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Subject: HOLOCAUST FAQ: Auschwitz-Birkenau: Layman's Guide (2/2)
Summary: Research guide to the Auschwitz-Birkenau complex
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Archive-name: holocaust/auschwitz/part02
Last-modified: 1999/12/23

        Auschwitz: A Layman's Guide to Auschwitz-Birkenau
                           Part Two

 5.0 Administration.............................................15
 5.1   Command Staff............................................15
 5.2   Medical Staff............................................17
 5.3   Selection................................................18
 5.4   Tattooing................................................18
 5.5   Medical Experimentation..................................19
 5.5.1   Clauberg...............................................21
 5.5.2   Mandel.................................................21
 5.5.3   Mengele................................................22
 5.5.4   Oberhauser.............................................22
 5.5.5   Schumann...............................................23
 6.0 Research Sources & Other Useful Appendices.................23
 6.1   Recommended Reading......................................24
 6.2   Abbreviations Used in Citations..........................27
 6.3   Glossary.................................................27
 6.4   Works Cited..............................................28

[Auschwitz]                                                     [Page 15]

  According to Snyder, Adolf Eichmann reported to Himmler, in 1944, that
  four million had been killed in the camps, and another million had been
  shot or killed by mobile units.  (Encyclopedia of the Third Reich.
  1989) Eichmann's report, which referenced _all_ the camps (most of which
  were in Nazi-occupied Poland), may have been the source of the Polish
  Communist government's figures. (Snyder is a Professor of History at
  the City College and the City University of New York.)

  During the war crimes trials, Hoess was asked if it was true that
  he had no exact numbers because he had been forbidden to compile them,
  and he agreed. He also agreed that Adolf Eichmann had told him that
  two and one half million people had been exterminated there.
  (von Lang, 120, and 'Wspomnienia Rudolfa Hoessa komendanta obozu
  oswiecimskiego,' Warsaw, 1965.)

  The Institut Fuer Zeitgeschichte, Munich, provided the following
  capsulated paragraph about Auschwitz in a March, 1992, letter of
  inquiry.
  (http://ftp.nizkor.org/ftp.cgi?orgs/german/ifz/ifz.report)

     The extermination camp in Birkenau, established in the second
     half of 1941, was joined to the concentration camp Auschwitz,
     existing since May 1940.  From January 1942 on in five gas
     chambers and from the end of June 1943 in four additional large
     gassing-rooms gassings with Zyklon B have been undertaken.  Up
     until November 1944 more than one million Jews and at least 4000
     gypsies have been murdered by gas.  (IFZ)

  While it is admittedly difficult to compile exact figures, since the
  Nazis did not maintain registration records for those who were to be
  exterminated immediately upon arrival at Auschwitz, it seems accurate
  to assert that the number of Jews killed fell somewhere between one
  and one-point-six million.

  Jews were not the only victims of the Auschwitz killing machine -
  estimates that from 200,000 (Gilbert, 22, Kendrick, 184) to 500,000
  (Bubenickova, 190, Yoors, 34) Gypsies were ultimately destroyed are
  noted by Laska.  Himmler signed the decree sending all of them to
  Auschwitz in 1942. In addition, an unknown number of homosexuals were
  sent to Auschwitz and executed.

  The Leuchter Report, which Foner alludes to extensively in his Spotlight
  article, has been thoroughly refuted. For detailed information about the
  report, see the Leuchter FAQ, published regularly in this newsgroup.
  (http://www.nizkor.org/faqs/leuchter/)

4.2 Estimates of dead by nationality [Work in progress]

4.2.3   Polish Christians

  The number of Polish Christians registered at Auschwitz is
  given as at 137,000, and "at least" 10,000 more were put
  murdered without registration. (Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death
  Camp, 69-70) Lucas tells us that historians disagree with
  regard to the total number of Polish Christians killed by
  the Nazis, Lukas, 88-95) and Bauer reportedly puts the figure
  at 83,000. (Steinfels, Peter. "Auschwitz Revisionism:  An
  Israeli Scholar's Case," New York Times, 12 Nov. 1989


5.0 Administration
5.1 Command Staff

  Fritsch, Hauptsturmfu"hrer (Credited with the first use of Zyklon-B
  as means of exterminating human subjects. See Breitman, 202)

  Grabner, Maximillian. Head of Political Department


[Auschwitz]                                                     [Page 16]

  Hoess, Rudolf Franz (1900-1947).  Hoess joined the Nazi party in
  1922.  In 1923, he was implicated in a murder and imprisoned to serve
  a life sentence.  He was released as a result of a general
  amnesty, in 1928.  After training during service at Dachau and
  Sachsenhausen, he was rewarded for his loyalty with a promotion to the
  rank of SS-Hauptsturmfu"hrer (see Glossary) and the commandant's job
  at Auschwitz, where he remained until December of 1943, when he was
  promoted to chief of the Central Administration for Camps.  (Sachar.
  http://ftp.nizkor.org/ftp.cgi?people/h/hoess.rudolf.ferdinand/hoess.01
  http://ftp.nizkor.org/ftp.cgi?people/h/hoess.rudolf.ferdinand/hoess.02
  http://ftp.nizkor.org/ftp.cgi?people/h/hoess.rudolf.ferdinand/hoess.03)
  According to Snyder, " He performed his job so well that he was
  commended in a 1944 SS report that called him "a true pioneer in this
  area because of his new ideas and educational methods."

