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Frequently Asked Questions - comp.lang.prolog

Last-modified: 2017-12-19
Last-changes: Update ALS link. Jan Burse.

Markus Triska (Mar. 2 2007 - ... )

Remko Troncon (Jan. 6 2002 - Mar. 2 2007)

Dirk-Jan Faber (Feb. 1 1999 - Jan. 6 2002)

Jamie Andrews (Aug 26 1992 - Oct. 16 1997)
__________________________________________________________________

General Information: This article contains the answers to some
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) often seen in
news://comp.lang.prolog/. It is posted (twice a month, currently on
the 2nd and 16th) to help reduce volume in this newsgroup and to
provide hard-to-find information of general interest.

The World Wide Web URL for this FAQ is:
http://www.logic.at/prolog/faq/

Please send questions about the FAQ and updates to
<[email protected]>.

1. What is the Association for Logic Programming?

To keep up with the current state of logic programming technology,
readers can join the Association for Logic Programming (ALP) and
receive their Newsletter. For details on how to join or send in
contributions, check http://www.cs.nmsu.edu/ALP/ or contact

Sandro Etalle <[email protected]>

The Prolog Resource Guide (v0.6) was printed in issue 5/1 of the
Newsletter (Feb. 1992). This lists information concerning Prolog
Archives, Books, Suppliers, etc. It is now maintained by Mark
Kantrowitz (<[email protected]>), and used to be
posted periodically to news://comp.lang.prolog.

2. Where can I get a free Prolog for system X (PC, Mac, Unix or other)?

The following are anonymous-FTP sites for free Prologs (or related
languages) which are either in the public domain or are "copy-lefted"
(permitted to be copied with some restrictions on commercial use).

(Please note that for extensive development work, users will probably
want a robust interpreter or compiler with good debugging facilities
and a standard syntax, among other things. While public-domain systems
are a valuable service to the community, they do not necessarily have
all these things, and users should weigh carefully what they want to do
against the capabilities and costs of the available systems.)

ALF (Algebraic Logic Functional language)

+ Platforms: UNIX
+ Available: Unknown
+ E-mail: Rudolf Opalla
<[email protected]>
+ Info: WAM-based language with narrowing/rewriting

Amzi! Prolog + Logic Server

+ Platforms: Window, Linux and Solaris
+ Available: http://www.amzi.com/download/
+ E-mail: <[email protected]>
+ Info: Registration is compulsory, except for the Free
Academic/Personal/Evaluation License.

Aquarius Prolog 1.0

+ Platforms: UNIX
+ Available: http://www.info.ucl.ac.be/people/PVR/aquarius.html
+ Info: High performance, commercial functionality except
debugging and modules.

Argo Prolog v.1.1

+ Platforms: Solaris 1.x and HP-UX 9.x
+ Available: Unknown
+ Contact: Takao Doi <[email protected]>

Arity/Prolog32

+ Platforms: Win32
+ Available: http://peter-gabel.com/content/arityprolog32
+ Info: Arity/Prolog32 provides a complete Prolog programming
environment in which you can write, debug, and run Prolog
programs in 32-bit Windows environments (95/98/NT/2000).
Arity/Prolog32 is a powerful, highly optimized, and extended
version of the logic programming language Prolog.
Arity/Prolog32 is a complete compiler and interpreter written
in Prolog, C, and Assembly language and is a superset of
Clocksin and Mellish Prolog.

B-Prolog 8.1

+ Platforms: Win32, Solaris, SunOS, UNIX, FreeBSD and Linux
+ Available: http://www.probp.com/
+ E-mail: Neng-Fa Zhou <[email protected]>
+ Info: Free of charge for individual users.

BinProlog 7.0

+ Platforms: Windows 95/98/NT, Linux and all major Unix
platforms.
+ Available: https://code.google.com/archive/p/binprolog/
+ Info: Download free evaluation copies and see online demos.
Inexpensive Educational licensing available.Has built-in
networking, multi-threading, mobile code and distributed
blackboards. Supports BinNet Internet Programming Tool kit.

