How to setup international keyboard in X Windows with
Xmodmap
by Juraj Sipos,
[email protected]
v1.4, 27 July 2001
How to setup international keyboard in Linux or Unix with Xmodmap. The
Xmodmap is a file that XFree86 reads in order to give you a keyboard
layout. This solution will work for you in setting up any interna�
tional keyboard for (Debian, RedHat, Mandrake, CorelLinux) Linux,
FreeBSD, OpenBSD, NetBSD and possibly every Unix that uses XFree86 and
KDE. The advantage of this howto is that it is not architecture spe�
cific and will work on all other systems. However, it is a little
experimental in that that it bypasses some standardized XFree86 solu�
tions (with respect to its older versions), although a standard form
of internationalization is included too.
______________________________________________________________________
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
1.1 Copyright
1.2 Revision history
1.3 Introduction
2. Setting up international keyboard in X Windows with Xmodmap
2.1 Quick start
2.2 How to do it
2.3 This experimental or nonstandard solution is not necessary for newer versions of XFree86
2.4 Xmodmap theory and standard Xmodmap solution
2.5 Experimental .Xmodmap sample file for the Slovak language typewriter layout _______________________cut_here_________________________
2.6 Character sets
2.7 ISO-8859-2 (ISO Latin2) character set
2.8 The standard ISO8859-2 definitions in the Xmodmap file
3. How this Xmodmap solution works on various systems
3.1 SuSE 6.4 and 7.0
3.1.1 SuSE 7.0 with XFree86 version 3.3.6 and KDE 2.0 (this also applies to SuSE 6.4
3.1.2 KDE 2.0 No LANG=language and LC_ALL=language statements are necessary in you bash_profile. You may use the Xmodmap file with standard ISO8859-2 keycode definitions (not "threequarters" but "scaron", etc.). Unfortunately, although you may immediately start writing with ISO8859-2 keycodes, the dead keys are not working properly and export LANG=language does not work here in order to make these dead keys work. There's also some bug with fonts or something - KDE 2.0 does not properly handle ISO8859-2 fonts together with Xmodmap. Old kedit, newest GNOME's gedit and StarOffice work well (after applying the above script for StarOffice).
3.2 SuSE 7.0 with Xfree86 version 3.3.6 and KDE 1.x
3.3 Mandrake Linux 7.2
3.3.1 Mandrake Linux 7.2 - as it should be (KDE 2.0 without Xmodmap)
3.3.2 Mandrake Linux 7.2 with XFree86 version 3.3.6
3.4 RedHat 5.1, 5.2, 6.0, 6.1 and 6.2 (XFree86 3.3.6 and older)
3.5 FreeBSD 3.1 and 3.2
3.6 FreeBSD 4.1
3.7 Corel Linux 1.0 and 1.1
3.8 ISO* specifications
4. Some national Xmodmap files
4.1 German
4.2 Hungarian
4.3 Czech
4.4 Polish
4.5 French
4.6 Croatian/Slovenian
4.7 Lithuanian keyboard (AZERTY layout)
4.8 Polish
5. Some Xmodmap tips
______________________________________________________________________
1. Introduction
1.1. Copyright
This documentation is free documentation; you can redistribute it
and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as
published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the
License, or (at your option) any later version.
This documentation is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
General Public License for more details.
1.2. Revision history
Version 1.0.0
Initial version Summer 1999
Version 1.1
Added copyright information and slight modifications pertaining
to newer systems
Version 1.2
Completely rebuilt, added the possibility to force the system to
read Xmodmap; some national Xmodmap files added, more
information included on building up the standard Xmodmap files
Version 1.3
Minor corrections, spell checking and editation made, few more
Xmodmap files added; list of what all ISO8859* specifications
mean
Version 1.4
Correction of script for including X Window fonts to StarOffice
1.3. Introduction
The international keyboard Xmodmap HOWTO. Copyright (C) 1999, 2001
Juraj Sipos (
[email protected]). Imagine you use a Linux or BSD OS and
want to write a business letter to a person that has a foreign name
with a slash or idiaresis. Danish language uses signs like � and
Spanish like �.
