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From: [email protected]
Newsgroups: comp.sys.apple2,comp.answers,news.answers
Subject: Apple II comp.sys.apple2 FAQs, Part 1/23
Followup-To: poster
Approved: [email protected]
Summary: Comp.sys.apple2 (Csa2) is concerned with the Apple II
        series of computers. It is the net's largest forum for
        users to ask questions, discuss issues, and share ideas.
        The complete set of Csa2 text FAQs and Resource files is
        maintained on the U. Iowa Ground site and mirrors. The
        Csa2 html FAQs are maintained on the II Computing site.
Originator: [email protected]
Date: 14 May 2000 16:30:32 GMT
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Archive-name: apple2/faq/part1
Posting-Frequency: monthly
Last-modified: 2000/5/1
URL: http://home.swbell.net/rubywand/A2FAQs1START.html

Apple II Frequently Asked Questions: Main Hall 1 ... Start Here!

Csa2 FAQs-on-Ground ref: Csa21MAIN1.txt  rev026 1 May 2000


The Csa2 (comp.sys.apple2) Usenet newsgroup Apple II FAQs
originate from the Ground Apple II archive, 1997-2000.
Ground Apple II Administrator: Steve Nelson

ftp://ground.ecn.uiowa.edu/apple2/Faqs/
http://ground.ecn.uiowa.edu/apple2/Faqs/

The Csa2 FAQs may be freely distributed.

Note: FAQs files in the main folder on Ground are pure Text files
which have no Font, Color, etc. formatting and no set line length.
This makes them ideal for printing out or for viewing via an ftp
client which places the content in a text viewer such as WordPad.
For best viewing on-line, set Word Wrap to ON and use a font such
as Roman 12cpi which maintains fixed character spacing.


Mirrors- Text on the USA2WUG and Tarnover sites is
line-length formatted for on-line perusing via Netscape, etc. ...
http://www.grin.net/~cturley/A2.FAQs.and.INFO/CSA2.FAQs/
ftp://tarnover.dyndns.org/Tarnover/FAQs.and.Info/A2.Csa2.FAQs/ (down)

Note: To correctly view tables and diagrams in Text files, use
a fixed spacing Font such as CoPilot or PCMononspaced (IIgs)
or Roman 12cpi (PC).


HTML web site versions of the FAQs are available on the II Computing
and Apple II Help Page sites ...

http://home.swbell.net/rubywand/A2FAQs1START.html
http://members.xoom.com/apple_II/faqs.html (under construction)

____________________________





                  Csa2 Apple II FAQs Main Hall

               Revision 026 Update: 1 May 2000



    Welcome to the comp.sys.apple2 newsgroup Frequently Asked Questions! This file is called "Main Hall" because it's your starting-off point for accessing the Apple II FAQs.

    You can peruse a listing of FAQs files along with lists of questions answered; OR, you can check out some 'getting started' and 'what's where?' Questions & Answers immediately below. Whenever you like, you can skip to the Vendors, Publications, and FAQs Contents area in Main Hall 2.

    Changes since the April 1, 2000 release include several additions and a few corrections. Most of the recent revisions are to the Hardware Hacking, Applications, Hard Drive & SCSI, and Telecom 1/2 FAQs.

    Thanks to those who have suggested modifications and posted answers or sent contributions which have been incorporated.

Best wishes to all Apple II users!

Jeff Hurlburt, 1 May 2000
[email protected]




General Apple II and Getting Started Q&A

001- What is a FAQ?
002- What is comp.sys.apple2?
003- What software do I need to get started and how do I get it?
004- How and where do I download and upload Apple II files?
005- Where can I get Apple II software and information on the net?
006- What is an Apple II: The KIM
007- What is an Apple II: The Apple I
008- What is an Apple II: The Apple ][ and Apple ][+
009- What is an Apple II: The "Black Apple"
010- What is an Apple II: The Apple //e
011- What is an Apple II: The Apple //c and IIc+
012- What is an Apple II: The Laser 128EX and 'EX/2?
013- What is an Apple II: The Apple IIgs
014- What is an Apple II: The Apple ][e Emulation Card
015- Apple "][", "Apple II", "Apple //"-- which is correct?
016- What is "8 bit" and "16 bit"?
017- How can I tell what version my computer is?
018- Where can I find out about Applesoft BASIC programming?
019- Suppose I just want to start using my Apple II Now!?
020- Where do I find out about Apple II Users Groups?
021- How can I find out more about using my Apple II?






001- What is a FAQ?

    A "FAQ" is a "Frequently Asked Question". The Csa2 FAQs is a collection of topics files and resource files which seeks to supply answers to questions about the Apple II series of computers and Apple II computing. --Rubywand

____________________________



002- What is comp.sys.apple2?

    Comp.sys.apple2 (Csa2) is a USENET newsgroup.  USENET posts originate from your local newsreader and spread to hundreds of thousands of machines throughout the Internet, FidoNet, ProLine BBS system, etc..

    There are several newsgroups in the Csa2 family, all concerned with Apple II series affairs. They provide a forum for users to compare notes, ask questions, and share insights. The Csa2 groups include ...


comp.sys.apple2 (Csa2)       - Discussion plus questions & answers
                              relating to all Apple II computers

comp.sys.apple2.comm         - Communications and networking related
                              issues

comp.sys.apple2.gno          - Discussion of GNO/ME, a UNIX-like
                              multi-tasking environment for IIgs
                              (see file gno.v...)

comp.sys.apple2.marketplace  - Buying, selling, and promoting
                              Apple II and related products

comp.sys.apple2.programmer   - Discussion relating to any aspect of
                              programming the Apple II

comp.sys.apple2.usergroups   - Discussion relating to Apple II
                              usergroups

comp.emulators.apple2        - The unofficial 'Apple II games stuff'
                              newsgroup features discussions of
                              Apple II games as well as of Apple II
                              emulation on PC, Mac, and other
                              platforms.

comp.binaries.apple2         - Public Domain and Shareware Software
                              for all Apple II's in Text-encoded
                              (binscii) form.


--Dan DeMaggio, David Empson, Al Kalal, Rubywand

____________________________



003- What software do I need to get started and how do I get it?

    If you bought an Apple II with no software at all, then, at the very least, you will need to get diskettes which boot DOS 3.3 and ProDOS (which pretty well means you need to have a disk drive). Here is a listing of basic stuff to get ...

o- DOS 3.3: DOS 3.3 is an old but a good operating system for software on 5.25" diskette. There is a _lot_ of Apple II software on DOS 3.3 diskettes. To write and save programs, etc. under DOS 3.3 you want a disk which boots DOS 3.3 and lets you get to a BASIC prompt. Once in BASIC after booting DOS you will be able to CATALOG the diskette, and LOAD, RUN, SAVE, ... programs. DOS 3.3 commands are described in more detail in the Csa2DOSMM Q&A.

