% This is alchemy but good enough for now.
\newcommand{\macrodef}[5]{\paragraph*{\hfill}\noindent%
\phantomsection\pdfbookmark[subsubsection]{#1}{#2}\hspace*{-\parindent}%
\setbox\Defbox=\hbox{\tt #1#3}%
\ifdim\wd\Defbox>\textwidth%
\setbox\Defbox=\hbox{\parbox[t]{\textwidth}{\tt #1#3}}\fi%
\nopagebreak%
\ifdim\wd\Defbox>\leftwid%
\box\Defbox\hfill\break\hspace*{-1ex}\hbox to \leftwid{\hfill}%
\else\hbox to \leftwid{\box\Defbox\hfill}\fi%
\hbox to \libwid{#4\hfill}%
\begin{minipage}[t]{\rightwid}\raggedright#5\end{minipage}}%
\newcommand{\seesect}[1]{ (\SR{#1})}
\newcommand{\Letter}[1]{\noindent%
\pdfbookmark[subsection]{#1}{#1}%
\hskip-2em\hbox to 2em{\par#1\label{#1}}\relax}%
\Letter{A}%
\macrodef{above\_}{above_}{}%
{gen}%
{string position above relative to current direction}%
\macrodef{abs\_}{abs_}{({\sl number})}%
{gen}%
{absolute value function}%
\macrodef{ACsymbol}{ACsymbol}{(at {\sl position, len, ht,} %
[n:][A]U|D|L|R|{\sl degrees}) }%
{cct}%
{draw a stack of $n$ (default 1) AC symbols
(1-cycle sine waves); If arg 4 contains A, two arcs
are used. The current drawing direction is default, otherwise Up, Down,
Left, Right, or at {\sl degrees} slant; \seesect{Twoterminal:} e.g.,\\
{\tt ebox; $\lbrace$ACsymbol(at last [],{,}dimen\_/8)$\rbrace$}}%
\macrodef{adc}{adc}{({\sl width, height, nIn, nN, nOut, nS})}%
{cct}%
{Analog-digital converter with defined width, height, and number of
inputs {\tt In$i$}, top terminals {\tt N$i$}, ouputs {\tt Out$i$},
and bottom terminals~{\tt S$i$}}%
\macrodef{addtaps}{addtaps}{([{\sl arrowhd}%
| type={\sl arrowhd};name={\sl Name}],
{\sl fraction, length, fraction, length,} $\cdots$)}%
{cct}%
{Add taps to the previous two-terminal element.
{\sl arrowhd} is blank or one of {\tt . - <- -> <->}.
Each fraction determines the position along the element body of the tap.
A negative length draws the tap to the right of the current
direction; positive length to the left.
Tap names are Tap1, Tap2, $\cdots$ by default or
Name1, Name2, $\cdots$ if specified
\seesect{Composite:}}%
\macrodef{adjust}{adjust}{([at {\sl position}], {\sl keys})}%
{cct}%
{ Ajdustment screwhead in a [ ] block.
{\sl keys:}
{\tt size={\sl expression;}}
{\tt angle={\sl degrees;}}
{\tt slotwid={\sl expression;}}
{\tt circle={\sl attributes;}}}%
\macrodef{along\_}{along_}{({\sl linear object name})}%
{gen}%
{short for {\tt between {\sl name}.start and {\sl name}.end}}%
\macrodef{Along\_}{Along_}{({\sl LinearObj,distance,}[R])}%
{gen}%
{Position arg2 (default all the way) along a linear object
from {\tt .start} to {\tt .end}
(from {\tt .end} to {\tt .start} if arg3={\tt R}) }%
\macrodef{amp}{amp}{(\linespec, {\sl size}, {\sl attributes})}%
{cct}%
{amplifier\seesect{Twoterminal:}}%
\macrodef{And, Or, Not, Nand, Nor, Xor, Nxor, Buffer}%
{And, Or, Not, Nand, Nor, Xor, Nxor, Buffer}{}%
{log}%
{Wrappers of {\tt AND\_gate}, $\ldots$ for use in the {\tt Autologix}
macro}%
\macrodef{AND\_gate}{AND_gate}{({\tt {\sl n}, [N][B],
[{\sl wid}, [{\sl ht}]], {\sl attributes}})}%
{log}%
{`and' gate, 2 or {\sl n\/} inputs ($0 \leq n \leq 16$) drawn in the
current direction;
{\tt N}: negated inputs; {\tt B}: box shape.
Alternatively, {\tt AND\_gate({\sl chars}, [B], {\sl wid},
{\sl ht}, {\sl attributes})}, where
arg1 is a sequence of letters {\tt P|N} to define
normal or negated inputs.
\seesect{Logicgates:}}%
\macrodef{AND\_gen}{AND_gen}{($n$, {\sl chars}, [{\sl wid}, [{\sl ht}]],
{\sl attributes})}%
{log}%
{general AND gate: $n$=number of inputs $(0\leq n\leq 16)$;
{\sl chars:}
B=base and straight sides; A=Arc;
[N]NE,[N]SE,[N]I,[N]N,[N]S=inputs or circles;
[N]O=output; C=center.
Otherwise, arg1 can be a sequence of letters {\tt P|N}
to define normal or negated inputs; arg2 is as above except that
{\tt [N]I} is ignored. Arg 5 contains body attributes.}%
\macrodef{AND\_ht}{AND_ht}{}%
{log}%
{height of basic `and' and `or' gates in {\tt L\_unit}s}%
\macrodef{AND\_wd}{AND_wd}{}%
{log}%
{width of basic `and' and `or' gates in {\tt L\_unit}s}%
\macrodef{antenna}{antenna}{%
(at {\sl location}, T, A|L|T|S|D|P|F, U|D|L|R|{\sl degrees})}%
{cct}%
{antenna, without stem for nonblank 2nd arg; arg3 is\\
{\tt A}: aerial (default),\\
{\tt L}: loop,\\
{\tt T}: triangle,\\
{\tt S}: diamond,\\
{\tt D}: dipole,\\
{\tt P}: phased,\\
{\tt F}: fork;\\
arg4 specifies Up, Down, Left, Right, or angle from horizontal (default 90)
\seesect{Composite:}}%
\macrodef{arca}{arca}{({\sl absolute chord linespec}, ccw|cw, {\sl radius},
{\sl modifiers}) }%
{gen}%
{arc with acute angle (obtuse if radius is negative), drawn in a [ ] block}%
\macrodef{ArcAngle}{ArcAngle}{({\sl position, position, position, radius,
modifiers, label}) }%
{gen}%
{Arc angle symbol drawn ccw at arg2. Arg4 is the radius from arg2;
arg5 contains line attributes, e.g., {\tt thick linethick/2 ->};
arg6 is an optional label at mid-arc}%
\macrodef{arcd}{arcd}{({\sl center},
{\sl radius},{\sl start degrees},{\sl end degrees}) }%
{gen}%
{Arc definition (see {\tt arcr}), angles in degrees
\seesect{Positions:}}%
\macrodef{arcdimension\_}{arcdimension_}{({\sl arcspec},{\sl offset},%
{\sl label},
D|H|W|{\sl blank width},{\sl tic offset},{\sl arrowhead })}%
{gen}%
{like {\tt dimension\_}, for drawing arcs for dimensioning diagrams;
{\sl arrowhead=}{\tt -> | <-}. Uses the first argument as the attributes
of an invisible arc: {\tt arc invis }{\sl arg1}. {\sl Arg2} is the
radial displacement (possibly negative) of the dimension arrows.
If {\sl arg3} is {\tt s\_box(\ldots)} or {\sl rs\_box(\ldots)} and
{\sl arg4=}{\tt D|H|W} then {\sl arg4} means:
{\tt D:} blank width is the diagonal length of {\sl arg3};
{\tt H:} blank width is the height of {\sl arg3} + {\tt textoffset*2};
{\tt W:} blank width is the width of {\sl arg3} + {\tt textoffset*2};
otherwise {\sl arg4} is the absolute blank width}%
\macrodef{arcr}{arcr}{({\sl center},{\sl radius},{\sl start angle},{\sl
end angle,modifiers,ht}) }%
{gen}%
{Arc definition. If arg5 contains {\tt <-} or {\tt ->} then a midpoint
arrowhead of height equal to arg6 is added. Arg5 can contain modifiers
(e.g. outlined "red"), for the arc and arrowhead. Modifiers following
the macro affect the arc only,
e.g., {\tt arcr(A,r,0,pi\_/2,->) dotted ->}%
\seesect{Positions:}}%
\macrodef{arcto}{arcto}{({\sl position 1}, {\sl position 2},
{\sl radius}, [dashed|dotted])}%
{gen}%
{line toward position 1 with rounded corner toward position 2}%
\macrodef{array}{array}{({\sl variable, expr1, expr2, \ldots})}%
{dpictools}%
{$\;\;$ Populate a singly-subscripted array:
{\tt {\sl var}[1]={\sl expr1;} {\sl var}[2]={\sl expr2;} \ldots}.}%
\macrodef{array2}{array2}{({\sl variable, expr1, expr2, \ldots})}%
{dpictools}%
{$\;\;$ Populate a doubly-subscripted array:
{\tt {\sl var}[{\sl expr1},1]={\sl expr2;}
{\sl var}[{\sl expr1},2]={\sl expr3;} \ldots}.}%
\macrodef{arraymax}{arraymax}{({\sl data array, n, index name, value})}%
{dpictools}%
{$\;\;$ Find the index in {\sl array[1:n]} of the first occurrence
of the maximum array element value. The value is assigned if arg4 is
nonblank; example:
{\tt array(x,4,9,8,6); arraymax( x,4,i )}
assigns 2 to {\sl i,} and {\tt arraymax( x,4,i,m )}
assigns 2 to {\sl i} and 9 to {\sl m.}}%
\macrodef{arraymin}{arraymin}{({\sl data array, n, index name, value})}%
{dpictools}%
{$\;\;$ Find the index in {\sl array[1:n]} of the first occurrence
of the minimum array element value. The value is assigned if arg4 is
nonblank; see {\tt arraymax}.}%
\macrodef{arrester}{arrester}{(\linespec, {\sl chars}[D[L|R]],
{\sl body len}[:{\sl arrowhead ht}],
{\sl body ht}[:{\sl arrowhead wid}],
{\sl attributes} )}%
{cct}%
{Arg2 {\sl chars:}\\
{\tt G=} spark gap (default)\\
{\tt g=} general (dots)\\
{\tt E=} gas discharge\\
{\tt S=} box enclosure\\
{\tt C=} carbon block\\
{\tt A=} electrolytic cell\\
{\tt H=} horn gap\\
{\tt P=} protective gap\\
{\tt s=} sphere gap\\
{\tt F=} film element\\
{\tt M=} multigap\\
{\sl Modifiers appended to arg2:}\\
{\tt R=} right orientation\\
{\tt L=} left orientation\\
{\tt D=} for {\tt S, E} only, create a 3-terminal composite element
with terminals {\sl A, B, G,} placed as a block since Arg1 now determines
length and direction but not position.\\
\seesect{Twoterminal:}}%
\macrodef{arrowline}{arrowline}{(\linespec)}%
{cct}%
{line (dotted, dashed permissible) with centred arrowhead
\seesect{Twoterminal:}}%
\macrodef{assign3}{assign3}{({\sl name, name, name, arg4, arg5, arg6})}%
{gen}%
{Assigns \$1 = arg4 if \$1 is nonblank; similarly \$2 = arg5 and \$3 = arg6}%
\macrodef{AutoGate}{AutoGate}{\relax}%
{log}%
{Draw the tree for a gate as in the {\tt Autologix} macro. No inputs
or external connections are drawn. The names of the internal gate
inputs are stacked in {\tt `AutoInNames'}}%
\macrodef{Autologix}{Autologix}%
{({\sl Boolean function sequence},%
[N[oconnect]][L[eftinputs]][R][V][M][;offset={\sl value}])}%
{log}%
{Draw the Boolean expressions defined in function notation.
The first argument is a semicolon (;)-separated sequence of
Boolean function specifications using the functions
{\tt And, Or, Not, Buffer, Xor, Nand, Nor, Nxor}
with variables, e.g.,
{\tt Autologix(And(Or(x1,\~{}x2),Or(\~{}x1,x2)));}.\\
Each function specification is of the form\\
{\tt {\sl function}({\sl arguments}) [@{\sl attributes}]}.
\par
Function outputs are aligned vertically but appending
{\tt@}{\sl attributes} to a function can be used to place it; e.g.,
{\tt Nand(\~{}A,B) @with .n at last [].s+(0,-2bp\_\_).}
\par
The function arguments are variable names or nested Boolean functions.
Each unique variable {\sl var} causes an input point {\tt In}{\sl var}
to be defined. Preceding the variable by a {\tt \~{}} causes a NOT gate
to be drawn at the input.
The inputs are drawn in a row at the upper left by default.
An {\tt L} in arg2 draws the inputs in a column at the left;
{\tt R} reverses the order of the drawn inputs;
{\tt V} scans the expression from right to left
when listing inputs;
{\tt M} draws the left-right mirror image of the diagram;
and {\tt N} draws only the function tree without the input array.
The inputs are labelled {\tt In1}, {In2}, \ldots and the function
outputs are {\tt Out1}, {Out2}, \dots.
Each variable {\sl var} corresponds also to one of the input array
points with label {\tt In}{\sl var}.
Setting {\tt offset=}{\sl value} displaces the
drawn input list in order to disambiguate the input connections when {\tt L}
is used.
\par
In the (possibly rare) case where one or more inputs of a normal function
gate is to have a NOT-circle, an additional first argument of the function
is inserted, of the form {\tt [{\sl charseq}]}, where {\sl charseq}
is a string containing the characters {\tt P} for a normal input or
{\tt N} for a negated input, the length of the string equal to the number
of gate inputs. Example:
{\tt Autologix(Xor([PN],And(x,y),And(x,y)),LRV)}}%
\Letter{B}%
\macrodef{basename\_}{basename_}{({\sl string sequence, separator})}%
{gen}%
{Extract the rightmost name from a sequence of names separated by arg2
(default dot ``.'')}%
\macrodef{battery}{battery}{(\linespec,{\sl n},R)}%
{cct}%
{n-cell battery: default 1 cell,
R=reversed polarity\seesect{Twoterminal:}}%
\macrodef{b\_}{b_}{}%
{gen}%
{blue color value}%
\macrodef{b\_current}{b_current}{({\sl label}, {\sl pos}, In|Out, Start|End,
{\sl frac})}%
{cct}%
{labelled branch-current arrow to {\sl frac} between branch end and body
\seesect{Branchcurrent:}}%
\macrodef{beginshade}{beginshade}{({\sl gray value})}%
{gen}%
{begin gray shading, see {\tt shade}%
e.g., {\tt beginshade(.5);} {\sl closed line specs}; {\tt endshade}}%
\macrodef{bell}{bell}{( U|D|L|R|{\sl degrees}, {\sl size})}%
{cct}%
{bell, {\sl In1} to {\sl In3} defined
\seesect{Composite:}}%
\macrodef{below\_}{below_}{}%
{gen}%
{string position relative to current direction}%
\macrodef{Between\_}{Between_}{({\sl Pos1, Pos2,distance,}[R])}%
{gen}%
{Position {\sl distance} from {\sl Pos1} toward {\sl Pos2}. If
the fourth arg is {\tt R} then from {\sl Pos2} toward {\sl Pos1}.}%
\macrodef{binary\_}{binary_}{($n$, [$m$])}%
{gen}%
{binary representation of $n,$ left padded to $m$ digits if the second
argument is nonblank}%
\macrodef{bisect}{bisect}{%
({\sl function name, left bound, right bound, tolerance, variable}))}%
{dpictools}%
{$\;\;$ Solve $\hbox{\sl function}(x) = 0$ by the method of
bisection.
Like {\tt findroot} but uses recursion and is without a {\tt[]} box.
The calculated value is assigned to the variable named in the
last argument (\SR{Libraries:}). Example:\\
{\tt define parabola \{ \$2 = (\$1)\char94{}2 - 1 \};\\
bisect( parabola, 0, 2, 1e-8, x )}. }%
\macrodef{bi\_trans}{bi_trans}{(\linespec,L|R,{\sl chars},E)}%
{cct}%
{ bipolar transistor, core left or right; chars:\\
{\tt BU}: bulk line\\
{\tt B}: base line and label\\
{\tt S}: Schottky base hooks\\
{\tt uEn|dEn}: emitters E0 to En\\
{\tt uE|dE}: single emitter\\
{\tt Cn|uCn|dCn}: collectors C0 to Cn; {\tt u} or {\tt d} add an arrow\\
{\tt C}: single collector; {\tt u} or {\tt d} add an arrow\\
{\tt G}: gate line and location\\
{\tt H}: gate line;\\
{\tt L}: L-gate line and location\\
{\tt [d]D}: named parallel diode\\
{\tt d}: dotted connection\\
{\tt [u]T}: thyristor trigger line\\
arg 4 = {\tt E}: envelope
\seesect{Semiconductors:}}%
\macrodef{bi\_tr}{bi_tr}{(\linespec,L|R,P,E)}%
{cct}%
{left or right, N- or P-type bipolar transistor, without or with envelope
\seesect{Semiconductors:}}%
\macrodef{boxcoord}{boxcoord}{({\sl planar obj}, {\sl x fraction},
{\sl y fraction})}%
{gen}%
{internal point in a planar object}%
\macrodef{boxdim}{boxdim}{({\sl name},h|w|d|v,{\sl default})}%
{gen}%
{Evaluate, e.g.\ {\sl name}{\tt \_w} if defined, else {\sl default\/}
if given, else 0. {\tt v} gives sum of {\tt d} and {\tt h} values
\seesect{Interaction:}}%
\macrodef{BOX\_gate}{BOX_gate}{({\sl inputs, output, swid, sht, label,
attributes })}%
{log}%
{output=[{\tt P|N}], inputs=[{\tt P|N}]$\ldots$, sizes swid and sht
in {\tt L\_unit}s (default {\tt AND\_wd} = 7)
\seesect{Logicgates:}}%
\macrodef{bp\_\_}{bp__}{}%
{gen}%
{big-point-size factor, in scaled inches, ({\tt *scale/72})}%
\macrodef{bswitch}{bswitch}{(\linespec, [L|R],chars)}%
{cct}%
{pushbutton switch R=right orientation (default L=left);
chars: O= normally open, C=normally closed }%
\macrodef{BUFFER\_gate}{BUFFER_gate}{(\linespec, [N|B],
{\sl wid, ht,} [N|P]\char42, [N|P]\char42, [N|P]\char42,
{\sl attributes})}%
{log}%
{basic buffer, dfault 1 input or as a 2-terminal element,\\
arg2: {\tt N}: negated input, {\tt B}: box gate;\\
arg 5: normal ({\tt P}) or negated {\tt N}) inputs labeled In1
\seesect{Logicgates:}}%
\macrodef{BUFFER\_gen}{BUFFER_gen}{({\sl chars,wd,ht},[N|P]*,[N|P]*,[N|P]*,
{\sl attributes})}%
{log}%
{general buffer, {\sl chars:}\\
{\tt T}: triangle,\\
{\tt [N]O}: output location {\tt Out}
({\tt NO} draws circle {\tt N\_Out});\\
{\tt [N]I, [N]N, [N]S, [N]NE, [N]SE} input locations;\\
{\tt C}: centre location.\\
Args 4-6 allow alternative
definitions of respective {\tt In, NE,}
and {\tt SE} argument sequences }%
\macrodef{BUF\_ht}{BUF_ht}{}%
{log}%
{basic buffer gate height in {\tt L\_unit}s}%
\macrodef{BUF\_wd}{BUF_wd}{}%
{log}%
{basic buffer gate width in {\tt L\_unit}s}%
\macrodef{buzzer}{buzzer}{( U|D|L|R|{\sl degrees, size,}[C])}%
{cct}%
{buzzer, {\sl In1} to {\sl In3} defined, C=curved
\seesect{Composite:}}%
\Letter{C}%
\macrodef{cangle}{cangle}{({\sl Start, End},[d])}%
{gen}%
{Angle in radians of the sector at arg2 with arm ends given
by arg1 and arg3 (degrees if arg4=d).}%
\macrodef{capacitor}{capacitor}{(\linespec,{\sl chars},R,
{\sl height}, {\sl wid})}%
{cct}%
{capacitor, {\sl chars}:\\
{\tt F} or blank: flat plate\\
{\tt dF} flat plate with hatched fill\\
{\tt C} curved-plate\\
{\tt dC} curved-plate with variability arrowhead\\
{\tt CP} constant phase element\\
{\tt E} polarized boxed plates\\
{\tt K} filled boxed plates\\
{\tt M} unfilled boxes\\
{\tt N} one rectangular plate\\
{\tt P} alternate polarized\\
{\tt +} adds a polarity sign\\
{\tt +L} polarity sign to the left of drawing direction\\
arg3: {\tt R=}reversed polarity\\
arg4: height (defaults {\tt F:} {\tt dimen\_}$/3$,
{\tt C,P:} {\tt dimen\_}$/4$,
{\tt E,K:} {\tt dimen\_}$/5$)\\
arg5: wid (defaults {\tt F:} {\sl height}*0.3,
{\tt C,P:} {\sl height}*0.4,
{\tt CP:} {\sl height}*0.8,
{\tt E,K:} {\sl height})
\seesect{Twoterminal:}}%
\macrodef{case}{case}{({\sl i, alt1, alt2, \ldots})}%
{dpictools}%
{$\;\;$ Case statement for dpic; execute alternative {\sl i.}
Example: {\tt case( 2, x=5, x=10, x=15 )} sets {\tt x} to 10.