This is the Xmodmap Howto. With this information you can make your own
international keyboard layout without installing any additional
packages. The following information will help you set up German,
Spanish, Italian, Slovak, Czech, Polish, Slovenian, Croatian, Danish,
Dutch, French, Finnish, Norwegian, Estonian, Latvian, Swedish and
other keyboards. You can also alternatively look at my hompage at
http://freebsd.nfo.sk to see layouts of various keyboards. In case you
want to install Greek, Hebrew or Russian language, follow my
information and apply changes pertinent to these languages also with
respect to other documentation (e.g., install Greek fonts, etc., see
the Cyrilic, Hebrew, or Danish howto). This howto does not cover the
/etc/X11/XF86Config file XKB configuration and don't mail me with
questions regarding this matter. There are other howtos in Linux
Documentation project, so please look there.
2. Setting up international keyboard in X Windows with Xmodmap
2.1. Quick start
Make your own .Xmodmap file according to information in this file.
Write the following to your .bash_profile in home directory:
export LANG=language export LC_ALL=langauge
where "language" is the language you want to use. The languages can be
found in the file locale.alias in /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/locale. Run
"exit" command on the console and log in again for bash to read the
statement from its .bash_profile.
Install fonts (best are ISO8859-2 Type1 fonts for Czech or Slovak),
put them in path to your XF86Config. Start X Server.
Please note that the KDE 2.0 text editor doesn't display ISO8859-2
fonts even if you have them in path. The "Latin2" statement in this
editor's menu seems not to work. Install another simple text editor
where you can CHOOSE fonts (the GNOME's gedit or kedit from older KDE
will do). Open a dialog window from menu, select font and choose
ISO8859-2 charset.
Run the command "xmodmap /.Xmodmap" from an X terminal window to
force the system to read the Xmodmap file.
Switch the keyboard and enjoy.
The other, XKB solution, which is not covered in this file but
mentioned at least as it pertains to internationalization too, is
another way of configuring international keyboard, and both the XKB
and XMODMAP solutions are independent of one another. You may
alternatively edit the /etc/X11/Xf86Config file as explained in a
Danish Howto, or issue this command in an X terminal window for the
Slovak keyboard:
setxkbmap -model pc102 -symbols 'czsk(us_sk_qwertz)' setxkbmap cs
-option grp:shift_toggle
qwerty or qwertz means that the letter z Z and y Y are swapped. The
"grp:shift_toggle" gives you an option to switch between keyboards.
You may also try to write Option "XkbOptions" "grp:ctrl_shift_toggle"
to your XF86Config file, which will change keyboards by pressing Ctrl
and Shift at the same time.
To see a variety of languages (symbols), look in the file symbols.dir
in /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/xkb directory. Note that some symbols are only
in sources and not in binaries.
As you see, this looks quite complicated too and it gets even more
difficult when you realize that many national keymaps are not included
in the standard XFree86 binary distribution, although they are
included in its sources. The kikbd utility for handling international
keyboard layouts was removed from KDE 2.0 and documentation is quite
insufficient. A simple way would be to start KDE, change the
international keyboard settings and immediately write in the language
you chose (this will work for German and other languages maybe, but in
Eastern European keyboards some letters may not function).
Moreover, the KDE 2.0 command "kcmshell Personalization/kcmlayout"
will not show you a Croatian or Macedonian keyboard. And although it
shows a Czechoslovakian keyboard, Czechoslovakia does not exist as a
country anymore and users may be confused with how to define Czech or
Slovak language.
Some X Windows managers override .Xmodmap setting. If .Xmodmap doesn't
work immediately, a good way is to force the system to read it from
your root (home) directory. You will do this by issuing the following
command from an X terminal window:
xmodmap /.Xmodmap
After I installed the Slovak keyboard in KDE with Xmodmap file that
used the standard definitions for ISO8859-2 keycode entities (lcaron,
scaron, etc.), I couldn't write in Slovak or Czech, so I made few
changes to the Xmodmap file explained later in this file. After
applying these changes, no other changes were necessary.