Commercial game disks often do not allow you to get to a BASIC prompt. Disks with programs from other users, software from Apple user groups, and copies of Apple's System Master disks will, usually, let you get to BASIC either by exiting a program or by doing a Reset. (See Q&A 019 below for more about this.)

Note: Diskettes used with an Apple II must be double-density (DD) diskettes. High-density (HD) diskettes sold for PC's will not work in Apple II disk drives.

o- ProDOS: Practically all of the above applies to ProDOS. ProDOS is the newer Apple II DOS which allows having sub-directories. It works with 5.25" and 3.5" diskettes as well as hard disks and other large media. (See Csa2DOSMM Q&A for more about ProDOS.)

o- Copy II Plus: This is the standard general purpose disk/file management utility. Good versions for working with both DOS 3.3 and ProDOS disks are Version 7.1 and 7.2.

o- A telecom utility: an Apple II telecom utility (e.g. ZLink, ProTerm, ...) together with a serial interface board (or built-in serial port) lets you transfer the Apple II files you download on the net from your PC or Mac to your Apple II.

o- ShrinkIt: Most Apple II files are maintained on the net as shrinked files (.shk files) or on shrinked disks (.sdk files). ShrinkIt v3.4 is the standard utility for unshrinking these files; it requires a 128k Apple IIe or later Apple II. Earlier versions of ShrinkIt work on Apple II's with less than 128k memory.


    Aside from Apple II user friends, there are many places you can get the above, as well as all sorts of other Apple II utility, game, etc. software:

1. Apple II Users' Groups maintain software libraries of utility and games diskettes you can copy. (See Csa2USERGRP.txt.)

2. Some schools and universities have Apple II areas where you can copy system and utility diskettes.

3. Many sellers of original and second-hand software advertise on the comp.sys.apple2.marketplace newsgroup and/or maintain web sites you can browse. Be sure to check the listing of vendors presented later on.

4. If requested via email, regular posters to Csa2 will often send one or more 'getting started' diskettes which will boot DOS 3.3 and/or ProDOS and which include some copy, telecom, etc. utilities plus games. (Expect to pay mailing and materials costs.)

5. The Apple II archive sites listed below maintain large collections of software which you can download via PC or Mac and transfer to your Apple II.

--Rubywand

____________________________



004- How and where do I download and upload Apple II files?

    How: By far, the easiest and quickest way is to access software sites on the net using a PC or Mac. Files can be moved to and from your Apple II via a NULL-modem connection with the net computer. If you use a Mac, you may have the option of transferring the files via a ProDOS or HFS diskette or an HFS Zip disk. (For details on hardware, file transfes, downloading, and uploading, see the Telecom-1 and Telecom-2 Q&A.)

    Where: Today, most users upload software, info files, etc. to one or more of the major Apple II ftp software archive sites. Other options include comp.binaries.apple2 and BBS systems. The software archive sites are good places from which to download software. In addition, some software vendors, developers, and Apple Computer make software available for download at their sites.

--Rubywand

____________________________



005- Where can I get Apple II software and information on the net?


Major Apple II Archives


Apple II Textfiles- very large collection of Apple II documentation;
 lots (and lots!) of basic Apple II information, game hints/cheats,
 and more in text files
 http://www.textfiles.com/apple/

Apple //c .dsk Archive (French)- //c info, ADT transfer info,
 Applesoft BASIC manual in PDF format, utility and game software
 in emulator Dsk form plus docs and screen pics; game solutions;
 excellent emulator guide with links
 http://www.multimania.com/apple2c/

Apple IIgs Gaming Memory Fairway- #1 archive of out-of-print
 commercial IIgs games in emulator .2mg and Apple II ShrinkIt form;
 includes info blurbs, pics, and hints
 http://www.inwards.com/~fairway/

Asimov- #1 archive of Apple II 8-bit games and utilities in
 emulator DSK and file formats plus game docs, emulators,
 and emu info, including the Emulator Resources Guide
 ftp://ftp.apple.asimov.net/pub/apple_II/

Asimov Mirrors- sites which mirror Asimov
 Georgia Mirror ftp://mirror.apple.asimov.net

Emunation- very large collection of 8-bit Apple II games in
 emulator DSK format
 http://www.emunation.com/appleii/roms.shtml

Ground Apple2 U. Iowa- the largest Apple II archive and home site
 of the Csa2 Apple II FAQs; maintains II/IIgs games, utilities,
 HC/HS stacks, music files, ..., and information plus
 separate collections including the famous AOL A2 archives
 ftp://ground.ecn.uiowa.edu/apple2/
 http://ground.ecn.uiowa.edu/apple2/
 for AOL Collection ...
 ftp://ground.ecn.uiowa.edu/apple2/Collections/AOL/
 for FAQs ...
 ftp://ground.ecn.uiowa.edu/apple2/Faqs/

GS WorldView 'zine- II/IIgs applications articles, games, utilities,
 A2-2000 archive, and links; home site for 1WSW
 http://www.grin.net/~cturley/gsezine/

Tarnover (down)- #1 archive of II/IIgs system software; very large
 IIgs games collection; also Programmer's Archive, II games, game
 hints and cracks, emulators and emu support files, music files,
 Apple II card and system pics, hardware info, and FAQs mirror
 ftp://tarnover.dyndns.org/Tarnover/
 for FAQs ...
 ftp://tarnover.dyndns.org/Tarnover/FAQs.and.Info/A2.Csa2.FAQs/

TFF Enterprises Apple II Archive- large collection of II/IIgs games
 and utilities (was Apple2 Caltech)
 ftp://apple2.tffenterprises.com/pub/apple2/

The Vault- large archive of Apple II games in emulator disk image form
 http://www.classicgaming.com/vault/appleiiroms-AM.shtml

Uni-kl.de Apple2 U. Kaiserslautern- II/IIgs games, utilities, and
 emulator wares
 ftp://ftp.uni-kl.de/pub/apple2/

USA2WUG- Apple II Help & FAQs Collective; Csa2 FAQs mirror
 http://www.grin.net/~cturley/USA2WUG/
 for FAQs ...
 http://www.grin.net/~cturley/A2.FAQs.and.INFO/CSA2.FAQs/

XGS- XGS emu info; extensive archive of out-of-print commercial IIgs
 software (mainly games) in emulator .2mg form; single-list
 access with brief comments and file performance info.
 http://www.inwards.com/xgs/

See also Csa2GAMES.txt for Game-specific software and info sites.