  Hoess was captured on March 11, 1946, and was a key witness at Nuremberg
  (Kaltenbrunner, I.G.  Farben et al). On May 25, he was extradited
  to Poland. During this period, he wrote his autobiography, "Commandant
  of Auschwitz: Autobiography of Rudolf Hoess." (Cleveland: World
  Publishing, 1959) His statement is available in the original German
  text, and in English translation. (Get
  http://ftp.nizkor.org/ftp.cgi?people/h/hoess.rudolf.ferdinand/hoess.statemen)

  According to Sachar, he, "...took pride in his exemplary family life,
  the devotion to his children and his pets.  He recalled, wistfully,
  how he had been obliged to tear himself away from a Christmas
  gathering to attend to duties at the gas chambers.  The daily death
  quota then was still a mere 1,500, but he was eager to make sure it
  was met.  When one of his lieutenants was condemned to death for his
  part in the Auschwitz murders, Hoess and his family lamented `Such a
  compassionate man, too.  When his pet canary died, he tenderly put
  the body in a small box, covered it with a rose, and buried it under
  a rose bush in the garden.'(Hoess, 25)(Sachar)

  During his trial, the evidence "...repeated...what he had written..."
  in his autobiography.  "He described, with the dispassion of a robot,
  how he had gradually stepped up executions, beginning with a few
  hundred a day and then, as methods were perfected, rising to 1,200.
  By mid-1942, facilities had been sufficiently enlarged to dispatch
  1,500 people over a twenty-four-hour period for the smaller ovens,
  and up to 2,500 for the larger ones.  By 1943, ...  a new daily peak
  of 12,000 was achieved.  Hoess described the final routines of the
  extermination process.  These were assigned to squads of Jewish
  prisoners, the Sondercommandos.  They marched the victims to the gas
  chambers, helped to undress them, removed the corpses after the
  gassing, extracted gold from their teeth and rings from their
  fingers, searched the orifices of their bodies for hidden jewelry,
  cut off the hair of the women, and then carted the bodies to the
  crematoria.  Usually after several weeks of such service they were
  executed, first because they were Jews but also so that they would
  not be witnesses if ever testimony were required." (Sachar)

  Hoess was tried in Warsaw, in March, 1947, and condemned to death.
  (Hanged on April 16, 1947, at Auschwitz.)


[Auschwitz]                                                     [Page 17]

  Kramer, Josef. Commandant at Birkenau.

  Mandel, Maria.  Head of the women's camp at Auschwitz after serving
  at Ravensbruck.

5.2 Medical Staff

  Testimony from German court records relating to the trials of SS men
  charged with medical killing at Auschwitz is now available from our
  archives. The source for this data, Nauman, is listed in Section 6.1,
  Recommended Reading.
  (http://ftp.nizkor.org/ftp.cgi?camps/auschwitz/auschwitz.010)

  Clauberg, Karl.  Pursued his experiments on live specimens in
  Auschwitz. Involved in sterilization projects there. (Laska, 222)

  Dr. Wladyslav Dering. Dering was a Polish prisoner
  Dr. Entress

  Gebhardt, Karl. Involved in vivisection projects at both Ravensbruck
  and Auschwitz. Shot as war criminal in 1948. (Laska, 225)

  Hantl
  Klehr

  Kremer, Johannes Paul. Vivisection. Sentenced to death in a Crakov
  trial, but later recieved amnesty.

  Mengele, Josef (1911- ?). Mengele was appointed chief doctor at
  Birkenau by the Camp Garrison Doctor in 1943. He joined Drs. Klein,
  Koenig, and Thilon in running the selection process. Bibliography:
  Gerald L.  Posner and John Ware, "Mengele: The Complete Story", New York,
  McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1986.(Snyder) Mengele is believed dead,
  but his fate remains unknown. (See the 1991 "Children of the Flames,"
  for citations regarding Mengele's experimentation on twins)

  Muench, Hans. SS Untersturmfuehrer.

  The doctor and former SS-Untersturmfuehrer Hans Muench was among
  the 40 members of the Auschwitz camp personnel indicted and tried
  in Krakow in Poland 1946-1947. The trial led to some 20 death
  sentences, but Muench was acquitted.

  He had taken part in gassings but had refused to assist in the
  so-called selections. Some ex-prisoners also testified in his
  favour. After his release, Muench returned to Germany where he
  continued his medical practice. In 1964 he testified at the
  Auschwitz trial in Frankfurt am Main. He agreed to an interview
  with Swedish television in 1981, against the wish of his family.
  It has been broadcasted twice on Swedish TV, in 1982 and 1992.
  A translation of this television interview may be found at
  ftp.nizkor.org, in the directory pub/people/m/muench.hans, as
  swedish-television-interview (our thanks to a Swedish user for
  providing this text). Snippets from court testimony are
  also available in the same directory.

