNIX
systems. If not, don't worry as there are many programs allow you to
convert to and from uuencode using your Macintosh (see [2.6]).

(c) Base64 is the encoding format used by Multipurpose Internet Mail
Extension (Mime) files.  The reason mime uses Base64 rather than the
more popular uuencode format is that uuencode is not really a standard
but rather a collection of related but different formats.  This rendered
uuencode impractical as a cross platform encoding format.

Mac files being sent via e-mail are usially binary encoded (usially
in AppleDouble) before being encoded in Base64.


[2.4] a) What are AppleSingle and AppleDouble? b) What is MacBinary?
------------------------

These are all Mac binary encoding (see [2.2]) formats.

a) AppleSingle and AppleDouble were developed out of a need to share
Mac file between the MacOS and A/UX (Apple's first UnixOS) as well
as allowing A/UX users to edit MacOS files.  The specs of these
formats can be found at
<http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/htbin/rfc/rfc1740.html>.

AppleDouble is useful today because it divides a Mac file into
two files: one for the data fork (with original filename) and the
other for resource fork (with '%' prefixing the original filename)
This made it easy to adopt AppleDouble to MIME - have non-mac
systems simply ignore the '%' file.

Mac e-mail programs that use AppleSingle and AppleDouble encode them
into Base64.

b) MacBinary is the Mac's standard binary encoding (see [2.2]) format.
MacBinary's purpose is to encapsulate *all* information (including
the filename, creation and modification dates, file type and creator)
contained in a Macintosh file for transport over a non-Macintosh medium.

Although a Macintosh program (called MacBinary) does exist
to do the converting to and from MacBinary, almost all modern
Macintosh telecommunications and Internet programs have the
capability of converting and unconverting MacBinary files for
you. ZTerm, for example, can be configured to automatically
detect when a MacBinary file is being received and to convert
this file to its original representation; or, if you are uploading,
ZTerm can optionally encode the file into MacBinary before
sending. Fetch, and most other shareware and commercial products
have equivalent or similar capabilities.

    Dennis Brothers, Yves Lempereur, and others gathered on
    CompuServe to discuss what eventually became the original
    MacBinary standard. According to Lempereur, "We finally
    agreed on using the MacTerminal format (without the modified
    XModem protocol). I then wrote BinHex 5.0 (see [2.3]) to
    support MacBinary. A year later, the same group got
    together on CompuServe again and created MacBinary II."

    MacBinary I is the name given to the old MacBinary standard.
    MacBinary II is the name given to the new MacBinary standard
    which everybody uses today; in common usage, MacBinary means
    MacBinary II.
    MacBinary III is an update to the vernerable c1987 format
    that supports the icon badge custom routing information
    finder flags that are part of MacOS 8.5.

Since then, BinHex and the MacBinary II have become the standard way
of encapsulating Macintosh files for transfer over foreign systems
throughout the Internet, USENET, and elsewhere.  MacBinary is also
used as a way to retain Mac file information within non-mac archive
formats. For example MacLHA and ZipIt use MacBinary in this manner
for the PC formats .lhz and .zip respectively.

MacBinary's correct MIME type is "application/x-macbinary" and if
you want StuffIt Expander to launch when you double click on the file
set the type and creator fields to BINA and SITx.


[2.5] What do file suffixes like .hqx, .sit, .bin, etc ... mean and
     how can I convert such files back to normal Macintosh
     applications and documents?
---------------------------------------------------------------------

Most files available by FTP or posted to Usenet are modified twice to
allow them to more easily pass through foreign computer systems.
First they are compressed and then either ASCII or Binary encoded with
BinHex (.hqx) and MacBinary (.bin) being the formats of choice for
Macintosh users (see [2.3] and [2.4] for an explanation of these
formats).

Generally the suffix on these files only tells you the encoding
method used and nothing about the compression method.  As a result
StuffIt Expander has become the defacto decoder utility especially
when combined with the StuffIt Engine. You can use the following
table to determine what Macintosh programs handle which formats.
For a more complete description of the various Macintosh archival
programs, see the excellent FAQ for comp.sys.mac.apps.

This table is also part of the Mac-FTP-list and listed on its own as
format-chart.txt both of which are at
<http://members.aol.com/BruceG6069/>
as well as being archived on any info-mac mirror site, in the
/info-mac/comm/ directory.