Other Important Apple II Sites


AOL Apple II Forum- Apple II discussions and software for AOL users
 Keyword= aol://4344:1264.a2main.10029531.514525857

Apple Computer A2 Support- mainly, GS system software
 ftp://ftp.apple.com/Apple_Support_Area/Apple_Software_Updates/
 in the English-North_American/Apple_II/ folder

Apple II Beginner's Guide- information for new Apple II users
 http://www.concentric.net/~Togega/Apple2/

Apple II Emulation Page- Apple II emulator software and info
 http://geta.life.uiuc.edu/~badger/apple2.html

Apple II Help Page- Info and links; Csa2 FAQs in HTML
 http://members.xoom.com/apple_II/
 for FAQs ...
 http://members.xoom.com/apple_II/faqs.html

Apple II Lessons & Software- BASIC Lessons and A2 software
 http://www.iglou.com/qwerty/kb/dlfiles.html

Apple II Programmer's Catalog of Languages and Toolkits- Apple II
 programming software information
 http://www.tclfaq.wservice.com/Misc/apple2-languages.txt

Apple II Web Catalog- sorted links to A2 resources
 http://www.iversonsoftware.com/apple2.asp

Apple II WebRing- links for several user group, vendor,
 and personal sites
 http://www.webring.org/cgi-bin/webring?ring=apple2&list

Apple IIgether- Apple IIgs music projects
 http://www.macinsearch.com/users/apple2gether/

Apple2 U. Michagan- A2 archive, includes Apple technotes
 http://www.umich.edu/~archive/apple2/

Apple2.org- Apple II projects; hosts old Csa2 FAQs
 http://www.apple2.org/

Arrgh- information and software for several Apple II emulators
 http://www.arrgh.co.uk/hardware/appleii/emulation.html

Bret's IIgs Software- II/IIgs software (including Operation Lambda
 and other games) by Bret Victor
 http://www.ugcs.caltech.edu/~bret/iigs.html

Clairemont High School Room 110- Apple II student projects and info
 http://www.n2.net/clairemont/A2/a2.html#info

DAR Systems International- creator of Mines of Moria and other
 A2 classics; recently released ProLine BBS 3.1
 http://www.darsys.com/dsi.html
 for games, docs, and other downloads ...
 http://www.darsys.com/downloads.html

Deja- access to newsgroups and communities
 http://www.deja.com
 Power Search- seek information in newsgroups
 http://www.deja.com/home_ps.shtml
 "Apple IIgs, //e, //c, //c+,II+" community- Apple II chats
 http://x25.deja.com/~appleiigs/

Delphi- on-line service which permits A2 net access
 http://www.delphi.com/
 "A2Pro" A2 Programmers forum  http://forums.delphi.com/a2pro
 "II Computing" forum  http://forums.delphi.com/csa2
 "GSWorldView" forum  http://www.delphi.com/GSWorldView
 "WAUC" forum  http://forums.delphi.com/wauc/start/

Don Lancaster's The Guru's Lair- info on PIC microprocessor use
(in BASIC Stamp modules, robots, ...); links; multi-platform
 http://www.tinaja.com/

Douglas New Vision Center- developer of the New Vision IIgs system
 with optional large-text and speech
 http://www.retirement.org/rvm/newvision/newvision.htm

Edhel's Apple II Stuff- Apple II programs, pics, and info
 http://www.grin.net/~cturley/USA2WUG/FOUNDING.MEMBERS/HOME.PAGES/EDHEL/

Emulation Net- information and software for several A2 emulators
 http://www.emulation.net/apple2/index.html

Ewen's Home Page- IIgs telecom software and information
 http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/ewannop/

Fadden's Junk: Apple II Files- A2 and related utils by Andy McFadden
 http://www.fadden.com/dl-apple2/

Gareth Jones Page- IIgs Bookstacks, Bookstack software; Hypercard info
 and tutorials by Gareth Jones
 http://www.intergate.bc.ca/personal/gslj/

Historical Exhibits- feature Apple II system pics, history, specs
 8-bit Museum  http://museum.ruhr.de/docs/apple1.htm
 Archaic Apple  http://dimensional.com/~djoew/
   plus Apple III FAQs ...
   http://dimensional.com/~djoew/apple3/
 Museum of Dead, Gone, and Obsolete Computers
   http://www.computingmuseum.com/
 Obsolete Computer Museum  http://www.obsoletecomputermuseum.org/
 The Machine Room  http://www.tardis.ed.ac.uk/~alexios/MACHINE-ROOM/
 Unofficial, Unauthorized, Apple Online Museum
   http://www.hughes.net/~gcifu/applemuseum/index.html
 Vintage Computer Festival  http://www.vintage.org

Home of the Apple II- Apple II manual reprints, new user info,
 links, and message board; hosts old Csa2 FAQs
 http://www.educate.net.au/~apple2/

Huibert Aalbers Home Page- offers downloads of Huibert's
 IIgs programs: Laser Force, SoundSmith, Jigsaw.
 http://www.dynamic-content.com/huibert/AppleIIgs/indexEn.html

IC Master- good place to look up chip numbers (free registration)
 http://www.icmaster.com/login.asp

II Computing- Home site for Usenet Csa2 Apple II FAQs in html
 http://home.swbell.net/rubywand

Interactive Fiction Archive- Infocom and other games, game
 authoring/interpreter software, hints and solutions
 ftp://ftp.gmd.de/if-archive/

International Apple II BBS List- A2 BBS sites and phone numbers
 http://home.earthlink.net/~gabesanchez/bbs.txt

Jaunt's Software Showcase- Mainly HyperCard wares by Brian Gillespie
 http://junior.apk.net/~jaunt5ft/download.html

Jerry Kindall's Apple II Software- Programs by Jerry Kindall
 http://www.manual.com/apple2/

Jon Relay's Desktop- Programs and snips by Jon Relay
 http://members.xoom.com/jrelay/

KansasFest Web Page- KansasFest information
 http://www.kfest.org

KulaSoft- Stocks Eamon Adventures, A2 software, Index
 http://www.angelfire.com/hi/kulasoft

L.J. Silicon's Treasure Chest- Apple II software by Rudy Guy,
 links, Hyper wares, GS Technotes, news, and reviews
 http://members.aol.com/ljsilicon/index.html

Lane's Apple IIgs Programs- IIgs utilities and games from Lane Roathe
 http://www.ifd.com/gs/index.html

Lost Gonzo BBS- BBS site featuring http and telenet access to on-line
 games plus Apple II/IIgs software (mainly telecom) and information
 http://www.lost-gonzo.com/

Marinetti Home Page- Support and Download for the IIgs TCP/IP stack
 http://www.apple2.org/marinetti/

Moro's Emulator Page- XGS .2MG utils, Sys6, games, and links
 http://www.dgweb.com/~moro/

News.answers- faqs  ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/news.answers/
 Comp.emulators.apple2-emu faq at apple2/emulators-faq/part1
 Comp.sys.apple2- Apple II faq in folder: apple2/faq/
 Comp.sys.apple2.gno- GNO faq at apple2/GNO-faq
 Comp.sys.apple2.programmer- programmer faq at apple2/programmerfaq/part1

Niel Parker's Home Page- Apple IIgs Progamming information
 http://axis.llx.com/~nparker/a2/

Ninja Force Downloads- Apple IIgs utilities
 http://www.ninjaforce.com/html/products.html

Nova Scotia Apple Users Group Page- II/IIgs utilities
 http://www.chebucto.ns.ca/Services/PDA/appleII.html