Note: this is a macro so {\tt \${}n} refers to the {\sl n}-th
argument of {\tt case}.}%
\macrodef{cbreaker}{cbreaker}{(\linespec, L|R, D|Th|TS, body name)}%
{cct}%
{circuit breaker to left or right, {\tt D}: with dots; {\tt Th}: thermal;
{\tt TS}: squared thermal; default body bounding box name is
{\sl Br}\seesect{Twoterminal:}}%
\macrodef{ccoax}{ccoax}{(at {\sl location}, M|F, {\sl diameter, attributes})}%
{cct}%
{coax connector, {\tt M}: male, {\tt F}: female
\seesect{Composite:}}%
\macrodef{cct\_init}{cct_init}{}%
{cct}%
{initialize circuit-diagram environment (reads {\tt libcct.m4})}%
\macrodef{centerline\_}{centerline_}{({\sl linespec, thickness{\tt|}color,
minimum long dash len, short dash len, gap len}}%
{gen}%
{Technical drawing centerline}%
\macrodef{c\_fet}{c_fet}{(\linespec,R,P)}%
{cct}%
{left or right, plain or negated pin simplified MOSFET}%
\macrodef{Cintersect}{Cintersect}{({\sl Pos1, Pos2, rad1, rad2,} [R])}%
{gen}%
{Upper (lower if arg5={\tt R}) intersection of circles at
{\sl Pos1} and {\sl Pos2}, radius {\sl rad1} and {\sl rad2}}
\macrodef{clabel}{clabel}{( {\sl label}, {\sl label}, {\sl label},
{\sl relative position}, {\sl block name})}%
{cct}%
{Triple label along the drawing axis of the body of an element in the
current direction \seesect{Labels:}. Labels are placed at the
beginning, centre, and end of the last {\tt []} block (or a {\tt
[]} block named or enumerated in arg5). Each label is treated as
math by default, but is copied literally if it is in double quotes
or sprintf. {\sl Arg4} can be {\tt above,} {\tt below,} {\tt left,}
or {\tt right} to supplement the default relative position.}%
\macrodef{cm\_\_}{cm__}{}%
{gen}%
{absolute centimetres}%
\macrodef{cmyktorgb}{cmyktorgb}{({\sl c, m, y, k, r, g, b})}%
{dpictools}%
{$\;\;$ cmyk values in percent, i.e., 0 to 100, to rgb.}%
\macrodef{consource}{consource}{(\linespec, V|I|tv|v|ti|i|P, R,
{\sl attributes})}%
{cct}%
{controlled source or sensor with alternate forms;
{\tt V}: voltage;
{\tt I}: current;
{\tt v}: voltage type 2;
{\tt tv}: voltage type 3;
{\tt i}: current type 2;
{\tt ti}: current type 3;
{\tt P}: proximity sensor;
{\tt R}: reversed polarity.
Body internal locations N, S, E, W, and C are defined.
Arg 4 can be used to modify the body or to add internal symbols, e.g.\\
{\tt consource(,{,},fill\_(0.9); "S" at C)}\seesect{Twoterminal:}}%
\macrodef{ColoredV}{ColoredV}{%
(box|circle|ellipse,({\sl r,g,b})|(({\sl colorseq}))[:{\sl nlines}],%
{\sl attributes})}%
{gen}%
{box (default), circle, or ellipse in a {\tt []} block.
If arg2 is blank
then all formatting is in arg3; if parenthesized r,g,b, the object
is shaded top to bottom white to the specified rgb color; if a
double-parenthesized {\sl colorseq} then the {\sl colorseq}
defines the internal
shading top to bottom. A {\sl colorseq} is of the form
{\sl 0,r0,g0,b0,\\
frac1,r1,g1,b1,\\
frac2,r2,g2,b2,\\
\ldots\\
1,rn,gn,bn}\\
with $0 < \hbox{\sl frac1} < \hbox{\sl frac2} \ldots 1$.
The number of {\sl colorseq} lines can be specified with the colon
(default {\tt height/(line thickness)*2)}.
Examples: {\tt ColoredV(circle,(1,0,0));
ColoredV(ellipse,(1,0.04,1),wid 0.75 ht 1 \textbackslash\\
$\;$ outlined "magenta" "Goodbye");
ColoredV(box,((0,1,1,0, 1,0,0,1)):50, \\
$\;$ outlined "blue" rad 0.1).} }%
\macrodef{contact}{contact}{({\sl chars})}%
{cct}%
{single-pole contact:
{\tt O}: normally open\\
{\tt C}: normally closed (default)\\
{\tt I}: open circle contacts\\
{\tt P}: three position\\
{\tt R}: right orientation\\
{\tt T}: T contacts\\
{\tt U}: U contacts
\seesect{Composite:}}%
\macrodef{contacts}{contacts}{({\sl count, chars})}%
{cct}%
{multiple ganged single-pole contacts:
{\tt P}: three position\\
{\tt O}: normally open\\
{\tt C}: normally closed\\
{\tt D}: dashed ganging line over contact armatures
{\tt I}: open circle contacts\\
{\tt R}: right orientation\\
{\tt T}: T contacts\\
{\tt U}: U contact lines parallel to drawing direction
\seesect{Composite:}}%
\macrodef{contline}{contline}{({\sl line})}%
{gen}%
{evaluates to {\tt continue}
if processor is {\bf dpic}, otherwise to first arg (default {\tt line})}%
\macrodef{copy3}{copy3}{({\sl vector1,vector2})}%
{dpictools}%
{$\;\;$ Copy vector1 into vector named by arg2.}%
\macrodef{copythru}{copythru}{({\sl dpic macro name,} "{\sl file name}")}%
{dpictools}%
{$\;\;$ Implements the gpic {\tt copy {\sl filename} thru {\sl macro-name}}
for file data separated by commas, spaces, or tabs.}%
\macrodef{corner}{corner}{({\sl line thickness,attributes,turn radians})}%
{gen}%
{ Mitre (default filled square) drawn at end of last line or at a
given position.
arg1 default: current line thickness;
arg2: e.g. {\tt outlined} {\sl string}; if arg2 starts with
{\tt at} {\sl position} then a manhattan (right-left-up-down) corner
is drawn;
arg3= radians (turn angle, +ve is ccw, default $\pi/2$).
The corner is enclosed in braces
in order to leave {\tt Here} unchanged unless arg2 begins with {\tt at}%
\seesect{Corners:}}%
\macrodef{Cos}{Cos}{({\sl integer})}%
{gen}%
{cosine function, {\sl integer\/} degrees}%
\macrodef{cosd}{cosd}{({\sl arg})}%
{gen}%
{cosine of an expression in degrees}%
\macrodef{Cosine}{Cosine}{( {\sl amplitude}, {\sl freq}, {\sl time},
{\sl phase} )}%
{gen}%
{function $a\times\cos(\omega t + \phi)$ }%
\macrodef{cross3}{cross3}{({\sl vec1, vec2, vec3})}%
{dpictools}%
{$\;\;$ The 3-vector cross product
$\hbox{\sl vec3} = \hbox{\sl vec1} \times \hbox{\sl vec2}$.}%
\macrodef{cross3D}{cross3D}{({\sl x1,y1,z1,x2,y2,z2})}%
{3D}%
{cross product of two triples}%
\macrodef{cross}{cross}{(at {\sl location, size}|{\sl keys})}%
{gen}%
{Plots a small cross. The possible key-value pairs are:
{\tt size={\sl expr};},
{\tt line={\sl attributes};} }%
\macrodef{crossover}{crossover}{(\linespec, [L|R][:{\sl line attributes}],
{\sl Linename1, Linename2,} $\ldots$)}%
{cct}%
{line jumping left or right over ordered named
lines\seesect{Semiconductors:}}%
\macrodef{crosswd\_}{crosswd_}{}%
{gen}%
{cross dimension}%
\macrodef{csdim\_}{csdim_}{}%
{cct}%
{controlled-source width}%
\Letter{D}%
\macrodef{dabove}{dabove}{(at {\sl location})}%
{darrow}%
{above (displaced dlinewid/2)}%
\macrodef{dac}{dac}{({\sl width,height,nIn,nN,nOut,nS})}%
{cct}%
{DAC with defined width, height, and number of inputs {\tt In$i$},
top terminals {\tt N$i$}, ouputs {\tt Out$i$},
and bottom terminals~{\tt S$i$} \seesect{Logicgates:}}%
\macrodef{Darc}{Darc}{({\sl center position},
{\sl radius}, {\sl start radians}, {\sl end radians},
{\sl parameters})}%
{darrow}%
{Wrapper for {\tt darc}.
CCW arc in {\tt dline} style, with closed ends or (dpic only) arrowheads.
Semicolon-separated {\sl parameters}:\\
{\tt thick=}{\sl value};\\
{\tt wid=}{\sl value};\\
{\tt ends=} {\sl x}{\tt -},
{\tt -}{\sl x}, {\sl x}{\tt -}{\sl x}, {\tt ->}, {\sl x}{\tt ->},
{\tt <-}, {\tt <-}{\sl x}, {\tt <->},
where {\sl x} is {\tt |} or (half-thickness line) {\tt !}.}%
\macrodef{darc}{darc}{({\sl center position},
{\sl radius}, {\sl start radians}, {\sl end radians}, {\sl dline thickness},
{\sl arrowhead wid}, {\sl arrowhead ht},
{\sl end symbols}, {\sl outline attributes}, {\sl inner attributes})}%
{darrow}%
{See also {\tt Darc}.
CCW arc in {\tt dline} style, with closed ends or (dpic only) arrowheads.
Permissible {\sl end symbols}:
{\sl x}{\tt -},
{\tt -}{\sl x}, {\sl x}{\tt -}{\sl x}, {\tt ->}, {\sl x}{\tt ->},
{\tt <-}, {\tt <-}{\sl x}, {\tt <->}
where {\sl x} is {\tt |} or (half-thickness line) {\tt !}.
An inner arc is drawn overlaying the outer arc.
Example: {\tt darc(,{,},{,},{,},{,}outlined "red",outlined "yellow")}.}%
\macrodef{Darlington}{Darlington}{(L|R,{\sl chars})}%
{cct}%
{Composite Darlington pair Q1 and Q2 with internal locations E, B, C;
Characters in {\sl arg2:}\\
E= envelope\\
P= P-type\\
B1= internal base lead\\
D= damper diode\\
R1= Q1 bias resistor; E1= ebox\\
R2= Q2 bias resistor; E2= ebox (require R1 or E1)\\
Z= zener bias diode
\seesect{Semiconductors:}}%
\macrodef{darrow}{darrow}{(\linespec,
t, t, {\sl width}, {\sl arrowhd wd}, {\sl arrowhd ht}, {\sl parameters},
{\sl color attributes})}%
{darrow}%
{See also {\tt Darrow}.
Double arrow, truncated at beginning (arg2={\tt t}) or
end (arg3={\tt t}), specified sizes,
with arrowhead and optional closed stem. The parameters (arg7) are
{\tt {\sl x}-} or {\tt ->} or {\tt {\sl x}->} or {\tt <-} or
{\tt <-{\sl x}}
or {\tt <->} where {\sl x} is {\tt |} or {\tt !}.
The {\tt !-} or {\tt -!} parameters close
the stem with half-thickness lines to simplify butting to other objects.
The color attributes are, e.g.,
{\tt outlined "{\sl color}" shaded "{\sl color}"}.
Example:
{\tt linethick=5; darrow(down\_\ 2,{,},0.5,0.75,0.75,|,outlined "red")}. }%
\macrodef{Darrow}{Darrow}{(\linespec, {\sl parameters})}%
{darrow}%
{Wrapper for {\tt darrow}.
Semicolon-separated {\sl parameters}:\\
{\tt S;}, {\tt E;} truncate at start or end by dline thickness/2\\
{\tt thick=}{\sl val}; (total thicknes, ie width)\\
{\tt wid=}{\sl val}; (arrowhead width)\\
{\tt ht=}{\sl val}; (arrowhead height)\\
{\tt ends=}
{\sl x}{\tt -}{\sl x} or
{\tt -}{\sl x} or
{\sl x}{\tt -} where {\sl x} is {\tt !} (half-width line)
or {\tt |} (full-width line).\\
Examples:
{\tt define(`dfillcolor',`1,0.85,0') linethick=5;
rgbdraw(1,0,0,Darrow(down\_\ 2,thick=0.5; wid=0.75; ht=0.75; ends=|->))},
which is equivalent to
{\tt Darrow(down\_\ 2,thick=0.5; wid=0.75; ht=0.75; \
ends=|->; outline="red")}. }%
\macrodef{darrow\_init}{darrow_init}{}%
{darrow}%
{Initialize darrow drawing parameters (reads library file {\tt darrow.m4})}%
\macrodef{dashline}{dashline}{(\linespec,{\sl thickness}|{\sl color}|<->|->|<-,
{\sl dash len, gap len},G)}%
{gen}%
{Dashed line with dash at end ({\tt G} ends with gap). Dashes are
adjusted to fit with given gap length. Dpic only.}%
\macrodef{dbelow}{dbelow}{(at {\sl location})}%
{darrow}%
{below (displaced dlinewid/2)}%
\macrodef{dcosine3D}{dcosine3D}{({\sl i,x,y,z})}%
{3D}%
{extract i-th entry of triple x,y,z}%
\macrodef{DCsymbol}{DCsymbol}{(at {\sl position, len, ht,}%
U|D|L|R|{\sl degrees}) }%
{cct}%
{A DC symbol (a dashed line below a solid line).
The current drawing direction is default, otherwise Up, Down,
Left, Right, or at {\sl degrees} slant; e.g.,
{\tt source(up\_ dimen\_); $\lbrace$ DCsymbol(at last [],{},{},R) $\rbrace$}
\seesect{Twoterminal:} }%
\macrodef{DefineCMYKColor}{DefineCMYKColor}{({\sl color-name, c, m, y, k})}%
{dpictools}%
{$\;\;$ Like {\tt DefineRGBColor} but takes arguments in percent, i.e.,
the range $[0,100].$ Define dpic macro {\sl colorname}
according to the postprocessor specified by dpic command-line option.
The macro evaluates to a string.}%
\macrodef{DefineHSVColor}{DefineHSVColor}{({\sl color-name, h, s, v})}%
{dpictools}%
{$\;\;$ Like {\tt DefineRGBColor} but takes argument {\sl h} in the
range $[0,360],$ {\sl s} in $[0,1],$ and {\sl v} in $[0,1].$
Define dpic macro {\sl colorname}
according to the postprocessor specified by dpic command-line option.
The macro evaluates to a string.}%
\macrodef{DefineRGBColor}{DefineRGBColor}{({\sl color-name, r, g, b})}%
{dpictools}%
{$\;\;$ Arguments are in the range 0 to 1. Define dpic macro {\sl colorname}
according to the postprocessor specified by dpic command-line option.
The macro evaluates to a string.}%
\macrodef{definergbcolor}{definergbcolor}{({\sl color-name, r, g, b})}%
{gen}%
{Arguments are in the range 0 to 1. Define color name
according to the postprocessor. Similar to dpictools {\tt DefineRGBColor}
but the color name is an m4 macro, not a string.}%
\macrodef{delay}{delay}{(\linespec,{\sl size},{\sl attributes})}%
{cct}%
{delay element\seesect{Twoterminal:}}%
\macrodef{delay\_rad\_}{delay_rad_}{}%
{cct}%
{delay radius}%
\macrodef{deleminit\_}{deleminit_}{}%
{darrow}%
{sets drawing direction for dlines}%
\macrodef{Deltasymbol}{Deltasymbol}{(at {\sl position, keys,}
U|D|L|R|{\sl degrees}) (default {\tt U} for up)}%
{cct}%
{Delta symbol for power-system diagrams.
{\sl keys:} {\tt size={\sl expression;}}
{\tt type=C|O} (default {\tt C} for closed;
{\tt O} draws an ``open'' symbol); }%
\macrodef{Demux}{Demux}{({\sl n},{\sl label},
{\tt [L][B|H|X][N[{\sl n}]|S[{\sl n}]][[N]OE],
{\sl wid},{\sl ht},{\sl attributes}})}%
{log}%
{binary demultiplexer, $n$ inputs\\
{\tt L} reverses input pin numbers\\
{\tt B} displays binary pin numbers\\
{\tt H} displays hexadecimal pin numbers\\
{\tt X} do not print pin numbers\\
{\tt N[{\sl n}]} puts Sel or Sel$0$ .. Sel$n$ at the top
(i.e., to the left of the drawing direction)\\
{\tt S[{\sl n}]} puts the Sel inputs at the bottom (default)
{\tt OE} ({\tt N=}negated) {\tt OE} pin
\seesect{Logicgates:}}%
\macrodef{dend}{dend}{(at {\sl location},
{\sl line thickness}{\tt |}{\sl attributes})}%
{darrow}%
{Close (or start) double line (Note specifying {\tt dends=} for {\tt Dline}
is a similar function. Arg2 is dline thickness or atributes:\\
{\tt thick={\sl expression};} (dline thickness in drawing units)\\
{\tt outline=({\sl r,g,b})|"{\sl color}";}}%
\macrodef{d\_fet}{d_fet}{(\linespec,R,P,E|S)}%
{cct}%
{left or right, N or P depletion MOSFET, envelope or simplified
\seesect{Semiconductors:}}%
\macrodef{dfillcolor}{dfillcolor}{}%
{darrow}%
{dline fill color (default white)}%
\macrodef{diff3}{diff3}{({\sl vec1, vec2, vec3})}%
{dpictools}%
{$\;\;$ The 3-vector subtraction
$\hbox{\sl vec3} = \hbox{\sl vec1} - \hbox{\sl vec2}$.}%
\macrodef{dfitcurve}{dfitcurve}{({\sl Name, n, linetype, m})}%
{dpictools}%
{$\;\;$ Draw a spline through {\sl Name}{\tt [m],} \ldots {\sl Name}{\tt [n]}
with attribute {\sl linetype} {\tt dotted,} for example.