Here's a handy chart to keep track which programs unmangle which formats:

                                             unix  gzip  .uu/ .b64/
Macintosh            .sit .hqx .bin .zip .tar  .Z  .gz/.z .uue .mime*
Stuffit Expander**     D    D    D    D               D     D
w/ Engine**           X    X    D    D    D    D     D     D    D
DropZip**                        I    X                     X
ShrinkWrap*^           D    D    D    D    D    D     D     D    D
StuffIt Deluxe***      X    X    X    X    X    X     D     X    D
Decoder 1.3.4                                               D    D
MacCompress                                     X
MacGzip                                         D     X
MPack 1.5.1                 D                               D    X
SunTar 2.2.2                X    X         X                X    D
Tar 4.0b                                   X
uucd 2.5.0                                                  X    D
YA-Decoder                  D    D                          D    D
ZipIt 1.3.8                 D    D    X

Other                                         unix  gzip  .uu/ .b64/
computers            .sit .hqx .bin .zip .tar  .Z  .gz/.z .uue .mime*
Aladdin Expander 5     D    D    D    D               D     D
Aladdin DropStuff      X              X
Aladdin DropZip        X              X
binhex-pc-13                X
macutil (unix)
hexbin                     D                               D
macunpack            D/N        D              D           D
mcvert (unix)               X    X
MPack                       D                               D    X
PKZIP                                 X
xferp110 (win)              X                               X    X

D = Decode only
N = Cannot decompress Deluxe .sit [Type SITD] files
I = MacBinary format is supported internally only
X = Encode and decode

sit refers to all versions of the Stuffit format.  A '/' denotes the
inability to handle certain formats as outlined in the legend above.
hqx = BinHex4; .bin = BinHex5, MacBinary I, II, and III

*   .b64/.mime (Base 64) refers to the encoding format used by the
   Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension.  For more information consult
   the MIME FAQ.
<http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/hypertext/faq/usenet/mail/mime-faq/top.html>.
**  Engine refers to the StuffIt Engine which is part of StuffIt Deluxe and
   DropStuff with Expander Enhancer [a $30 shareware addon for Stuffit
   Expander] Programs that can use the Stuffit Engine are marked with a *^.
   Current public versions of the Expander and the Engine are 5.5.
   Note - DSEE 4.5 is NOT compatable with SE 5.0.
*** Current version as of this writing is 5.5.0.

                               Table 2.5.1

Note: .gz and .Z compression systems, while both native to UNIX, are
completely different, and these suffixes cannot not be interchanged.

WARNING: .hqx, .uu, .b64, and .txt files are the ONLY files that can
be downloaded in ASCII mode; all others must be downloaded in BINARY
[IMAGE] mode for the file to decompress properly.  This is especially
true of ".bin" and "unstuffed" files.  Otherwise you will get errors
like "unreadable file" or "file is corrupt" when you try to decompress
them.

Less commonly used formats.  Those followed by a + are Mac formats.