Odessa Entertainment- on-line entertainment 'zines
 http://www.fortunecity.com/victorian/rembrandt/2/comp.html

Penguin Software Archive- Penguin/Polarware games and history
 http://www.inil.com/users/maxfunn/Polarware/polarware.htm

Phoenyx's Apple II Applications- utilities and games by Phoenyx
 http://www.tinyangeldesigns.com/Apple2/

Prophet's Emulator Page- Apple II emulator software and info
 http://www.saunalahti.fi/profilon/emulators/apple2.html

Ron's Apple II and Macintosh Software Page- DSK2FILE and other wares
 from Ron Kneusel plus 6502 page
 http://www.geocities.com/oneelkruns/index.html

Russell Nielson Website- games and other Apple II software
 http://members.xoom.com/russelln/

Sierra Circuit Design- info about designing and using 65xxx, PIC,
 and other cores, assemblers you can download, and many good links
 http://www.teleport.com/~scd/

SheppyWare Downloads- Apple II/IIgs games and utilities
 ftp://ftp.sheppyware.net/pub/apple_iigs/

So What Software- versatile, interesting Apple IIgs programming
 software from So What
 http://www.sowhatsoftware.com/home.html

SonkPage- IIgs utilities by S�nke Behrens; Orca/C 2.1 bug list
 http://people.delphi.com/sbehrens/index.html

Terence J. Boldt's Apple II Page- ProDOS bootable ROM drive,
 EPROM programmer, and other A2 hardware projects
 http://www.cgocable.net/~apple2/

Texas II- Appleworks products, Y2k patches, and information;
 home site for the Apple II Mail Group (A2MG)
 http://members.aol.com/A2MG/

The Giant List- major listing of games and authors
 http://www.dadgum.com/giantlist/list.html

Treasure Chest Project- Apple II software reclassified as freeware,
 shareware, or pd; includes some download links
 http://www.treasurechestproject.org/

Trenco Archive- II/IIgs utilities and games; major GNO archive
 ftp://ftp.gno.org/pub/apple2/
 GNO archive
 ftp://ftp.gno.org/pub/apple2/gs.specific/gno/

Upgrade the GS Project- Home page for input and discussion
 relating to IIgs upgrades
 http://members.wbs.net/homepages/m/y/n/mynameisme712/g.htm

Washington Apple Pi- Apple II and Apple III information
 http://www.wap.org/info/

www.6502.org- 6502 microprocessor info and projects
 http://www.6502.org/

____________________________



006- What is an Apple II: The KIM

My Ex bought a KIM in ... had to be 1976, 'cause that's the year we
split. He played Hunt the Wumpus on it. I couldn't see the point of
messing with those red LEDs at the time.

Nancy Crawford,  Csa2 post on 27 December, 1995


    KIM (for "Keyboard Input Monitor") was a 6502 'development system' release in 1976 by MOS Technology. A single board with six 7-segment LED displays, it soon had a wide following of avid experimenters who wrote programs like Jim Butterfield's "Lunar Lander" and Stan Ockers's "Hunt the Wumpus" and published numerous articles in magazines like Byte and KiloBaud describing hardware add-ons. For many, KIM was the introduction to 6502 computing which would, in a few years, lead to becoming an Apple II user

--Rubywand

____________________________


007- What is an Apple II: The Apple I

    The original Apple was not much more than a board.  You had to supply your own keyboard, monitor and case. It sold for $666.66, but now they are worth much more as a collector's item.

    For pics and more information about the Apple I see GS WorldView at http://www.grin.net/~cturley/gsezine/GS.WorldView/*APPLE.HISTORY/.
--Dan DeMaggio, Charles T. Turley

____________________________


008- What is an Apple II: The Apple ][ and Apple ][+

    The II and II+ are the computers that launched the Apple II line. They have the 6502 microprocessor, ability to do Hi-res and Lo-res color graphics, sound, joystick input, and casette tape I/O. They have a total of eight expansion Slots for adding peripherials such as the Disk ][ controller, MockingBoard, serial I/O, and printer interface. Clock speed is 1MHz and, with Apple's Language Card installed, standard memory size is 64kB.

    The distinction between the ][ and ][+ is the installed ROMs. The ][ starts you in the Monitor program and includes in-ROM Integer BASIC. The ][+ has the AutoStart ROM which tries to locate and boot a diskette upon startup and defaults to Applesoft BASIC which is included in-ROM. Many ][ owners upgraded to the ][+ ROMs.

    Apple ][ and ][+ computers can run thousands of games, utilities, and other programs created to run under Apple DOS-- chiefly, DOS 3.3. Both machines can, also, run under ProDOS through v1.9 so long as the software does not require features of an "enhanced" 128k IIe. For instance, you can run Appleworks if you have more than 128K RAM installed and a program called PlusWorks. However, the ][ can not run BASIC programs under ProDOS since Applesoft must be in ROM.

Recommended configuration: 16K "language card" (in Slot 0), an 80-column video card (not the same as a //e Extended 80-column card), shift key modification (a wire running from shift key to game port), modified character ROMs to display lower case, composite color monitor, Disk ][ controller card, two 5.25" Disk ][ or compatible drives, parallel printer interface card, and parallell-interface printer. You can add memory beyond 64k in various ways, but many programs that "require 128K" probably will not wor

k, no matter how much RAM you have. You can also add accelerators like the SpeeDemon or Rocket/Zip. --Dan DeMaggio, David Empson, Rubywand


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009- What is an Apple II: The "Black Apple"

    Bell & Howell marketed the "Black Apple" made by Apple. It is an Apple II+ done in black with some extra audio/video connections to fit with projectors, etc. made by B&H-- mainly for use in the classroom. A nice feature is the "handle" attached to the back. It contains a few power outlets, allowing the CPU, Monitor, etc., to be controlled with one switch. Evidently, 5000-10,000 units were produced. --Coaxial, Mike McGovern, Rubywand


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010- What is an Apple II: The Apple //e

    The //e comes in two flavors: Enhanced and unenhanced. When you start your computer, the unenhanced IIe displays "Apple ][" at the top of screen; the Enhanced IIe displays "Apple //e". Apple made an Enhancement kit to upgrade an unenhanced to Enhanced by replacing 4 chips (CPU [65C02], Video ROM [MouseText], and new Monitor/Applesoft ROMs). Apple Resource Center sells a IIe Enhancement kit for $20.00.

    The current IIe operating system is ProDOS-8. (The IIe can also run DOS 3.3, earlier DOS's, and Pascal.) A lot of ProDOS software requires an Enhanced //e, and sometimes 128K, too.

    A IIe Enhancement Kit does not include any extra RAM. You can expand a 64k IIe to the standard 128k required for a fully Enhanced IIe via an Extended 80-column card. It plugs into the Aux Connector on the motherboard. Alltech ($19.00), and MC Price Breakers ($14.95) sell such cards.