[Auschwitz]                                                     [Page 18]

  Oberhauser, Herta.

  Scherpe

  Schumann, Horst.

5.3 Selection

  In a report entitled "Resettlement of Jews," SS-Sturmbannfu"hrer
  Gricksch provided the following information for SS-Col. von Herff
  and Reichsfu"hrer-SS Himmler, after inspection between the 14th. and
  16th. of May, 1943. (Fleming, 142)

     The Auschwitz camp plays a special role in the resolution of the
     Jewish question.  The most advance methods permit the execution
     of the Fuehrer-order in the shortest possible time and without
     arousing much attention.  The so-called "resettlement action"
     runs the following course: The Jews arrive in special trains
     (freight cars) toward evening and are driven on special tracks
     to areas of the camp specifically set aside for this purpose.

     There the Jews are unloaded and examined for their fitness to
     work by a team of doctors, in the presence of the camp
     commandant and several SS officers.  At this point anyone who
     can somehow be incorporated into the work program is put in a
     special camp.  The curably ill are sent straight to a medical
     camp and are restored to health through a special diet.  The
     basic principle behind everything is: conserve all manpower for
     work.  The previous type of "resettlement action" has been
     thoroughly rejected, since it is too costly to destroy precious
     work energy on a continual basis.

  The report then describes the fate of those unlucky enough to have
  been considered incurably ill or unfit for slave labour, and provides
  some details with regard to the killing process.

     The results of this "resettlement action" to date: 500,000 Jews.
     Current capacity of the "resettlement action" ovens: 10,000 in
     24 hours.

5.4 Tattooing

  Buszko (see above), writing in the Encyclopedia of the Holocaust,
  explains why some prisoners were tattooed, while others were not:

     Prisoners were registered and received numbers tattooed on
     their left arm upon leaving the quarantine in Birkenau for
     forced labor in Auschwitz or in one of the subcamps.  The same
     procedure applied to those prisoners who were directed straight
     to Auschwitz I: 405,000 prisoners were registered in this way.
     [Ed.  Note: Buszko later notes that only 65,000 of those so
     registered and tattooed survived.  knm] Not included in any
     form of registration were the vast majority of the Auschwitz

[Auschwitz]                                                     [Page 19]

     victims, those men and women who, upon arrival in Auschwitz II,
     were led to the gas chambers and killed there immediately.
     Also not included in the registration were those prisoners who
     were sent to work in other concentration camps not belonging to
     the Auschwitz system.  ...  Still another group of unregistered
     prisoners were those who were designated for execution after a
     short stay in the camp.  That group consisted mainly of
     hostages, Soviet army officers, and partisans." (Encyclopedia,
     Vol. I, 110-111)

 5.5 Medical Experimentation

  Several of the seventy or more medical-research projects conducted by
  the Nazis between the fall of 1939 and spring of 1945 were conducted
  at Auschwitz.  These projects involved experiments conducted with
  human beings against their will, and at least seven thousand were so
  treated, based upon existing documents and personal testimonies;
  there were undoubtedly many more for which no documentation or
  personal testimony remains.

  About two hundred German medical doctors were involved in the
  concentration camp experiments, conducting 'Selektionen,' medical
  services, and research.  They maintained close professional ties with
  the German medical establishment, and used the universities and
  research institutes in Germany and Austria in their work.

  Dr.  Ernst Robert Grawitz, SS Chief Medical Officer, received all
  requests for authority to perform experimentation, and obtained two
  opinions before passing them to Himmler with his recommendation.

  Grawitz used Dr.  Karl Gebhardt, Himmler's personal physician, for
  one opinion, and Richard Glu"cks and Arthur Nebe for the other.  He
  then passed his report to Himmler, who took great interest in the
  experiments and often interfered with them.

  There were three broad classes of experiments.  The German Air Force
  conducted experiments at Dachau (and elsewhere) dealing with survival
  and rescue, including research into the effects of high altitude,
  freezing temperatures, and the ingestion of seawater.

  Medical treatment constituted a second class, and involved research
  into the treatment of battle injuries, gas attacks, and the
  formulation of immunization compounds to treat contageous and
  epidemic diseases.

  Finally, there were racial experiments, including research into
  dwarfs and twins, serological research, and skeletal examination.  It
  is this class of horrors that returns us to Auschwitz.
  (Encyclopedia, Vol.  3, 957-958)


[Auschwitz]                                                     [Page 20]

  During his interrogation of Adolf Eichmann, Israeli police Captain
  Avner Less brought up the subject of Eichmann's complicity in medical
  'research' projects which had been approved by the Reichsfu"hrer-SS,
  Heinrich Himmler, and read three documents to him. What follows is
  the text of Less's interrogation at that point...