2.2. How to do it
2.3. This experimental or nonstandard solution is not necessary for
newer versions of XFree86
Put the following in you .bash_profile:
export LC_ALL=language
export LANG=language
OR
export LC_CTYPE=sk_SK export LC_ALL=sk_SK
OR for csh shell
setenv LC_ALL=language setenv LANG=langauge
and have the standard Xmodmap file in your home directory. If you ask
me where you may obtain such "standard" Xmodmap files, go to GNOME
../share directory. The file /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/locale/locale.alias
contains the aliases for langauges, so look there in order to find out
what is ca_ES or br_FR, or to find out the exact syntax for your
language (you cannot write "croatia" but you must write "croatian",
not "Croatian"; this is very important, as Unix is case sensitive).
Now you must install the pertinent language fonts and put path in
XF86Config file to these fonts. If you want to internationalize your
keyboard, use the standard Xmodmap definitions first and use right alt
to switch between keyboards (if you use GNOME Xmodmap files). If it
does not work, do the following:
a) Copy the "Compose" file from: /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/locale/iso8859-2
to: /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/locale/iso8859-1 directory (yes, iso8859-1, not
iso8859-2). Back up the original "Compose" file if you want
(alternatively, copy other iso885*** Compose files to the iso8859-1
directory).
b) Put the included .Xmodmap file to your root directory (Slovak
language, or make your own .Xmodmap file, or choose from the ones
listed here).
c) Install ISO8859-2 fonts (or other pertinent fonts).
You may try to issue the command:
xset q
to see which fonts are in your path.
If you want to add fonts in your path from X Windows, issue the
command:
xset fp+ /usr/fonts_path
xset fp rehash
d) Disable every "Scroll Lock" uncommented line in your XF86Config,
because our .Xmodmap for the Slovak language uses the Scroll Lock to
switch between keyboards.
e) Put the appropriate fontpath for your newly installed fonts in the
XF86Config file, if necessary (Mandrake 7.2 does not require this).
The .Xmodmap solution may be applied to all X keyboards; .Xmodmap file
overrides all settings of keyboard layouts as defined in
/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/xkb/symbols/, where are symbols for many
international keyboards.
First, I must say that in my solution (in older XFree86 versions),
different mapping is used for .Xmodmap keycodes for some ISO8859-2
keycode entities. ISO8859-2 definitions (keycode entities) like
lcaron, zcaron actually do not work. This means that the ISO8859-1
definitions must be used instead and they will either give you what
they say they are (aacute [�], eacute [�], etc.), or they will not
give you what they say they are (using ISO8859-2 fonts, putting
"threequarters" in your .Xmodmap file will not give you "3/4" but "z"
with a caron, a reveres ^ above it). For example, "mu" will give
lcaron, "oslash" rcaron, etc.
However, other key definitions, for example, adieresis (a with two
dots above it), uacute (u with a slash above it), as well as
dead_diaeresis do not require a substitution of other definitions and
work pretty well, as they're defined everywhere (a dead key is a key
you press, hold it, yet nothing happens, but after pressing another
key you will get a special letter).
The original "Compose" file in ../iso8859-1 directory can be fully
utilized for English, Slovak or Czech keyboard layouts (Polish,
Hungarian, Slovenian, Croatian) in some older XFree86 distributions,
but there is only one problem - dead keys do not work. That's why you
have to copy the "Compose" file from the iso8859-2 directory to
iso8859-1 directory, or alternatively, you can edit the "Compose" file
in iso8859-1 directory.
You can leave the Keyboard section in your XF86Config file without
much change. Put (if it's not already there) the following in the
"Keyboard" section:
Section "Keyboard"
Protocol "Standard"
XkbRules "xfree86"
XkbModel "pc101"
XkbLayout "us"
Some X Windows managers and/or environments override .Xmodmap
settings, so if you use KDE and .Xmodmap doesn't work, force the
system to read it by issuing the command "xmodmap /.Xmodmap".
Alternatively, you can have 60 .Xmodmap files like .Xmo1, .Xmo2,
.Xmo3, .Xmo4, etc., and you may force the system to read them (xmodmap
/.Xmo1). The dot means it is a hidden file and it is not necessary.
You may also have xmo1, xmo2, or xmo3 Xmodmap files.
