The Linux Danish/International HOWTO
 Thomas Petersen, [email protected]
 v1.0, 9 March 1994

 This document describes how to configure Linux and various Linux
 applications for use with the Danish characterset and keyboard. It is
 hoped that Linux users from other places in Western Europe will find
 this document of use too.

 1.  Introduction

 All European users of almost any operating system have two problems:
 The first is to tell the OS that you have a non-american keyboard, and
 the second is to get the OS to display the special letters.

 Under Linux you change the way your computer interprets the keyboard
 with the commands xmodmap and loadkeys. loadkeys will modify the
 keyboard for plain Linux while 'xmodmap' makes the modifications
 necessary when the handshaking between X and Linux is imperfect.

 To display the characters you need to tell your applications that you
 use the ISO-8859-Latin-1 international set of glyphs. Mostly this is
 not necessary, but a number of key applications need special
 attention.

 This Mini-Howto is intended to tell Danish users how to do this, but
 will hopefully be of help to many other people.

 If you continue to have troubles after reading this you should try the
 German HOWTO,  the Keystroke HOWTO for Linux or the ISO 8859-1 FAQ.
 They have tips for many applications. Many of the hints contained
 herein are cribbed from there. The HOWTOs are available from all
 respectable mirrors of sunsite.unc.edu while the ISO 8859-1 FAQ is
 available from ftp.vlsivie.tuwien.ac.at in /pub/8bit/FAQ-ISO-8859-1.


 2.  Keyboard setup





 2.1.  Loading a Danish keytable


 Keyboard mappings are in /usr/lib/kbd/keytables/.  Try typing either
 of these two commands to load one


      /usr/bin/loadkeys /usr/lib/kbd/keytables/dk.map
      /usr/bin/loadkeys /usr/lib/kbd/keytables/dk-lat1.map




 The difference between the two lines is that dk-lat1.map uses `dead'
 keys while dk.map doesn't.  Dead keys are explained in section ``Dead-
 Keys''.

 You can change the keymapping loaded at boot by editing the file
 /etc/rc.d/rc.keymap.

 If this doesn't work you simply haven't installed support for
 international keyboards.


 2.2.  Getting the AltGr key to work under X


 Edit the file /etc/Xconfig (under XFree86 2.0) or /etc/X11/XF86Config
 (underXFree86 3.x) and make sure the line


        RightAlt    ModeShift




 appears in the Keyboard section. Usually you can do this by uncomment-
 ing an appropriate line.


 2.3.  Dead keys and accented characters


 Dead keys are those who don't type anything until you hit another key.
 Tildes and umlauts are like this by default under Microsoft Windows
 and if you use the dk-lat1.map keymap under Linux.


 2.3.1.  Removing dead key functionality

 Under plain Linux type


      loadkeys dk.map





 2.3.2.  Invoking dead key functionality


 o  Invoking dead key functionality under plain Linux


    Under plain Linux type


      loadkeys dk-lat1.map





 o  Invoking dead key functionality under X11R5 sessions


    Insert the following lines in a file ~/.Xmodmap or /etc/X11/Xmodmap


      keycode 21 = acute      Dgrave_accent           bar
      keycode 35 = Ddiaeresis Dcircumflex_accent      Dtilde




 You can now make  the dead keys work by typing (e.g.)  xmodmap
 .Xmodmap. Using the Slackware distribution this commando will be auto-
 matically executed next time you run X.

 o  Invoking dead key functionality under X11R6 sessions


    Under X11R6 applications dead keys won't work unless they were
    compiled with support for unusual input methods. The only
    application reported to do so is kterm - an xterm substitute.
    Eventually the situation might improve, but as it is you can't do
    much but revert to X11R5 or hack every application you own. Do not
    attempt the method described for X11R5.




 2.4.  Making o (oslash) O (Ooblique) and the dollar sign work



 2.4.1.  o (oslash) and O (Ooblique)

 Find out what keymap you load at boot-up. You should be able to find
 out by typing less /etc/rc.d/rc.keymap.  On my computer it is called
 /usr/lib/kbd/keytables/dk-lat1.map. Find the line for keycode 40 in
 this file and change it from


      keycode  40 = cent              yen




 to


      keycode  40 = oslash            Ooblique




 and load the keytable as described in section ``LoadKeys''.

 Note: This bug appears to have been fixed in version 0.88 of the
 international keytable package.


 2.4.2.  Dollar sign

 The dollar sign is accessed with Shift-4 instead of AltGr-4 by
 default. You can fix this by changing the line


      keycode   5 = four             dollar           dollar




 in the keymap file to e.g.


      keycode   5 = four             asciicircum      dollar




 It doesn't matter if you something else instead asciicircum if it is
 just a valid symbol name.  See section ``Glyphs'' for a list of valid
 symbols.
 3.  Display and application setup



 3.1.  International character sets in specific applications

 A number of applications demand special attention. This section
 descibes how to set up configuration filesfor them.


 o  bash v.1.13+ : Put the following in your .inputrc file


      set meta-flag on
      set convert-meta off
      set output-meta on





 o  tcsh: Put the following in your /etc/csh.login or .tcshrc file


      setenv LC_CTYPE ISO-8859-1
      stty pass8





 o  less: Set the following environment variable


      LESSCHARSET=latin1





 o  elm: Set the following environment variables


      LANG=C
      LC_CTYPE=ISO-8859-1





 o  emacs: Put the following in your .emacs or the /usr/lib/emacs/site-
    lisp/default.el file:


      (standard-display-european t)

      (set-input-mode (car (current-input-mode))
              (nth 1 (current-input-mode))
              0)





 o  TeX / LaTeX: Cribbed from the ISO 8859-1 FAQ by Michael Gschwind
    <[email protected]>:
    In LaTeX 2.09, use


      \documentstyle[isolatin]{article}




 to include support for ISO latin1 characters. In LaTeX2e, the commands


      \documentclass{article}
      \usepackage{isolatin}




 will do the job.  isolatin.sty is available from all CTAN servers and
 from URL ftp://ftp.vlsivie.tuwien.ac.at/pub/8bit.


 3.2.  What characters you can display under Linux

 Type dumpkeys -l | less at the prompt to find out what is readily
 available. You can map them to your keyboard via the keymap files
 mentioned in section ``LoadKeys''.

 X11R5 Note: The dead keys don't get the correct names under X11R5 with
 this scheme. Generally

      dead_* (under plain Linux) => D* or D*_accent (under X11R5)


 (i.e. the tilde may be dead_tilde in dk-lat1.map but X11R5 expects the
 dead tilde to be called Dtilde.) This does not apply to X11R6.


 3.3.  Loading the Latin-1 characer set on the console

 Execute the following commands under the bash shell:


      setfont /usr/lib/kbd/consolefonts/lat1-16.psf
      mapscrn /usr/lib/kbd/consoletrans/trivial
      echo -ne '\033(K'




 Note: This only has effect under plain Linux. Do not try it under X.


 4.  Post-amble: Acknowledgements and Copyright

 Thanks to Peter Dalgaard, Anders Majland, the authors of the German
 Howto and Michael Gschwind for help with several questions.

 This Mini-Howto is copyrighted by Thomas Petersen and distributed as
 other Linux HOWTOs under the terms described below.

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