     LESS: I have some photostats of documents that were submitted in
     the first Nuremberg war crimes trial, the trial of the
     physicians.  The sender of this letter is the business manager
     of Ahnenerbe.  I'll read it to you.  "Berlin, November 2, 1942.
     Secret.  To SS-Obersturmbannfu"hrer Dr.  Brandt.  Dear Comrade
     Brandt: As you know, the Reichsfu"hrer-SS gave orders some time
     ago to the effect that SS-Hauptsturmfu"hrer Prof.  Dr.  Hirt
     should be supplied with everything he requires for his research.
     For certain anthropological investigations -- I have already
     reported to the Reichsfu"hrer-SS on the subject -- 150 skeletons
     of prisoners or Jews are needed, and these are to be made
     available by the Auschwitz concentration camp." Etc.  etc.  It's
     signed: "With comradely greetings, Heil Hitler, Yours, Sievers."

     The second document is a report by this Professor Hirt.  "Re:
     Procurement of the skulls of Jewish-Bolshevistic commissars for
     scientific research at the University of Strassburg." I quote:
     "Extensive skull collections from nearly all races and people
     are in existence.  It is only of Jews that so few skulls are
     available to science that work on them admits of no secure
     findings.  The war in the East now offers us an opportunity to
     make good this deficiency.  In the Jewish-Bolshevistic
     commissars, who embody a repulsive and characteristic type of
     subhuman, we have the possibility of acquiring a reliable
     scientific document by acquiring their skulls.  The smoothest
     and most expeditious way of obtaining and securing this
     provision of skulls would be to instruct the Wehrmacht to hand
     over all Jewish-Bolshevistic commissars immediately to the
     military police.  The person charged with securing this material
     (a young physician or medical student belonging to the Werhmacht
     or better still to the military police) is to prepare a
     previously specified series of photographs and anthropoligical
     measurements.  After the subsequently induced death of the Jew,
     whose head must not be injured, he will separate the head from
     the trunk and send it, immersed in a preserving fluid, in
     well-sealed lead containers made especially for this purpose, to
     the designated address."

     And now the next document.  A letter of June 21, 1943.  From
     Ahnenerbe.  Top secret.  "To Reich Security Headquarters IVB4,
     Attention: SS-Obersturmfu"hrer Eichmann.  Re: Skeleton
     collection.  With reference to your letter of September 25,
     1942, and the consultations held since then regarding the
     above-mentioned matter, we wish to inform you that Dr.  Bruno
     Beger, our staff member charged with the above-mentioned special
     mission, terminated his work in the Auschwitz concentration camp

[Auschwitz]                                                     [Page 21]

     on June 15, 1943, because of the danger of an epidemic.  In all,
     115 persons, 79 male Jews, 2 Poles, 4 Central Asians, and 30
     Jewesses, were processed.  These inmates have been placed, men
     and women separately, in the concentration-camp sick quarters,
     and quarantined.  For the further processing of these selected
     persons, immediate transfer to Natzweiler concentration camp is
     desirable and should be effected as quickly as possible in view
     of the danger of infection in Auschwitz.  A list of the selected
     persons is appended.  You are requested to send the necessary
     instructions."

     And now for the last document.  "The Reichsfu"hrer-SS Personal
     Staff, Field Headquarters, November 6, 1942.  Secret.  To Reich
     Security Headquarters IVB4.  Attention: SS-Obersturmfu"hrer
     Eichmann.  The Reichsfu"hrer-SS has ordered that Dr.  Hirt, head
     of the Anatomy Department in Strassburg, should be supplied with
     everything needed for his research.  In the name of the
     Reichsfu"hrer-SS, I therefore request you to help establish the
     projected skeleton collection.  per.  proc.
     SS-Obersturmbannfu"hrer Brandt." (von Lang, 169-171)

  Thus the German government's full complicity in the crimes committed
  at Auschwitz under the guise of "medical research" is clear, with a
  chain of evidence reaching all the way to Himmler.

 5.5.1 Clauberg

  Professor Carl Clauberg performed experiments into sterilization at
  both Auschwitz and Ravensbru"ck.  This was done on Hitler's
  initiative, as he had been convinced by several doctors that mass
  sterilization could provide a powerful weapon against Germany's
  enemies during total war.