arc
    old (c1990) MS-DOS compresion format, replaced by .zip.
    Decompressed by Stuffit Engine, StuffIt Deluxe,
    MacArc (can also compress), and Aladdin Expander.
arj
    PC format common to European sites. Decompressed by unArjMac,
    DeArj, and Stuffit Expander for Windows.
cpt +
    Mac compression format created by Compact programs (last
    updated April 1995).  Decompressed by Stuffit Expander,
    StuffIt Deluxe, Compact Pro, and macunpack.
dd +
    Disk Doubler {Mac} format. Decompressed by DDExpand, DiskDoubler
    and Stuffit Expander 5.5.
exe
    DOS/Windows executable file (program); also used to create
    self-extracting archives. An .exe file used as a self-extracting
    archive can usually be decompressed with Stuffit Expander w/ DSEE.
html (.htm)
    WWW document. Used by WWW browsers such as Netscape and lynx.
image/.img/.ima/ (related format - .smi) +
    These are all disk image extensions.  They represent Mac disk image
    (.image/.img), Microsoft Disk Image Utility (.img), and Winimage
    (.ima) formats.  Most can be mounted via StuffIt Expander 4.5 or
    ShrinkWrap 3.0
    <http://www.aladdinsys.com/developers/shrinkwrap/index.html>.
    To eliminate the need for a mounter program there now exists a
    self mounting disk image format called .smi.  For a history of
    Shrinkwrap consult the 2.1 site <http://www.halcyon.com/shrinkwrap/>.
    Note that .img is also used as an graphic file extension and
    needs GraphicConverter to view.
lzh (related formats - .lha and .lzs)
    old PC/Amiga format that is still quite popular in Japan, largely
    replaced by .arc and .zip elsewhere; decompressed via the
    Stuffit Engine 4.5 and StuffIt Deluxe 4.5, macunpack,
    LHA Expander 1.0.3, French KISS 2.2.0 and MacLHA 2.2.1 (which also
    allows compression).
pit +
    old [c1989] Mac compression format created by PackIt programs,
    replaced by .sit. In general, a program that handles .sit files
    can decompress .pit files as well.
pkg +
    AppleLink package format, replaced by .sit. Decompressed by all
    present Mac StuffIt programs.
rar
    A DOS compression format.  Handled by MacRAR <http://macrar.free.fr/>.
sea +
    A special version of a Mac compression format that decompresses
    itself when opened.  The most common .sea files are Stuffit,
    Compact Pro, and Disk Doubler.  On the PC Aladdin Expander will
    expand Stuffit SEA files.
shar
    Unix shell archive. Decoded by Unshar.
taz
    another name for .tar.Z
tgz
    another name for .tar.z and .tar.gz (do not confuse with .tar.Z).
txt (.abs, .doc)
    ASCII text file. There is a slight differance between ASCII text files
    of Mac, PCs, and UNIX systems which can cause problems when trying to
    read them. Mac ASCII uses carrage returns, UNIX uses line feeds, and
    PC uses both.
z
    Suffix used by both Unix pack and early [~1993] Gzip files.
    Due to confusion between these compression methods and Unix
    'compress' suffix (.Z) it was abandoned in favor of
    the .gz suffix.  Unix pack itself has been effectively replaced
    by both Unix compress and Gzip.
zoo
    old [c1989] PC/Amiga format, replaced by .arc. Decompressed by
    MacZoo and MacBooz.

                               Table 2.5.3

[2.6] After decoding and expanding a file I get an unknown document
     file. How do I open this file?
---------------------------------------------------------------------

The best thing to do is to try and see if there is any way to figure out
what -broad- type of file it is: word processor, picture, sound, or movie.

Word processor
    Tex-Edit Plus <http://members.aol.com/tombb/index.html> will read
    most of these out there though some will require Adobe Acrobat
    Reader (.pdf) or a commerical word processor such as
    MS Word or WordPerfect.
Pictures
    GraphicConverter (Shareware, $30-$35, /info-mac/gst/grf/,
    http://www.lemkesoft.de/) is one of the most powerful shareware
    graphic programs for the Mac.  It is able to open about 100 graphic
    formats, edit them, and save in about 40 of these formats including
    .gif, .tiff, .png <http://www.cdrom.com/pub/png/>, and .jpeg.  But
    even it cannot view propriety formats such as used by Photoshop or
    Canvas or relatively obcure formats such as .ecc.
    More details on graphic formats in general can be found in the
    PC Webopaedia
    <http://webopedia.internet.com/TERM/g/graphics_file_format.html>.
Sound files
    Sound App 2.6.1 (Freeware, /info-mac/gst/snd/) will play most sound
    formats out there including .mod, mp3, .wav, .au, and .aiff.
Movie files
    Varies depending on the movie file type.  Quicktime 4.0 is able to view
    .mov, .mpg (PPC Macs only), .fli/.flc, and .avi (1.0, 3.2) formats.
    extensions for allowing QuickTime to handle the Indeo 3.2, 4.4 and 5.0
    .avi formats can be accessed via Apple's QuickTime support page
    <http://www.info.apple.com/support/quicktime/> under the Update menu
    or via Apple's QuickTime technologies page under "Indeo"
    <http://www.apple.com/quicktime/technologies/indeo/>
    GraphicConverter is able to view .Ani, .dl, gif, and .fli/.flc formats.
Other files
    Hopefully there is a document file that tells you what is needed
    otherwise it is pretty much a lost cause.