Brain Aid Prolog (BAP) v1.4

+ Platforms: Transputer systems
+ Info: BAP is a parallel prolog system for Transputer systems.
Available under a Berkely style of copyright.

C#Prolog

+ Platforms: Win32, UNIX
+ Available: http://sourceforge.net/projects/cs-prolog/
+ E-mail: John Pool <[email protected]>
+ Info: A Prolog interpreter written in C#. Can easily be
integrated in C# programs. Characteristics: reliable and quite
fast beta version, command line interface, builtin DCG,
XML-predicates, persistent predicates (using Firebird RDBMS),
extendible.

Ciao 1.4

+ Platforms: Linux, Win32 (95/98/NT), Solaris, SunOS, UNIX in
general.
+ Available: http://ciao-lang.org
+ E-mail: Developers <[email protected]>, Users
<[email protected]>
+ Info: Next generation LP/CLP system. Commercial functionality,
but freely available w/source. ISO-Prolog + modules,
networking, multi-threading, clp(r), clp(q), interfaces (Java,
C, tcltk, WWW, databases/ODBC, ...), functions, higher-order,
records, persistence, objects, assertions (types, modes, ...),
source debugger, auto-documenter, static debugger, and more.

clp(FD)

+ Platforms: UNIX
+ Contact: Daniel Diaz <[email protected]>
+ Info: Constraint logic programming over finite domains.
Requires GNU C v.2.4.5 or higher.

clp(FD,S)

+ Platforms: UNIX
+ Contact: Yan Georget <[email protected]>
+ Info: Requires GNU C (gcc) version 2.4.5. or higher.

CLP(R)

+ Platforms: UNIX
+ Available: E-mail request from Joxan Jaffar
<[email protected]>.
+ Info: Constraint logic programming language, for academic and
research purposes only.

CxProlog

+ Platforms: UNIX, MacOS X, Windows
+ Available: http://ctp.di.fct.unl.pt/~amd/cxprolog/
+ Info: Open source (GPL) implementation supporting Unicode,
threads, sockets, processes, contexts, imperative data
structures, and interfaces with C/C++, Java, and wxWidgets
+ Contact: Artur Miguel Dias <[email protected]>

ECLiPSe Constraint Logic Programming System, subsuming Prolog.

+ Platforms: Solaris, Linux, Linux/Alpha, Mac OS X, Windows
+ Available: http://eclipseclp.org or
http://www.sourceforge.net/projects/eclipse-clp
+ Info: ECLiPSe is a Prolog and Constraint Programming platform
with a long history and has been open-source since Sept 2006.
+ License: MPL

IF Prolog V5.3

+ Platforms: Windows 95/98/NT/2000/XP, Linux, Solaris, AIX,
HP-UX and other UNIX platforms
+ Available: http://www.ifcomputer.de/Products/Prolog/
+ E-mail: <[email protected]>
+ Info: IF Prolog is a commercial Prolog system with interfaces
to C/C++, Java, sockets, Windows events and a COM servers. A
graphical debugger allows step-forward, step backward
debugging of Prolog code. A static module concept allows many
additional errors to be detected at compile time. Constraint
Programming (for finite domains, intervals and booleans using
global constraints and linear optimisation).
+ License: Free evaluation copies and inexpensive educational
licensing available.

GNU Prolog

+ Platforms: Many Unixes, Windows, MacOS X
+ Available: http://www.gprolog.org/
+ E-mail: Daniel Diaz <[email protected]>

Jinni 2.27

+ Platforms: Java-based
+ Available: https://github.com/heathmanb/JinniProlog
+ Info: Multi-threaded, Java based Prolog interpreter with
built-in networking, distributed blackboards and mobile code
(inexpensive shareware licensing available).

JIProlog

+ Platforms: Java-based
+ Available: http://www.jiprolog.com/
+ Info: Java Internet Prolog is a cross-platform pure Java 100%
prolog interpreter that supplies Java world with the power of
prolog language and provides prolog language with a technology
to implement new predicates in Java.