    Except for being able to type and display lower-case characters, the unenhanced IIe is very similar to the II+. A 128k Enhanced IIe adds a number of features including 80-column firmware and 16-color double-lores and double hires display capability.


    The Apple //e remains useful for four major reasons:

1) It runs AppleWorks, a simple to use, yet sophisticated Spreadsheet/Word Processor/Database.

2) It can run many games and other entertainment software products.

3) There are many Apples in schools-- an example is Louis Cornelio's room at Clairemont High School ( http://www.n2.net/clairemont/ )-- so there is a ton of Apple II educational software.

4) It is was and will always be a _Personal_ computer.  You can learn as little or as much as you want, and nothing stops you from learning about every nook and cranny in it. Ask any big name programmer in MS/DOS or Mac where they learned to program.  Most of them taught themselves on a good ol' Apple II.

Recommended configuration: Extended 80 Column card (gives you 128K) or RamWorks (512K to 1MB RAM), Enhancement kit (for unenhanced IIe), and a composite color monitor which can display decent 80-colume text, Super Serial card, Disk ][ controller card, two 5.25" Disk ][ or compatible drives, parallel printer interface card, and parallell-interface printer. A Hard Drive is recommended if you use a lot of different programs. Heavy Appleworks users should add the hard disk, extra RAM, and a 4MHz or better acce

lerator (like the Rocket Chip, Zip Chip or TransWarp). --Dan DeMaggio, Rubywand

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011- What is an Apple II: The Apple //c and IIc+

    The //c and IIc+ are compact 'luggable' versions of an Enhanced //e, with many built-in 'cards'. Included are 2 serial ports, a mouse port, a disk port and 128K of RAM. Support for the original Apple casette tape I/O is gone. The //c has a built-in 5.25" drive while the IIc+ has a built-in 3.5" drive.

    The IIc+ has a built-in accelerator that runs at 4 MHz (vs. the //c's 1MHz) making it the fastest Apple II as well as faster than any of the A2 clones. (To boot your IIc+ at 'regular', 1MHz, speed, include the Escape key in the usual boot keypresses-- i.e. OpenApple-CTRL-ESC-RESET.) The IIc+, which was introduced after the IIgs, also allows daisey chaining the GS Apple 3.5" drive along with 5.25" drives.

    The //c and IIc+ run just about all of the DOS 3.3, ProDOS, "128k" software, etc. that an Enhanced //e runs plus the few //c-only software releases. However, the use of certain locations for storing system variables and ROM differences means that //c series machines will not run a number of old games designed for the ][ and ][+ which the IIe and IIgs will run.

    Even though //c machines don't have slots, you can still add extra memory (there's room under the keyboard) and a hard drive (through the disk port--a bit slow by ordinary standards, but usable.  Hard to find though.. Was made by Chinook). There is also a for-//c "D" version of MockingBoard you can plug in to get much improved sound and music from software supporting the board, and a module you can attach to convert output to RF for using a TV as a monitor.

Recommended configuration: A composite color monitor which can display decent 80-colume text, 1 MB RAM, and, maybe, a hard drive. For the //c, add a second 5.25" drive; for the IIc+, add a second 3.5" drive and two 5.25" drives. --Dan DeMaggio, Rubywand

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012- What is an Apple II: The Laser 128EX and 'EX/2

    While not made by Apple, these Lasers can run just about anything that an Enhanced //e can run. They are as luggable as a //c and include built-in 'cards'. They are also fast; the entire motherboard runs at 3.6Mhz. If you want to use a card in the single expansion Slot, you may have to disable the internal UDC (for 3.5" drives) or the internal 1MB memory expansion.

    Unlike the EX model, which supports one additional disk drive, the EX/2 supports as many daisychained drives as a IIgs and has a built in BRAM control panel for saving settings. The EX/2 also has a built in 3.5" disk drive, a MIDI port, and a video port which can support analog RGB and digital CGA monitors as well as an LCD display. --Supertimer, Dan DeMaggio

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Related FAQs Resources: R024GSSPECS.txt (text file)
Related FAQs Resources: R002WOZGS.GIF (gif picture file)

013- What is an Apple II: The Apple IIgs

    The IIgs (or "GS") represents a giant leap in the Apple II line.  It's 65C816 microprocessor can switch to 6502-emulation  mode for running 8-bit Apple II software favorites, while, in native mode, it runs 16-bit GS applications. GS delivers  new super-hires graphics modes, a toolbox in ROM, a 32-oscillator Ensoniq sound chip, and a max base speed of 2.8MHz. Base RAM memory is 256kB (ROM-01) or 1MB (ROM 3) expandable up to 8MB.

    GS built-ins include modem and printer serial ports good for up to 56k baud, Disk Port supporting two 5.25" and two 3.5" (800k) drives, RGB and composite video outputs, enhanced and 'old Apple' sound, ADB bus for keyboard and mouse, game port supporting two two-button joysticks, clock/calendar, and battery RAM to retain user settings accessible via the Control Panel. (To get to the Control Panel press OpenApple-Control-Escape and select "Control Panel".) There is more about Apple IIgs specifications i

n the FAQs resource file R024GSSPECS.txt.

    The IIgs can run DOS 3.3, ProDOS, Pascal, and any other OS the earlier 8-bit models can run. Like the //c series, it does not support the original Apple casette tape I/O. GS is the only A2 machine which can run GS/OS. GS/OS and Toolbox routines make it possible for the System Finder program to deliver a sophisticated 'mouse and windows' environment which looks very much like PC's Windows. The current version of System is System 6.0.1.

    The first GS's were released in the Fall of 1986. The batches produced until mid-late 1987 became known as "ROM 00" machines after release of the "ROM 01" models. When you boot a ROM-01 GS, the startup screen shows "ROM Version 01"; when you boot a ROM-00 GS the startup screen says nothing about ROM version.

    The original GS's came in cases marked "Limited Edition" with SteveWozniak's signature. Often, these are referred to as "Woz GS's". (See FAQs resource file R002WOZGS.GIF for a picture.) A relatively small number of users chose Apple's option to upgrade their IIe's with a motherboard swap. The swap included "IIgs" labels users could substitute for "//e" in the case insert.

    At the time of the ROM-01 change-over, Apple supplied a ROM-00-to-ROM-01 upgrade service free. It consists of swapping in a new ROM and a new Video Graphics Controller ("VGC") IC. ROM-00 machines which have not had the upgrade can not run modern GS software-- the ROM must be upgraded. Alltech (760-724-2404; http://allelec.com ) sells a ROM-01 'upgrade kit' consisting of the 01 ROM for $29.00.

    The VGC upgrade is not required for software compatibility, and is not needed for all machines anyway. It is supposed to fix cosmetic problems in monochrome double-hires graphics mode (pink flickering or fringing on what is supposed to be a black and white screen).  On some machines the VGC swap also fixes some color combination problems in 80-column text mode.