You may write in a national keyboard only with applications that have
access to your ISO8859-2 fonts (or other fonts), but this may not work
with StarOffice or with other applications that have their own built-
in fonts. StarOffice has its own fonts directory - for afm fonts in
StarOffice/share/xp3/fontmetrics/afm, and for ps fonts in
StarOffice/share/xp3/pssoftfonts, so you must add the ISO8859-2 fonts
to these directories (to tell StarOffice to use these fonts too) and
edit fonts.dir file and add the symlinked fonts there. Here is a
script that will do it for you. Cut it, name it "so52", make it
executable (chmod +x so52), copy it to the StarOffice/share/xp3
directory and execute it there.
-------------------------------cut_here-----------------------------------
#!/bin/sh
# Put path to your StarOffice here
STAR_OFFICE_ROOT=/mnt/StarOffice5.2
FONTS_DIR=/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/ISO8859-2/Type1
#
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
# Don't edit the skript here
#
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
XP3_DIR=$STAR_OFFICE_ROOT/share/xp3
if [ -e $XP3_DIR/psstd.fonts.il2 ]; then
echo "Changes were already done!"
echo "If there's a problem, delete the file"
echo " $XP3_DIR/psstd.fonts.il2"
exit 1
fi
if [ -e $FONTS_DIR/afm ]; then
AFM_DIR=$FONTS_DIR/afm
else
AFM_DIR=$FONTS_DIR
fi
# Link AFM files.
ln -sf $AFM_DIR/*.[aA][fF][mM] $XP3_DIR/fontmetrics/afm
# Link PFB files.
ln -sf $FONTS_DIR/*.[pP][fF][bB] $XP3_DIR/pssoftfonts
grep "\.pf" $FONTS_DIR/fonts.dir \
| sed -e 's/\.pfb /, /g' -e 's/-0-0-0-0-/-%d-%d-%d-%d-/g' \
> $XP3_DIR/psstd.fonts.il2
cat $XP3_DIR/psstd.fonts.il2 >> $XP3_DIR/psstd.fonts
------------------------------------cut_here-----------------------------
StarOffice 5.2 fully recognizes Word97 documents even written in other
languages, but for the older versions or other editors, you may use a
converter from iso8859-2 to win1250 encoding.
StarOffice 5.2 can be thus used by professional translators who may
translate in any langauges and give outputs in MS Word97 or rtf
format.
2.4. Xmodmap theory and standard Xmodmap solution
If you want to edit and make your own .Xmodmap keyboard layout
definitions, I'll explain one line of the .Xmodmap file to make clear
what you should do.
This explanation can be used for all keycodes. For example, the line:
keycode 0x11 = 8 asterisk aacute 8
(note: keycode 0x11 is derived from the "xkeycaps" utility; you can
also use the X Windows "xev" utility to explore keyboard puzzles.)
says that the first pair, the default one, (number "8" and "asterisk")
will display number "8" when you press keycode 0x11 ("8"), will
display asterisk when a "shift" key is pressed. After pressing the
scroll lock, there's another definition: ISO_NEXT_GROUP, which means
that when you press the default "8" key, no "8" will be displayed, but
aacute ("�"); when you press the "shift" key, number "8" will be
displayed. So if you change "aacute" and "8", anything you put instead
of "aacute" and "8" will be displayed, for example:
keycode 0x11 = 8 asterisk semicolon colon
will give you "semicolon" and "colon" in your 0x11 keycode after
pressing the Scroll Lock.
The ISO_NEXT_GROUP is defined by another line. If this line is not
defined, you will be able to use only two definitions ("8" and
"asterisk") - look at my .Xmodmap file. If you delete the
ISO_NEXT_GROUP (the next pair of definitions on the right), you will
have only one group of keyboard definitions ("8" and "asterisk"). Be
careful when editing the .Xmodmap file. You mustn't delete definitions
that enable utilization of the Scroll Lock unless you know what you
are doing (or you map the second keyboard by right Alt). These are the
lines such as:
keycode 0x4e = ISO_Next_Group
add mod5 = ISO_Next_Group,
etc. You must also keep in mind that Unixes are case sensitive. If you
want to find out more about keycodes, install the package "xkeycaps"
or use "xev".