The calculated control points {\sl P[i]} satisfy approximately:
{\sl P[0] = V[0];} {\sl P[i-1]/8 + P[i]*3/4 + P[i+1]/8 = V[i];}
{\sl P[n] = V[n].} See m4 macro {\tt fitcurve.}}%
\macrodef{dfitpoints}{dfitpoints}{({\sl V,n,m,P,mp})}%
{dpictools}%
{$\;\;$ Compute the control locations {\tt P[mP], P[mP+1]...} for
the spline passing throught points {\tt V[m]...V[n].} Used by
macro {\tt dfitcurve}.}%
\macrodef{diff3D}{diff3D}{({\sl x1,y1,z1,x2,y2,z2})}%
{3D}%
{difference of two triples}%
\macrodef{diff\_}{diff_}{({\sl a},{\sl b})}%
{gen}%
{difference function}%
\macrodef{dimen\_}{dimen_}{}%
{cct}%
{size parameter for scaling circuit element bodies \seesect{Circuitscaling:}}%
\macrodef{dimension\_}{dimension_}{(\linespec,{\sl offset},{\sl label},
D|H|W|{\sl blank width},{\sl tic offset},{\sl arrowhead })}%
{gen}%
{macro for dimensioning diagrams; {\sl arrowhead=}{\tt -> | <-}}%
\macrodef{diode}{diode}{(\linespec,
B|b|CR|D|G|L|LE[R]|P[R]|S|Sh|T|U|V|v|w|Z|z|chars,
[R][E])}%
{cct}%
{diode:
{\tt B}: bi-directional\\
{\tt b}: bi-directional with outlined zener crossbar\\
{\tt CR}: current regulator\\
{\tt D}: diac\\
{\tt G}: Gunn\\
{\tt L}: open form with centre line\\
{\tt LE[R]}: LED [right]\\
{\tt P[R]}: photodiode [right]\\
{\tt S}: Schottky\\
{\tt Sh}: Shockley\\
{\tt T}: tunnel\\
{\tt U}: limiting\\
{\tt V}: varicap\\
{\tt v}: varicap (curved plate)\\
{\tt w}: varicap (reversed polarity)\\
{\tt Z}: zener\\
{\tt z}: zener with angled centre bar\\
appending {\tt K} to arg 2 draws open arrowheads;
arg 3: {\tt R}: reversed polarity, {\tt E}: enclosure \seesect{Twoterminal:}}%
%\macrodef{DIP}{DIP}{({\sl pin count, attributes})}%
% {log}%
% {Dual in-line package diagram. Default pin count = 8.
% Arg2 ({\sl attributes})= semicolon-separated list of optional terms:
% {\tt bodywid=}{\sl expr} (default 0.25$\,$in${} {}$5{\tt *L\_unit}),
% {\tt bodylen=}{\sl expr} (default {\sl pin count} $\times$ {\sl pin pitch}),
% {\tt pinpitch=}{\sl expr} (default 0.1),
% {\tt pinwid=}{\sl expr} (default 0.06),
% {\tt pinlen=}{\sl expr} (default 0.05),
% {\tt direct=U|D|L|R} (default {\tt U} for up),
% {\tt type=I|Q} (default {\tt I}; Q=pins of alternating length)
% \seesect{Logicgates:}}%
\macrodef{dir\_}{dir_}{}%
{darrow}%
{used for temporary storage of direction by darrow macros}%
\macrodef{distance}{distance_}{({\sl Position 1}, {\sl Position2})}%
{gen}%
{distance between named positions}%
\macrodef{distance}{distance}{({\sl position}, {\sl position})}%
{gen}%
{distance between positions}%
\macrodef{dlabel}{dlabel}{({\sl long},{\sl lat},{\sl label},{\sl
label},{\sl label},{\sl chars})}%
{cct}%
{general triple label; {\sl chars:}
$X$ displacement {\tt {\sl long, lat}} with respect to the drawing
direction is from the centre of the last
line rather than the centre of the last {\tt [ ]};
L,R,A,B align labels ljust, rjust, above,
or below (absolute) respectively \seesect{Labels:}}%
\macrodef{dleft}{dleft}{({\tt at} {\sl position}, {\sl line thickness},
{\sl attributes})}%
{darrow}%
{Double line left turn 90 degrees. Attributes can be
{\tt outline=({\sl r, g, b})|"{\sl color}";}
{\tt innershade=({\sl r, g, b})|"{\sl color}";}
where rgb values in parentheses or a defined color is specified.}%
\macrodef{Dline}{Dline}{(\linespec, {\sl parameters})}%
{darrow}%
{Wrapper for {\tt dline}.
The semicolon-separated {\sl parameters} are:\\
{\tt S;}, {\tt E;} truncate at start or end by dline thickness/2;\\
{\tt thick={\sl val};} (total thicknes, ie width);\\
{\tt outline={\sl color};} (e.g., {\tt "red"} or {\tt (1,0,0)}),\\
{\tt innershade={\sl color};} (e.g., {\tt (0,1,1)} or {\tt "cyan"}),\\
{\tt name={\sl Name};},\\
{\tt ends=}%
{\sl x}{\tt -}{\sl x} or
{\tt -}{\sl x} or
{\sl x}{\tt -} where {\sl x} is {\tt !} (half-width line)
or {\tt |;} (full-width line).}%
\macrodef{dline}{dline}{(\linespec,t,t,{\sl width},{\sl parameters})}%
{darrow}%
{See also {\tt Dline}.
Double line, truncated by half width at either end, closed
at either or both ends.
{\sl parameters=}
{\sl x}{\tt -}{\sl x} or
{\tt -}{\sl x} or
{\sl x}{\tt -} where {\sl x} is {\tt !} (half-width line)
or {\tt |} (full-width line).}%
\macrodef{dlinewid}{dlinewid}{}%
{darrow}%
{width of double lines}%
\macrodef{dljust}{dljust}{(at {\sl location})}%
{darrow}%
{ljust (displaced dlinewid/2)}%
\macrodef{dna\_}{dna_}{}%
{cct}%
{internal character sequence that specifies which subcomponents are drawn}%
\macrodef{dn\_}{dnx}{}%
{gen}%
{down with respect to current direction}%
%\macrodef{dnm\_}{dnm_}{}%
% {cct}%
% {similar to dna\_}%
\macrodef{dot3}{dot3}{({\sl vec1, vec2})}%
{dpictools}%
{$\;\;$ Expands to the dot (scalar) product of the two 3-vector arguments:
$(\${}1[1]\cdot\${}2[1] + \${}1[2]\cdot\${}2[2] + \${}1[3]\cdot\${}2[3])$.}%
\macrodef{dot3D}{dot3D}{({\sl x1,y1,z1,x2,y2,z2})}%
{3D}%
{dot product of two triples}%
\macrodef{dot}{dot}{(at {\sl location},{\sl radius}|{\sl keys},{\sl fill})}%
{gen}%
{Filled circle (third arg= gray value: 0=black, 1=white). The possible
key-value pairs are:
{\tt rad={\sl expr};} and
{\tt circle={\sl attributes};} }%
\macrodef{dotrad\_}{dotrad_}{}%
{gen}%
{dot radius}%
\macrodef{down\_}{down_}{}%
{gen}%
{sets current direction to down \seesect{Placing:}}%
\macrodef{dpquicksort}{dpquicksort}{({\sl array name, lo, hi, ix})}%
{dpictools}%
{$\;\;$ Given array {\sl a[lo:hi]} and index array {\sl ix[lo:hi] =
lo, lo+1, lo+2,\ldots hi}, sort {\sl a[lo:hi]} and do identical exchanges
on {\sl ix}.}%
\macrodef{dprot}{dprot}{({\sl radians, x, y})}%
{dpictools}%
{$\;\;$ Evaluates to a rotated pair (see m4 {\tt rot\_}).}%
\macrodef{dprtext}{dprtext}{({\sl degrees, text})}%
{dpictools}%
{$\;\;$ Rotated PStricks or pgf text in a {\tt []} box.}%
\macrodef{dright}{dright}{({\tt at} {\sl position}, {\sl line thickness},
{\sl attributes})}%
{darrow}%
{Double line right turn 90 degrees. Attributes can be\\
{\tt outline=({\sl r, g, b})|"{\sl color}";}\\
{\tt innershade=({\sl r, g, b})|"{\sl color}";}\\
where rgb values in parentheses or a defined color is specified.}%
\macrodef{drjust}{drjust}{(at {\sl location})}%
{darrow}%
{rjust (displaced dlinewid/2)}%
\macrodef{dswitch}{dswitch}{(\linespec, L|R, W[ud]B {\sl chars},
{\sl attributes})}%
{cct}%
{
Comprehensive IEEE-IEC single-pole switch:
arg2={\tt R}: orient to the right of
drawing dir
arg4 is a key-value sequence for the body of
{\tt GC} and {\tt GX} options:
{\tt GC} keys: {\tt diam, circle;}%
{\tt GX} keys: {\tt lgth, wdth, box, text}.
\par
Arg 3:
blank means {\tt WB} by default\\
{\tt B}: contact blade open\\
{\tt Bc}: contact blade closed\\
{\tt Bm}: mirror blade\\
{\tt Bo}: contact blade more widely open\\
{\tt dB}: contact blade to the right of
direction\\
{\tt Cb}: circuit breaker function
(IEC S00219)\\
{\tt Co}: contactor function (IEC S00218)\\
{\tt C}: external operating mechanism\\
{\tt D}: circle at contact and hinge
({\tt dD} = hinge only,
{\tt uD}: contact only)\\
{\tt DI}: Disconnector, isolator
(IEC S00288)\\
{\tt E}: emergency button\\
{\tt EL}: early close (or late open)\\
{\tt LE}: late close (or early open)\\
{\tt F}: fused\\
{\tt GC}: disk control mechanism, attribs:
{\tt diam={\sl expr};
circle={\sl circle attribs};}\\
{\tt GX}: box control mechanism, attribs:
{\tt lgth={\sl expr}; wdth={\sl expr};
box={\sl box attr};}
{\tt text={\sl char};}\\
{\tt H}: time delay closing\\
{\tt uH}: time delay opening\\
{\tt HH}: time delay opening and closing\\
{\tt K}: vertical closing contact line
use {\tt WdBK} for a normally-closed
switch\\
{\tt L}: limit\\
{\tt M}: maintained (latched)\\
{\tt MM}: momentary contact on make\\
{\tt MR}: momentary contact on release\\
{\tt MMR}: momentary contact on make and
release\\
{\tt O}: hand operation button\\
{\tt P}: pushbutton\\
{\tt Pr[T|M]}: proximity (touch-sensitive or
magnetically controlled)\\
{\tt R}: time-delay operating arm\\
{\tt Sd}: Switch-disconnector\\
{\tt Th}: thermal control linkage\\
{\tt Tr}: tripping\\
{\tt W}: baseline with gap\\
{\tt Y}: pull switch\\
{\tt Z}: turn switch
\seesect{Twoterminal:}}%
\macrodef{dtee}{dtee}{([L|R], {\sl line thickness}, {\sl attributes})}%
{darrow}%
{Double arrow tee junction with tail to left,
right, or (default) back along current direction, leaving the current
location at the tee centre; e.g.,
{\tt dline(right\_,{,}t); dtee(R);
\{ darrow(down\_,t) \}; darrow(right\_,t)}.
The attributes are
{\tt thick={\sl expr};} (line thickness in drawing units),
{\tt innershade=({\sl r,g,b})|"{\sl color}";}
{\tt outline=({\sl r,g,b})|"{\sl color}";}. }%
\macrodef{dtor\_}{dtor_}{}%
{gen}%
{degrees to radians conversion constant}%
\macrodef{dturn}{dturn}{({\sl degrees ccw},{\sl line thickness},
{\sl attributes})}%
{darrow}%
{Tturn dline arg1 degrees left (ccw).
Attributes can be
{\tt outline=({\sl r, g, b})|"{\sl color}";}
{\tt innershade=({\sl r, g, b})|"{\sl color}";}
where rgb values in parentheses or a defined color is specified.}%
\Letter{E}%
\macrodef{earphone}{earphone}{( U|D|L|R|{\sl degrees, size})}%
{cct}%
{earphone, {\sl In1} to {\sl In3} defined
\seesect{Composite:}}%
\macrodef{ebox}{ebox}{(\linespec,{\sl lgth},{\sl wdth},{\sl fill value},
{\sl box attributes})}%
{cct}%
{ two-terminal box element with adjustable dimensions and fill
value 0 (black) to 1 (white). {\sl lgth} (length) and {\sl wdth} (width)
are relative
to the direction of \linespec. Alternatively, argument 1 is the
\linespec\ and argument 2 is a semicolon-separated sequence of key=value
terms. The possible keys are {\tt lgth, wdth, text, box},
e.g., {\tt lgth=0.2; text=\char34{}XX\char34;
box=shaded \char34{}green\char34}\seesect{Twoterminal:}}%
\macrodef{E\_\_}{E__}{}%
{gen}%
{the constant $e$}%
\macrodef{e\_}{e_}{}%
{gen}%
{.e relative to current direction}%
\macrodef{e\_fet}{e_fet}{(\linespec,R,P,E|S)}%
{cct}%
{left or right, N or P enhancement MOSFET, normal
or simplified, without or with envelope
\seesect{Semiconductors:}}%
\macrodef{elchop}{elchop}{({\sl Name1,Name2})}%
{gen}%
{{\tt chop} for ellipses: evaluates to {\tt chop} $r$ where $r$ is
the distance from the centre of ellipse Name1 to the intersection of
the ellipse with a line to location Name2;
e.g., {\tt line from A to E elchop(E,A)}}%
\macrodef{eleminit\_}{eleminit_}{(\linespec)}%
{cct}%
{internal line initialization}%
\macrodef{elen\_}{elen_}{}%
{cct}%
{default element length}%
\macrodef{ellipsearc}{ellipsearc}{({\sl width, height, startangle, endangle,
rotangle, {\tt cw|ccw}, line attributes})}%
{gen}%
{Arc of a rotated ellipse in a {\tt [ ]} block. Angles are in radians.
Arg5 is the angle of the width axis;
e.g., {\tt ellipsearc(2,1,0,pi\_,pi\_/4,{},dashed ->)}. Internal locations
are {\tt Start, End, C} (for centre). }%
\macrodef{em\_arrows}{em_arrows}{({\sl type}|{\sl keys, angle, length})}%
{cct}%
{ Radiation arrows: {\sl type} {\tt N|I|E [D|T]}:\\
{\tt N}: nonionizing,\\
{\tt I}: ionizing,\\
{\tt E}: simple;\\
{\tt D}: dot on arrow stem;\\
{\tt T}: anchor tail;\\
{\sl keys:} {\tt type=}{\sl chars} as above;\\
{\tt angle=}{\sl degrees}; (absolute direction)\\
{\tt lgth=}{\sl expr};\\
{\tt sep=}{\sl expr}; arrow separation
\seesect{Twoterminal:}}%
\macrodef{endshade}{endshade}{}%
{gen}%
{end gray shading, see {\tt beginshade}}%
\macrodef{Equidist3}{Equidist3}{({\sl Pos1, Pos2, Pos3, Result, distance})}%
{gen}%
{Calculates location named {\sl Result} equidistant from the first three
positions, i.e.\ the centre of the circle passing through the three
positions. If arg5 is nonblank, it is returned equated to the radius.}%
\macrodef{expe}{expe}{}%
{gen}%
{exponential, base $e$}%
\Letter{F}%
\macrodef{f\_box}{f_box}{({\sl boxspecs},{\sl text},{\sl expr1},$\cdots$)}%
{gen}%
{like {\tt s\_box} but the text is overlaid on a box of identical size.
If there is only one argument then the default box
is invisible and filed white
\seesect{Interaction:}}%
\macrodef{Fector}{Fector}{({\sl x1,y1,z1,x2,y2,z2})}%
{3D}%
{vector projected on current view plane with top face
of 3-dimensonal arrowhead normal to x2,y2,z2 }%
\macrodef{Fe\_fet}{Fe_fet}{(\linespec,R,{\sl chars})}%
{cct}%
{FET with superimposed ferroelectric symbol. Args 1 to 3 are as for
the {\tt mosfet} macro
\seesect{Semiconductors:}}%
\macrodef{FF\_ht}{FF_ht}{}%
{cct}%
{flipflop height parameter in {\tt L\_unit}s}%
\macrodef{FF\_wid}{FF_wid}{}%
{cct}%
{flipflop width parameter in {\tt L\_unit}s}%
\macrodef{fill\_}{fill_}{({\sl number})}%
{gen}%
{fill macro, 0=black, 1=white\seesect{Semiconductors:}}%
\macrodef{findroot}{findroot}{%
({\sl function name, left bound, right bound, tolerance, variable}))}%
{dpictools}%
{$\;\;$ Solve $\hbox{\sl function}(x) = 0$ by the method of
bisection. The calculated value is assigned to the variable named in the
last argument (\SR{Libraries:}). Example:
{\tt define parabola \{ \$2 = (\$1)\char94{}2 - 1 \};
findroot( parabola, 0, 2, 1e-8, x )}. }%
\macrodef{fitcurve}{fitcurve}{(V, n, {\sl attributes,} m (default 0))}%
{gen}%
{Draw a spline through positions V[m], \ldots V[n]: Works only with dpic.}%
\macrodef{FlipFlop}{FlipFlop}{(D|T|RS|JK,{\sl label},{\sl boxspec},%
{\sl pinlength})}%
{log}%
{flip-flops,
{\sl boxspec} e.g.,\ ht x wid y \seesect{Logicgates:}}%
\macrodef{FlipFlopX}{FlipFlopX}{({\sl boxspec, label, leftpins, toppins,
rightpins, bottompins, pinlength})}%
{log}%
{General flipflop.
Arg 1 modifies the box (labelled Chip) default specification.
Each of args 3 to 6 is null or a string of {\sl pinspecs}
separated by semicolons ({\tt;}). A {\sl Pinspec} is either empty
or of the form
{\tt[}{\sl pinopts}{\tt]:[}{\sl label}{\tt[:}{\sl Picname}{\tt]]}.
The first colon draws the pin.
Pins are placed top to bottom or left to right along the box edges with
null {\sl pinspecs} counted for placement. Pins are named by side and number
by default; eg {\tt W1, W2, ..., N1, N2, ..., E1, ..., S1, ...} ; however,
if {\tt:}{\sl Picname} is present in a {\sl pinspec} then {\sl Picname}
replaces the default name.
A {\sl pinspec} label is text placed at the pin base. Semicolons are
not allowed in labels; use, e.g., {\tt \char92{}char59\char123\char125}
instead.
To put a bar over a label, use {\tt lg\_bartxt(}{\sl label}{\tt)}.