  Clauberg injected chemical substances into wombs during normal
  gynochological examinations. Thousands of Jewish and Gypsy women were
  subjected to this treatment. Clauberg sought to answer Himmler's
  query about how long it would take to sterilize one thousand women,
  and eventually informed him that, using methods he developed, a staff
  of one doctor and ten assistants could do the job in a single day.
  The injections totally destroyed the lining membrane of the womb and
  seriously damaged the ovaries of the victims, which were then removed
  and sent to Berlin to test the effectiveness of the method.
  (Encyclopedia, Vol. 3, 964)

 5.5.2 Mandel

     ...  after Ravensbruck ...  was the head of the women's camp at
     Auschwitz; the prisoners referred to her as `the beast.' For her
     share in the selections for the gas chambers and medical
     experiments and for her torture of countless prisoners, she was
     condemned to death in 1947 as a war criminal. (Laska)


[Auschwitz]                                                     [Page 22]

 5.5.3 Mengele

  Mengele promoted medical experimentation on inmates, especially
  dwarfs and twins.  He is said to have supervised an operation by
  which two Gypsy children were sewn together to create Siamses twins;
  the hands of the children became badly infected where the veins had
  been resected.  (Snyder)

  Cohen tells us: "The only firsthand evidence on these experiments
  comes from a handful of survivors and from a Jewish doctor, Miklos
  Nyiszli, who worked under Mengele as a pathologist. Mengele subjected
  his victims - twins and dwarfs aged two and above - to clinical
  examinations, blood tests, X rays, and anthropological measurements.
  In the case of the twins, he drew sketches of each twin, for
  comparison. He also injected his victims with various substances,
  dripping chemicals into their eyes (apparently in an attempt to
  change their color). He then killed them himself by injecting
  chloroform into their hearts, so as to carry out comparative
  pathological examinations of their internal organs. Mengele's
  purpose, according to Dr. Nyiszli, was to establish the genetic cause
  for the birth of twins, in order to facilitate the formulation of a
  program for doubling the birthrate of the 'Aryan' race. The
  experiments on twins affected 180 persons, adults and children.

  Mengele also carried out a large number of experiments in the field
  of contageous diseases, (typhoid and tuberculosis) to find out how
  human beings of different races withstood these diseases. He used
  Gypsy twins for this purpose. Mengele's experiments combined

  scientific (perhaps even important) research with the racist and
  ideological aims of the Nazi regime. which made use of government
  offices, scientific institutions, and concentration camps. From the
  scanty information available, it appears that his research differed
  from the other medical experiments in that the victims' death was
  programmed into his experiments and formed a central element in it."
  (Encyclopedia, Vol. 3, 964)

 5.5.4 Oberhauser

     Dr.  Herta Oberhauser killed prisoners with oil and evipan
     injections, removed their limbs and vital organs, rubbed ground
     glass and sawdust into wounds.  She drew a twenty-year sentence
     as a war criminal, but was released in 1952 and became a family
     doctor at Stocksee in Germany.  Her license to practice medicine
     was revoked in 1960.  (Laska, 223)


[Auschwitz]                                                     [Page 23]

 5.5.5 Schumann

  Himmler, writing to SS-Oberfu"hrer Brack, on August 11, 1942,
  expressed an interest in sterilization experiments involving
  the use of x-rays (Get pub/camps/auschwitz/sterilization). In April
  of 1944, he received a report of the work of Dr. Horst Schumann
  "on the influence of X-rays on human genital glands" at Auschwitz.
  The report included the following statement:

     Previously you have asked Oberfuehrer Brack to perform this
     work, and you supported it by providing the adequate material in
     the concentration camp Auschwitz.  I point especially to the
     second part of this work, which shows that by those means
     castration of males is almost impossible or requires an effort
     which does not pay.  As I have convinced myself, operative
     castration requires not more than 6 to 7 minutes, and therefore
     can be performed more reliably and quicker than castration by
     X-rays.

  Schumann set up an X ray station at Auschwitz in 1942, in the woman's
  camp Bla.  Here men and women were forcibly sterilized by being
  positioned repeatedly for several minutes between two x-ray machines,
  the rays aiming at their sexual organs.  Most subjects died after
  great suffering, or were gassed immediately because the radiation
  burns from which they suffered rendered them unfit for work.  Men's
  testicles were removed and sent to Breslau for histopathological
  examination.  The frequently following ovariotomies were performed
  also by the Polish prisoner, Dr.  Wladyslav Dering.  Dering once bet
  with an SS man that he could perform ten ovariotomies in an
  afternoon, and won his bet.  Some of his victims survived.  Dering
  was declared a war criminal but eluded justice and for a time
  practiced medicine in British Somaliland. (Laska, 223. Encyclopedia,
  Vol. 3, 965)

 6.0 Research Materials & Sources

  Vera Laska notes that there are over ten-thousand printed sources
  relating to Auschwitz alone, and offers this guidance for those pursuing
  Holocaust research:

     Yad Vashem Martyrs' and Heroes' Memorial Authority in Jerusalem
     is a depository of documents and memoirs on the Holocaust,
     mostly in German, Hebrew and Yiddish.  It also issues the Yad
     Vashem Studies on the European Jewish Catastrophe and
     Resistance. (The 1991 Yad Vashem English publications guide is
     now included in the Holocaust Almanac bibliographies. Get
     pub/holocaust/bibliography/biblio.05)


[Auschwitz]                                                     [Page 24]

     The Centre de Documentation Juive Contemporaine in Paris and
     the Wiener Library in London are major sources of information.
     The Wiener Library's catalogue series published a bibliography,
     Persecution and Resistance Under the Nazis (London: Valentine,
     Mitchell, 1960).  ...