KLIC

+ Platforms: UNIX
+ Info: ICOT Free Software. Concurrent logic programming. Tested
on Sparcs, DEC 7000, Gateway P5-60.
+ Contact: <[email protected]>

LPA Win-Prolog, demo version

+ Platforms: Windows
+ Available: Available from http://www.lpa.co.uk/ind_dow.htm

MINERVA

+ Platforms: Java
+ Info: Proprietary commercial ISO-Prolog Compiler in 100% Java
support for web programming, XML, servlets, applets,
standalones. Free evaluation license.

Modular SB-Prolog (= SB-Prolog version 3.1 plus modules)

+ Platforms: SPARC, DECstation, MIPS, HP 9000 series, Sun 3.
+ Info: Copy-lefted.

Open Prolog

+ Platforms: Apple Macintosh
+ Available: http://www.cs.tcd.ie/open-prolog/
+ E-mail: <[email protected]>. (Michael Brady).

Poplog Prolog

+ Platforms: Various Unixes, including Sun, Dec Alpha, HP and
many others. Also a Win32 version is available. Sources
available for other combinations.
+ Available: At the Free Poplog Web/FTP site, including full
sources
http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/research/poplog/freepoplog.html
+ E-mail: queries may be posted to news://comp.lang.pop/, or to
<[email protected]> or <[email protected]> (Last
resort!)
+ Info: Robust incremental compiler, part of the multi-language
Poplog system (including Common Lisp, Pop-11 and Standard ML).
Unix, Linux & VMS versions include full support for X window
facilities/Motif. More information at
http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/research/poplog/poplog.info.html
Licence modelled on XFree86. Can be freely distributed, though
copyright is owned by Sussex University and ISL.

PIE2

+ Platforms: Unknown
+ Available: On CompuServe in the AIEXPERT forum, interpreter
and examples in PIE2.ZIP, documentation in PIEDOC.ZIP.
+ E-mail: Brent Ruggles <[email protected]>

QuProlog

+ Platforms: UNIX, Linux, beta for MAC
+ Available:
http://www.itee.uq.edu.au/~pjr/HomePages/QuPrologHome.html
+ E-mail: <[email protected]>
+ Info: Extended WAM with support for quantifiers and
substitutions, multi-threaded, high-level communication.

Strawberry Prolog

+ Platforms: Windows 95/NT, plans for UNIX and Macintosh
+ Available: http://www.dobrev.com/
+ E-mail: <[email protected]>

SWI Prolog

+ Platforms: Binaries for Linux, Windows (NT/2000/XP/Vista) and
Mac OS X (darwin). Sources: ANSI-C, both 32 and 64-bit
machines, compiles on almost all Unix systems and more.
+ Available: http://www.swi-prolog.org
+ Info: Complete, ISO and Edinburgh standard, common
optimizations, GC including atoms. Portable graphics, multiple
threads, constraints, comprehensive libraries for (semantic)
web programming, Unicode, source-level debugger, advanced
syntax colouring
+ License: Simplified BSD. Run license/0 for more information.

Trinc-Prolog

+ Platforms: Windows 95/98/NT 4.0, plans for Windows 2000, Linux
and Sun Solaris
+ E-mail: <[email protected]>

Visual Prolog

+ Platforms: Win32
+ Available: http://www.visual-prolog.com
+ Info: Includes all the facilities necessary to write mission
critical commercial-grade applications. Fully visual
development environment. Open architecture. Object-oriented.
Built-in database system and ODBC support. Visual Prolog
Personal Edition is available on a freeware license.

wamcc

+ Platforms: UNIX
+ Info: Compiler which translates Prolog to C via WAM.
Debuggers. Requires GNU C v.2.4.5 or higher.
+ Contact: Daniel Diaz <[email protected]>

XGP

+ Platforms: Apple Macintosh OS X, 10.2.3+
+ Available: http://xgp.sourceforge.net/
+ Info: XGP is an open source (GPL) integrated development
environment with user interface and graphics support based on
gprolog and Cocoa under Macintosh OS X.

XSB

+ Platforms: Many, including SunOS, Linux and Windows
+ Available: http://xsb.sourceforge.net/
+ E-mail: <[email protected]>
+ Info: system with SLG-resolution, HiLog syntax, and
unification factoring.