The {\sl pinopts} are {\tt[N|L|M][E]};
{\tt N}: pin with not circle;
{\tt L}: active low out;
{\tt M}: active low in;
{\tt E}: edge trigger \seesect{Logicgates:}.\\
Optional arg 7 is the length of pins}%
\macrodef{foreach\_}{foreach_}{(`{\sl variable}',{\sl actions},%
{\sl value1, value2, $\ldots$})}%
{gen}%
{Clone of Loopover\_ by a different name:
Repeat {\sl actions} with {\sl variable} set successively to
{\sl value1, value2, $\ldots$}, setting macro {\tt m4Lx} to 1, 2,
$\ldots$, terminating if {\sl variable} is nul}%
\macrodef{for\_}{for_}{({\sl start},{\sl end},{\sl increment},`{\sl actions}')}%
{gen}%
{integer for loop with index variable {\tt m4x} \seesect{Looping:}}%
\macrodef{FTcap}{FTcap}{({\sl chars})}%
{cct}%
{Feed-through capacitor; example of a composite element derived from
a two-terminal element. Defined points:
{\sl .Start, .End, .C, .T1, .T2, T}\\
Arg 1: {\tt A}: type A (default),
{\tt B}: type B,
{\tt C}: type C
\seesect{Composite:}}%
\macrodef{fuse}{fuse}{({\sl linespec, type, wid, ht, attributes})}%
{cct}%
{fuse symbol, type$=$
{\tt A|B|C|D|S|HB|HC|SB} or {\tt dA=D}\seesect{Twoterminal:}}%
\Letter{G}%
\macrodef{gap}{gap}{(\linespec,{\sl fill},A)}%
{cct}%
{gap with (filled) dots, A=chopped arrow between dots\seesect{Twoterminal:}}%
\macrodef{gen\_init}{gen_init}{}%
{gen}%
{initialize environment for general diagrams
(customizable, reads {\tt libgen.m4})}%
\macrodef{g\_fet}{g_fet}{(\linespec,R,P,{\sl shade spec})}%
{cct}%
{left or right, N or P graphene FET, without or with shading
\seesect{Semiconductors:}}%
\macrodef{g\_}{g_}{}%
{gen}%
{green color value}%
\macrodef{G\_hht}{G_hht}{}%
{log}%
{gate half-height in {\tt L\_unit}s}%
\macrodef{geiger}{geiger}{(\linespec, r, {\sl diameter}, R,
{\sl body attributes, body name})}%
{cct}%
{Wrapper that calls {\tt source} with identical arguments except
arg2, which is blank or {\tt r} for right orientation.}
%\macrodef{glabel\_}{glabel_}{}%
% {cct}%
% {internal general labeller}%
%\macrodef{gpar\_}{gpar_}{({\sl element},{\sl element},{\sl separation})}%
% {cct}%
% {two same-direction elements in parallel}%
\macrodef{gpolyline\_}{gpolyline_}{({\sl fraction}, {\sl location}, ...)}%
{gen}%
{internal to {\tt gshade}}%
\macrodef{graystring}{graystring}{({\sl gray value})}%
{gen}%
{evaluates to a string compatible with the postprocessor in use
to go with {\tt colored}, {\tt shaded}, or {\tt outlined} attributes.
(PSTricks, metapost, pgf-tikz, pdf, postscript, svg).
The argument is a fraction in the range $[0,1]$; see {\tt rgbstring}}%
\macrodef{grid\_}{grid_}{({\sl x},{\sl y})}%
{log}%
{absolute grid location}%
\macrodef{ground}{ground}{(at {\sl location}, T|{\sl stem length},
N|F|S|L|P[A]|E, U|D|L|R|{\sl degrees})}%
{cct}%
{ ground, without stem for 2nd arg = T;\\
{\tt N}: normal,\\
{\tt F}: frame,\\
{\tt S}: signal,\\
{\tt L}: low-noise,\\
{\tt P}: protective,\\
{\tt PA}: protective alternate,\\
{\tt E}: European; up, down, left, right, or angle
from horizontal (default -90) \\
\seesect{Composite:}}%
\macrodef{gshade}{gshade}{({\sl gray value},A,B,...,Z,A,B)}%
{gen}%
{(Note last two arguments). Shade a polygon with named
vertices, attempting to avoid sharp corners}%
\macrodef{gyrator}{gyrator}{({\sl box specs,space ratio,pin lgth,}[N][V])}%
{cct}%
{Gyrator two-port wrapper for {\tt nport}, {\tt N} omits pin dots; {\tt V}
gives a vertical orientation
\seesect{Composite:}}%
\Letter{H}%
\macrodef{hatchbox}{hatchbox}{({\sl boxspec,hashsep,hatchspec,angle})
{\rm or} hatchbox({\sl keys})}%
{gen}%
{ If Arg1 contains keys then a box is drawn in the current direction
or as specified by {\tt boxdir}; otherwise the box is drawn to the right.
The hatch lines are at {\tt angle} with respect to the current direction
(default 45 degrees).
Defined keys are:\\
{\tt wid={\sl expr};}\\
{\tt ht={\sl expr};}\\
{\tt box={\sl attributes};} (e.g. {\tt dashed outline "{\sl color}"})\\
{\tt hatchsep={\sl expr};}\\
{\tt hatchspec={\sl attributes};}\\
{\tt angle={\sl degrees};}\\
{\tt boxdir={\sl degrees};}\\
e.g.,
{\tt hatchbox(outlined "blue",{},dashed outlined "green" thick 0.4)};\\
also
{\tt define mycolor \lbr{}rgbstring(1,0.2,0.5)\rbr;\\
hatchbox(box=dashed outlined mycolor)}}%
\macrodef{Header}{Header}{(1|2,{\sl rows,wid,ht,box attributes})}%
{log}%
{Header block with 1 or 2 columns and square Pin 1:
arg1 = number of columns;
arg2 = pins per column;
arg3,4 = custom wid, ht;
arg5 = e.g., {\tt fill\_(0.9)}%
\seesect{Composite:}}%
\macrodef{HeaderPin}{HeaderPin}{({\sl location, type, Picname},%
n|e|s|w,{\sl length})}%
{log}%
{General pin for {\tt Header} macro; arg 4 specifies pin direction
with respect to the current drawing direction)}%
\macrodef{heatere}{heatere}{({\sl linespec, keys,} [R][T])}%
{cct}%
{Heater element with curved sides\seesect{Twoterminal:}.
{\tt R} means right orientation;
{\tt T} truncates leads to the width of the body.
The {\sl keys} for the body are\\
{\tt lgth={\sl expr};}
{\tt wdth={\sl expr};} (default {\tt lgth*2/5});
{\tt cycles={\sl expr};}%
{\tt line={\sl attributes};} (e.g., {\tt dotted, dashed, outlined})}%
\macrodef{heater}{heater}{({\sl linespec, ndivisions|keys, wid, ht,
boxspec}|[E[R][T]])}%
{cct}%
{Heater element\seesect{Twoterminal:}. If arg 5 contains {\tt E,}
draws an {\tt heatere({\sl linespec, keys,} [R][T]),}
otherwise a
{\tt heatert({\sl linespec, nparts, wid, ht, boxspec})}}%
\macrodef{heatert}{heatert}{({\sl linespec, nparts|keys, wid, ht, boxspec})}%
{cct}%
{Two-terminal rectangular heater element\seesect{Twoterminal:}.
The {\sl keys} for the body are
{\tt parts={\sl expr};}
{\tt lgth={\sl expr};}
{\tt wdth={\sl expr};} (default {\tt lgth*2/5});
{\tt box={\sl body attributes};}
(e.g., {\tt dotted, dashed, outlined, shaded}).
Args 3--5 are unused if any key is given}%
\macrodef{heatsink}{heatsink}{(at {\sl position, keys,} U|D|L|R|{\sl degrees})}%
{cct}%
{Heatsink symbol drawn beside an element.
{\sl keys:} {\tt lgth={\sl expr;} hght={\sl expr;} fin={\sl attributes;}
base={\sl attributes;} fincount={\sl expr;}}
Arg3: drawing direction (default {\tt R}) }%
\macrodef{hexadecimal\_}{hexadecimal_}{($n$, [$m$])}%
{gen}%
{hexadecimal representation of $n,$ left padded to $m$ digits if the second
argument is nonblank}%
\macrodef{hex\_digit}{hex_digit}{($n$)}%
{gen}%
{hexadecimal digit for $0 \leq n < 16$}%
\macrodef{H\_ht}{H_ht}{}%
{log}%
{hysteresis symbol dimension in {\tt L\_unit}s}%
\macrodef{histbins}{histbins}{({\sl data-array name, n, min, max, nbins,
bin array name})}%
{dpictools}%
{$\;\;$ Generate the distribution of {\sl n} values in {\sl data-array}.
If given, arg3 and arg4 specify maximum and minimum data values,
otherwise they are calculated. Bins have index 0 to arg5-1.}%
\macrodef{hlth}{hlth}{}%
{gen}%
{current line half thickness in drawing units}%
\macrodef{hoprad\_}{hoprad_}{}%
{cct}%
{hop radius in crossover macro}%
\macrodef{hsvtorgb}{hsvtorgb}{({\sl h, s, v, r, g, b})}%
{dpictools}%
{$\;\;$ hsv color triple to rgb; {\sl h} has range 0 to 360.}%
\macrodef{ht\_}{ht_}{}%
{gen}%
{height relative to current direction}%
\Letter{I}%
\macrodef{ifdpic}{ifdpic}{({\sl if true},{\sl if false})}%
{gen}%
{test if dpic has been specified as pic processor}%
\macrodef{ifgpic}{ifgpic}{({\sl if true},{\sl if false})}%
{gen}%
{test if gpic has been specified as pic processor}%
\macrodef{ifinstr}{ifinstr}{({\sl string},{\sl string},{\sl if true},{\sl
if false})}%
{gen}%
{test if the second argument is a substring of the first; also
{\tt ifinstr({\sl string},{\sl string},{\sl if true},{\sl
string},{\sl string},{\sl if true}, $\ldots$ {\sl if false})} }%
\macrodef{ifmfpic}{ifmfpic}{({\sl if true},{\sl if false})}%
{gen}%
{test if mfpic has been specified as pic post-processor}%
\macrodef{ifmpost}{ifmpost}{({\sl if true},{\sl if false})}%
{gen}%
{test if MetaPost has been specified as pic post-processor}%
\macrodef{ifpgf}{ifpgf}{({\sl if true},{\sl if false})}%
{gen}%
{test if \TPGF~has been specified as pic post-processor}%
\macrodef{ifpostscript}{ifpostscript}{({\sl if true},{\sl if false})}%
{gen}%
{test if Postscript ({\tt dpic -r}) has been specified as pic output format}%
\macrodef{ifpsfrag}{ifpsfrag}{({\sl if true},{\sl if false})}%
{gen}%
{Test if either {\tt psfrag} or {\tt psfrag\_} has been defined. For
postscript with psfrag strings, one or the other should be defined
prior to or at the beginning of the diagram}%
\macrodef{ifpstricks}{ifpstricks}{({\sl if true},{\sl if false})}%
{gen}%
{test if \PSTricks~has been specified as post-processor}%
\macrodef{ifroff}{ifroff}{({\sl if true},{\sl if false})}%
{gen}%
{test if {\bf troff} or {\bf groff} has been specified as post-processor}%
\macrodef{ifxfig}{ifxfig}{({\sl if true},{\sl if false})}%
{gen}%
{test if Fig 3.2 ({\tt dpic -x}) has been specified as pic output format}%
\macrodef{igbt}{igbt}{(\linespec,L|R,[L][[d]D])}%
{cct}%
{left or right IGBT, L=alternate gate type, D=parallel diode,
dD=dotted connections }%
\macrodef{inductor}{inductor}{(\linespec, W|L, {\sl cycles}, M[n]|P[n]|K[n],
{\sl loop wid})}%
{cct}%
{inductor, arg2: (default narrow), {\tt W}: wide, {\tt L}: looped;\\
arg3: number of arcs or cycles (default 4);\\
arg4:
{\tt M}: magnetic core,
{\tt P}: powder (dashed) core,
{\tt K}: long-dashed core,
n={\sl integer} (default 2) number of core lines named
{\sl M4Core1, M4Core2,} $\ldots$;\\
arg5: loop width (default {\tt L, W}: {\tt dimen\_}/5;
other: {\tt dimen\_}/8)
\seesect{Twoterminal:}}%
\macrodef{in\_\_}{in__}{}%
{gen}%
{absolute inches}%
\macrodef{inner\_prod}{inner_prod}{({\sl linear obj},{\sl linear obj})}%
{gen}%
{inner product of (x,y) dimensions of two linear objects}%
\macrodef{integrator}{integrator}{(\linespec,{\sl size})}%
{cct}%
{integrating amplifier\seesect{Twoterminal:}}%
\macrodef{intersect\_}{intersect_}{({\sl line1}.start,{\sl line1}.end,
{\sl line2}.start,{\sl line2}.end)}%
{gen}%
{intersection of two lines}%
\macrodef{Intersect\_}{Intersect_}{({\sl Name1},{\sl Name2})}%
{gen}%
{intersection of two named lines}%
\macrodef{Int\_}{Int_}{}%
{gen}%
{corrected (old) gpic $int()$ function}%
\macrodef{IOdefs}{IOdefs}{(\linespec,{\sl label},[P|N]*,L|R) }%
{log}%
{Define locations {\sl label}{\tt 1}, $\ldots$ {\sl label}{\tt n}
along the line; {\tt P}: label only;
{\tt N}: with {\tt NOT\_circle};
{\tt R}: circle to right of current direction }%
\Letter{J}%
\macrodef{jack}{jack}{(U|D|L|R|{\sl degrees},{\sl chars} [;{\sl keys}])}%
{cct}%
{arg1: drawing direction, normally R or L;
character sequence arg2: {\tt R}: right orientation,
{\tt X} external make or break contact points,
one or more {\tt L[M][B]} for L and auxiliary contacts with make or break
points; {\tt S[M][B]} for S and auxiliary contacts;
{\tt C[M][B]} for a centre contact
\seesect{Composite:}}%
\macrodef{j\_fet}{j_fet}{(\linespec,L|R,P,E)}%
{cct}%
{left or right, N or P JFET, without or with envelope
\seesect{Semiconductors:}}%
\macrodef{jumper}{jumper}{({\sl linespec, chars}|{\sl keys})}%
{cct}%
{ Two-terminal solder jumper with named body parts.
The {\sl chars} character sequence specifies the jumper components,
and normally begins with {\tt C} and ends with {\tt D.} The character
{\tt E} is an empty (blank) gap, {\tt J} is a filled gap, {\tt B}
is a box component. The components are named {\sl T1, T2, \ldots}
Examples: {\tt CED} is a simple open jumper (the default); {\tt CJD}
closed; {\tt CEBED} three-contact open; {\tt CJBED} three-contact
open and closed.
The {\sl keys} are: {\tt type=}{\sl chars} as previously;
{\tt body=}{\sl attributes} (e.g. {\tt fill\_(0.5)});
{\tt wdth=}{\sl expr};
{\tt name=}{\sl chars} (the body name)%
\seesect{Twoterminal:}}%
\Letter{K}%
\macrodef{KelvinR}{KelvinR}{({\sl cycles},[R],{\sl cycle wid})}%
{cct}%
{IEEE resistor in a {\tt [ ]} block with Kelvin taps {\sl T1} and {\sl T2}
\seesect{Composite:}}%
\Letter{L}%
\macrodef{lamp}{lamp}{(\linespec, [R][T])}%
{cct}%
{Two-terminal incandescent lamp. {\tt T} truncates leads to the body width.
\seesect{Twoterminal:}}%
\macrodef{langle}{langle}{({\sl Start, End})}%
{gen}%
{Angle in radians from horizontal of the line from {\sl Start}
to {\sl End}.}%
\macrodef{larrow}{larrow}{({\sl label},{\tt ->|<-},{\sl dist})}%
{cct}%
{arrow {\sl dist} to left of last-drawn 2-terminal element
\seesect{Branchcurrent:}}%
\macrodef{lbox}{lbox}{({\sl wid}, {\sl ht}, {\sl attributes})}%
{gen}%
{box oriented in current direction, arg 3= e.g.\ {\tt dashed shaded "red"}}%
\macrodef{LCintersect}{LCintersect}{({\sl line name, Centre, rad,} [R],
[{\sl Line start, End}])}%
{gen}%
{ First (second if arg4 is R) intersection of a line with a circle.
Solves $|V.{\tt start} + tV| = {\sl radius}$ for $t$ where $V$ is the line.
If arg1 is blank then the line start and end are given in arg5 and arg6.}%
\macrodef{LCtangent}{LCtangent}{({\sl Pos1, Centre, rad,} [R])}%
{gen}%
{ Left (right if arg4=R) tangent point of line
from Pos1 to circle at Centre with radius arg3}%
\macrodef{left\_}{left_}{}%
{gen}%
{left with respect to current direction \seesect{Placing:}}%
\macrodef{LEintersect}{LEintersect}{({\sl line name, Centre, ellipse wid,
ellipse ht}, [R], [{\sl Line start, End}])}%
{gen}%
{ First (second if arg5 is R) intersection of a line with an ellipse.