     In the United States the YIVO Institute for Jewish Research
     (1048 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10028) houses several
     collections of ghetto documents and related primary source
     materials.  It publishes the YIVO Annual of Jewish Social
     Science.  Since 1960, Yad Vashem* and the YIVO** Institute have
     been engaged in preparing a multivolume bibliographical series
     on the Holocaust; one of the volumes, Jacob Robinson, ed., The
     Holocaust and After: Sources and Literature in English
     (Jerusalem: Israel University Press, 1973) is most helpful.

     *  (URL: http:/yvs.shani.net/)
     ** (URL: http://www.ort.org/communit/yivo/start.html)

     The Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith (823 United Nations
     Plaza, New York, N.Y.  10017) supplies teaching materials at
     reasonable prices, for instance The Record - The Holocaust in
     History, 1933-1945, published in cooperation with the National
     Council for Social Studies in 1978.

     The Library of Congress and the National Archives are rich
     sources for researchers, containing among others the
     transcripts of war crime trials.  This in itself is an immense
     documentation; for instance, the Nuremberg Doctors' Trial of
     twenty-three defendents alone takes up 11,538 pages in nineteen
     volumes.  Indexes can be consulted about various concentration
     camps.  ...

  In addition to the massive amount of information Laska notes, additional
  bibliographic sources are available through the Holocaust bibliographic
  files available on http://ftp.nizkor.org/ftp.cgi?bibliographies and
  elsewhere.  In particluar, see the list of major research centres listed in
  EDUCATION RESEARCH.CNTRS, which was added to our archives in December, 1994.

6.1 Recommended Reading

  Our Holocaust archives are available via InterNet Gopher. To access
  this service, use the command "gopher jer1.co.il". The archives
  are also available via World Wide Web
  (URL: http://www.nizkor.org) and anonymous ftp (ftp.nizkor.org).


[Auschwitz]                                                     [Page 25]

  Suggested reading related to Auschwitz, from the Encyclopedia of the
  Holocaust and elsewhere:

  Brugioni, Dino A., and Robert G. Poirier. The Holocaust Revisited:  A
  Retrospective Analysis of the Auschwitz-Birkenau Extermination Complex.
  (Central Intelligence Agency, Washington, D.C.) February 1979.

     The paper includes aerial photographs of the Auschwitz-Birkenau
     complex in operation during WWII.  A summary of their analysis
     is included in the paper.  These photos corroborate eyewitness
     accounts/Nazi documentation on camp operations.

     You can obtain a copy from the US gov't through the following
     sources:

       National Technical Information Service
       5285 Port Royal Road
       Springfield, VA 22161

       or:

       Photoduplication Service
       Library of Congress
       Washington, D.C. 20540

     Use the report number(#st 79-10001) and the document number
     (NTISUBE28002) to speed service along.  The document # is
     particularly important.

  Brewster, Eva. Vanished in Darkness. Edmonton: NeWest Publishers
  Limited, 1984. (First-person account of life within Auschwitz)

  Friedman, P. "Crimes in the Name of Science," in "Roads to Extinction:
  Essays on the Holocaust." Edited by A.J. Friedman. Philadelphia, 1980

  Gilbert, M. Auschwitz and the Allies. New York, 1981

  Gutman, Yisrael, and Michael Berenbaum, Ed. Anatomy of the
  Auschwitz Death Camp. Bloomington and Indianapolis: 1994

  Gutman, Y., and A. Saf, eds. The Nazi Concentration Camps:
  Structure and Aims; The Image of the Prisoner; The Jews in the
  Camps. Proceedings of the Fourth Yad Vashem International
  Historical Conference. Jerusalem, 1984

  Hoess, R. Commandant of Auschwitz. London, 1959

  Ja"ckel, Eberhard, and H. David Kirk, trans. David Irving's Hitler.
  Port Angeles, Washington: Ben-Simon Publications, 1993

  Kielar, W. Anus Mundi: Fifteen Hundred Days in Auschwitz-
  Birkenau. New York, 1980

  Kudlien, F., ed. A"rzte im Nationalsoczialismus. Cologne, 1985


[Auschwitz]                                                     [Page 26]

  Lagnato, Lucette Matalon and Sheila Cohn Dekel. Children of the
  Flames. New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc., 1991 (Mengele's
  experimentation with twins at Auschwitz)

  Langbein, H. Auschwitz-Prozess: Eine Dokumentation. 2 Vols.
  Vienna, 1965

  Langbein, H. Menschen in Auschwitz. Vienna, 1972

  Lifton, R.J. The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychiatry
  of Genocide." New York, 1986

  Levi, P. Survival in Auschwitz: The Nazi Assault on Humanity. New
  York, 1981

  Lukowski, J. Bibliografia obozu koncentracyjnego Oswiecim-
  Brzezinka. 5 vols. Warsaw, 1970

  Mark, B. The Scrolls of Auschwitz. Tel Aviv, 1985

  Mitscherlich, A., and F. Mielke. Doctors of Infamy: The Story of
  Medical Crimes. New York, 1949

  Mu"ller, Filip. Eyewitness Auschwitz: Three Years in the Gas Chambers.
  New York: Stein and Day, 1979

  Nauman, Bernd.  Auschwitz: A Report on The Procedings Against Robert
  Karl Ludwig Mulka and Others Before the Court at Frankfurt. New York:
  Frederick A. Praeger, 1966

  Piper, Franciszek, and Teresa Swiebocka, Ed. Auschwitz, Nazi Death
  Camp. Oswiecim, 1996. Book supplied by the Auschwitz State Museum.