Yap 4.2.0

+ Platforms: UNIX-based platforms and Windows
+ Available: http://www.ncc.up.pt/~vsc/Yap/
+ E-mail: Vitor Santos Costa <[email protected]>
+ Info: Yap is entirely written in C and Prolog and should be
portable to most 32-bit and 64-bit Unix based platforms. A
Windows port is also available. Yap4.2 is distributed under
Perl's artistic license and can be freely distributed.

3. What commercial systems are available? What about systems available
for a price from research institutions?

Many commercial systems are listed in the Prolog Resource Guide. The
Resource Guide also lists many systems which are not exactly
"commercial", but available for a price from research institutions. The
list of such systems was originally compiled by Chris Moss, of Imperial
College. The rest of the Resource Guide was originally compiled by Dag
Wahlberg, of Uppsala University.

The Prolog Resource Guide hasn't been updated lately, but nevertheless
still contains some valuable information. It can be found at
http://www-2.cs.cmu.edu/Groups/AI/html/faqs/lang/prolog/prg/top.html.

4. How do I get in touch with my Prolog's users' group, sales
representative, or technical support line?

Here are some e-mail addresses of these contacts, listed alphabetically
by company or major product name.

ALS (Applied Logic Systems)

+ Web site: http://alsprolog.com

Amzi! inc.

+ Web site: http://www.amzi.com
+ Information: <[email protected]>
+ Sales: <[email protected]>
+ Support: <[email protected]>

Arity/Prolog32

+ Web site: http://www.arity.com/www.pl/products/ap.htm

Ciao, PiLLoW, WebDB, etc.

+ Web site: http://www.clip.dia.fi.upm.es/Software
+ Users' group: <[email protected]>
+ Information: <[email protected]>
+ Tech support: <[email protected]>

COSYTEC (CHIP V5)

+ Web site: http://www.cosytec.com
+ Information: <[email protected]> (or .fr)
+ Tech Support: <[email protected]> (or .fr)

ECLiPSe

+ Web site: http://eclipseclp.org
+ Users' group: <[email protected]>
+ Tech support: <http://eclipseclp.org/bugs.html>
+ Support contracts: <[email protected]>

Expert Systems Ltd. (Prolog-2)

+ Sales: <[email protected]>
+ Support: <[email protected]>
+ Users' group: <[email protected]>

GNU Prolog

+ Web site: http://www.gprolog.org/
+ Users' group: <[email protected]>
+ Bug reports: <[email protected]>

LPA

+ Web site: http://www.lpa.co.uk/
+ Sales: <[email protected]>
+ Tech support: <[email protected]>

MasterProLog

+ Formerly BIM ProLog

PDC Prolog

+ PDC Prolog is the succesor to Turbo Prolog and the predecessor
to Visual Prolog.

ProLog by BIM

+ Currently MasterProLog

Quintus

+ Web site: http://quintus.sics.se
+ Mailing list: see
http://www.sics.se/isl/quintuswww/site/community.html
+ Sales: <[email protected]>
+ Tech support: <[email protected]>

SICStus

+ Web page: http://www.sics.se/sicstus
+ Mailing list: see
http://www.sics.se/isl/sicstuswww/site/community.html
+ Sales: <[email protected]>
+ Tech support: <[email protected]>

Trinc / Trinc-Prolog

+ Information: <[email protected]>
+ Sales: <[email protected]>
+ Support: <[email protected]>

Turbo Prolog

+ Turbo Prolog is the predecessor of PDC Prolog (see above).

Visual Prolog

+ Web site: http://www.visual-prolog.com/
+ Information: <[email protected]> (or <[email protected]>)
+ Sales: <[email protected]> (or <[email protected]>)
+ Tech support: <[email protected]> (or
<[email protected]>)

5. I think language X is better than Prolog. What do you think?

These debates rarely result in any productive discussion. To some
extent, one's favourite language is based on irrational ideology.

However, many people now agree that different languages are good for
different things. Prolog seems to be good for problems in which logic
is intimately involved, or whose solutions have a succinct logical
characterization. Like other interactive, symbolic languages, Prolog is
also good for rapid prototyping.