=====================================================================
[3] Macintosh File-transfers
============================

[3.1] What is the difference between a commmunication and an
     Internet connection?
--------------------------------------------------------------------

A commmunication connection was the original way home computers
remotely connected to other computers.  It basicly consisted of
a direct connection between the personal computer to the computer
on the other end of the phone line.

Originally each communication program had its own method and
interface but then Apple created the Communications Toolbox (CTB)
as a standard interface for programmers writing communications
programs.  In addition, specific "tools" that interfaced with
modems, provided terminal emulation, or handled file transferring
could be implemented as external add-on features to CTB-aware
programs.

The protocals most commonally associated with commmunications
software are (in order of preferance): Zmodem, YModem, Xmodem,
and finally Kermit.  However because it was a direct connection
you could only do one thing at a time and the interface tended to
be text only or even Command Line Interace.

By contrast Internet connections grew out of the development of
personal computers.  Originally Internet computers were directly
connected to each other providing information to the user via dumb
termanals.  With the development of personal computers a need to
allow dial in connections developed with SLIP and PPP (see [5.3])
being the result.   These additional protocals allowed personal
computer users to use such Internet protocals as FTP, Gopher, and
SMTP.

Most importantly via PPP Internet connections allowed multiple
connections through one modem allowing the user to perform several
tasks at once.  Due to this multifuction ability continued development
of communication programs has fallen off in favor of the more robust
Internet programs though they are still the best way to connect to
a local BBS.

Since support for Internet connections was rolled into the MacOS
beginning with System 7.5 it has become the defacto way to link a
personal Mac to the outside world.


[3.2] What communication programs are available?
---------------------------------------------------------------------

This is a short list of shareware/freeware and commercial communication
programs from the orginal list that are still available.  As a matter
of practicality only those programs that have been written or updated
since 1993, support at least three of the standard protocols (Kermit,
Xmodem, YModem, and Zmodem), and either are available or have web pages
are listed.

BN:   Black Knight 1.0.7, $30 shareware,
     Raine Storm softworks <http://www.kagi.com/raine/products.html>
CL:   Communicate Lite, $50 SRP, Mark/Space Softworks,
     <http://www.markspace.com/comm_lite.html>
MT:   MacToPic Plus, $195, site licenses available, Carnation Software,
     <http://www.webcom.com/~carn/carnation/HT.Carn.Home.html>
VT:   VersaTerm and VersaTerm Pro 5.0.6, $145 and $195 respectively
     Synergy Software <http://www.synergy.com/vt.htm>
ZT:   ZTerm 1.0.1, $30 shareware, $40 with disk, Dave Alverson,
     [email protected]

Shareware/freeware communications programs can be found in the
/info-mac/comm/term directory of any Info-mac mirror.

Table 3.1.1 summarizes file transfer capabilities of various Macintosh
telecommunications programs.

         |       Programs
Protocols | BN CL MT VT ZT
----------------------------
XMODEM    |  X  X  X  X  X
YMODEM    |  X  X  X  X  X
ZMODEM    |  X  X  X  X  X
Kermit    |        X  X  X
QuickB    |              X
B Plus    |              X
CTB tools |  X  X     X  X
FTP       |        X     X

              Table 3.1.1


Table 3.1.2 summarizes the terminal-emulation capabilities of various
Macintosh communications programs and Table 3.1.3 summarizes the
scripting capabilities of various  Macintosh telecommunications programs:

         |       Programs                      |       Programs
Terminals | BN CL MT VT ZT           Scripting  | BN CL MT VT ZT
-----------------------------        ----------------------------
TTY       |     X  X  X              Recording  |  X       X
VT52      |     X                    If/Else    |     X  a
VT100     |  X  X  X  X  X           Loops      |     X  a
VT102     |  X  X     X              FileOps    |     X  a
VT220     |  X        X              Arithmetic |     X  a
PC/ANSI   |  X           X           Variables  |     X  a     X
Tek 4010  |           X              User Input |     X  a
Tek 4014  |           X              Key Remaps |  X     *
Tek 4105/7|           P              Arrays     |        a
DG210/211 |           X              Wait/Send  |  X  X    X
CTB tools |  X  X                    AppleScript|  X
Controls  |  X           X
Viewpoint |        X                a = capability is accessible
Wyse 50   |        X                    through AppleScript
Prism     |        X
                                   * Allows programmable function
keys

          Table 3.1.2                        Table 3.1.3


[3.3] What Internet programs are available?
---------------------------------------------------------------------

