<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<style xmlns="http://purl.org/net/xbiblio/csl" class="in-text" version="1.0" demote-non-dropping-particle="never" page-range-format="minimal-two">
 <info>
   <title>Modern Language Association 9th edition</title>
   <title-short>MLA</title-short>
   <id>http://www.zotero.org/styles/modern-language-association</id>
   <link href="http://www.zotero.org/styles/modern-language-association" rel="self"/>
   <link href="http://style.mla.org" rel="documentation"/>
   <author>
     <name>Sebastian Karcher</name>
   </author>
   <contributor>
     <name>Andrew Dunning</name>
     <uri>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0464-5036</uri>
   </contributor>
   <contributor>
     <name>Patrick O'Brien</name>
   </contributor>
   <category citation-format="author"/>
   <category field="generic-base"/>
   <category field="humanities"/>
   <category field="literature"/>
   <summary>This style adheres to the MLA 9th edition handbook. Follows the structure of references as outlined in the MLA Manual closely</summary>
   <updated>2025-06-30T12:44:30-04:00</updated>
   <rights license="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/">This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License</rights>
 </info>
 <locale xml:lang="en">
   <date form="text">
     <date-part name="day" suffix=" "/>
     <date-part name="month" suffix=" " form="short"/>
     <date-part name="year"/>
   </date>
   <terms>
     <!-- MLA Appendix 1 -->
     <term name="chapter" form="short">
       <single>ch.</single>
       <multiple>chs.</multiple>
     </term>
     <term name="note" form="short">
       <single>n</single>
       <multiple>nn</multiple>
     </term>
     <term name="paragraph" form="short">
       <single>par.</single>
       <multiple>pars.</multiple>
     </term>
     <term name="version" form="short">vers.</term>
   </terms>
 </locale>
 <macro name="author">
   <names variable="author">
     <name name-as-sort-order="first" and="text" delimiter-precedes-last="always" delimiter-precedes-et-al="always" initialize="false" initialize-with=". "/>
     <label form="long" prefix=", "/>
     <substitute>
       <names variable="editor"/>
       <names variable="translator"/>
       <text macro="title"/>
     </substitute>
   </names>
 </macro>
 <macro name="author-short">
   <group delimiter=", ">
     <names variable="author">
       <name form="short" initialize-with=". " and="text"/>
       <substitute>
         <names variable="editor"/>
         <names variable="translator"/>
         <text macro="title-short"/>
       </substitute>
     </names>
     <choose>
       <if disambiguate="true">
         <text macro="title-short"/>
       </if>
     </choose>
   </group>
 </macro>
 <macro name="title">
   <choose>
     <if variable="container-title" match="any">
       <text variable="title" quotes="true" text-case="title"/>
     </if>
     <else>
       <text variable="title" font-style="italic" text-case="title"/>
     </else>
   </choose>
 </macro>
 <macro name="title-short">
   <choose>
     <if variable="container-title" match="any">
       <text variable="title" form="short" quotes="true" text-case="title"/>
     </if>
     <else>
       <text variable="title" form="short" font-style="italic" text-case="title"/>
     </else>
   </choose>
 </macro>
 <macro name="container-title">
   <text variable="container-title" font-style="italic" text-case="title"/>
 </macro>
 <macro name="other-contributors">
   <choose>
     <if variable="container-title" match="any">
       <group delimiter=", ">
         <names variable="container-author" delimiter=", ">
           <label form="verb" suffix=" "/>
           <name and="text"/>
         </names>
         <names variable="editor translator" delimiter=", ">
           <label form="verb" suffix=" "/>
           <name and="text"/>
         </names>
         <names variable="director illustrator interviewer" delimiter=", ">
           <label form="verb" suffix=" "/>
           <name and="text"/>
         </names>
       </group>
     </if>
     <else>
       <group delimiter=", ">
         <names variable="container-author" delimiter=", ">
           <label form="verb" suffix=" " text-case="capitalize-first"/>
           <name and="text"/>
         </names>
         <names variable="editor translator" delimiter=", ">
           <label form="verb" suffix=" " text-case="capitalize-first"/>
           <name and="text"/>
         </names>
         <names variable="director illustrator interviewer" delimiter=", ">
           <label form="verb" suffix=" " text-case="capitalize-first"/>
           <name and="text"/>
         </names>
       </group>
     </else>
   </choose>
 </macro>
 <macro name="version">
   <group delimiter=", ">
     <choose>
       <if is-numeric="edition">
         <group delimiter=" ">
           <number variable="edition" form="ordinal"/>
           <text term="edition" form="short"/>
         </group>
       </if>
       <else>
         <text variable="edition" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
       </else>
     </choose>
     <text variable="version"/>
     <text variable="medium"/>
   </group>
 </macro>
 <macro name="volume-lowercase">
   <group delimiter=" ">
     <text term="volume" form="short"/>
     <text variable="volume"/>
   </group>
 </macro>
 <macro name="number">
   <group delimiter=", ">
     <group>
       <choose>
         <!--lowercase if we have a preceding element-->
         <if variable="edition container-title" match="any">
           <text macro="volume-lowercase"/>
         </if>
         <!--other contributors preceding the volume-->