If arg1 is blank then the line start and end are given in arg6 and arg7.}%
\macrodef{length3}{length3}{({\sl vector})}%
{dpictools}%
{$\;\;$ Euclidean length of 3-vector argument.}%
\macrodef{length3D}{length3D}{(x,y,z)}%
{3D}%
{Euclidean length of triple x,y,z}%
\macrodef{LEtangent}{LEtangent}{({\sl Pos1, Centre, ellips wid, ellipse ht,}
[R])}%
{gen}%
{ Left (right if arg5=R) tangent point of line
from Pos1 to ellipse at Centre with given width and height}%
\macrodef{lg\_bartxt}{lg_bartxt}{}%
{log}%
{draws an overline over logic-pin text (except for xfig)}%
\macrodef{lg\_pin}{lg_pin}{({\sl location, label, Picname},
n|e|s|w[L|M|I|O][N][E], {\sl pinno, optlen})}%
{log}%
{comprehensive logic pin;\\
{\sl label}: text (indicating logical pin function, usually),\\
{\sl Picname}: pic label for referring to the pin (line),\\
{\tt n|e|s|w}: orientation (north, south, east, west),\\
{\tt L}: active low out,\\
{\tt M}: active low in,\\
{\tt I}: inward arrow,\\
{\tt O}: outward arrow,\\
{\tt N}: negated,\\
{\tt E}: edge trigger}%
\macrodef{lg\_pintxt}{lg_pintxt}{}%
{log}%
{reduced-size text for logic pins}%
\macrodef{lg\_plen}{lg_plen}{}%
{log}%
{logic pin length in in {\tt L\_unit}s}%
\macrodef{LH\_symbol}{LH_symbol}{([U|D|L|R|{\sl degrees}][I],{\sl keys})}%
{log}%
{logic-gate hysteresis symbol; {\tt I:} inverted. The keys are:
{\tt lgth={\sl expr};},
{\tt wdth={\sl fraction};} i.e. body width ={\sl fraction $\times$ height}}%
\macrodef{lin\_ang}{lin_ang}{({\sl line-reference}[,d])}%
{gen}%
{the angle of a line or move from {\tt .start} to {\tt .end} of a linear
object (in degrees if arg2={\tt d})}%
\macrodef{linethick\_}{linethick_}{({\sl number})}%
{gen}%
{set line thickness in points}%
\macrodef{lin\_leng}{lin_leng}{({\sl line-reference})}%
{gen}%
{length of a line, equivalent to {\sl line-reference}{\tt .len}
with dpic}%
\macrodef{ljust\_}{ljust_}{}%
{gen}%
{ljust with respect to current direction}%
\macrodef{llabel}{llabel}{( {\sl label}, {\sl label}, {\sl label},
{\sl relative position}, {\sl block name})}%
{cct}%
{Triple label on the left of the body of an element with respect to the
current direction \seesect{Labels:}. Labels are placed at the
beginning, centre, and end of the last {\tt []} block (or a {\tt []} block
named or enumerated in arg5). Each label is treated as math by
default, but is copied literally if it is in double quotes or defined
by sprintf. {\sl Arg4} can be {\tt above,} {\tt below,} {\tt left,}
or {\tt right} to supplement the default relative position.}%
\macrodef{loc\_}{loc_}{({\sl x}, {\sl y})}%
{gen}%
{location adjusted for current direction}%
\macrodef{log10E\_}{log10E_}{}%
{gen}%
{constant $\log_{10}(e)$}%
\macrodef{loge}{loge}{}%
{gen}%
{logarithm, base $e$}%
\macrodef{log\_init}{log_init}{}%
{log}%
{initialize environment for logic diagrams
(customizable, reads {\tt liblog.m4})}%
\macrodef{loop}{loop}{({\sl initial assignments, test, loop end, statements})}%
{dpictools}%
{$\;\;$ C-like loop. Commas in arg3 and arg4 must
be in quotes or parentheses. Example:\\
{\tt loop(i=1, i<=3, i+=1, print i)} prints 1, 2, 3.}%
\macrodef{Loopover\_}{Loopover_}{(`{\sl variable}',{\sl actions},{\sl
value1, value2, $\ldots$})}%
{gen}%
{Repeat {\sl actions} with {\sl variable} set successively to
{\sl value1, value2, $\ldots$}, setting macro {\tt m4Lx} to 1, 2,
$\ldots$, terminating if {\sl variable} is nul}%
\macrodef{lpop}{lpop}{({\sl xcoord}, {\sl ycoord}, {\sl radius},
{\sl fill},
{\sl zero ht})} {gen}%
{for lollipop graphs: filled circle with stem to
{\tt ({\sl xcoord,zeroht})}}%
\macrodef{lp\_xy}{lp_xy}{}%
{log}%
{coordinates used by {\tt lg\_pin}}%
\macrodef{lswitch}{lswitch}{( \linespec, L|R, {\sl chars} )}%
{cct}%
{knife switch R=right orientation (default L=left);
{\sl chars}: [O{\tt|}C][D][K][A] O=opening arrow; C=closing arrow;
D=dots; K=closed switch; A=blade arrowhead \seesect{Twoterminal:}}%
\macrodef{lthick}{lthick}{}%
{gen}%
{current line thickness in drawing units}%
\macrodef{lt\_}{lt_}{}%
{gen}%
{left with respect to current direction}%
\macrodef{LT\_symbol}{LT_symbol}{(U|D|L|R|{\sl degrees},{\sl keys})}%
{log}%
{logic-gate triangle symbol. The keys are:
{\tt wdth={\sl expr};}}%
\macrodef{L\_unit}{L_unit}{}%
{log}%
{logic-element grid size}%
\Letter{M}%
\macrodef{m4\_arrow}{m4_arrow}{(\linespec,{\sl ht},{\sl wid})}%
{gen}%
{arrow with adjustable head, filled when possible}%
\macrodef{m4dupstr}{m4dupstr}{({\sl string},{\sl n},`{\sl name}')}%
{gen}%
{Defines {\sl name} as {\sl n} concatenated copies of {\sl
string}.}%
\macrodef{m4lstring}{m4lstring}{({\sl arg1},{\sl arg2})}%
{gen}%
{expand {\sl arg1} if it begins
with {\tt sprintf} or {\tt "}, otherwise {\sl arg2}}%
\macrodef{m4xpand}{m4xpand}{({\sl arg})}%
{gen}%
{Evaluate the argument as a macro}%
\macrodef{m4xtract}{m4xtract}{(`{\sl string1}',{\sl string2})}%
{gen}%
{delete {\sl string2} from {\sl string1}, return 1 if present}%
\macrodef{manhattan}{manhattan}{}%
{gen}%
{sets direction cosines for left, right, up, down}%
\macrodef{Magn}{Magn}{({\sl length, height,} U|D|L|R|{\sl degrees})}%
{cct}%
{magnetic action symbol.}%
\macrodef{Max}{Max}{({\sl arg, arg, $\ldots$})}%
{gen}%
{Max of an arbitrary number of inputs}%
\macrodef{memristor}{memristor}{({\sl linespec, wid, ht, attributes})}%
{cct}%
{memristor element\seesect{Twoterminal:}}%
\macrodef{microphone}{microphone}{( A|U|D|L|R|{\sl degrees, size, attributes})}%
{cct}%
{microphone; if arg1 = A: upright mic, otherwise arg1 sets direction
of standard microphone with {\sl In1} to {\sl In3} defined
\seesect{Composite:}}%
\macrodef{Min}{Min}{({\sl arg, arg, $\ldots$})}%
{gen}%
{Min of an arbitrary number of inputs}%
\macrodef{Mitre\_}{Mitre_}{%
({\sl Line1,Line2,length,line attributes})}%
{gen}%
{e.g., {\tt Mitre\_(L,M)} draws angle at intersection of lines
L and M with legs of length arg3 (default {\tt linethick bp\_\_/2});
sets {\tt Here} to intersection
\seesect{Corners:}}%
\macrodef{mitre\_}{mitre_}{%
({\sl Position1,Position2,Position3,length,line attributes})}%
{gen}%
{e.g., {\tt mitre\_(A,B,C)} draws angle ABC with legs
of length arg4 (default {\tt linethick bp\_\_/2}); sets {\tt Here}
to Position2
\seesect{Corners:}}%
\macrodef{mm\_\_}{mm__}{}%
{gen}%
{absolute millimetres}%
\macrodef{mosfet}{mosfet}{(\linespec,L|R,{\sl chars},E)}%
{cct}%
{MOSFET left or right, included components defined by characters,
envelope.
arg 3 chars:\\
{\tt [u][d]B:} center bulk connection pin\\
{\tt D:} D pin and lead\\
{\tt E:} dashed substrate\\
{\tt F:} solid-line substrate\\
{\tt [u][d]G:} G pin to substrate at source\\
{\tt [u][d]H:} G pin to substrate at center\\
{\tt L:} G pin to channel (obsolete)\\
{\tt [u][d]M:} G pin to channel, u: at drain end, d: at source end\\
{\tt [u][d]M{\sl n}:} multiple gates G0 to G{\sl n}\\
{\tt Py:} parallel diode\\
{\tt Pz:} parallel zener diode\\
{\tt Q:} connect B pin to S pin\\
{\tt R:} thick channel\\
{\tt [u][d]S:} S pin and lead u: arrow up, d: arrow down\\
{\tt [d]T:} G pin to center of channel d: not circle\\
{\tt X:} XMOSFET terminal\\
{\tt Z:} simplified complementary MOS
\seesect{Semiconductors:}}%
\macrodef{Mux\_ht}{Mux_ht}{}%
{cct}%
{Mux height parameter in {\tt L\_unit}s}%
\macrodef{Mux}{Mux}{({\sl n},{\sl label},
{\tt [L][B|H|X][N[{\sl n}]|S[{\sl n}]][[N]OE], {\sl wid}, {\sl ht},
{\sl attributes}})}%
{log}%
{binary multiplexer, $n$ inputs,
{\tt L} reverses input pin numbers, {\tt B} display binary pin
numbers, {\tt H} display hexadecimal pin numbers, {\tt X} do not
print pin numbers, {\tt N[{\sl n}]} puts Sel or Sel$0$ .. Sel$n$
at the top (i.e., to the left of the drawing direction), {\tt
S[{\sl n}]} puts the Sel inputs at the bottom (default) {\tt OE}
({\tt N}: negated) {\tt OE} pin \seesect{Logicgates:}}%
\macrodef{Mux\_wid}{Mux_wid}{}%
{cct}%
{Mux width parameter in {\tt L\_unit}s}%
\macrodef{Mx\_pins}{Mx_pins}{}%
{log}%
{max number of gate inputs without wings}%
\Letter{N}%
\macrodef{NAND\_gate}{NAND_gate}{({\tt {\sl n}, [N][B],
[{\sl wid}, [{\sl ht}]], {\sl attributes}})}%
{log}%
{`nand' gate, 2 or {\sl n\/} inputs ($0 \leq n \leq 16$);
{\tt N}: negated inputs; {\tt B}: box shape.
Alternatively, {\tt NAND\_gate({\sl chars}, [B], {\sl wid},
{\sl ht}, {\sl attributes})}, where
arg1 is a sequence of letters {\tt P|N} to define
normal or negated inputs.
\seesect{Logicgates:}}%
\macrodef{N\_diam}{N_diam}{}%
{log}%
{diameter of `not' circles in {\tt L\_unit}s}%
\macrodef{NeedDpicTools}{NeedDpicTools}{}%
{gen}%
{executes {\tt copy "HOMELIB\_/dpictools.pic"} if the file has
not been read}%
\macrodef{neg\_}{neg_}{}%
{gen}%
{unary negation}%
\macrodef{ne\_}{ne_}{}%
{gen}%
{.ne with respect to current direction}%
\macrodef{n\_}{n_}{}%
{gen}%
{.n with respect to current direction}%
\macrodef{norator}{norator}{(\linespec,{\sl width},{\sl ht},{\sl attributes})}%
{cct}%
{ norator two-terminal element \seesect{Twoterminal:}}%
\macrodef{NOR\_gate}{NOR_gate}{({\sl n},N)}%
{log}%
{`nor' gate, 2 or {\sl n\/} inputs; {\tt N}: negated input.
Otherwise, arg1 can be a sequence of letters {\tt P|N} to define
normal or negated inputs.
\seesect{Logicgates:}}%
\macrodef{NOT\_circle}{NOT_circle}{}%
{log}%
{`not' circle}%
\macrodef{NOT\_gate}{NOT_gate}{(\linespec,[B][N|n],{\sl wid},{\sl height},
{\sl attributes})}%
{log}%
{`not' gate.
When {\sl linespec} is blank then the element is composite and In1,
Out, C, NE, and SE are defined; otherwise the element is drawn as a
two-terminal element. arg2: {\tt B}: box gate, {\tt N}: not circle at
input and output, {\tt n}: not circle at input only
\seesect{Logicgates:}}%
\macrodef{NOT\_rad}{NOT_rad}{}%
{log}%
{`not' radius in absolute units}%
\macrodef{NPDT}{NPDT}{({\sl npoles,}[R])}%
{cct}%
{Double-throw switch; {\sl npoles:} number of poles;
{\tt R}: right orientation with respect to drawing direction
\seesect{Composite:}}%
\macrodef{nport}{nport}{({\sl box spec{\tt ;}other commands,
nw,nn,ne,ns,space ratio,pin lgth,style, other commands})}%
{cct}%
{ Default is a standard-box twoport. Args 2 to 5 are
the number of ports to be drawn on w, n, e, s sides. The port pins
are named by side, number, and by a or b pin, e.g., W1a, W1b, W2a,
$\ldots$ Arg 6 specifies the ratio of port width to interport space
(default 2), and arg 7 is the pin length. Set arg 8 to N to omit
the dots on the port pins. Arguments 1 and 9 allow customizations
\seesect{Composite:}}%
\macrodef{N\_rad}{N_rad}{}%
{log}%
{radius of `not' circles in {\tt L\_unit}s}%
\macrodef{nterm}{nterm}{({\sl box spec{\tt ;}other commands,
nw,nn,ne,ns,pin lgth,style, other commands})}%
{cct}%
{n-terminal box macro (default three pins).
Args 2 to 5 are the number of pins to be drawn on W, N, E, S
sides. The pins are named by side and number, e.g. W1, W2, N1,
$\ldots$ Arg 6 is the pin length. Set arg 7 to N to omit the
dots on the pins. Arguments 1 and 8 allow customizations, e.g.
{\tt nterm(,{,},{,},{,}N,"\$a\$" at Box.w ljust,"\$b\$" at Box.e rjust,
"\$c\$" at Box.s above)} }%
\macrodef{nullator}{nullator}{(\linespec,{\sl width},{\sl ht},{\sl attributes})}%
{cct}%
{ nullator two-terminal element \seesect{Twoterminal:}}%
\macrodef{nw\_}{nw_}{}%
{gen}%
{.nw with respect to current direction}%
\macrodef{NXOR\_gate}{NXOR_gate}{({\sl n},N)}%
{log}%
{`nxor' gate, 2 or {\sl n\/} inputs; {\tt N}: negated input.
Otherwise, arg1 can be a sequence of letters {\tt P|N} to define
normal or negated inputs.
\seesect{Logicgates:}}%
\Letter{O}%
\macrodef{opamp}{opamp}{\tt (\linespec,{\sl label, label, size|keys, chars,
other commands})}%
{cct}%
{operational amplifier with $-,$ $+$ or other internal labels and
specified size, drawn in a {\tt [ ]} block.
{\sl chars:} {\tt P} add power connections, {\tt
R} swap {\sl In1, In2 labels,} {\tt T} truncated point. The internally
defined positions are {\sl W, N, E, S, Out, NE, SE, In, In2}, and
the (obsolete) positions {\sl E1 = NE, E2 = SE}. Instead of a size
value, arg4 can be a key-value sequence. The keys are:
{\tt lgth={\sl expr};},
{\tt wdth={\sl expr};},
{\tt body={\sl attributes};}, e.g., {\tt body=shaded "{\sl color}"}.
\seesect{Composite:}}%
\macrodef{open\_arrow}{open_arrow}{(\linespec,{\sl ht},{\sl wid})}%
{gen}%
{arrow with adjustable open head}%
\macrodef{OR\_gate}{OR_gate}{({\sl n},[N][B], {\sl wid,} {\sl ht,}%
{\sl attributes})}%
{log}%
{Or gate, $n$ inputs ($0 \leq n \leq 16$); arg2: {\tt N}: negated inputs;
{\tt B}: box gate.
Otherwise, arg1 can be a sequence of letters {\tt P|N} to define
normal or negated inputs.
\seesect{Logicgates:}}%
\macrodef{OR\_gen}{OR_gen}{($n$,{\sl chars},[{\sl wid},[{\sl ht}]],
{\sl attributes})}%
{log}%
{General OR gate: $n$=number of inputs $(0\leq n\leq 16)$;
{\sl chars:}%
{\tt B}: base and straight sides;\\
{\tt A}: arcs;\\
{\tt [N]NE,[N]SE,[N]I,[N]N,[N]S}: inputs or circles;\\
{\tt [N]P}: XOR arc;\\
{\tt [N]O}: output; C=center.\\
Otherwise, arg1 can be a sequence of letters {\tt P|N} to define
normal or negated inputs. If arg5 contains {\tt shaded rgbstring(...)}
the arguments of {\tt rgbstring} may not contain parentheses.}%
\macrodef{OR\_rad}{OR_rad}{}%
{log}%
{radius of OR input face in {\tt L\_unit}s}%
\Letter{P}%
\macrodef{parallel\_}{parallel_}{(\char96{\sl elementspec}\char39,%
\char96{\sl elementspec}\char39 $\ldots$)}%
{cct}%
{ Parallel combination of two-terminal elements in a {\tt []} block.
Each argument is a {\em quoted} elementspec of the form\\
{\tt[Sep={\sl val};][{\sl Label}:]{\sl element};[{\sl attributes}]} where
an {\sl attribute} is of the form\\
{\tt[llabel($\ldots$);]|[rlabel($\ldots$);]|[b\_current($\ldots$);]}.\\
An argument may also be {\tt series\_($\ldots$)} or {\tt
parallel\_($\ldots$)} {\em without} attributes or quotes. Sep={\sl
val}; in the first branch sets the default separation of all branches
to {\sl val}; in a later element Sep={\sl val}; applies only to
that branch. An element may have normal arguments but should not
change the drawing direction.
\seesect{Seriesandparallel:}}%
\macrodef{pconnex}{pconnex}{(R|L|U|D|{\sl degrees},{\sl chars, attributes})}%
{cct}%
{power connectors, arg 1: drawing direction; {\sl chars:}\\
{\tt R} (right orientation)\\
{\tt M|F} (male, female)\\
{\tt A[B]|AC} (115V 3-prong, B: default box, C: circle)\\
{\tt P} (PC connector)\\
{\tt D} (2-pin connector)\\
{\tt G|GC} (GB 3-pin)\\
{\tt J} (110V 2-pin)
\seesect{Composite:}}%
\macrodef{pc\_\_}{pc__}{}%
{gen}%
{absolute points}%
\macrodef{perpto}{perpto}{({\sl Pos1, Line, Point})}%
{gen}%
{{\sl Point} is the label for the point on {\sl Line} of the
perpendicular
from {\sl Point} to {\sl Line}.}%
\macrodef{PerpTo}{PerpTo}{({\sl Pos1, Pos2, Pos3})}%
{gen}%
{The point between Pos2 and Pos3 of intersection of the perpendicular
to Pos1, i.e., the perpendicular projection of Pos1 onto the line
from Pos2 to Pos3.}%
\macrodef{pi\_}{pi_}{}%
{gen}%
{$\pi$}%
\macrodef{plug}{plug}{\smash{(U|D|L|R|{\sl degrees},[2|3][R])}}%
{cct}%
{Phone plug; arg1: drawing direction; arg2: {\tt R} right orientation,
{\tt 2|3} number of conductors\seesect{Composite:}}%
\macrodef{pmod}{pmod}{({\sl integer}, {\sl integer})}%
{gen}%
{+ve $\hbox{mod}(M,N)$ e.g., $\hbox{\tt pmod}(-3,5)=2$}%
\macrodef{point\_}{point_}{({\sl angle})}%
{gen}%
{(radians) set direction cosines}%
\macrodef{Point\_}{Point_}{({\sl integer})}%
{gen}%
{sets direction cosines in degrees \seesect{Placing:}}%
\macrodef{polar\_}{polar_}{({\sl x},{\sl y})}%
{gen}%
{rectangular-to polar conversion}%
\macrodef{polygon}{polygon}{({\sl n},{\sl keys})}%
{gen}%
{Regular polygon in a {\tt []} block. The keys are
{\tt line={\sl line attributes};} (e.g., {\tt dashed shaded "blue"}),
{\tt rot={\sl degrees};} (angle of first internal vertex {\tt V[0]}),
{\tt side|rad={\sl expression};} size by side length or by radius.
{\tt radv={\sl expression};} radius of rounded vertices. If this is
nonzero then any fill has to be by {\tt rgbfill(r,g,b,polygon(...)).}
The internal defined points are the centre {\tt C} and vertices
{\tt V[0]} $\ldots$ {\tt V[{\sl n}]}. }%
\macrodef{posarray}{posarray}{({\sl Name, Position1, Position2, \ldots})}%
{dpictools}%
{$\;\;$ Populate a singly-subscripted array of positions:
{\tt {\sl Name}[1]:{\sl Position1;}
{\sl Name}[2]={\sl Position2;} \ldots}.}%
\macrodef{posarray2}{posarray2}{({\sl Name, expr, Position1, Position2,
\ldots})}%
{dpictools}%
{$\;\;$ Populate a doubly-subscripted array of positions:
{\tt {\sl Name}[{\sl expr},1]={\sl Position1;}
{\sl Name}[{\sl expr},2]={\sl Position2;} \ldots}.}%
\macrodef{potentiometer}{potentiometer}{(\linespec,%
{\sl cycles},{\sl fractional pos},{\sl length},$\cdots$)} {cct}%
{resistor with taps T1, T2, $\ldots$
with specified fractional positions and lengths (possibly neg)
\seesect{Composite:}}%
\macrodef{print3D}{print3D}{(x,y,z)}%
{3D} {write out triple for debugging}%
\macrodef{prod\_}{prod_}{({\sl a},{\sl b})}%
{gen}%
{binary multiplication}%
\macrodef{project}{project}{({\sl x},{\sl y},{\sl z})}%
{3D}%
{3D to 2D projection onto the plane perpendicular to the view
vector {\tt View3D} with angles defined by
{\tt setview({\sl azimuth, elevation, rotation})}.}%
\macrodef{Proxim}{Proxim}{({\sl size,} U|D|L|R|{\sl degrees, attributes})}%
{cct}%
{proximity detector with fillable body.}%
\macrodef{proximity}{proximity}{(\sl linespec)}%
{cct}%
{proximity detector (= {\tt consource(,P)})}%
\macrodef{psset\_}{psset_}{({\sl PSTricks settings})}%
{gen}%
{set PSTricks parameters}%
\macrodef{PtoL}{PtoL}{({\sl position}, U|D|L|R|{\sl degrees}, {\sl length}) }%
{gen}%
{Evaluates to {\tt from {\sl position} to
{\sl position} + Rect\_({\sl length, angle}) }
from the polar-coordinate data in the arguments }%
\macrodef{pt\_\_}{pt__}{}%
{gen}%
{\TeX\ point-size factor, in scaled inches, ({\tt *scale/72.27})}%
\macrodef{ptrans}{ptrans}{(\linespec, [R|L])}%
{cct}%
{pass transistor; {\tt L=} left orientation
\seesect{Semiconductors:}}%
\macrodef{pushkey\_}{pushkey_}{({\sl string, key, default value,}[N])}%
{gen}%
{Key-value definition.