The desire to get on the Internet has produced dozens of such programs
many of which are listed at The Mac Orchard web page
<http://www.macorchard.com/>. To help the fledgling Internet user I am
listing the most commonly used programs below:

E-mail
    Eudora <http://www.eudora.com/> is perhaps the best written and
    most popular e-mail program available for the Macintosh. Eudora
    is a complete and versatile e-mail package which can send e-mail
    via SMTP (see [5.4]) and receive e-mail via a POP server. It can
    even be used with UUPC 3.0 (as a mail reader and message generator,
    not a transport agent). Eudora can also be used to transfer
    arbitrary Macintosh files between computers through its BinHex 4.0
    attachment features. Many accolades go to the author, Steve Dorner.
    Versions are:

    Eudora Lite 3.1.4 (free) -- System 7+; extensive feature set
    Eudora Pro 4.0 (pay) --- commercial version; even more features

FTP clients
    The two most popular MacOS FTP clients are Anarchie and Fetch.
    Anarchie Pro 3.5 is sharewhare and has a home site at
    <http://www.stairways.com/anarchie/index.html>
    Fetch 3.0.2 "is free to users affiliated with an educational
    institution or charitable non-profit organization; all other
    users may purchase a license."
    (<http://www.dartmouth.edu/pages/softdev/fetch.html>)

FTP Servers
    The oldest and most popular FTP server for the mac is NetPresenz
    (formally FTPd) <http://www.macorchard.com/server.html>,
    <http://www.pism.com/chapt06/>

News
    All Mac newsreaders make use of NNTP (see [5.4]).
    Newswatcher (2.2.1) by John Norstad and its close sister
    Multi-Threaded NewsWatcher (currently Version 2.4.4) by Simon
    Fraser are likely the most popular online Newsreaders.
    A reference page to these programs can be found at
    <http://wmj.ese.ogi.edu/pub/network/newswatcher/>
    For offline browsing MacSOUP <http://www.snafu.de/~stk/MacSOUP>
    by Stefan Haller is likely the most popular.

Browsers
    The two most popular browsers are Netscape and MicroSoft Internet
    Explorer both of which support frames and other Internet goodies.
    The most recent versions (4.6 and 4.5 respectively)
    can be found at <http://www.netscape.com/> and
    <http://www.microsoft.com/>

[3.4] What is Telnet, and what MacOS Telnet Programs are there?
----------------------------------------------------------------------

Telnet is a high speed terminal connection protocol designed with TCP/IP
in mind. A Telnet program allows you to connect to computers that accept
Telnet sessions (such as UNIX boxes) with interactive full-screen
console input and output capabilities.

There are several Telnet programs for the Macintosh.

NCSA Telnet and BetterTelnet
    The most widely known and used is the freeware NCSA Telnet
    for which developement stopped January 1, 1996.  The last
    'offical' version was 2.6 though there is a 2.7b4 available.
    The freeware successor is Sassy Software's BetterTelnet
    (Version 2.0fc1) <http://www.cstone.net/~rbraun/mac/telnet/>
    which uses the 2.7b5 code and provides many bug fixes, an
    improved interface, and additional features. Both of these
    programs support TEK 4105 graphics, provide both an FTP server
    *and* client, and can do session logging. About the only drawback is
    that these programs use Classic rather than Open Transport networking.

dataComet
    dataComet <http://www.databeast.com/> is both the oldest
    (1986 as Cornell TN) and longest supported MacOS Telnet
    application.  This shareware application supports PC-ANSI,
    VT220, & TN3270 terminal emulation, as well as serial
    connections and communications protocols (including ZModem)
    and there is a PPC native version in the works.

Nifty Telnet
    Nifty Telnet <http://andrew2.andrew.cmu.edu/dist/niftytelnet.html>
    is a freeware Telnet program that supports Kerberous encrypting
    (US version only), has a clean inteface, and is Open Transport
    native.

tn3270
    If you need to telnet to an IBM mainframe this program at
    version 2.5b5 this makes tn3270 more enjoyable.