  Piper, Franciszek. Auschwitz: How Many Perished - Jews, Poles,
  Gypsies... Oswiecim 1992.

  Proctor, R. Racial Hygiene: Medicine under the Nazis.
  Cambridge, Mass., 1988

  Keys, Laurinda. Death Books of Auschwitz. K.G. Saur, 1995. (See
  http://ftp.nizkor.org/ftp.cgi?camps/auschwitz/press/death-books.001
  and ~/002 for information concerning the release of this work.)

  See also the Transcripts of the Trial of Adolf Eichmann
  http://www.nizkor.org/hweb/people/e/eichmann-adolf/transcripts/

Social Studies School Services offers an extensive list of teaching
materials dealing with the Holocaust, and Auschwitz.  For a list of
books, videotapes, and photo histories, see
http://www.nizkor.org/bibliographies/ssss.shtml.
Of particular interest are the videotapes "Kitty: Return to Auschwitz,"
"Nazi Concentration Camps," the official film record of the Nazi death
camps as photographed by Allied liberation forces in 1945, and
"Holocaust: Liberation of Auschwitz."


[Auschwitz]                                                     [Page 27]

6.2 Abbreviations Used in Citations

  The following abbreviations may be used throughout this document:

  IFZ.........Institut fu"r Zeitgeschichte, Munich
  IRR.........Investigative Repository Records
  NA..........United States National Archives
  RG 59.......NA Diplomatic Records
  RG 84.......Washington National Records Center, Diplomatic Post Records
  RG 153......Washington National Records Center, Records of the
              Office of the (Army) Judge Advocate
  RG 165......Records of the War Department General and Special Staffs,
              Washington National Records Center
  RG 208......Office of War Information Records, Washington National
              Records Center
  RG 226......Office of Strategic Services Records
  RG 238......War Crimes
    EC Series
    NG........Microfilm T-1139
    NI........Microfilm T-301
    NO Series
    NOKW Series
    PS Series
  RG 242......NA Record Group 242 - Captured German Records
  RG 319......Records of the Army Staff
  T...........NA Microfilm Series

  If you note any that are not explained above, please let me know,
  and I will try to run them down for you.

6.3 Glossary

  Ahnenerbe: [Ancestral Heritage], The Institute for the Scientific
      Study of Ends and Purposes, located in Berlin.
(http://ftp.nizkor.org/ftp.cgi?people/e/eichmann.adolf/eichmann.006)

  Einsatzgruppe: Battalion-sized, mobile, armed unit of police
  Einsatzgruppen: Battalion-sized, mobile, armed units of police,
      primarily Security Police and SD officials, which were used
      to attack and execute perceived enemies in conquered territories.
      (Brietman, 311)

  Einsatzkommando: Company-sized component of the Einsatzgruppen
      (Ibid., 311)

  Gauleiter: Supreme territorial or regional party authority(-ies)
      (The term is both singular and plural). The Nazi Party divided
      Germany and some annexed territories into geographical units
      called Gaue, headed by a Gauleiter. (Ibid., 311)

  General Government: The Nazi-ruled state in central and eastern
      Poland. Headed by Governor Hans Frank. (Ibid., 311)

[Auschwitz]                                                     [Page 28]

  Final Solution: Euphemism for the extermination of European Jewry

  SD (Sicherheitsdienst): The SS Security Service

  Selektionen: (Selection) The process by which newly-arrived prisoners
      were divided into those capable of work, and those deemed unfit
      for work, i.e. those to be exterminated immediately.

  Sonderkommandos: Division of Einsatzgruppen, generally smaller than
      Einsatzkommando, but also a more general term for special
      commando units assigned particular functions. (Ibid., 311)

  Military rank - here's a list from Breitman (314) which lists SS
  ranks and the Western military equivalent:

  Oberstgruppenfu"hrer          General
  Obergruppenfu"hrer            Lieutenant General
  Gruppenfu"hrer                Major General
  Brigadefu"hrer                Brigadier General
  Oberfu"hrer                   between Brigadier & Colonel
  Standartenfu"hrer             Colonel
  Obersturmbannfu"hrer          Lieutenant Colonel
  Sturmbannfu"hrer              Major
  Hauptsturmfu"hrer             Captain
  Obersturmfu"hrer              First Lieutenant
  Unterscharfu"hrer             Corporal
  Rottenfu"hrer                 Private, First Class
  Sturmann                      Private
  SS-Mann                       no equivalent

6.4 Works Cited

  Borkin, Joseph. The Crime and Punishment of I.G. Farben. New York:
  The Free Press, 1978, and London: Macmillan Publishing Company.

