Sat Apr 2 19:32:34 PST 1994
This is an unofficial HOWTO that describes how to use 'setup' and 'pkgtool'
to upgrade your Linux system.
------------------
One of the most commonly asked questions about Slackware (especially after any
major release) is: How do I upgrade my system?
Until recently, it seemed there were two routes you could go. You could back up
everything you wanted to save, and then reinstall from scratch. As anyone who's
done this can attest, it's a tedious process and there's almost always a couple
important files that don't get backed up. The other option was to install the
new packages over the old system. This works, but any old files that aren't
overwritten by new ones will be left in your filesystem. This wastes space, and
makes system administration difficult, especially when configuration files
that are ignored by the new binaries are left behind.
The new versions of 'pkgtool' (a package maintenance tool developed for the
Slackware distribution) should have provide a clean upgrade path from earlier
versions of Slackware. Since it can now remove packages from your hard drive
while running on a self-contained Linux filesystem loaded into a ramdisk, it
can remove *any* files from your system, including ones that were difficult
or impossible to remove while running on the harddrive. Files such as the
shell, shared libraries, init, and other crucial system files.
Here's how you'd upgrade to a newer version of Slackware from any previous
version that supports package information files in /var/adm/packages. (If
your system puts these files elsewhere, you might still be able to do this
by creating a symbolic link from the package informataion directory to
/var/adm/packages)
1. Back up important files, or take your chances. ;^)
Odds are you'll come through ok. However, there are two important
exceptions to this rule. The first (and most obvious) is when a package
overwrites a file you meant to keep with a new one. The second, and
possibly more serious situation is when the system needs to replace an
existing file with a symbolic link. It *will* replace the file, whether
it's a simple file, a file that's chmoded 444, or a directory filled with
other subdirectories, each containing part of your Doctoral dissertation.
So, be careful.
2. Make a list of the packages you plan to replace.
3. Use a bootkernel disk to boot one of the root/install disks. Log in as
root.
4. Mount your root Linux partitions under /mnt while logged into the
install disk. The method used here differs depending on what filesystem
you're using for Linux. Here are some examples:
How to mount an ext2fs partition:
mount /dev/hda1 /mnt -t ext2
^^^^^^^^^
Replace this with the name of your root partition.
Similarly, if the partition was of type xiafs, you would use this command:
mount /dev/hda1 /mnt -t xiafs
If you're using UMSDOS (the system that allows you to install onto an
existing MS-DOS filesystem), this is the command you would use:
mount /dev/hda1 /mnt -t umsdos
If you've got other partitions that are part of your Linux filesystem,
mount them after you've mounted that root partition. The methos is the
same - for example, here's how you'd mount an ext2fs /usr partition:
mount /dev/hda2 /mnt/usr -t ext2
5. Once the partition has been mounted, we need to activate swap space if
the system has less than 8 MB of memory. (If you have 8 or more MB, you
may go on to step 6)
You may use either a swap partition or a swapfile. To get a quick listing
of your partition information, you can always type 'fdisk -l'. Doing this
on my machine provides the following information:
Disk /dev/hda: 15 heads, 17 sectors, 1001 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 255 * 512 bytes
Device Boot Begin Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/hda1 10 10 90 10327+ 1 DOS 12-bit FAT
/dev/hda2 91 91 1000 116025 5 Extended
/dev/hda3 * 1 1 9 1139 a OPUS
/dev/hda5 * 91 91 1000 116016+ 6 DOS 16-bit >=32M
Disk /dev/hdb: 16 heads, 31 sectors, 967 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 496 * 512 bytes
Device Boot Begin Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/hdb1 * 1 1 921 228392+ 6 DOS 16-bit >=32M
/dev/hdb2 922 922 966 11160 82 Linux swap
From this display, you can see that /dev/hdb2 has been designated as the
Linux swap partition. If the partition has not been previously prepared
with mkswap, here's how that would be done:
mkswap /dev/hdb2 11160
To activate the swap partition, you would type:
swapon /dev/hdb2
6. Remove the packages! To do this, type 'pkgtool' and select the option
remove installed packages. You'll be given a list of packages that you've
installed - just select the list of packages that you plan to replace.
If you're using one of the full-color versions of pkgtool, you select the
packages to remove by removing up and down through the list with '+' and
'-' and toggling packages to reomve with the spacebar. Once you've toggled
all the packages you want to remove, hit ENTER to remove them.
If you're using one of the tty based versions of pkgtool, you'll have to
type in the names of the packages you with to remove. Seperate each name
with a space. Don't worry about how long the line ends up - just keep
typing in the names until you've entered them all, and then hit ENTER to
remove them.
That's it! Now you've cleaned up the old packages and you're ready to install
the new ones. Type 'setup' and proceed to install the new packages as normal.
Although it never hurts to play it safe and remove all packages from the
bootdisk, almost all of them can be removed using pkgtool from your hard
drive. The A series is the important exception here.
I wish everyone good luck with this! :^)
---
Patrick Volkerding
[email protected]