         <else-if variable="author" match="all">
           <choose>
             <if variable="editor translator container-author illustrator interviewer director" match="any">
               <text macro="volume-lowercase"/>
             </if>
           </choose>
         </else-if>
         <else-if variable="editor" match="all">
           <choose>
             <if variable="translator container-author illustrator interviewer director" match="any">
               <text macro="volume-lowercase"/>
             </if>
           </choose>
         </else-if>
         <else-if variable="container-author illustrator interviewer director" match="any">
           <text macro="volume-lowercase"/>
         </else-if>
         <else>
           <group delimiter=" ">
             <text term="volume" form="short" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
             <text variable="volume"/>
           </group>
         </else>
       </choose>
     </group>
     <group delimiter=" ">
       <text term="issue" form="short"/>
       <text variable="issue"/>
     </group>
     <choose>
       <if type="report">
         <text variable="genre"/>
       </if>
     </choose>
     <text variable="number"/>
   </group>
 </macro>
 <macro name="publisher">
   <choose>
     <if type="thesis" match="any">
       <group delimiter=". ">
         <date variable="issued" form="numeric" date-parts="year"/>
         <group delimiter=", ">
           <text variable="publisher"/>
           <text variable="genre"/>
         </group>
       </group>
     </if>
     <else-if type="article-magazine article-newspaper article-journal" match="none">
       <text variable="publisher"/>
     </else-if>
   </choose>
 </macro>
 <macro name="publication-date">
   <choose>
     <if type="book chapter paper-conference motion_picture" match="any">
       <date variable="issued" form="numeric" date-parts="year"/>
     </if>
     <else-if type="article-journal" match="any">
       <date variable="issued" form="text" date-parts="year-month"/>
     </else-if>
     <else-if type="speech thesis" match="none">
       <date variable="issued" form="text"/>
     </else-if>
   </choose>
 </macro>
 <macro name="location">
   <group delimiter=", ">
     <group delimiter=" ">
       <label variable="page" form="short"/>
       <text variable="page"/>
     </group>
     <choose>
       <if variable="source" match="none">
         <text macro="URI"/>
       </if>
     </choose>
   </group>
 </macro>
 <macro name="container2-title">
   <group delimiter=", ">
     <choose>
       <if type="speech">
         <text variable="event"/>
         <date variable="event-date" form="text"/>
         <text variable="event-place"/>
       </if>
     </choose>
     <text variable="archive"/>
     <text variable="archive-place"/>
     <text variable="archive_location"/>
   </group>
 </macro>
 <macro name="container2-location">
   <choose>
     <if variable="source">
       <choose>
         <if variable="DOI URL" match="any">
           <group delimiter=", ">
             <text variable="source" font-style="italic"/>
             <text macro="URI"/>
           </group>
         </if>
       </choose>
     </if>
   </choose>
 </macro>
 <macro name="URI">
   <choose>
     <if variable="DOI">
       <text variable="DOI" prefix="https://doi.org/"/>
     </if>
     <else>
       <text variable="URL"/>
     </else>
   </choose>
 </macro>
 <macro name="accessed">
   <!--using accessed where we don't have an issued date; follows recommendation on p. 53 -->
   <choose>
     <if variable="issued" match="none">
       <group delimiter=" ">
         <text term="accessed" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
         <date variable="accessed" form="text"/>
       </group>
     </if>
   </choose>
 </macro>
 <citation et-al-min="3" et-al-use-first="1" disambiguate-add-names="true" disambiguate-add-givenname="true">
   <layout prefix="(" suffix=")" delimiter="; ">
     <choose>
       <if locator="page line" match="any">
         <group delimiter=" ">
           <text macro="author-short"/>
           <text variable="locator"/>
         </group>
       </if>
       <else>
         <group delimiter=", ">
           <text macro="author-short"/>
           <group delimiter=" ">
             <label variable="locator" form="short"/>
             <text variable="locator"/>
           </group>
         </group>
       </else>
     </choose>
   </layout>
 </citation>
 <bibliography hanging-indent="true" et-al-min="3" et-al-use-first="1" line-spacing="2" entry-spacing="0" subsequent-author-substitute="---">
   <sort>
     <key macro="author"/>
     <key variable="title"/>
   </sort>
   <layout suffix=".">
     <group delimiter=". ">
       <text macro="author"/>
       <text macro="title"/>
       <date variable="original-date" form="numeric" date-parts="year"/>
       <group delimiter=", ">
         <!---This group corresponds to MLA's "Container 1"-->
         <text macro="container-title"/>
         <text macro="other-contributors"/>
         <text macro="version"/>
         <text macro="number"/>
         <text macro="publisher"/>
         <text macro="publication-date"/>
         <text macro="location"/>
       </group>
       <group delimiter=", ">
         <!---This group corresponds to MLA's "Container 2"-->
         <!--currently just using this one for archival info-->
         <text macro="container2-title"/>
         <text macro="container2-location"/>
       </group>
       <text macro="accessed"/>
     </group>
   </layout>
 </bibliography>
</style>

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