  Breitman, Richard. The Architect of Genocide: Himmler and the Final
  Solution. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1991.

  Bubenickova, Ruzena. Tabory utrpeni a smrti. (Camps of Martyrdom and
  Death) Prague: Svoboda, 1969

  Conot, Robert E. Justice at Nuremberg.
  New York: Harper and Row, 1983.  ISBN 0-06-015117-X

  Encyclopedia - See Gutman

  Feig, Konnilyn G. Hitler's Death Camps. LOC D810.J4 F36, 1981

  Fenelon, Fania, with Marcelle Routier.  Playing For Time.
  New York:Athenium, 1977.  ISBN 0-689-10796-X

[Auschwitz]                                                     [Page 29]

  Fleming, Gerald. Hitler and the Final Solution. Berkeley, 1984

  Foner, Samuel P.  "Major Historical Fact Uncovered" SPOTLIGHT
  Vol.  XIX, Number 2, January 11, 1993)

  Gilbert, Martin. The Holocaust, Maps and Photographs.
  New York: Mayflower Books, 1978.

  Gutman, Israel, ed. in Chief, et al. Encyclopedia of the
  Holocaust. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1990. ISBN 0-02-
  896090-4 (set) (Referenced in this FAQ as "Encyclopedia")

  Hoess, Rudolf. Commandant of Auschwitz: Autobiography of Rudolf Hoess.
  (As quoted in Sachar)

  Hilberg, Raul.  Commandant of Auschwitz (London: Weidenfeld and
  Nicholson, 1959)

  Hilberg, Raul. The Destruction of the European Jews. Holmes & Meier,
  1985. See 967-976.

  IFZ. The Institut Fuer Zeitgeschicthe, Munich, as quoted in their
  letter to Dr. Keren, March, 1992

  Kenrick, Donald, and Grattan Puxon. Destiny of Europe's Gypsies.
  New York: Basic Books, 1972, as cited in Laska

  Klarsfield, Serge. The Holocaust and Neo-Nazi Mythomania, as quoted
  in Feig.

  Klee, Ernst, Willi Dressen, and Volker Riess, eds.
  `The Good Old Days' -- The Holocaust as Seen by Its Perpetrators and
  Bystanders. Forward by H. Trevor-Roper. The Free Press, A division of
  Macmillan, Inc, 1988, ISBN 0-02-917425-2

  Langbein. Der Auschwitz Prozess. Vol. I, as quoted in Pressac.

  Laska, Vera, ed.  Women in the Resistance and in the Holocaust: The
  Voices of Eyewitnesses.  London: Greenwood Press, 1983.  LOC 82-12018,
  ISBN 0-313-23457-4

  Lengyel, Olga. Five Chimneys. Chicago: Ziff-Davis, 1947, as cited in
  Hilberg.

  Lukas, Richard C. "The Polish Experience during the Holocaust"  in
  Michael Berenbaum, ed.  A Mosaic of Victims: Non-Jews Persecuted and
  Murdered by the Nazis (New York : New York University Press, 1990)

  Mu"ller, Filip.  "Eyewitness Auschwitz: Three Years in the Gas
  Chambers", as cited by both Feig and Hilberg.  Museum w Oswiecimu.
  "KL Auschwitz seen by the SS Hoess, Broad, Kremer," 2nd.  ed., 1978

  Naumann,. Auschwitz.

  Nurowski, Roman. 1939-1945: War Losses in Poland (Poznan, 1960),
  as cited in Lukas.

  Poliakov, Leon.  Harvest of Hate: The Nazi Program for the
  Destruction of the Jews of Europe.  Syracuse University Press.,
  1956.

[Auschwitz]                                                     [Page 30]


  Pressac, J. C. Auschwitz: Technique and Operation of the Gas Chambers.
  New York: Beate Klarsfeld Foundation, 1989

  Rogers, Perry M., ed. Aspects of Western Civilization

  Sachar, Abram L. The Redemption of the Unwanted. New York:
  St. Martin's/Marek, 1983.

  Snyder, Dr. Louis L. Encyclopedia of the Third Reich. (New York: Paragon
  House, 1989.)

  Steinfels, Peter. "Auschwitz Revisionism:  An Israeli Scholar's Case,"
  New York Times, 12 Nov. 1989

  von Lang, Jochen, in collaboration with Claus Sibyll. Eichmann
  Interrogated: Transcripts from the Archives of the Israeli Police.
  Translated from the German by Ralph Manheim. New York: Farrar, Straus
  & Giroux, 1983

  Wiesel, Elie. Night. (New York, 1969), as cited in Hilberg.

  Yoors, Jan. A Journal of Survival and Resistance in World War II.
  New York: Simon & Schuster, 1971, as cited in Laska

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