    Whether via the upgrade or original purchase of a newer GS, by late 1987 nearly all GS users were 'on the same page'. That is, we had the ROM-01 platform with its base 256kB RAM plus the official Apple 1MB Expansion Memory Board plugged into the Memory Expansion Slot for a total of 1.25MB of fully-accessible system RAM. For the next couple of years, practically all GS software was designed to launch from 3.5" diskette under "ProDOS-16" and to fit within the 1.25MB of RAM everyone was assumed to have i

nstalled.

    In 1989 Apple introduced the "ROM 3" GS-- the startup screen shows "ROM Version 3". (No ROM-02 GS was ever released). The only major improvement over ROM-01 is more base RAM-- you get 1MB instead of 256kB. This is a very nice benefit. It means that a ROM 3 with a 4MB Mem Exp Board will have 5MB of fully accessible RAM whereas a ROM-01 can have 4.25MB of fully-accessible RAM. In effect, the ROM 3 owner gets a 'free' 800kB RAM disk.

    As Mitch Spector notes in his listing of ROM 3 features (in the "Hardware Hacking" FAQs), the newer GS offers a number of other nice pluses with the only significant minus being incompatibility with a few older GS programs. Chiefly, ROM 3 is a 1989 re-do of ROM-01 featuring more streamlined hardware and more built-in firmware.

    Since System 5, upon booting the system software applies in-RAM patches matched to each ROM version. The patches, located in System/System.Setup/, are TS2 for ROM-01 and TS3 for ROM 3. This achieves nearly identical operation.

    Very few ROM-01 owners felt any urge to move to ROM 3. Even today, the vast majority of installed GS's are ROM-01 machines.

    The 1990's have seen wide adoption of four major GS enhancements:

OS- After years of foot-dragging, Apple finally produced a decent 16-bit GS operating system with release of System 5.0. Within a few years this evolved into today's System 6 (System 6.0.1). System 6 has won wide acceptance as a relatively stable OS which, at last, allows GS users to access many of the features of GS computing promised back in 1986. Whereas earlier OS's can 'fit' on a GS with 1MB of Expansion memory, System 6 really requires something like 2.5MB RAM to be worth installing.

Memory- Driven, in part, by the need for more memory to run System 6, 4MB became the standard size of installed Memory Expansions. Except for school GS's and GS's taken out of circulation and tucked away in closets, the old Apple 1MB Expansion Boards have long ago been replaced with 4MB boards.

Hard Disk- As with memory, the size of newer versions of System supplied a strong push toward adding a hard disk. Software was becoming larger, too, and there was so much of it that making everything work from diskette became impossibly cumbersome. Lower HD prices, attractive SCSI interfaces such as RamFAST, and low-cost, easy single-card IDE solutions such as the Focus "Hard Card" have helped make the hard disk a standard, expected peripheral on today's GS.

Acceleration- Few commercial software offerings actually sought to push GS users to higher speeds; and, as a result, users went for years feeling no great need for Applied Engineering's expensive Transwarp accelerator. The arrival of Zip Technology's lower-cost ZipGS board together with a clear need for more speed to handle System 6 sparked a nearly overnight 'acceleration revolution'. Today, an accelerator running at 8MHz or better is considered, very nearly, to be a necessary IIgs enhancement.

Recommended configuration: ROM-01 or ROM 3 with 4MB or 8MB Memory Expansion board-- i.e. at least 4.25MB (ROM-01) or 5MB (ROM 3) of total system RAM, RamFAST SCSI + 120MB or larger SCSI hard disk OR 120MB or larger HD-on-a-card IDE drive (e.g. Alltech's Focus Hard Card or SHH's Turbo IDE series) with System 6.0.1 installed, 8MHz/32k TransWarp or 9MHz/32k ZipGS or better accelerator board, Stereo Card, Imagewriter II printer, two 3.5" and two 5.25" diskette drives.

A minimum GS system that will run many older wares and still deliver a decent operating system is a ROM-01 GS with the Apple 1MB Memory Expansion board, two 3.5" drives, at least one 5.25" drive, and  Imagewriter II printer, which boots System 5.0.4 from 3.5" diskette. --Dan DeMaggio, Rubywand, David Empson, Supertimer, Randy Shackelford

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014- What is an Apple II: The Apple IIe Emulation Card

    This is a 'IIe on a card' plug-in that fits into Mac LC and some subsequent machines that have the LC Processor Direct Slot (PDS). This includes 020, 030, and 040 machines. The card is not compatible with the Mac Quadra. It lets one run Apple //e software.

    Many of these cards are sold today without documentation. In case you've just plugged one into your Mac Color Classic, etc., it will help to know that pressing Command-Control-Escape gets you to the Preferences panel.

    The Apple IIe Emulation Card is actually more like a //c because the card is not an expandable machine like a //e. There is a place on the back of the card to plug in a UniDisk 5.25" and a joystick.  Because the graphics are handled by the Mac, animation may be slow if you don't have a decent Mac. --Dan DeMaggio, David Empson, Owen Aaland, Edward Floden, Liam Busey

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015- Apple "][", "Apple II", "Apple //"-- which is correct?

   "][", "II", and "//" tend to be used pretty much interchangably for any model of Apple II computer, although, practically speaking, there are a few usages which may provoke a correction.

   "][" is the original Apple II symbol. It appears on all early II's and II+'s as well as on the Disk ][ drive. It is, easily, the most attractive and distinctive II symbol; but, it is also associated with _old_ Apple II 's. The "//" usage is generally associated with the c and newer e models.

    About the only situation where naming is likely to produce confusion is when an old model (non-enhanced) e is called a "//e". "Apple //e" is widely taken as referring to an enhanced 128k e model. An "Apple IIe" may be an older e or an enhanced model. There is no widely accepted designation for referring exclusively to the older e model.

    The plain "II" symbol is the one most widely accepted as  'okay', for all Apple II models.


    The, generally, preferred designations are ...

Apple ][   or  Apple II for pre-II+ models
Apple ][+  or  Apple II+
Apple IIe  for non-enhanced IIe computers
Apple //e  for 128k enhanced //e computers
Apple //c
Apple IIc+
Apple IIgs or  GS  or best (if you have the fonts for a small "GS")  IIGS


    Just "A2" is fairly common when referring to series-wide products or concerns as in "Old, out-of-print A2 wares should be preserved and archived for easy access by every user".

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016- What is "8 bit" and "16 bit"?

    Number of bits usually indicates how big a chunk of data a computer's main microprocessor can manipulate. The Apple IIgs is based on the 65C816 microprocessor and is considered to be a 16-bit machine. Previous Apple ]['s are based upon pure 8-bit microprocessors such as the 6502 and 65C02. These are considered to be 8-bit machines. Sometimes II+ or IIe or IIc software is called "8-bit software".

    The 65C816 is a member of the 6502 family which includes expanded registers and adds many new commands while retaining the ability to go into 8-bit mode. So; the GS can run most 8-bit wares designed for older Apple II machines as well as newer 16-bit wares. Meanwhile, 8-bit machines are pretty well limited to 8-bit wares. --Rubywand

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017- How can I tell what version my computer is?