If {\sl string} contains the substring
{\sl key}{\tt =}{\sl expr} then macro {\tt m4{\sl key}}
is defined using {\tt pushdef()} to
expand to {\tt ({\sl expr})}, or to {\tt ({\sl default value})} if the
substring is missing. Arg 1 can contain several such substrings separated
by semicolons.
If arg4 is nonblank, the parentheses are omitted.
\seesect{Macroarguments:}}%
\macrodef{pushkeys\_}{pushkeys_}{({\sl string, key sequence})}%
{gen}%
{Multiple key-value definitions. Arg2 is a semicolon-separated
sequence of terms of the form {\tt {\sl key}:{\sl default-value}[:N]}
which must contain no semicolons and the default values contain no colons.
A key may not be the tail of another key.
Macro {\tt pushkey\_} is applied to each of the terms in order.
Quote arg2 for robustness and, if an argument depends on a previous
argument, add quotes to delay expansion; for example
{\tt pushkeys\_(\char96\$1\char39,\char96{}hght:0.5;
wdth:m4\char96\char39hght/2\char39)}.
\seesect{Macroarguments:}}%
\macrodef{pvcell}{pvcell}{({\sl linespec, width, height, attributes})}%
{cct}%
{PV cell}%
\macrodef{px\_\_}{px__}{}%
{gen}%
{absolute SVG screen pixels}%
\Letter{R}%
\macrodef{randn}{randn}{({\sl array name, $n,$ mean, stddev})}%
{dpictools}%
{$\;\;$ Assign $n$ Gaussian random numbers in array
$\hbox{\sl name}[1], \hbox{\sl name}[2], \ldots \hbox{\sl name}[n]$
with given mean and standard deviation.}%
\macrodef{rarrow}{rarrow}{({\sl label,{\tt ->|<-},{\sl dist}})}%
{cct}%
{arrow {\sl dist} to right of last-drawn 2-terminal element
\seesect{Branchcurrent:}}%
\macrodef{Rect\_}{Rect_}{({\sl radius},{\sl angle})}%
{gen}%
{(deg) polar-to-rectangular conversion}%
\macrodef{rect\_}{rect_}{({\sl radius},{\sl angle})}%
{gen}%
{(radians) polar-rectangular conversion}%
\macrodef{reed}{reed}{({\sl linespec, width, height, box attribues},
[R][C])}%
{cct}%
{Enclosed reed two-terminal contact;
{\tt R}: right orientation; {\tt C}: closed contact; e.g., {\tt
reed(,{,}dimen\_/5,shaded "lightgreen"} \seesect{Composite:}}%
\macrodef{relaycoil}{relaycoil}{({\sl chars, wid, ht,} R|L|U|D|{\sl
degrees, attributes})}%
{cct}%
{chars:
{\tt X}: or default: external lines from A2 and B2;\\
{\tt AX}: external lines at positions A1,A3;\\
{\tt BX}: external lines at positions B1,B3;\\
{\tt NX}: no lines at positions A1,A2,A3,B1,B2,B3;\\
{\tt SO}: slow operating;\\
{\tt SOR}: slow operating and release;\\
{\tt SR}: slow release;\\
{\tt HS}: high speed;\\
{\tt S}: diagonal slash;\\
{\tt NAC}: unaffected by AC current;\\
{\tt AC}: AC current;\\
{\tt ML}: mechanically latched;\\
{\tt PO}: polarized;\\
{\tt RM}: remanent;\\
{\tt RH}: remanent;\\
{\tt TH}: thermal;\\
{\tt EL}: electronic
\seesect{Composite:}}%
\macrodef{relay}{relay}{({\sl number of poles, chars, attributes})}%
{cct}%
{relay: n poles (default 1),\\
{\sl chars:} {\tt O}: normally open,\\
{\tt C}: normally closed,\\
{\tt P}: three position, default double throw,\\
{\tt L}: drawn left (default),\\
{\tt R}: drawn right,\\
{\tt Th}: thermal.\seesect{Composite:}}%
\macrodef{resetdir\_}{resetdir_)}{}%
{gen}%
{resets direction set by {\tt setdir\_}}%
\macrodef{resetrgb}{resetrgb}{}%
{gen}%
{cancel {\tt r\_, g\_, b\_} color definitions}%
\macrodef{resistor}{resistor}{(\linespec, n, {\sl chars}, {\sl cycle wid})}%
{cct}%
{resistor, n cycles (default 3), {\sl chars:}\\
{\tt AC}: general complex element,\\
{\tt E}: {\tt ebox},\\
{\tt ES}: {\tt ebox} with slash,\\
{\tt F}: FDNR (frequency-dependent negative resistor),\\
{\tt Q}: offset,\\
{\tt H}: squared,\\
{\tt N}: IEEE,\\
{\tt B}: not burnable,\\
{\tt T}: thermistor,\\
{\tt V}: varistor variant,\\
{\tt R}: right-oriented;\\
Arg4: {\sl cycle width} (default {\tt dimen\_}$/6$)
\seesect{Twoterminal:}}%
\macrodef{resized}{resized}{({\sl factor},`{\sl macro name}',args)}%
{cct}%
{scale the element body size by {\sl factor}}%
\macrodef{restorem4dir}{restorem4dir}{([`{\sl stack name}'])}%
{gen}%
{Restore m4 direction parameters from the named stack;
default {\tt `savm4dir\_'}}%
\macrodef{reversed}{reversed}{(`{\sl macro name}',args)}%
{cct}%
{reverse polarity of 2-terminal element}%
\macrodef{rgbdraw}{rgbdraw}{({\sl color triple}, {\sl drawing commands})}%
{gen}%
{color drawing for PSTricks, pgf, MetaPost, SVG postprocessors;
(color entries are 0 to 1),
see {\tt setrgb} \seesect{Semiconductors:}. Exceptionally, the color
of SVG arrows other than the default black has to be defined using the
{\tt outlined }{\sl string} and {\tt shaded }{\sl string} constructs.}%
\macrodef{rgbfill}{rgbfill}{({\sl color triple}, {\sl closed path})}%
{gen}%
{fill with arbitrary color (color entries are 0 to 1); see {\tt
setrgb}\seesect{Semiconductors:}}%
\macrodef{rgbstring}{rgbstring}{({\sl color triple or color name})}%
{gen}%
{evaluates to a string compatible with the postprocessor in use
to go with {\tt colored}, {\tt shaded}, or {\tt outlined} attributes.
(PSTricks, metapost, pgf-tikz, pdf, postscript, svg). The arguments
are fractions in the range $[0,1]$; For example, {\tt box outlined
rgbstring(0.1,0.2,0.7) shaded rgbstring(0.75,0.5,0.25)}. For those
postprocessors that allow it, there can be one argument which is the
name of a defined color.
This macro can be fragile when used as an m4 macro argument.
Then something like the following delays expansion:\\
{\tt define rgbpurp \lbr{}rgbstring(0.5,0,1)\rbr;}\\
{\tt curve(,{,},rail=outlined rgbpurp)} }%
\macrodef{rgbtocmyk}{rgbtocmyk}{({\sl r, g, b, c, m, y, k})}%
{dpictools}%
{$\;\;$ rgb to cmyk values in the range 0 to 100.}%
\macrodef{rgbtohsv}{rgbtohsv}{({\sl r, g, b, h, s, v})}%
{dpictools}%
{$\;\;$ rgb color triple to hsv with {\sl h} range 0 to 360.}%
\macrodef{RightAngle}{RightAngle}{({\sl Pos1, Pos2, Pos3, line len,
attributes})}%
{gen}%
{Draw a right-angle symbol at {\sl Pos2}, of size given by arg4.
Arg5 = line attributes, e.g., {\tt outlined "gray"} or e.g. to add a dot,
{\tt ;dot(at last line.c)}}%
\macrodef{right\_}{right_}{}%
{gen}%
{set current direction right \seesect{Placing:}}%
\macrodef{rjust\_}{rjust_}{}%
{gen}%
{right justify with respect to current direction}%
\macrodef{rlabel}{rlabel}{( {\sl label}, {\sl label}, {\sl label},
{\sl relative position}, {\sl block name})}%
{cct}%
{Triple label on the right of the body of an element with respect to the
current direction \seesect{Labels:}. Labels are placed at the
beginning, centre, and end of the last {\tt []} block (or a {\tt []} block
named or enumerated in arg5). Each label is treated as math by
default, but is copied literally if it is in double quotes or defined
by sprintf. {\sl Arg4} can be {\tt above,} {\tt below,} {\tt left,}
or {\tt right} to supplement the default relative position.}%
\macrodef{rot3Dx}{rot3Dx}{({\sl radians,x,y,z})}%
{3D} {rotates x,y,z about x axis}%
\macrodef{rot3Dy}{rot3Dy}{({\sl radians,x,y,z})}%
{3D} {rotates x,y,z about y axis}%
\macrodef{rot3Dz}{rot3Dz}{({\sl radians,x,y,z})}%
{3D} {rotates x,y,z about z axis}%
\macrodef{rotbox}{rotbox}{({\sl wid,ht,attributes},[r|t={\sl val}])}%
{gen}%
{box oriented in current direction in {\tt [ ]} block;
{\sl attributes:} e.g. {\tt dotted shaded "green".} Defined internal
locations: N, E, S, W (and NE, SE, NW, SW if arg4 is blank). If arg4
is {\tt r=}{\sl val} then corners have radius {\sl val}. If arg4 is
{\tt t=}{\sl val} then a spline with tension {\sl val} is used to draw
a ``superellipse,'' and the bounding box is then only approximate. }%
\macrodef{rotellipse}{rotellipse}{({\sl wid,ht,attributes})}%
{gen}%
{ellipse oriented in current direction in {\tt [ ]} block;
e.g. {\tt Point\_(45); rotellipse(,{},dotted fill\_(0.9)).} Defined
internal locations: N, S, E, W.}%
\macrodef{Rot\_}{Rot_}{({\sl position, degrees})}%
{gen}%
{rotate position by degrees}%
\macrodef{rot\_}{rot_}{({\sl x, y, angle})}%
{gen}%
{rotate {\sl x,y} by theta radians}%
\macrodef{round}{round}{(at {\sl location,line thickness,attributes})}%
{gen}%
{filled circle for rounded corners; attributes={\tt colored "gray"}
for example; leaves {\tt Here} unchanged if arg1 is blank
\seesect{Corners:}}%
\macrodef{rpoint\_}{rpoint_}{(\linespec)}%
{gen}%
{set direction cosines}%
\macrodef{rpos\_}{rpos_}{({\sl position})}%
{gen}%
{Here + {\sl position}}%
\macrodef{r\_}{r_}{}%
{gen}%
{red color value}%
\macrodef{rrot\_}{rrot_}{({\sl x, y, angle})}%
{gen}%
{\tt Here + vrot\_({\sl x, y, cos(angle), sin(angle))}}%
\macrodef{rs\_box}{rs_box}{([angle={\sl degrees};]
{\sl text},{\sl expr1},$\cdots$)}%
{gen}%
{like {\tt s\_box} but the text is rotated by {\tt text\_ang}%
(default 90) degrees, unless
the first argument begins with {\tt angle={\sl decimal number};},
in which case the number defines the rotation angle.
Two or more args are passed to {\tt sprintf()}.
If the first argument begins with {\tt angle={\sl expr};} then
the specified angle is used.
The examples {\tt define(`text\_ang',45); rs\_box(Hello World)} and
{\tt rs\_box(angle=45; Hello World)} are equivalent
\seesect{Interaction:}, \seesect{Pstricks:}}%
\macrodef{rsvec\_}{rsvec_}{({\sl position})}%
{gen}%
{Here + {\sl position}}%
\macrodef{r\_text}{r_text}{({\sl degrees},{\sl text},at {\sl position})}%
{gen}%
{Rotate text by arg1 degrees (provides a single command for
PSTricks, PGF, or SVG only) placed at position in arg3.
The first argument is a decimal constant (not an expression) and
the text is a simple string without quotes.
\seesect{Interaction:}, \seesect{Pstricks:}}%
\macrodef{rtod\_\_}{rtod__}{}%
{gen}%
{constant, degrees/radian}%
\macrodef{rtod\_}{rtod_}{}%
{gen}%
{constant, degrees/radian}%
\macrodef{rt\_}{rt_}{}%
{gen}%
{right with respect to current direction}%
\macrodef{rvec\_}{rvec_}{({\sl x},{\sl y})}%
{gen}%
{location relative to current direction}%
\macrodef{rvec\_r}{rvec_r}{({\sl x},{\sl y})}%
{gen}%
{Robust location relative to current direction for use in dpic loops}%
\Letter{S}%
\macrodef{sarrow}{sarrow}{(\linespec,{\sl keys})}%
{gen}%
{Single-segment, single-headed special arrows with {\sl keys}:\\
{\tt type=}{\tt O[pen]} (default)
| {\tt D[iamond]}
| {\tt C[rowfoot]}
| {\tt DI} (disk)
| {\tt P[lain]}
| {\tt PP[lain]}
| {\tt R[ight]}
| {\tt L[eft]} {\tt ;}\\
{\tt wdth=}{\sl expression}{\tt ;} (default {\tt arrowwid})\\
{\tt lgth=}{\sl expression}{\tt ;} (default {\tt arrowht})\\
{\tt head=}{\sl head attributes}{\tt ;} (e.g., {\tt shaded})\\
{\tt shaft=}{\sl shaft attributes}{\tt ;} (default: head attributes)\\
{\tt hook=[L|R|LR]} (left, right, or double hook, default none)\\
{\tt name=}{\sl Name}{\tt ;} (default {\sl Sarrow\_})
The {\tt PP} key creates a doubled plain arrowhead
\seesect{Macroarguments:}}%
\macrodef{savem4dir}{savem4dir}{([`{\sl stack name}'])}%
{gen}%
{Stack m4 direction parameters in the named stack
(default {\tt `savm4dir\_'})}%
\macrodef{s\_box}{s_box}{({\sl text},{\sl expr1},$\cdots$)}%
{gen}%
{generate dimensioned text string using {\tt\char92{}boxdims} from
{\tt boxdims.sty}. Two or more args are passed to {\tt sprintf()}
(default 90) degrees \seesect{Interaction:}}%
\macrodef{sbs}{sbs}{({\sl linespec, chars, label})}%
{cct}%
{Wrapper to place an SBS thyristor as a two-terminal element with
{\tt [ ]} block label given by the third argument
\seesect{Semiconductors:}}%
\macrodef{sc\_draw}{sc_draw}{({\sl dna string, chars, iftrue, iffalse})}%
{cct}%
{test if chars are in string, deleting chars from string}%
\macrodef{scr}{scr}{({\sl linespec, chars, label})}%
{cct}%
{Wrapper to place an SCR thyristor as a two-terminal element with
{\tt [ ]} block label given by the third argument
\seesect{Semiconductors:}}%
\macrodef{scs}{scs}{({\sl linespec, chars, label})}%
{cct}%
{Wrapper to place an SCS thyristor as a two-terminal element with
{\tt [ ]} block label given by the third argument
\seesect{Semiconductors:}}%
\macrodef{s\_dp}{s_dp}{({\sl name},{\sl default})}%
{gen}%
{depth of the most recent (or named) {\tt s\_box}
\seesect{Interaction:}}%
\macrodef{series\_}{series_}{({\sl elementspec}, {\sl elementspec},
$\ldots$)}%
{cct}%
{ Series combination in a {\tt []} block of elements
with shortened default length.
Each argument is an elementspec of the form\\
{\tt[Sep={\sl val};][{\sl Label}:]{\sl element};[{\sl attributes}]} where
an {\sl attribute} is of the form\\
{\tt[llabel($\ldots$);]|[rlabel($\ldots$);]|[b\_current($\ldots$);]}.\\
An argument may also be {\tt series\_($\ldots$)} or {\tt
parallel\_($\ldots$)} {\em without} attributes or quotes.
An element may have normal arguments but should not
change the drawing direction.
Internal points {\tt Start}, {\tt End}, and {\tt C} are defined
\seesect{Seriesandparallel:} }%
\macrodef{se\_}{se_}{}%
{gen}%
{.se with respect to current direction}%
\macrodef{setdir\_}{setdir_}{(R|L|U|D|{\sl degrees}, {\sl default}%
U|D|R|L|{\sl degrees})}%
{gen}%
{store drawing direction and set it to
up, down, left, right, or angle in degrees (reset by {\tt
resetdir\_}). The directions may be spelled out, i.e., Right,
Left, $\ldots$
\seesect{Seriesandparallel:}}%
\macrodef{setkey\_}{setkey_}{({\sl string, key, default,}[N])}%
{gen}%
{Key-value definition, like {\tt pushkey\_()} but the resulting
macro is defined using {\tt define()} rather than {\tt pushdef().}
\seesect{Macroarguments:}}%
\macrodef{setkeys\_}{setkeys_}{({\sl string, key sequence})}%
{gen}%
{Multiple key-value definition using {\tt define()} rather than
{\tt pushdef().} See macro {\tt pushkeys\_}.
\seesect{Macroarguments:}}%
\macrodef{setrgb}{setrgb}{({\sl red value, green value, blue value},[{\sl
name}])}%
{gen}%
{define colour for lines and text, optionally named (default
{\tt lcspec}); \seesect{Semiconductors:}}%
\macrodef{setview}{setview}{({\sl azimuth degrees},{\sl elevation
degrees}, {\sl rotation degrees})}%
{3D} {Set projection viewpoint for the {\tt project} macro.
The view vector is obtained by looking in along the $x$ axis,
then rotating about $-x,$ $-y,$ and $z$ in that order. The components
{\tt view3D1, view3D2,} and {\tt view3D3} are defined, as well as
positions {\tt UPx\_, UPy\_,} and {\tt UPz\_} which are the projections
of unit vectors {\tt (1,0,0), (0,1,0),} and {\tt (0,0,1)} respectively
onto the plane.}%
\macrodef{sfgabove}{sfgabove}{}%
{cct}%
{like above but with extra space}%
\macrodef{sfgarc}{sfgarc}{(\linespec,{\sl text},{\sl text
justification},cw|ccw,
{\sl height scale factor},{\sl arc attributes})}%
{cct}%
{Directed arc drawn between nodes, with text label
and a height-adjustment parameter. Example:
{\tt sfgarc(from B to A,-B/M,below,{,}1.1,outlined "red")} }%
\macrodef{sfgbelow}{sfgbelow}{}%
{cct}%
{like below but with extra space}%
\macrodef{sfg\_init}{sfg_init}{({\sl default line len, node rad, arrowhd len,
arrowhd wid}), (reads {\tt libcct.m4})}
{cct}%
{initialization of signal flow graph macros}%
\macrodef{sfgline}{sfgline}{(\linespec,{\sl text},{\tt
sfgabove|sfgbelow|ljust|rjust},{\sl line attributes})}%
{cct}%
{Directed straight line chopped by node radius, with text label,
e.g., {\tt sfgline(,K/M,{,}dashed colored "orange")} }%
\macrodef{sfgnode}{sfgnode}{(at {\sl location},{\sl text},above|below,{\sl
circle attributes})}%
{cct}%
{small circle default white interior, with text label. The default
label position is inside if the diameter is bigger than {\tt textht}
and {\tt textwid}; otherwise it is {\tt sfgabove.} Options such as
color, fill, or line thickness can be given, e.g.,
{\tt thick 0.8 outlined "red" shaded "orange"}. }%
\macrodef{sfgself}{sfgself}{(at {\sl location}, U|D|L|R|{\sl degrees},
{\sl text label}, {\sl text justification}, cw|ccw, {\sl scale factor},
[-> | <- | <->], {\sl attributes})}%
{cct}%
{Self-loop drawn at an angle from a node,
with text label, specified arrowheads, and a size-adjustment parameter.