Also, note that there are many different "Prologs" and other logic
programming languages available, all with different capabilities.

6. What are the recent developments?

There are some languages in development which do not have Prolog
syntax, but do subsume and generalize Prolog's logic programming
abilities.

Mercury

+ Web site: http://www.mercury.cs.mu.oz.au/index.html

The Mozart Consortium:

+ Web site: http://mozart.github.io/
+ Mailing lists: <http://mozart.github.io/mailing-lists/>

Some other languages bring new developments while also supporting
Prolog syntax and functionality as an option:

Ciao

+ Web site: http://www.clip.dia.fi.upm.es/Software
+ Users' group: <[email protected]>
+ Information: <[email protected]>
+ Tech support: <[email protected]>

Logtalk

+ Web site: http://logtalk.org/
+ E-mail: Paulo Moura <[email protected]>
+ Info: Open source object-oriented extension to Prolog
compatible with most Prolog compilers.

7. My Prolog prof assigned me this problem. Can you help me with it?

If your instructor assigned it to you, he or she probably wanted you to
do it yourself. If it's an introductory Prolog course, your question
might be elementary to most readers, so it might be a waste of network
resources to ask it. Please ask your instructor, a friend, a teaching
assistant, or a local newsgroup for help first.

That being said, there are news://comp.lang.prolog/ readers who would
be glad to help people making a legitimate attempt to learn Prolog.

8. Can you suggest some books on Prolog?

The Prolog Resource Guide (see above) contains a listing of Prolog
books. It is maintained by Mark Kantrowitz
(<[email protected]>), and posted periodically on
news://comp.lang.prolog.

Here are some of the most popular books on Prolog.

Introductory

+ "Programming In Prolog". William F. Clocksin and Christopher
S. Mellish. Springer-Verlag, 2003 (5th ed).
+ "Prolog for Programmers". Feliks Kluzniak and Stanislaw
Szpakowicz. Academic Press, London, 1985, now available
without charge from
https://sites.google.com/site/prologforprogrammers/
+ "Prolog Programming for Artificial Intelligence". Ivan Bratko.
Addison-Wesley, 2001 (3rd ed).

Advanced

+ "The Art of Prolog: Advanced Programming Techniques". Leon
Sterling and Ehud Shapiro. MIT Press, 1994 (2nd ed).
+ "The Craft of Prolog". Richard A. O'Keefe. MIT Press, 1990.

Logic programming theory

+ "Foundations of Logic Programming". John Lloyd.
Springer-Verlag, 1988 (2nd ed).
+ "Logic, Programming and Prolog". Ulf Nilsson and Jan
Maluszynski. Originally published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
(2nd ed. 1995) and now available without charge from
http://www.ida.liu.se/~ulfni/lpp

Expert Systems

+ "Building Expert Systems in Prolog". Dennis Merritt.
Springer-Verlag, 1989. HTML & PDF versions available from
http://www.amzi.com/ExpertSystemsInProlog

9. Are there any WWW archives of comp.lang.prolog ?

Yes, there are: Google Groups has archives of news://comp.lang.prolog/.
They can be found at
https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/comp.lang.prolog

10. How can I get the ISO Prolog standard? Where can I go for more
information about it?

You can obtain the approved international standards from your national
member body or directly from ISO (http://www.iso.org).

The working group on Prolog standardisation is ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22/WG17
(http://www.sju.edu/~jhodgson/wg17/).

Contacts:

+ Convenor of WG17: Ulrich Neumerkel
(<[email protected]>)
+ Editor for part 1: Ulrich Neumerkel
(<[email protected]>)
+ Editor for part 2: Jonathan Hodgson (<[email protected]>)

Further literature: "Prolog: The Standard (Reference manual)", P.
Deransart, A. Ed-Dbali, L. Cervoni, Springer Verlag (1996). Extra
information can be found on
http://pauillac.inria.fr/~deransar/prolog/docs.html

http://www-2.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/project/ai-repository/ai/lang/pr
olog/doc/standard/ contains the December 1991 draft, the March 1993
draft, Michael Covington's summary of it, and Richard O'Keefe's 1984
Prolog standard draft.

http://www.complang.tuwien.ac.at/ulrich/iso-prolog/ ISO Prolog works
and related material by the convenor of WG17.