Apple II

    Upon Reset, the original Apple II starts you in the system monitor looking at the "*" prompt. It allows step execution of machine code and has Integer BASIC in ROM. The major division between kinds of Apple II is Revision 0 and Revision 1. The Revision 1 motherboard adds a number of features including a few which are easily observed:

Power-On Reset: The computer automatically does a Reset when turned On.

More hires colors: To the Black, White, Violet, and Green available on a Rev0 machine, Rev1 adds Blue and Orange.

Color Killer added: Full-text displays are black&white without the color fringing and tinting you see on Rev0 machines.


Apple II+

    All Apple II+ machines have the Revision 1 or higher motherboard and the Autostart ROM. On power-up the Apple II+ does a Reset and displays "APPLE ][" at the top of the screen. If a disk drive is connected, the II+ will try to boot a diskette. The Apple II+ loses some monitor features (like instruction stepping) and in-ROM Integer BASIC found in the earlier Apple II; but, it gains the more powerful Applesoft BASIC in ROM. A II+ Reset normally leaves you in BASIC looking at the "]" Applesoft BASIC prom

pt.


Apple IIe

    You can usually tell a IIe from a II or II+ by the nameplate. On models with the classic Apple II case but no nameplate, you can check the keyboard. IIe models include a key embossed with the outline of an apple called the "OpenApple" key located near the bottom left corner of the keyboard. (All later Apple II's have this key, too; but, they do not look anything like a II, II+, or IIe).  A few IIe models produced for third parties may have some other special-logo key in place of OpenApple.

    Within the IIe series, the major division is between Enhanced and unenhanced IIe models. Look at your computer while booting.  If it says "Apple ][", it is not enhanced. The enhanced computers will say "Apple //e".

    Today, "Enhanced IIe", "//e", and "128k Apple IIe" are used interchangably because nearly every Enhanced IIe has an Extended 80-Column Card plugged into the 60-pin Aux Slot (which adds 64kB of RAM).  Technically, an Enhanced IIe is defined by the presence of three or four IC's: the 65C02 microprocessor (replaces the 6502), new Character (or "Video") ROM which includes MouseText characters, and new monitor firmware in ROM.

    If a IIe has the 65C02 microprocessor, it is probably an Enhanced IIe. If your IIe is not enhanced, you can do the enhancement yourself with an "enhancement kit" consisting of the four chips you need to swap in.

    The last significant upgrade to the IIe series came in 1987 with the release of the Extended Keyboard //e. This model is a 128k Enhanced IIe-- it comes with an Extended 80-Column Card plugged into the Aux Slot-- which adds an 18-key 'numeric keypad'. It also replaces the eight on-motherboard RAM chips with two 64kx4 IC's; and, it replaces the two BASIC/monitor ROMs with a single large ROM.

    Quite a lot of later 80's 8-bit software, including all double-hires software, requires a 128k Enhanced IIe. (If you have a //c, IIc+, IIgs, Laser 128, or Franklin Ace 2000-2200, you have good to at least decent Enhanced IIe compatibility.)  Unfortunately, a small number of early-release IIe's can not be upgraded to handle double-hires. Check the serial number on the motherboard (in the back, by the power-on led). If it is 820-0064-A, you must change the motherboard to upgrade (unless you have the PAL

video output version).

    The IIe was produced in very large numbers and sold around the world in countries with different power systems using different video standards. So, it is not all that unlikely that you may need to check a bargain IIe to make sure it will work in your home using your monitor. The two major video output formats you may run into are NTSC (used in the US, Canada, Japan, and most countries with 60Hz power, except Brazil) and PAL (used in Australia, most of Europe, and most countries with 50Hz power). One w

ay to tell which video standard a IIe uses is the location of the Aux Slot. If it is on the side of the motherboard near the power supply, you have an NTSC model. If it is in line with Slot 3, you have a PAL model.


Apple //c and Apple IIc+

    Go into Basic and type "PRINT PEEK (64447)" and press return.  If it says 255, you have a very old //c. This model is known to have problems producing accurate baud rates for serial communications. It's been many years since the //c was released; but, some long-time Apple dealers may still perform the upgrade for a nominal fee. (Tell the dealer that the Apple authorization number is ODL660.)

    If PRINT PEEK (64447) displays 0, you can use 3.5" drives, but you don't have the memory expansion connector. If it says 3, you have the memory expansion connector and can plug in extra memory. If it says 4, you have the latest model of the //c with the memory expansion connector and other upgrades.

    If PRINT PEEK (64447) displays 5, you have an Apple IIc+. The IIc+ also has "IIc Plus" silkscreened in dark gray onto the upper right corner of the case.


Apple IIgs

    There are 3 major versions of the GS: Check the initial power-up screen. It will probably say ROM-01 or ROM 3. If it does not say either, you have a ROM-00 model. You must upgrade a ROM-00 machine in order to run current system software. The ROM-01 has 256K on the motherboard, while the ROM 3 has 1 MB on the motherboard. Most of the enhancements of the ROM 3 are added to the ROM-01 simply by booting up with current system software. --Dan DeMaggio, CreatSltn, Steve Leahy, Nathan Mates, Bevis King, Davi

d Empson, Jeff Blakeney, David Wilson, Rubywand



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018- Where can I find out about Applesoft BASIC programming on my Apple?

    All Apple II's come with some version of BASIC installed in-ROM on the motherboard. The original Apple II's have Integer BASIC. Starting with the II+ model, all Apple II's have floating-point Applesoft BASIC in ROM. Owners of early Apple II's can load in Applesoft or plug in a card with Applesoft ROMs.

    There are several good places to find out about Applesoft programming:

Apple II Lessons & Software
 http://www.iglou.com/qwerty/kb/dlfiles.html

Ground
 ftp://ground.ecn.uiowa.edu/2/apple2/MiscInfo/Applesoft/
 ftp://ground.ecn.uiowa.edu/apple2/MiscInfo/Programming/
 ftp://ground.ecn.uiowa.edu/2/apple2/apple8/Beagle.Oldies/

Home of the Apple II
 http://www.educate.net.au/~apple2/
 http://www.xs4all.nl/~fjkraan/comp/apple2faq/

Tarnover (down)
 ftp://tarnover.dyndns.org/Tarnover/Languages.and.Programming/

The comp.sys.apple2 USENET newsgroup and Csa2 Apple II FAQs at
 http://home.swbell.net/rubywand/A2FAQs1START.html

The comp.sys.apple2.programmer USENET newsgroup and Csa2P FAQs at
 http://home.swbell.net/rubywand/csa2pfaq.html


    Be sure to keep a look out for Apple II books on programming, DOS, and ProDOS when you visit used book stores, swap meets, school sales, ..., or peruse comp.sys.apple2 marketplace.

    Of course, the #1 Applesoft information source is the Basic Programming Reference Manual  from Apple. Here are some other good materials to look for ...

