PS
# control.m4
gen_init
 linewid = linewid*0.8
 circlerad = 0.35/2
 bw = boxwid/2
 bh = boxht/2

# . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #

PID: [
 {"$r(s)$" above ljust}
 arrow
S1: circle
 line right "$e(s)$" above
 { arrow right ; box ht bh wid bw "$K_P$"
   arrow right linewid-circlerad ; S2: circle }
 { arrow up linewid then right ; box ht bh wid bw "$K_D s$"
   arrow to (S2,Here) then to S2.n }
 { arrow down linewid then right ; box ht bh wid bw "$K_I/s$"
   arrow to (S2,Here) then to S2.s }
 arrow right from S2.e "$u(s)$" above
 box "$G(s)$"
 arrow right ; "$y(s)$" above rjust at Here+(0,2pt__)
 arrow down boxht*5/4 from last arrow.c then left last arrow.c.x-S1.x \
   then to S1.s
 "$-\;$" below rjust
]
 "(a) $PID$ control" below ljust at PID.sw+(0,-5pt__)

# . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #

# https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/575592/how-to-create-a-controls-system-diagram
Observer: [
 define(`thickarrow',`arrow thick 3 wid 7bp__')
 define(`thickline',`line thick 3')
 fillval = 0.6
 boxwid = 0.3
 boxht = 0.4
 circlerad = 0.1
 {"$r$" above ljust}
R: arrow
S: circle fill
 {"$-$" below ljust at S.s; "$+$" above rjust at S.w+(2bp__,0)}
{ OLP: box invis fill 0.9 wid 3.1 ht 1.4 with .nw at Here+(0.3,boxht*5/4)
 "\sf plant" at OLP.sw above ljust }
U: arrow right 0.4
 {"$u$" at last arrow+(2bp__,0) above }
Bp: box fill "$B$"
 thickarrow right 0.4
Sp: circle fill
 {"$\;+$" below ljust at Sp.s; "$+$" above rjust at Sp.w+(2bp__,2bp__)}
 thickarrow right 0.4
 {"`$\dot{\mathbf x}$'" at last arrow + (0,7bp__)}
Ip: box fill "$I/s$"
 thickarrow right 1
 {"$\mathbf x$" at last arrow + (0,7bp__) }
Cp: box fill "$C$"
# print Cp.e.x - Bp.w.x + 0.2
 thickline right 0.4
Yp: thickarrow
 {"$\mathbf y$" at last arrow + (0,7bp__) }
Ap: box fill "$A$" with .n at Ip.s+(0,-boxht/2)
 thickarrow <- from Ap.e right 0.4 then up Ip.y-Ap.y
 thickarrow from Ap.w to (Sp,Ap) then to Sp.s
# print OLP.n.y-Ap.s.y+0.1
#
K: box fill "$K$" at Ap + (0,-boxht*3/2)
 arrow from K.w to (S,K) then to S.s
 {OBS: box invis fill 0.9 wid 4.3 ht 1.8 with .nw at (S.w,K.s)-(0.1,0.1)
  "\sf observer" at OBS.sw ljust above }
Io: box fill "$I/s$" at K + (0,-boxht*3/2)
 thickarrow <- from Io.w left 0.4
 {"`$\dot{\hat{\mathbf x}}$'" at last arrow + (0,7bp__)}
Sxo: circle fill
 {"$\;+$" below ljust at Sxo.s; "$+$" above rjust at Sxo.w+(2bp__,2bp__)}
 thickarrow <- left 0.4
SLo: circle fill
 {"$\;+$" below ljust at SLo.s; "$+$" above rjust at SLo.w+(2bp__,2bp__)}
 thickarrow <- left 0.4
Bo: box fill "$B$"
 arrow from 1/4 between U.start and U.end up boxht \
   then left 2*boxht then down Bp.y-Bo.y+boxht then to Bo.w
Ao: box fill "$A$" with .n at Io.s+(0,-boxht/2)
 thickline from Io.e right 0.4
 {thickarrow <-> from K.e to (Here,K.e) then to (Here,Ao) then to Ao.e
  thickarrow from Ao.w to (Sxo,Ao.w) then to Sxo.s }
Xhat: Here
Co: box fill "$C$" at (Cp,Here)
 thickarrow right 0.4
 {"$\hat{\mathbf y}$" at last arrow + (0,7bp__) }
 { thickarrow from Xhat to Co.w }
 {"$\hat{\mathbf x}$" at last arrow + (0,7bp__) }
Syo: circle fill
 {"$\;+$" above ljust at Syo.n; "$-$" below rjust at Syo.w+(2bp__,-2bp__)}
 thickarrow <- from Syo.n to (Syo,Cp)
Lo: box fill "$L$" with .n at Ao.s+(0,-boxht/2)
# print Io.n.y+0.1 - (Lo.s.y-0.1)
 thickarrow from Syo.s down Syo.s.y-Lo.y then to Lo.e
 thickarrow from Lo.w to (SLo,Lo.w) then to SLo.s
] with .nw at last [].sw+(0,-0.3)
 "(b) Single-input plant with feedback from a full-order observer" \
   below ljust at Observer.sw+(0,-5pt__)

# . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #

ifelse(0,1,`
Observer: [ {"$r$" above ljust}
 arrow
S: circle
 "$-\;$" below rjust at S.s
 arrow <- down linewid/2 from S.s
 box ht bh wid bw "$K$"
 arrow <- down linewid/2
 line right linewid "$\hat x$" above
Obs:box wid linewid*5 ht boxht*5/4 \
   "$\frac{d}{dt}\hat x = (A{-}LC)\hat x + B u + L y$"
 "\sl Observer" above ljust at Obs.sw
 arrow <- right linewid/2 from 3/4<Obs.se,Obs.ne>
 line to (Here,S)
 {"$u$" above at Here+(linewid/2,0)}
 arrow from S.e to Here+(linewid,0)
Plant: box wid boxwid*3/2 ht boxht*5/4 \
   "$\frac{d}{dt} x=Ax+Bu$" "$\quad y=Cx$\hfill\hbox{}"
 "\sl Plant" above ljust at Plant.sw
 arrow right from Plant.e
 "$y$" above rjust at Here+(0,2pt__)
 move to last arrow.c
 line to (Here, 1/4<Obs.se,Obs.ne>)
 arrow to (Obs.e,Here)
] with .nw at last [].sw+(0,-0.5)
')

# . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #

ifelse(0,1,`
Multiblock: [
boxht = 0.4
boxwid = boxht
circlerad = boxht*0.4

define  summer { [ C: circle
 line from C.nw to C.se
 line from C.sw to C.ne
 "$$1$" at C.n+(0,1bp__) below
 "$$2$" at C.s-(0,1bp__) above
 "$$3$" at C.e+(1bp__,0) rjust
 "$$4$" at C.w-(1bp__,0) ljust ]
}
define doublebox {[box "$$1$"; arrow; box "$$2$"]}

 arrow "$E_1$" above
S1: summer(,-,,+)
 linewid = boxwid/2
 arrow "$\epsilon$" above
 doublebox(H_1,H_2)
 arrow
S2: summer(-,,,+)
 arrow
T: doublebox(H_3,H_4)
 line
Y: Here
 arrow
 "$S_1$" above
R1: box "$R_1$" at (T.x,T.y+boxht*5/4)
 arrow from Y to (Y,R1) then to R1.e
 arrow from R1.w to (S2,R1) then to S2.n
 "$n_1$" ljust at S2.n+(0,boxht/2)
 left
Rf: doublebox(R_2,R_3) at ((S1.x+T.x)/2,T.y-boxht*5/4)
 arrow from T to (T,Rf) then to Rf.e
 arrow from Rf.w to (S1,Rf) then to S1.s
 "$n_2$" at S1.s+(0,-boxht/2) ljust
] with .nw at Observer.sw + (0,-0.3)
 "(c) A multiblock example" below ljust at last [].sw+(0,-3pt__)
')

# . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #

ifelse(0,1,`
Nonlinear: [boxwid = boxwid*3/2; boxht = boxht*3/2
 thicklines_
 scale = 0.8
 circlerad = 0.3/2
R: box "reference" "$R$"
  arrow right linewid*4/3 "${y_c}_{\hbox{\scriptsize ref}}$" above
Gh: box "```inverse'''" "$\hat G$"
  arrow from Gh.s down "${y_m}_{\hbox{\scriptsize ref}}$" ljust
E: circle
  arrow from E.e right "$e$" above
  box "stabilizer" "$K$"
  arrow "$\delta u$" above
D: circle
  line from Gh.e to (D,Gh.e) "$u_{\hbox{\scriptsize ref}}$" above; corner
  arrow to D.n
  arrow from D.e right "$u$" above
G: box "plant" "$G$"
  arrow <- from G.n up boxht/2
  "disturbance $z$" above
  arrow right from G.e + (0,boxht/4)
  "$y_c$" ljust
  arrow right from G.e + (0,-boxht/4)
  "$y_m$" ljust
  move to last arrow.c
  arrow down Here.y-G.s.y+boxht*2/3 then left Here.x-E.x then to E.s
  "$-$" at Here + (-0.15,-0.1)
  arrow <- down from R.s
  "$W$ control input" at Here - (0,0.1)
UL:R.nw +(-boxht/2,boxht/2)
UR:(D.e,UL) + (0.1,0)
  line dashed from UL to UR then to (UR,G.s+(0,-boxht*3/2))
  line dashed to (Gh.w,Here) "Controller" above
  line dashed to (Here,Gh.s+(0,-boxht/2))
  line dashed to (UL,Here) then to UL
] with .nw at last [].sw + (0,-0.25)
 "(d) Nonlinear feedforward (for performance) and small-signal feedback
    (for stability)" below ljust at Nonlinear.sw+(0,-5pt__)
')

# . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #
# Gimbal.m4
# https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/734796/how-to-create-a-gimbal-model-for-one-axis-using-tikz

#gen_init
Gimbal: [
textht = 15bp__
circlerad = 8bp__

 iflatex(command "{\sf
   \newcommand{\Sub}[1]{{\hbox{\scriptsize `#1'}}}")

Ir: arrow right_ linewid*3/2
 { "Current" ljust at Ir.start+(-5bp__,textht) "reference" ljust
   "$i_\Sub{reference}$" ljust at Ir.start-(0,textht*2/3) }
Ka: box "$K_a$"
 { "Current" at Ka.s -(0,textht) "amplifier gain" }
 arrow right_ linewid*3/2
 { "Motor" at last arrow+(0,textht) "current" }
Kt: box "$K_t$"
 { "Motor torque" at Kt.s -(0,textht) "constant" }
 arrow
S1: circle; {"$-$" at S1.n above ljust; "$+$" at S1.w above rjust }
 arrow right_ linewid*1.2
GI: box "$\frac{1}{J_\Sub{s}}$"; arrow "$\omega_h$" above
 { "Gimbal inertia" at GI.s -(0,textht) }
S2: circle at Here+(0,3/2*boxht)
 {"$-$" at S2.e above ljust; "$+$" at S2.s below rjust }
 { arrow <- right_; "$\omega_b$" above rjust }
 arrow left_ from S2.w to (GI.e,S2)
Bv: box "$B_v$"
 arrow left_ "$T_\Sub{viscous}\mathstrut$" below from Bv.w to (S1.e,Bv)
S3: circle "$+$"
 { arrow <- from S3.w; "$T_\Sub{ext}$" above ljust }
 arrow from S3 to S1 chop
Fc: box ht boxht*3/2 at Bv+(0,boxht*7/4)
 arrow from S2.n to (S2,Fc) then to Fc.e
 arrow from Fc.w to (S3,Fc) then to S3.n
 "$T_\Sub{friction}$" at (S3,Fc) above
 [ Orig: Here; thicktmp = linethick; thicklines_(0.4)
  V: arrow from Orig up_ Fc.ht*5/12
  H: arrow right_ Fc.wid*5/6 with .c at Orig; thicklines_(thicktmp)
   line thick 1.2 up Fc.ht/2 with .c at Orig
   spline 0.55 thick 1.2 down_ boxht/5 right_ boxht/9 \
     then right_ boxwid/9 then right_ boxwid/4 up_ boxwid/8
   { "$F_c$" above rjust }
   spline 0.55 thick 1.2 from last line.start up_ boxht/5 left_ boxht/9 \
     then left_ boxwid/9 then left_ boxwid/4 down_ boxwid/8
   { "${-}F_c$" below ljust }
   ] with .Orig at Fc
Gl: box wid boxwid*5/4 with .e at GI.e+(0,-boxht*2) \
 "$\frac{\omega_g^2}{s^2+2\zeta \omega_g s + \omega_g^2}$ "
 { "Gyro lowpass" at Gl.s -(0,textht) }
 arrow from Gl.e to (S2,Gl) then to S2.s
Gd: box wid boxwid*5/3 at (Kt,Gl) \
 "$\frac{(d^2/12)\,s^2 - (d/2)\,s + 1}{(d^2/12)\,s^2 + (d/2)\,s + 1}$"
 { "Gyro delay" at Gd.s -(0,textht) }
 arrow left_ from Gl.w to Gd.e
 arrow left_ from Gd.w chop 0 chop
S4: circle "$+$"
 {"Gyro noise" at (S4,last ""); arrow from last "".n to S4.s }
Rm: arrow left_ from S4.w to (Ir.start,S4)
 { "Rate" ljust at Here+(0,textht) "measurement" ljust }
   "$w{}_\Sub{measured}$" ljust at Here-(0,textht*2/3)

 iflatex(command "}%")
] with .nw at last [].sw + (0,-0.25)
 "(d) Single-axis gimbal model" below ljust at Gimbal.sw+(0,-5pt__)

#print PID.n.y - Gimbal.s.y
PE

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