[3.5] What's the best compression program to use when uploading files
     to an archive or BBS? Are there any other guidelines I should
     follow?
---------------------------------------------------------------------

Best Compression: (Revised 06/99)
---- -----------

The shareware program DropStuff with Extension Expander (and its
commercial sibling, StuffIt Deluxe) is generally regarded as providing
the best compression performance of the many Macintosh compression
utilities.  StuffIt Deluxe has a fancy user-interface while DSEE has
a very simple interface.

StuffIt Expander (free) with DSEE ($30 shareware) seems to be the most
comprehensive shareware package currently available for decompressing
files.  There is one special issue to be aware of though; StuffIt
Expander (and Deluxe) does not seem to look -within- formats for the
Macbinary format.  As a result non-mac archive formats that have had
Macbinary added -internally- to support the two fork Mac format
([2.4b]) do not always decompress properly resulting in the resource
fork information being corrupted or loss.  Fortunitly there are very
few Mac files archived in this manner but considering I ran into this
situation myself I though it best to alert people to the situation.

The closest rival to the Stuffit programs was Compact Pro but it has
two problems: 1) it has not been updated since April 1995 and 2) it
cannot decompress the Deluxe .sit formats.  As a result StuffIt has
become the defacto king of Mac compression.

StuffIt Lite ($25) is an shareware program for System 6.0 users but
as with StuffIt Expander and DSEE 4.x it cannot expand the
Stuffit 5.0 format.


Posting Macintosh Programs: (Revised 07/98)
------- --------- --------

You should use either StuffIt Lite, SE with DSEE, or StuffIt Deluxe
to compress Macintosh files you send to anonymous FTP sites and
BBS's. Do not post Zip, LZH, or any other type of archive (including
self-extracting archives -- see below). Stuffit has evolved as the
standard archive format for posting Macintosh files for good reasons.

Regardless of which archiver you use, PLEASE DO NOT MAKE AN ARCHIVE
YOU ARE POSTING SELF-EXTRACTING!  The convenience of self-extracting
archives is not worth the space they waste at anonymous-FTP sites and
BBS's (where literally thousands of compressed files are stored) and
the problems they create on other platforms. Self-extracting archives
are useful in other contexts, but should be discouraged as a medium
for posting to archives.

Before you create your archive, set the Finder label of all
files you plan to include in the archive to 'None'.

Avoid using strange punctuation marks in filenames that you will
distribute. Characters such as exclamation points, spaces, dollar
signs, etc, are legal characters in Macintosh filenames but can be
difficult to work with on non-Macintosh systems (where most Macintosh
archives are stored). Since BinHex and MacBinary store your original
Macintosh filename, removing strange characters from a BinHex'd or
MacBinary'd file before distributing will not affect the original
filename. As an example, MyFile-215.sit is a perfectly acceptable
filename.

After you have created the archive and named it appropriately, BinHex
encode it (see [2.3]). Preface the resulting text file a short
description of the archive you want to distribute, including any
system requirements and problems.  Do not bother with a signature.

Finally, upload the text file (if necessary) and e-mail it to
[email protected].  Your subject line should specify a suggested
name with a suggested location in the text file.
             To: [email protected]
             Subject: myfile-215.hqx

Mailing your archive to macgifts automatically submits it to the
InfoMac archives, mac.archive.umich.edu, and their active mirrors.

[3.6] How can I transfer Macintosh files to/from my Macintosh and
     other non-Macintosh computers (eg: mainframes, UNIX boxes, PCs)?
---------------------------------------------------------------------

Regardless of whether you are using a communications or Internet
program the procedure you should follow will be the same.  First the
file should be compressed with StuffIt and then binhex encoded.  Some
programs like Eudora will do the binhexing for you so you can skip
the encoding step.

The reason you will want to use Binhex rather than MacBinary as your
encoding format is that Binhex is useable in the 7-bit only areas of
the Internet like Usenet and E-mail that MacBinary cannot go.

For Internet programs downloading a file is very simple.  For systems
or programs that do not support Drag and Drop you simply click (or
double click) on the file and it is downloaded for you.  Drag and Drop
aware programs allow you to drag the file to the desktop which results
in it being downloaded.  Uploading varies from program to program and
some FTP sites only allow files to be E-mailed.  Consult your program
and destination site documentation for the proper procedures.

Communication downloading and uploading is a little more complicated.
This is because the remote computer is usially running a totally
different OS that the Mac user must interact with.  As a result the
remote computer must be first be told that a file is being sent
or received and then the Mac commmunications program told the
same thing.