Apple II Reference Manual from Apple
Apple II User's Guide by Poole, Martin, and Cook
  Note: Third Edition, 1985 (Apple II User's Guide for APPLE II Plus
  and APPLE IIe) is completely revised to include ProDOS coverage
Beagle Bros "Peeks, Pokes, and Pointers" (poster)  by Beagle Bros
ProDOS Inside and Out  by Doms and Weishaar
The DOS Manual  from Apple


    One of the best ways to learn BASIC programming is to find some old game you like written in BASIC and experiment with customizing it.

    Finally, if your Apple II is an enhanced //e or later machine, be sure to get Program Writer. It's a vintage program editing utility from Beagle which makes writing and debugging BASIC programs much easier. --Rubywand, Terence J. Boldt, Tony Cianfaglione, Steve Sanders, Wayne Stewart

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019- Suppose I just want to start using my Apple II Now!?

    Okay; suppose you have zilch info, do not feel like looking through the FAQs, and want to start Now. The following _may_ be all you need to get going with some game or utility from diskette:

o The Disk Controller Card for Apple ][, ][+, and IIe goes into Slot 6 (next to last Slot on the right when viewed from the front). Drive 1 plugs into the top connector with the ribbon side of the cable plug facing out. Plug in the cable(s) before plugging in the card so that you are sure the connector and plug line up correctly.

o On the IIgs, the 3.5" drive(s) plug in first, then, the 5.25" drive(s).

o Unless a hard disk is installed, most Apple II's try to boot a diskette and start DOS 3.3, ProDOS, or GS/OS when turned ON. (On the old Apple ][ you can type in 6 Control-P RETURN to boot from the Monitor, assuming your Controller Card is in Slot 6. To press Control-P, press and hold Control, then P, then release both keys.)

o Most, but not all, diskettes are bootable. If one diskette doesn't boot, try another. If no diskettes boot, use a Radio Shack Head Cleaner diskette to clean the drive head(s).

o If the prompt you see is ], you are in Applesoft BASIC; > indicates Integer BASIC; and * indicates the Monitor. If both Integer BASIC and Applesoft are in memory, you can enter FP to switch from Integer to Applesoft and INT to switch from Applesoft to Integer. To go from either BASIC to the Monitor, enter CALL-151. To start the current BASIC from the Monitor, enter Control-B. To go back to BASIC with program and variables in tact from the Monitor, enter Control-C.

o Except for the ][ and most ][+'s, you must press Control-RESET to do a Reset.

o To boot a diskette when viewing a BASIC prompt, you can enter PR#6 to boot a drive associated with Slot 6-- usually a 5.25" drive-- and PR#5 to boot a drive associated with Slot 5-- usually a 3.5" drive. --Rubywand, David Empson

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020- Where do I find out about Apple II Users' Groups?

    See Csa2USERGRP.txt

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021- How can I find out more about using my Apple II?

    You can peruse the newsgroup FAQs Q&A. You can also check out the Apple II net sites listed earlier. Here are a few good starting places:

Gabriel Morales's Apple II Beginner's Guide at
http://www.concentric.net/~Togega/Apple2/

Terry Allen's Home of the Apple II at
http://www.educate.net.au/~apple2/

Dr. Tom's on-line 'zine GS WorldView at
http://www.grin.net/~cturley/gsezine/index.html

Charles Hartleys's Apple II Lessons & Software at
http://www.iglou.com/qwerty/kb/dlfiles.html

Back issues of Apple II publications
see http://home.swbell.net/rubywand/A2FAQs3VENDORS.html#021

    Still, there is really no substitute for having the technical manual for your particular Apple II or clone. The manual for the ][ and ][+ is the Apple ][ Reference Manual. For the IIe and IIc you want Apple's Technical Reference Manual for your machine. For the IIgs you will want, at least, the IIgs Hardware Reference and IIgs Firmware Reference.

    Naturally, you will want to get manuals and materials covering DOS, ProDOS, BASIC, and many other areas relating to your Apple II. Below is a decent 'getting started' sampling:


Applesoft BASIC and Assembly Language

Assembly Lines: The Book  by Wagner
BASIC Programming Reference Manual  from Apple
Programming the 65816 Including the 6502, 65C02, and 65802
 by David Eyes and Ron Lichty
65816/65802 Assembly Language Programming by Fischer


DOS, ProDOS, and GS/OS

Apple IIgs GS/OS Technical Reference (Apple/ Addison-Wesley)
Beneath Apple DOS  by Worth & Lechner
Beneath Apple ProDOS  by Worth & Lechner
Exploring Apple GS/OS and ProDOS 8  by Little
ProDOS Inside and Out  by Doms and Weishaar
ProDOS Technical Reference Manual (Apple/ Addison-Wesley)
The DOS Manual  from Apple


General Apple II

Apple II Reference Manual  from Apple
Apple II User's Guide by Poole, Martin, and Cook
 Note: Third Edition, 1985 (Apple II User's Guide for APPLE II Plus
 and APPLE IIe) is completely revised to include ProDOS coverage
Beagle Bros "Peeks, Pokes, and Pointers" (poster)  by Beagle Bros
The Apple II Circuit Description  by Winston D. Gayler
Understanding the Apple ][  by Jim Sather
What's Where in the Apple II?  by William F. Luebbert



    Some technical manuals and other materials can be obtained in original or reprint form from Byte Works (http://www.byteworks.org/) and Kula Soft (http://www.angelfire.com/hi/kulasoft/). Major book sellers, such as Amazon (http://www.amazon.com)  list many Apple II books. Though most are out of print, the sellers will search for and, with luck, locate the book you want.

    Apple II manuals and other books also turn up for sale on Csa2 newsgroups like comp.sys.apple2.marketplace, at used book shops, and at local Users Group swap meets; and, some manuals are now available on-line at Terry Allen's Home of the Apple II at http://www.educate.net.au/~apple2/. A few items, such as Reference Cards and posters, can be downloaded in Text or HTML form from Apple II archives.

    You may be able to find a local Apple II users' group or a group on-line that you like. Besides knowledgeable users, you will often find a software library stocked with useful software. (See Csa2USERGRP.txt.)

    Another good resource is a subscription to an Apple II newsletter or magazine; and, don't overlook collections of major Apple II magazines published through the 1980's (e.g. inCider, Nibble, Computist, etc.). They are virtual encyclopedias covering many areas of II computing. For current publishers and net sites which offer on-line copies of back issues see the Apple II Publishers listing.

    Often, the easiest, quickest way to an answer for some Apple II question is to 'just ask it' on comp.sys.apple2 and/or another Csa2 family newsgroup. There are no Csa2 rules about posting to just a newsgroup which deals with a particular topic or making sure your question is hard enough or reading the FAQs first. Supplying information is the main purpose of the newsgroups. --Rubywand, David Wilson, Tony Cianfaglione, Steve Sanders, Wayne Stewart

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