For questions about the standard, use this newsgroup or Stackoverflow.

11. How does the WAM (Warren Abstract Machine) work? How do I write a
WAM-based compiler or a WAM emulator?

Reportedly the best tutorial is Hassan Ait-Kaci's book "Warren's
Abstract Machine: A Tutorial Reconstruction" (MIT Press, 1991). The
book is out of print, and available online at
http://wambook.sourceforge.net.

12. Is there a WWW page on logic programming?

Yes, there is one by Jonathan Bowen; the URL is
http://www.afm.sbu.ac.uk/logic-prog/. He invites us to mail him at
<[email protected]> with any relevant information for inclusion.

A large amount of Prolog code is available from the CMU AI Repository:
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/project/ai-repository/ai/lang/prolog/0.htm
l

Recently, Stackoverflow has become a valuable resource for Prolog
questions and answers: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/prolog

Another community resource is the #prolog IRC channel on
irc.freenode.net.

13. Can I do Internet/WWW programming with Prolog?

Prolog is very suitable for this task. Several commercial and free
implementations include special support for it. A page specifically on
this topic (including some tutorials) is maintained at
http://www.clip.dia.fi.upm.es/lpnet/lpnet.html. A public-domain library
exists (PiLLoW) for several popular Prolog systems which helps in the
task. See: http://www.clip.dia.fi.upm.es/Software/pillow/

14. Is there a WWW page with some tutorials on Prolog?

Beginner level:

+ Adventure in Prolog:
http://www.amzi.com/AdventureInProlog/advfrtop.htm
+ On-line guide to Prolog Programming:
http://kti.ms.mff.cuni.cz/~bartak/prolog/index.html
+ Prolog Programming, A First Course:
http://computing.unn.ac.uk/staff/cgpb4/prologbook/book.html
+ Learn Prolog Now!:
http://www.coli.uni-saarland.de/~kris/learn-prolog-now

Intermediate to advanced level:

+ http://www.intranet.csupomona.edu/~jrfisher/www/prolog_tutoria
l/pt_framer.html

15. How do I edit Prolog code?

Emacs and VIM ship with basic support for Prolog. A much improved Emacs
mode is maintained by Stefan Bruda and available from
https://bruda.ca/emacs/prolog_mode_for_emacs

Logtalk ships with various editing services for many common editors,
also usable for Prolog.

SWI Prolog has a built-in Emacs clone called PceEmacs. There are also
Emacs definitions that let you evaluate embedded queries:
https://www.metalevel.at/ediprolog/. An SWI Prolog programming
environment suitable for schools is available from
http://lernen.bildung.hessen.de/informatik/swiprolog/indexe.htm

A Prolog plug-in for the "Eclipse"-IDE is available from:
http://eclipse.ime.usp.br/projetos/grad/plugin-prolog/index.html

A sophisticated integrated editing and teaching environment with
declarative debugging, termination analysis and many visualisations is
available from http://www.complang.tuwien.ac.at/ulrich/gupu/

16. How do I publish Prolog code?

Logtalk ships with support for various syntax highlighters, also usable
for Prolog. These include support for Pygments (used e.g. on Trac and
GitHub), Rouge (use e.g. in GitLab), GeSHi (used e.g. on Wikis), minted
and texments LaTeX packages (e.g. source code listings), Google Code
Prettify, Source-highlight, Highlight, SyntaxHighlighter, and SHJS
(JavaScript highlighter for e.g. web pages).

Acknowledgements

Thank you to all the people who helped put together the first version
of this FAQ, and everyone who has contributed to it over the years.
Special thanks to John Dowding for suggesting a good format for the
list, and to Chris Moss, Dag Wahlberg, and Mark Kantrowitz for their
work on the Prolog Resource Guide.

Special thanks to Jamie Andrews, Dirk-Jan Faber and Remko Troncon, who
have been maintaining and posting the FAQ in the past.