Since Unix shell accounts were the most common remote OS they are
used as example but it should be noted that many BBSes use a different
interface and therefore different commands.

For a unix shell account the command consists of two parts:
    % method filename
'Filename' is the name of the file on the remote machine and 'method'
is the protocal and whether the file is being sent or received.

The methods are generally as follows:

           Kermit      XMODEM      YMODEM       ZMODEM
           -------     ------      ------       ------
sending     kermit        sx          sb           sz
receiving   kermit        rx          rb           rz

As one goes from left to right in the chart above the protocal's speed
increaces.  As a result as early as 1994 some communication programs
were not supporting Kermit.  With Internet connections becoming more
accessable communication software and its protocols are rapidly fading
into the mists of history.

[3.7] Is there a newsgroup for mac binaries?
----------------------------------------------------------------------

Yes there is; it is called comp.binaries.mac.  But due to the nature
of Usenet it has become impractical to post today's larger MacOS
programs.  In any case this is the *only* proper mac newsgroup to post
a MacOS program binary.

Any as explained in section [2.2] any MacOS program intended for
comp.binaries.mac must be in BinHex 4.0 format following the
step described in section [3.5].

As far downloading what few programs do appear on comp.binaries.mac
use a NewsWatcher baced newsreader and simply select extract binaries.
This will do the tedious task of joining up a multipart binary for you.

Otherwise there is not much reason to bother with comp.binaries.mac.

=====================================================================
[4] Networking basics

[4.1] What are AppleTalk, LocalTalk, Ethernet, EtherTalk, TCP/IP, etc?
----------------------------------------------------------------------

When attempting to describe networking terms, a distinction should be
drawn between networking _protocols_ (such as AppleTalk and TCP/IP)
and networking _hardware_ (such as LocalTalk, Ethernet, and TokenRing).
In most cases, a specific protocol can be used over more than one
hardware medium.

In order to help understand the interaction of these disparate parts
in a real-world network, we can adopt the useful analogy of multi-layer
cake with the physical wire at the very bottom and the software which
you are running at the very top.

Thus, we can think of LocalTalk, Ethernet and TokenRing as being the
layers at the bottom, AppleTalk and TCP/IP in the middle and programs
like NCSA Telnet, NFS/Share and Netscape at the top.

The following terms describe protocols (software descriptions) common
to the Macintosh networking world:

AppleTalk
    A proprietary suite of protocols developed by Apple Computer,
    Inc. that provides for near-transparent network connections
    between Macintosh computers. However, over the years AppleTalk has
    been ported to other OSes including UNIX, VMS and DOS.
    Questions about the AppleTalk protocol are probably best posed
    in the newsgroup comp.protocols.appletalk.

EtherTalk and TokenTalk
    The drivers which allows AppleTalk protocols to be transported
    by Ethernet and over IBM TokenRing networks respectively.

TCP/IP
    A suite of protocols developed by the Defense Advanced Research
    Projects Agency (DARPA) whose purpose is multi-platform
    connectivity.  TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control
    Protocol/Internet Protocol, because these are the two most
    widely used protocols in the suite. However, TCP/IP includes the
    User Datagram Protocol (UDP), Address Resolution Protocol (ARP),
    Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) and others. TCP/IP
    drivers are available for almost all of the computer platforms
    in use today, including micros, minis, main-frames and
    supercomputers.

The following terms describe hardware (the physical link such as the
wire(s) connecting computers) common to the Macintosh networking
world:

LocalTalk
    One type of hardware over which AppleTalk protocols can be
    transported. LocalTalk has a throughput of 230.4 Kbps
    second, or roughly a quarter of a Mbps.

PhoneNet
    Another type of hardware commonly used to transport AppleTalk
    packets. PhoneNet mates LocalTalk hardware with ordinary
    (unused) telephone wire. PhoneNet is probably the cheapest way
    to connect widely separated Macintosh computers within a single
    building.

Ethernet
    A network medium over which AppleTalk, TCP/IP and other
    protocols travel, often simultaneously. Ethernet's maximum
    throughput is 10 Mbps. FastEthernet offers 100 Mbps.

TokenRing
    A network medium developed (and patented) by IBM based on a
    topology of a ring of nodes connected serially by a single cable.
    Each node, or computer, speaks on the cable only when it has
    posession of a token. TokenRing technology can demonstrate
    throughputs of ranging from 4 to 16 Mbps.