The attributes can set thickness and color, for example. }%
\macrodef{shade}{shade}{({\sl gray value},{\sl closed line specs})}%
{gen}%
{Fill arbitrary closed curve. Note: when producing pdf via pdflatex, line
thickness changes within this macro must be made via the {\tt linethick}
environment variable rather than by the {\tt thickness} line attribute}%
\macrodef{shadebox}{shadebox}{(box {\sl attributes, shade width})}%
{gen}%
{Box with edge shading. Arg2 is in points. See also {\tt shaded} }%
\macrodef{shadedball}{shadedball}{({\sl radius, highlight radius,
highlight degrees, initial gray, final gray} | ({\sl rf,gf,bf}))}%
{3D}%
{ Shaded ball in {\tt [ ]} box.
The highlight is by default at {\sl radius}*3/5 and angle 110 deg
(or arg2 deg); if setlight has been invoked then its azimuth and
elevation arguments determine highlight position. Arg5 can be a
parenthesized rgb color.}
\macrodef{ShadedPolygon}{ShadedPolygon}{({\sl vertexseq, line attributes,
degrees, colorseq})} {gen}%
{Draws the polygon specified in arg1 and
shades the interior according
to arg4 by drawing lines perpendicular to the angle in arg3. The {\sl
vertexseq} is a colon ({\tt:}) separated sequence of vertex positions
(or names) of the polygon in cw or ccw order. A {\sl colorseq} is of
the form 0, r0,g0,b0, {\sl frac1},r1,g1,b1, {\sl frac2},r2,g2,b2,
\ldots 1,rn,gn,bn with $0 < \hbox{\sl frac1} < \hbox{\sl frac2} \ldots 1$ }%
\macrodef{ShadeObject}{ShadeObject}{({\sl drawroutine, n, colorseq})}%
{dpictools}%
{$\;\;$
Fill an area in a {\tt []} block with graded color
defined by {\sl colorseq,} an indexed sequence of rgb colors:
\fra{0}{\sl,r0,g0,b0,}
\fra{1}{\sl,r1,g1,b1,}
\ldots
\fra{n}{\sl,rn,gn,bn} with\\
$0 \leq \fra{0} < \fra{1}$
$< \fra{2} <$
$\ldots$
$\fra{n} \leq 1.$\\
(Often $\fra{0} = 0$ and $\fra{n} = 1.$)
The dpic macro\\
{\sl drawroutine{\tt(}frac, r, g, b{\tt)}}\\
typically draws a colored line
and must be defined according to the area to be filled.
This routine is called $n{+}1$ times for
$\fra{}= \fra{0},\;$
$\fra{0} + 1/n\times(\fra{n}{-}\fra{0}),$
$\fra{0} + 2/n\times(\fra{n}{-}\fra{0}),$
\ldots
\fra{n}\\
(i.e., often
$\fra{} = 0, 1/n, 2/n, \ldots 1$)\\
with rgb
arguments interpolated in hsv space between {\sl colorseq} points
(which are specified in rgb-space).
Example (shade a box with 101 graded-color lines):\\
{\tt B: box\\
define HorizShade \lbr\ line right B.wid \textbackslash\\
$\;$ from (0,-(\char36{}1)*B.ht) \textbackslash\\
$\;$ outlined rgbstring(\char36{}2,\char36{}3,\char36{}4) \rbr;}\\
{\tt ShadeObject(HorizShade, B.ht/lthick, 0,1,0,0, 1,0,0,1) at B}.
}%
\macrodef{shadowed}{shadowed}{(box|circle|ellipse|line,
{\sl position spec, keys})}%
{gen}%
{ Object with specified shadow. {\sl possspec} is e.g.,
{\tt with .w at ...} or {\tt at} {\sl position}.
The {\sl keys} are
{\tt attrib=}{\sl object attributes}{\tt ;}
{\tt shadowthick=}{\sl expr}{\tt ;} (default {\tt linethick*)}5/4),
{\tt shadowcolor=}{\sl string}{\tt ;} (default {\tt "gray"}),
{\tt shadowangle=}{\sl expr}{\tt ;} (default $-45$)
for box only: {\tt rad=}{\sl expr}{\tt ;}%
}%
\macrodef{shielded}{shielded}{(`{\sl two-terminal element}',
L|U, {\sl line attributes})} {cct}%
{shielding in a {\tt [ ]} box for
two-terminal element. Arg2= blank
(default) to enclose the element body; L for the left side with
respect to drawing direction, R for right. Internal points {\tt
.Start, .End,} and {\tt .C} are defined}%
\macrodef{s\_ht}{s_ht}{({\sl name},{\sl default})}%
{gen}%
{height of the most recent (or named) {\tt s\_box}%
\seesect{Interaction:}}%
\macrodef{SIdefaults}{SIdefaults}{}%
{gen}%
{Sets {\tt scale = 25.4} for drawing units in mm, and sets
pic parameters {\tt lineht = 12, linewid = 12, moveht = 12,
movewid = 12,
arcrad = 6, circlerad = 6, boxht = 12, boxwid = 18, ellipseht = 12,
ellipsewid = 18, dashwid = 2, arrowht = 3, arrowwid = arrowht/2,}}%
\macrodef{sign\_}{sign_}{({\sl number})}%
{gen}%
{sign function}%
\macrodef{sinc}{sinc}{({\sl number})}%
{gen}%
{the $\hbox{sinc}(x)$ function}%
\macrodef{sind}{sind}{({\sl arg})}%
{gen}%
{sine of an expression in degrees}%
\macrodef{s\_init}{s_init}{({\sl name})}%
{gen}%
{initialize {\tt s\_box} string label to {\sl name} which should
be unique
\seesect{Interaction:}}%
\macrodef{Sin}{Sin}{({\sl integer})}%
{gen}%
{sine function, {\sl integer\/} degrees}%
\macrodef{sinusoid}{sinusoid}{({\sl amplitude, frequency, phase, tmin,
tmax, linetype})}%
{gen}%
{draws a sinusoid over the interval $(t_{\hbox{\scriptsize min}},
t_{\hbox{\scriptsize max}})$;
e.g., to draw a dashed sine curve, amplitude {\sl a},
of {\sl n} cycles of length {\sl x} from {\sl A}, {\tt
sinusoid(a,twopi\_*n/x,-pi\_/2,0,x,dashed) with .Start at A}}%
\macrodef{sl\_box}{sl_box}{({\sl stem linespec, keys, stem object})}%
{SLD}%
{One-terminal SLD element: argument 1 is a \linespec\ to define the stem
or, in the case of a zero-length stem, one of {\tt U, D, L, R,} or an
angle in degrees, optionally followed by {\tt at {\sl position}}.
The position is {\sl Here} by default.
If argument 3 is null then a plain stem is drawn; if it is of the
form {\tt S:}{\sl keys} or {\tt S$n$:}{\sl keys} an $n$-line slash
symbol is overlaid on the stem; otherwise the keys are for an overlaid
breaker, so that a {\tt C} specifies a default closed breaker, {\tt
O} an open breaker, {\tt X,} {\tt /,} or \bsl\ for these marks, or
\MR{sl_ttbox}{\tt sl\_ttbox} key-value pairs defining box attributes
for the breaker (default name {\sl Br})
\seesect{SingleLine:}}%
\macrodef{sl\_breaker}{sl_breaker}{({\sl linespec,} {\tt type=[A|C][D];}%
{\sl ttbox args})}%
{SLD}%
{Two-terminal SLD element:
type {\tt A} (the default) is for a box breaker; type
{\tt C} for a curved breaker; adding a {\tt D} puts drawout elements
in the input and output leads.
Otherwise, the arguments are as for
\MR{sl_ttbox}{\tt sl\_ttbox}
\seesect{SingleLine:}}%
\macrodef{sl\_busbar}{sl_busbar}{({\sl linespec, np, keys})}%
{SLD}%
{Composite SLD element drawn in a {\tt [ ]} block. A busbar is
essentially a thick straight line
drawn along the {\sl linespec} with positions evenly distributed
along it. For example,
{\tt line right\_; sl\_busbar(, up\_ 4.5, 5) with .P3 at Here}.
Argument 1 is a \linespec\ to define the direction and length of the
busbar (but not its position, since it is drawn in a {\tt [ ]} block).
Argument 2 is the number $np$ of evenly spaced positions
$P1, P2, \ldots Pnp$ along the line with $P1$ and $Pnp$ indented
from the ends of the line.
Argument 3 contains semicolon (;)-separated key-value attributes
of the line:
{\tt port=D} (for a dot at each port position);
{\tt line=}{\sl pic line attributes}.
{\tt indent=}{\sl indent distance}.
\seesect{SingleLine:}}%
\macrodef{sl\_ct}{sl_ct}{%
({\tt at}{\sl position},{\sl keys},{\tt R|L|U|D|}{\sl degrees})}%
{SLD}%
{Composite SLD element drawn in a {\tt [ ]} block:
The keys are as follows:
{\tt type=L|N|S[n]} (default {\tt L;} {\tt S$n$} draws an $n$-line slash
symbol, default 2); {\tt N} means no stem);
{\tt scale={\sl expr} (default 1.0)};
{\tt grnd={\sl expr} attached ground at given angle
(type {\tt S} or {\tt N}))};
{\tt sep={\sl{}expr}};
{\tt stemlgth={\sl{}expr}};
{\tt wdth={\sl{}expr}};
{\tt direct=U|D|L|R|{\sl degrees}} (drawing direction).
Key {\tt stemlgth} is the length of the leads at the start, centre, and end,
with labeled ends {\sl Tstart, Tc,} and {\sl Tend}.
The {\tt L} (default) variant also defines internal labels
Internal labels {\sl L} and {\sl C} are included.
Key {\tt sep} is the type-{\tt S} separation from the head to the centre
of the slash symbol.
Key {\tt scale} allows scaling (default scale 1.0) but, with \dpic,
the {\tt scaled} directive can also be used.
\seesect{SingleLine:}}%
\macrodef{sl\_disk}{sl_disk}{({\sl stem linespec, keys, breaker})}%
{SLD}%
{One-terminal SLD element: argument 1 is a \linespec\ to define the stem
or, in the case of a zero-length stem, one of {\tt U, D, L, R,} or an
angle in degrees, optionally followed by {\tt at {\sl position}}.
The position is {\sl Here} by default.
Argument 3 is null for no breaker in the stem, {\tt C} for a default
closed breaker, {\tt O} for an open breaker, {\tt X,} {\tt /,} or \bsl\ for
these marks, or
\MR{sl_ttbox}{\tt sl\_ttbox}
key-value pairs defining box attributes for the breaker
(default name {\sl Br})
\label{sl_disk}
\seesect{SingleLine:}}%
\macrodef{sl\_drawout}{sl_drawout}{({\sl linespec, keys,} R)}%
{SLD}%
{Two-terminal SLD element: argument 1 is a \linespec\ as for ordinary
two-terminal elements.
Argument 3 is {\tt R} to reverse the direction of the drawn chevrons.
\seesect{SingleLine:}}%
\macrodef{sl\_generator}{sl_generator}{({\sl stem linespec, keys, breaker})}%
{SLD}%
{One-terminal SLD element: argument 2 is
{\tt type=AC|WT|BS|StatG|PV|Y|Delta} and,
if {\tt type=PV,} the {\tt SL\_box} keys;
otherwise, the {\tt sl\_disk} body keys.
Argument 3 is null for no breaker in the stem, {\tt C} for a default
closed breaker, {\tt O} for an open breaker, {\tt X,} {\tt /,} or \bsl\ for
these marks, or
\MR{sl_ttbox}{\tt sl\_ttbox}
key-value pairs defining box attributes for the breaker
(default name {\sl Br})
\seesect{SingleLine:}}%
\macrodef{sl\_grid}{sl_grid}{({\sl stem linespec, keys, breaker})}%
{SLD}%
{One-terminal SLD element: argument 1 is a \linespec\ to define the stem
or, in the case of a zero-length stem, one of {\tt U, D, L, R,} or an
angle in degrees, optionally followed by {\tt at {\sl position}}.
The position is {\sl Here} by default.
Argument 2 contains semicolon (;)-separated key-value attributes
of the head:
{\tt name={\sl{}Name}} (default {\sl Head});
{\tt lgth={\sl{}expr}};
{\tt wdth={\sl{}expr}}.
Argument 3 is null for no breaker in the stem, {\tt C} for a default
closed breaker, {\tt O} for an open breaker, {\tt X,} {\tt /,} or \bsl\ for
these marks, or
\MR{sl_ttbox}{\tt sl\_ttbox}
key-value pairs defining box attributes for the breaker
(default name {\sl Br})
\seesect{SingleLine:}}%
\macrodef{sl\_inverter}{sl_inverter}{({\sl ttbox args})}%
{SLD}%
{Two-terminal SLD element: the arguments are as for
\MR{sl_ttbox}{\tt sl\_ttbox}
\seesect{SingleLine:}}%
\macrodef{sl\_lamp}{sl_lamp}{({\sl stem linespec, keys, breaker})}%
{SLD}%
{One-terminal SLD element: the arguments are as for
\MR{sl_disk}{\tt sl\_disk}
\seesect{SingleLine:}}%
\macrodef{sl\_load}{sl_load}{({\sl stem linespec, keys, breaker})}%
{SLD}%
{One-terminal SLD element: argument 1 is a \linespec\ to define the stem
or, in the case of a zero-length stem, one of {\tt U, D, L, R,} or an
angle in degrees, optionally followed by {\tt at {\sl position}}.
The position is {\sl Here} by default.
Argument 3 is null for no breaker in the stem, {\tt C} for a default
closed breaker, {\tt O} for an open breaker, {\tt X,} {\tt /,} or \bsl\ for
these marks, or
\MR{sl_ttbox}{\tt sl\_ttbox}
key-value pairs defining box attributes for the breaker
(default name {\sl Br})
\seesect{SingleLine:}}%
\macrodef{sl\_meterbox}{sl_meterbox}{({\sl stem linespec, keys, breaker})}%
{SLD}%
{One-terminal SLD element: argument 1 is a \linespec\ to define the stem
or, in the case of a zero-length stem, one of {\tt U, D, L, R,} or an
angle in degrees, optionally followed by {\tt at {\sl position}}.
The position is {\sl Here} by default.
Argument 3 is null for no breaker in the stem, {\tt C} for a default
closed breaker, {\tt O} for an open breaker, {\tt X,} {\tt /,} or \bsl\ for
these marks, or
\MR{sl_ttbox}{\tt sl\_ttbox}
key-value pairs defining box attributes for the breaker
(default name {\sl Br})
\seesect{SingleLine:}}%
\macrodef{sl\_reactor}{sl_reactor}{({\sl stem linespec, keys, breaker keys,
breaker keys})}%
{SLD}%
{Two-terminal SLD element: argument 1 is a \linespec\ as for ordinary
two-terminal elements.
Argument 3 is null for no breaker in the input lead, {\tt C} for a default
closed breaker, {\tt O} for an open breaker, {\tt X,} {\tt /,} or \bsl\ for
these marks, or key-value pairs as above defining breaker attributes
except that the default breaker name is {\sl BrI}.
Argument 4 defines the breaker in the output lead as for argument 3
except that the default breaker name is {\sl BrO}.
\seesect{SingleLine:}}%
\macrodef{sl\_rectifier}{sl_rectifier}{({\sl ttbox args})}%
{SLD}%
{Two-terminal SLD element: the arguments are as for
\MR{sl_ttbox}{\tt sl\_ttbox}
\seesect{SingleLine:}}%
\macrodef{sl\_slash}{sl_slash}{(at {\sl position, keys,}%
[$n$:]R|L|U|D|{\sl degrees})}%
{SLD}%
{Slash symbol for SLD elements: draws $n$ slashes in a {\tt [] } block.
The keys are
{\tt lines={\sl line attributes,} e.g., dotted thick {\sl expr}};
{\tt size=}{\sl expr} (default {\tt ht dimen\_/3}).
\seesect{SingleLine:}}%
%
\macrodef{sl\_transformer3}{sl_transformer3}{({\sl linespec, keys,
breaker keys, symbol keys})}%
{SLD}%
{Composite (block) SLD element: argument 1 is a \linespec\ that can be used
to set the direction and distance between primary terminals but not
position.
Argument 2 contains semicolon (;)-separated key-value body attributes:
{\tt name={\sl{}Name}} (default {\sl Body});
{\tt type=S|C} (default {\tt S});
{\tt scale={\sl expr}} (body size factor, default 1.0);
{\tt direct=L|R} (default {\tt L}) direction of the tertiary
circle and terminal relative to the drawing direction;
{\tt body={\sl circle attributes}}.
Argument 3 is colon (:)-separated sequence of up to three breaker
attribute specifications for the input, output, and teriary breaker
in order. A null or blank means no breaker, {\tt tt\_breaker}
specifications otherwise. Default breaker names are {\sl BrI}
and {\sl BrO} as for
{\tt sl\_transformer,} and {\sl Br} for the third breaker.
Argument 4 is colon (:)-separated sequence of up to three symbol
specifications for the input, output, and teriary circle
in order. A null or blank means no symbol;
{\tt Y} for a Y-symbol;
{\tt Delta} for a $\Delta$ symbol;
otherwise, other customization commands expanded in a {\tt \lbr\rbr} pair.
\seesect{SingleLine:}}%
%
\macrodef{sl\_transformer}{sl_transformer}{({\sl linespec, keys,
input breaker keys, output breaker keys,
input circle inner object, output circle inner object})}%
{SLD}%
{Two-terminal SLD element: argument 1 is a \linespec\ as for ordinary
two-terminal elements.
Additional type {\tt I} keys are
{\tt cycles={\sl{}integer}} (default 4);
{\tt core=A|M[$n$]|P[$n$]|K[$n$]}, $n$={\sl integer} (default 2 lines).
Additional type {\tt S} keys are
{\tt body={\sl circle pic attributes}} e.g., {\tt shaded "{\sl color}"}.
Type {\tt A} keys are
{\tt body={\sl circle pic attributes}}. Type {\tt AR} means right
orientation.
Argument 3 is null for no breaker in the input lead, {\tt C} for a default
closed breaker, {\tt O} for an open breaker, {\tt X,} {\tt /,} or \bsl\ for
these marks, or
key-value pairs as above defining breaker attributes
except that the default breaker name is {\sl BrI}.
Argument 4 defines the breaker in the output lead as for argument 3
except that the default breaker name is {\sl BrO}.
Argumentss 5 and 6 for the input and output circles respectively are:
{\tt Y} for a Y-symbol;
{\tt YN} for a Y-symbol with ground;
{\tt Delta} for a $\Delta$ symbol;
otherwise, other customization commands expanded in a {\tt \lbr\rbr} pair.
\seesect{SingleLine:}}%
%
\macrodef{sl\_ttbox}{sl_ttbox}{({\sl linespec, keys, input breaker keys,
output breaker keys})}%
{SLD}%
{Two-terminal SLD element: argument 1 is a \linespec\ as for ordinary
two-terminal elements.