[4.2] What is Open Transport?
---------------------------------------------------------------------

Basicly Open Transport is Apple's complete revision to the Macintosh's
network system software.   Originally the Mac's only native protocol
was AppleTalk and anything else had to be added on.  In addition thanks
to the AppleTalk Manager (which resided in the ROM of most 68K Macs)
AppleTalk got privileged access.  As a result network software developers
not only had to write each and every non-AppleTalk protocol they wanted
to use but they had to contend with AppleTalk.  After Open Tranport came
out this method became known as Classic networking.

Open Transport which has been part of the OS since 7.5.3 changed this
situation by using industry standard Aplication Programing Interfaces
(APIs). Not only did the APIs eliminate the need for developers to
reinvent the wheel but they put all the protocols on an equal standing.
In addition Open Transport is Power Mac native resulting in speed ups
in both AppleTalk and TCP/IP.

Open Transport requires a minimum 68030 CPU and can be added to
Systems 7.1, 7.1.1, 7.5.3, and 7.5.5.  It became the default networking
system beginning with System 7.6 and support for Classic Networking formally
disapeared with System 8.0.  It is recommended that at least
version 1.1 of Open Transport be used.

Classic and Open Transport networking are different enough that
programs written for just one generally will not work with the other.
So read the documentaion of any networking software you plan to use
to make sure it is compatable with your networking method.  More
details on Open Transport can be found at Apple's web site
<http://developer.apple.com/dev/opentransport/>

[4.3] How can I change the Chooser "user" and name of my Macintosh?
     Also: Why can I no longer change the name of my hard-disk?
-------------------------------------------------------------------

To change the owner and name of your Macintosh under System 7, select
"Controls Panels" from the Apple Menu and double-click on the
"Sharing Setup" Control Panel.

The Chooser "user" is the "Owner name:". Change it like any standard
edit field. The name of your Macintosh is the "Macintosh name:".

Also on this Control Panel is a button to turn File Sharing on and
off. When File Sharing is on, you cannot change the name of shared
disks. If you are trying to change the name of your hard disk but
cannot get the name to turn into an edit field, File Sharing is
probably on. Use the Sharing Setup Control Panel to turn File Sharing
off, change your hard disk name, and then turn File Sharing back on
(unless you have no need for it).


[4.4] How can I use the services of my EtherTalk network and print
       to my LocalTalk-only printer at the same time?
---------------------------------------------------------------------

By default, Macs can only use AppleTalk for communication through one
network interface at a time. This means that without special hardware
or software, if you are connected to an EtherTalk network through your
Ethernet port/card and are also connected to a LocalTalk-only printer
through your LocalTalk port, you cannot use the EtherTalk network
services and print to your LocalTalk printer simultaneously.
(EtherTalk is AppleTalk datagrams encapsulated in Ethernet packets
running on Ethernet wiring, and LocalTalk wiring in this scenario is
used to communicate with your printer using AppleTalk datagrams; hence
to use both services simultaneously you would need to be communicating
out of two network interfaces using AppleTalk simultaneously.) You tell
your Mac which interface you want to use by selecting either EtherTalk
or LocalTalk from the Network Control Panel.

As Ethernet wiring becomes increasingly popular for transporting
AppleTalk datagrams, many people want to share files or print over
their EtherTalk network without losing simultaneous access to their
LocalTalk-connected printer.

The solution is to use a hardware LocalTalk-to-Ethernet bridge.  This
method has replaced the slower and possibly less reliable software
LocalTalk-to-Ethernet bridges of the past.  These bridges allow Macs
on the EtherTalk network to see and use any LocalTalk devices attached
to the LocalTalk network connected to the bridge. The older hardware
bridges did not provide a MacIP server but it is unclear if current
bridges have this limiation. Some examples of LocalTalk-to-Ethernet
bridges are Farallon's Ethermac and Etherwave adapters, Asante's
Asantetalk and Micro AsantePrint, and Sonic Systems' microPrint.

The other option is a LocalTalk/Ethernet router, which routes packets
between a LocalTalk network and an Ethernet network, and converts
packets between EtherTalk and plain AppleTalk as needed. A product in
this category is the Shiva FastPath.

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