Argument 3 is null for no breaker in the input lead, {\tt C} for a default
closed breaker, {\tt O} for an open breaker, {\tt X,} {\tt /,} or \bsl\ for
these marks, or
key-value pairs as above defining breaker attributes
except that the default breaker name is {\sl BrI}.
Argument 4 defines the breaker in the output lead as for argument 3
except that the default breaker name is {\sl BrO}.
\label{sl_ttbox}
\seesect{SingleLine:}}%
\macrodef{s\_name}{s_name}{}%
{gen}%
{the value of the last {\tt s\_init} argument
\seesect{Interaction:}}%
\macrodef{sourcerad\_}{sourcerad_}{}%
{cct}%
{default source radius}%
\macrodef{slantbox}{slantbox}{%
({\sl wid, height, x offset, y offset, attributes})}%
{dpictools}%
{$\;\;$ Trapezoid formed from a box with top corners displaced right by
$x$ offset and right corners displaced up by $y$ offset.}%
\macrodef{source}{source}{(\linespec, {\sl char or chars}, {\sl diameter},R,
{\sl body attributes, body name})}%
{cct}%
{Source; arg2 blank or:\\
{\tt AC}: AC source;\\
{\tt B}: bulb;\\
{\tt F}: fluorescent;\\
{\tt G}: generator;\\
{\tt H}: step function;\\
{\tt I}: current source;\\
{\tt i}: alternate current source;\\
{\tt ii}: double arrow current source;\\
{\tt ti}: truncated-bar alternate current source;\\
{\tt dci}: DC current source;\\
{\tt L}: lamp;\\
{\tt N}: neon;\\
{\tt NA}: neon 2;\\
{\tt NB}: neon 3;\\
{\tt P}: pulse;\\
{\tt Q}: charge;\\
{\tt R}: ramp;
{\tt S}: sinusoid;\\
{\tt SC}: quarter arc, {\tt SCr} right orientation;\\
{\tt SE}: arc, {\tt SEr} right orientation;\\
{\tt T}: triangle;\\
{\tt U}: square-wave;\\
{\tt V}: voltage source;\\
{\tt v}: alternate voltage source;\\
{\tt tv}: truncated-bar alternate voltage source;\\
{\tt dcv}: DC voltage source;\\
{\tt X}: interior X;\\
other: custom interior label or waveform;\\
arg 4: R: reversed polarity;\\
arg 5 modifies the circle (body) with e.g., color or fill;\\
arg 6 names the body {\tt [ ]} block
\seesect{Twoterminal:}}%
\macrodef{speaker}{speaker}{( U|D|L|R|{\sl degrees},{\sl size},H,attributes)}%
{cct}%
{speaker, {\sl In1} to {\sl In7} defined; {\tt H}: horn
\seesect{Composite:}}%
\macrodef{sprod3}{sprod3}{({\sl scalar, vec1, vec2})}%
{dpictools}%
{$\;\;$ Multiplied vector by scalar arg1: {\sl vec2 = vec1 * arg1}.}%
\macrodef{sprod3D}{sprod3D}{(a,x,y,z)}%
{3D} {scalar product of triple x,y,z by arg1}%
\macrodef{sp\_}{sp_}{}%
{gen}%
{evaluates to medium space for gpic strings}%
\macrodef{sqrta}{sqrta}{({\sl arg})}%
{gen}%
{square root of the absolute value of {\sl arg}; i.e.,
{\tt sqrt(abs({\sl arg}))}}%
\macrodef{SQUID}{SQUID}{({\sl n, diameter, initial angle}, {\tt ccw|cw})}%
{cct}%
{Superconducting quantum interface device
with {\sl }n junctions labeled {\tt J1, ... J}{\sl n} placed around
a circle with initial angle -90 deg (by default) with respect to the
current drawing direction. The default diameter is {\tt dimen\_} }%
\macrodef{s\_}{s_}{}%
{gen}%
{.s with respect to current direction}%
\macrodef{stackargs\_}{stackargs}{(`{\sl stackname}',{\sl args})}%
{gen}%
{Stack arg 2, arg 3, ... onto the named stack up to a blank arg}%
\macrodef{stackcopy\_}{stackcopy_}{(`{\sl name 1}',`{\sl name 2}')}%
{gen}%
{Copy stack 1 into stack 2, preserving the order of pushed elements}%
\macrodef{stackdo\_}{stackdo}{(`{\sl stackname}',{\sl commands})}%
{gen}%
{Empty the stack to the first blank entry, performing arg 2}%
\macrodef{stackexec\_}{stackexec_}{(`{\sl name 1}',`{\sl name 2}',%
{\sl commands})}%
{gen}%
{Copy stack 1 into stack 2, performing arg3 for each nonblank
entry}%
\macrodef{stackprint\_}{stackprint_}{(`{\sl stack name}')}%
{gen}%
{Print the contents of the stack to the terminal}%
%\macrodef{stackpromote\_}{stackpromote_}{({\sl prefix},%
% `{\sl stack name}',{\sl In name})}%
% {gen}%
% {Define locations {\tt In1} or {\sl In name }{\tt 1}, $\ldots$ corresponding % to the locations in stack {\sl stack name}, as created by the
% {\tt AutoGate} and {\tt Autologic} macros. Each location is prefixed
% by argument 1 ``.''}%
\macrodef{stackreverse\_}{stackreverse_}{(`{\sl stack name}')}%
{gen}%
{Reverse the order of elements in a stack, preserving the name}%
\macrodef{stacksplit\_}{stacksplit_}{(`{\sl stack name}',{\sl string},{\sl
separator})}%
{gen}%
{Stack the fields of {\sl string} left to right separated
by nonblank
{\sl separator} (default .). White space preceding the fields
is ignored.}%
\macrodef{sum3}{sum3}{({\sl vec1, vec2, vec3})}%
{dpictools}%
{$\;\;$ The 3-vector sum
$\hbox{\sl vec3} = \hbox{\sl vec1} + \hbox{\sl vec2}$.}%
\macrodef{sum3D}{sum3D}{({\sl x1,y1,z1,x2,y2,z2})}%
{3D} {sum of two triples}%
\macrodef{sum\_}{sum_}{({\sl a},{\sl b})}%
{gen}%
{binary sum}%
\macrodef{sus}{sus}{({\sl linespec, chars, label})}%
{cct}%
{Wrapper to place an SUS thyristor as a two-terminal element with
{\tt [ ]} block label given by the third argument
\seesect{Semiconductors:}}%
\macrodef{svec\_}{svec_}{({\sl x},{\sl y})}%
{log}%
{scaled and rotated grid coordinate vector}%
\macrodef{s\_wd}{s_wd}{({\sl name},{\sl default})}%
{gen}%
{width of the most recent (or named) {\tt s\_box}%
\seesect{Interaction:}}%
\macrodef{switch}{switch}{(\linespec,L|R,[C|O][D],[B|D])}%
{cct}%
{SPST switch (wrapper for bswitch, lswitch, and dswitch),
arg2: {\tt R}: right orientation (default {\tt L} for left);\\
if arg4=blank (knife switch): arg3 = {\tt [O|C][D][A]},
{\tt O}: opening, {\tt C}: closing, {\tt D}:dots,
{\tt A}: blade arrowhead;\\
if arg4=B (button switch): arg3 =
{\tt O|C}: {\tt O}: normally open, {\tt C}: normally closed;\\
if arg4={\tt D}: arg3 = same as for dswitch \seesect{Twoterminal:}}%
\macrodef{sw\_}{sw_}{}%
{gen}%
{.sw with respect to current direction}%
\Letter{T}%
\macrodef{tapped}{tapped}{(`{\sl two-terminal element}',
[{\sl arrowhd} | type={\sl arrowhd};name={\sl Name}],
{\sl fraction, length, fraction, length,} $\cdots$)}%
{cct}%
{Draw the two-terminal element with taps in a [ ] block (see
{\tt addtaps}).
{\sl arrowhd} = blank or one of {\tt . - <- -> <->}. Each fraction
determines the position along the element body of the tap. A negative
length draws the tap to the right of the current direction; positive
length to the left. Tap names are Tap1, Tap2, $\cdots$ by default
or Name1, Name2, $\cdots$ if specified. Internal block names are
{\tt .Start, .End,} and {.C} corresponding to the drawn element,
and the tap names \seesect{Composite:} }%
\macrodef{ta\_xy}{ta_xy}{({\sl x, y})}%
{cct}%
{macro-internal coordinates adjusted for {\tt L|R}}%
\macrodef{tbox}{tbox}{({\sl text,wid,ht},<|>|<>,{\sl attributes})}%
{cct}%
{Pointed terminal box. The {\sl text} is placed at the rectangular
center
in math mode unless the text begins with {\tt "} or {\tt sprintf} in
which case the arument is used literally. Arg 4 determines whether
the point is forward, backward, or both with respect to the current
drawing direction.
\seesect{Composite:}}%
\macrodef{tconn}{tconn}{({\sl linespec, chars}|{\sl keys}, {\sl wid})}%
{cct}%
{Terminal connector drawn on a linespec, with head enclosed in a {\tt []}%
block. The permissible {\sl chars} are:
{\tt > | >{}> | < | <{}< | A | AA | M | O | OF}.
Type {\tt O} draws a node (circle); {\tt OF} a filled circle.
Type {\tt M} is a black bar; {\tt A} is an open arc end; type {\tt AA}
a double open arc. Type {\tt >} (the default) is an arrow-like output
connector; {\tt <} and {\tt <<} input connectors. Arg 3 is arrowhead
width or circle diameter when key-value pairs are not used.
If keys are specified, they are {\tt type=}{\sl chars} as previously;
{\tt wdth=}{\sl expr}; {\tt lgth=}{\sl expr}; {\tt sep=}{\sl expr};
{\tt head=}{\sl attributes except} {\tt lgth, wdth.}
The key {\tt sep=} is the double-head separation
\seesect{Composite:}}%
\macrodef{testexpr}{testexpr}{({\sl variable, expr1, expr2, \ldots})}%
{dpictools}%
{$\;\;$ Set the variable given by arg1 to the index of the first true
alternative in a sequence of logical expressions, e.g.,
{\tt testexpr(i, 1>2, 1<2 )} sets {\sl i} to 2. The variable is set to 0
if no test is true.}%
\macrodef{tgate}{tgate}{({\sl linespec,} [B][R|L])}%
{cct}%
{transmission gate, {\tt B=} ebox type; {\tt L=} oriented left
\seesect{Semiconductors:}}%
\macrodef{thermocouple}{thermocouple}{({\sl linespec, wid, ht,} L|R [T])}%
{cct}%
{ Thermocouple drawn to the left (by default) of the
{\sl linespec} line. A {\tt T} argument truncates the leads so
only the two branches appear. {\tt R=} right orientation.
\seesect{Twoterminal:}}%
\macrodef{thicklines\_}{thicklines_}{({\sl number})}%
{gen}%
{set line thickness in points}%
\macrodef{thinlines\_}{thinlines_}{({\sl number})}%
{gen}%
{set line thickness in points}%
\macrodef{threeD\_init}{threeD_init}{}%
{3D} {initialize 3D transformations (reads {\tt lib3D.m4})}%
\macrodef{thyristor}{thyristor}{(\linespec,%
{\tt [SCR|SCS|SUS|SBS|IEC][{\sl chars}]})}%
{cct}%
{Composite thyristor element in {\tt []}block, types:\\
{\tt SCR}: silicon controlled rectifier (default),\\
{\tt SCS}: silicon controlled switch,\\
{\tt SUS}: silicon unilateral switch,\\
{\tt SBS}: silicon bilateral switch,\\
{\tt IEC}: type IEC.\\
{\sl Chars} to modify or define the element:\\
{\tt K}: open arrowheads,\\
{\tt A}: arrowhead,\\
{\tt F}: half arrowhead,\\
{\tt B}: bidirectional diode,\\
{\tt E}: adds envelope,\\
{\tt H}: perpendicular gate (endpoint {\sl G}),\\
{\tt N}: anode gate (endpoint {\sl Ga}),\\
{\tt U}: centre line in diodes,\\
{\tt V}: perpendicular gate across arrowhead centre,\\
{\tt R}: right orientation,\\
{\tt E}: envelope
\seesect{Semiconductors:}}%
\macrodef{thyristor\_t}{thyristor_t}{({\sl linespec, chars, label})}%
{cct}%
{Wrapper to place a thyristor as a two-terminal element with
{\tt [ ]} block label given by the third argument
\seesect{Semiconductors:}}%
\macrodef{tikznode}{tikznode}{({\sl \Tikz node name, position}) }%
{pgf}%
{insert \Tikz code to define a zero-size \Tikz node at {\sl location}%
(default {\tt Here}) to assist with inclusion of \pic code output
in \Tikz diagrams. This macro must be invoked in the outermost
\pic scope. \seesect{Tikzwithpic:}}%
\macrodef{tline}{tline}{(\linespec,{\sl wid},{\sl ht}) }%
{cct}%
{transmission line, manhattan direction\seesect{Twoterminal:}}%
\macrodef{ToPos}{ToPos}{({\sl position}, U|D|L|R|{\sl degrees}, {\sl length}) }%
{gen}%
{Evaluates to {\tt from {\sl position} - Rect\_({\sl length, angle}) to
{\sl position}} from the polar-coordinate data in the arguments }%
\macrodef{transformer}{transformer}{(\linespec,L|R,{\sl np},%
[A|P][W|L][D1|D2|D12|D21],{\sl ns})}%
{cct}%
{2-winding transformer or choke with terminals {\sl P1, P2, TP, S1, S2, TS}:\\
arg2: {\tt L}: left, {\tt R}: right,\\
arg3: np primary arcs,\\
arg5: ns secondary arcs,\\
arg4:
{\tt A}: air core,\\
{\tt P}: powder (dashed) core,\\
{\tt W}: wide windings,\\
{\tt L}: looped windings,\\
{\tt D1}: phase dots at {\sl P1} and {\sl S1} end;\\
{\tt D2}: at {\sl P2} and {\sl S2} end;\\
{\tt D12}: at {\sl P1} and {\sl S2} end;\\
{\tt D21} at {\sl P2} and {\sl S1} end
\seesect{Composite:}}%
\macrodef{tr\_xy\_init}{tr_xy_init}{({\sl origin, unit size, sign })}%
{cct}%
{initialize {\tt tr\_xy}}%
\macrodef{tr\_xy}{tr_xy}{({\sl x, y})}%
{cct}%
{relative macro internal coordinates adjusted for {\tt L|R}}%
\macrodef{tstrip}{tstrip}{(R|L|U|D|{\sl degrees, nterms, chars})}%
{cct}%
{terminal strip, chars:
I (invisible terminals), C (default circle terminals), D (dot terminals),
O (omitted separator lines), {\tt wid=}value{\tt ;} total strip width,
{\tt ht=}value{\tt ;} strip height, {\tt box={\sl shaded etc.};}
\seesect{Composite:}}%
\macrodef{ttmotor}{ttmotor}{({\sl linespec, string, diameter, brushwid,
brushht})}%
{cct}%
{motor with label\seesect{Twoterminal:}}%
\macrodef{twopi\_}{twopi_}{}%
{gen}%
{$2\pi$}%
\Letter{U}%
\macrodef{ujt}{ujt}{(\linespec,R,P,E)}%
{cct}%
{unijunction transistor, right, P-channel, envelope
\seesect{Semiconductors:}}%
\macrodef{unit3D}{unit3D}{(x,y,z)}%
{3D} {unit triple in the direction of triple x,y,z}%
\macrodef{up\_\_}{up__}{}%
{gen}%
{up with respect to current direction}%
\macrodef{up\_}{up_}{}%
{gen}%
{set current direction up \seesect{Placing:}}%
\Letter{V}%
\macrodef{variable}{variable}{(`{\sl element}', {\sl chars}, [+|-]{\sl angle},
{\sl length}, at position)}%
% {\tt [A|P|L|[u]N|[u]NN][C|S]},
{cct}%
{Overlaid arrow or line to indicate variable 2-terminal element:
The {\sl chars} are\\
{\tt A}: arrow,\\
{\tt P}: preset,\\
{\tt L}: linear,\\
{\tt N}: symmetric nonlinear,\\
{\tt C}: continuous,\\
{\tt S}: setpwise;\\
{\tt u} changes the nonlinearity direction. The angle is absolute
but preceding it with a sign makes the angle (often -30 or -45)
relative to the element drawing direction.\\
If arg5 is blank the symbol is placed over the last {\tt []} block
\seesect{Twoterminal:}}%
\macrodef{Vcoords\_}{Vcoords_}{({\sl position})}%
{gen}%
{The $x, y$ coordinate pair of the position}%
\macrodef{Vdiff\_}{Vdiff_}{({\sl position},{\sl position})}%
{gen}%
{{\tt Vdiff\_(A,B)} evaluates to {\tt A-(B)} with dpic, {\tt A-(B.x,B.y)}
with gpic}%
\macrodef{vec\_}{vec_}{({\sl x},{\sl y})}%
{gen}%
{position rotated with respect to current direction}%
\macrodef{vec\_r}{vec_r}{({\sl x},{\sl y})}%
{gen}%
{Robust position rotated with respect to current direction for use in
dpic loops}%
\macrodef{vec3}{vec3}{({\sl vector})}%
{dpictools}%
{$\;\;$ Expands to the threee components of the vector argument separated
by commas.}%
\macrodef{View3D}{View3D}{}%
{3D} {The view vector (triple) defined by {\tt setview({\sl azimuth,
elevation, rotation})}. The {\tt project} macro projects onto the plane
through {\tt (0,0)} and orthogonal to this vector.}%
\macrodef{vlength}{vlength}{({\sl x},{\sl y})}%
{gen}%
{vector length $\sqrt{x^2+y^2}$}%
\macrodef{vperp}{vperp}{({\sl linear object})}%
{gen}%
{unit-vector pair CCW-perpendicular to linear object}%
\macrodef{Vperp}{Vperp}{({\sl position name}, {\sl position name})}%
{gen}%
{unit-vector pair CCW-perpendicular to line joining two named positions}%
\macrodef{vrot\_}{vrot_}{({\sl x},{\sl y},{\sl xcosine},{\sl ycosine})}%
{gen}%
{rotation operator}%
\macrodef{vscal\_}{vscal_}{({\sl number},{\sl x},{\sl y})}%
{gen}%
{vector scale operator}%
\macrodef{Vsprod\_}{Vsprod_}{({\sl position}, {\sl expression})}%
{gen}%
{The vector in arg 1 multiplied by the scalar in arg 2}%
\macrodef{Vsum\_}{Vsum_}{({\sl position},{\sl position})}%
{gen}%
{{\tt Vsum\_(A,B)} evaluates to {\tt A+B} with dpic, {\tt A+(B.x,B.y)}
with gpic}%
\Letter{W}%
\macrodef{while\_}{while_}{(`{\sl test}',`{\sl actions}')}%
{gen}%
{Integer m4 while loop}%
\macrodef{wid\_}{wid_}{}%
{gen}%
{width with respect to current direction}%
\macrodef{winding}{winding}{(L|R, {\sl diam, pitch, turns, core wid,
core color})}%
{cct}%
{core winding drawn in the current direction; {\tt R}: right-handed
\seesect{Composite:}}%
\macrodef{w\_}{w_}{}%
{gen}%
{.w with respect to current direction}%
\macrodef{XOR\_gate}{XOR_gate}{({\sl n},N)}%
{log}%
{`xor' gate, 2 or {\sl n\/} inputs; {\tt N}: negated input.
Otherwise, arg1 can be a sequence of letters {\tt P|N} to define
normal or negated inputs.
\seesect{Logicgates:}}%
\macrodef{XOR\_off}{XOR_off}{}%
{log}%
{XOR and NXOR offset of input face}%