2.5. _______________________cut_here_________________________ Experi�
mental .Xmodmap sample file for the Slovak language typewriter layout
keycode 0x09 = Escape
keycode 0x43 = F1 F11 F1 Multi_key
keycode 0x44 = F2 F12 F2 F12
keycode 0x45 = F3 F13 F3 F13 idiaeresis
keycode 0x46 = F4 F14 F4 F14 mu yen
keycode 0x47 = F5 F15 F5 F15 guillemotright guillemotleft
keycode 0x48 = F6 F16 F6 F16 ograve
keycode 0x49 = F7 F17 F7 dead_abovedot oacute
keycode 0x4A = F8 F18 F8 dead_breve acute
keycode 0x4B = F9 F19 F9 dead_cedilla ugrave
keycode 0x4C = F10 F20 F10 dead_ogonek
keycode 0x5F = F11 F21 dead_acute dead_caron
keycode 0x60 = F12 F22 dead_abovering dead_diaeresis
keycode 0x6F = Print Execute dead_iota
keycode 0x4E = ISO_Next_Group
keycode 0x6E = Pause
keycode 0x31 = grave asciitilde semicolon dead_diaeresis
keycode 0x0A = 1 exclam plus 1
keycode 0x0B = 2 at mu 2
keycode 0x0C = 3 numbersign onesuperior 3
keycode 0x0D = 4 dollar egrave 4
keycode 0x0E = 5 percent 0x0bb 5
keycode 0x0F = 6 asciicircum threequarters 6
keycode 0x10 = 7 ampersand yacute 7
keycode 0x11 = 8 asterisk aacute 8
keycode 0x12 = 9 parenleft iacute 9
keycode 0x13 = 0 parenright eacute 0
keycode 0x14 = minus underscore equal percent
keycode 0x15 = equal plus dead_acute dead_caron
keycode 0x33 = backslash bar ograve parenright
keycode 0x16 = BackSpace
keycode 0x6A = Insert
keycode 0x61 = Home
keycode 0x63 = Prior
keycode 0x4D = Num_Lock Pointer_EnableKeys
keycode 0x70 = KP_Divide slash
keycode 0x3F = KP_Multiply asterisk
keycode 0x52 = KP_Subtract minus
keycode 0x17 = Tab ISO_Left_Tab
keycode 0x18 = q Q
keycode 0x19 = w W
keycode 0x1A = e E
keycode 0x1B = r R
keycode 0x1C = t T
keycode 0x1D = y Y z Z
keycode 0x1E = u U
keycode 0x1F = i I
keycode 0x20 = o O
keycode 0x21 = p P
keycode 0x22 = bracketleft braceleft acute slash
keycode 0x23 = bracketright braceright diaeresis parenleft
keycode 0x24 = Return
keycode 0x6B = Delete
keycode 0x67 = End
keycode 0x69 = Next
keycode 0x4F = KP_Home 7 KP_Home
keycode 0x50 = KP_Up 8
keycode 0x51 = KP_Prior 9
keycode 0x56 = KP_Add plus
keycode 0x42 = Caps_Lock
keycode 0x26 = a A
keycode 0x27 = s S
keycode 0x28 = d D
keycode 0x29 = f F
keycode 0x2A = g G
keycode 0x2B = h H
keycode 0x2C = j J
keycode 0x2D = k K
keycode 0x2E = l L
keycode 0x2F = semicolon colon ocircumflex quotedbl
keycode 0x30 = apostrophe quotedbl section exclam
keycode 0x53 = KP_Left 4
keycode 0x54 = KP_Begin 5
keycode 0x55 = KP_Right 6
keycode 0x32 = Shift_L ISO_Next_Group
keycode 0x34 = z Z y Y
keycode 0x35 = x X
keycode 0x36 = c C
keycode 0x37 = v V
keycode 0x38 = b B
keycode 0x39 = n N
keycode 0x3A = m M
keycode 0x3B = comma less comma question
keycode 0x3C = period greater period colon
keycode 0x3D = slash question minus underscore
keycode 0x3E = Shift_R
keycode 0x62 = Up
keycode 0x57 = KP_End 1
keycode 0x58 = KP_Down 2
keycode 0x59 = KP_Next 3
keycode 0x6C = KP_Enter Return
keycode 0x25 = Control_L ISO_Next_Group
!keycode 0x40 = Alt_L Meta_L
keycode 0x40 = Meta_L Alt_L
keycode 0x41 = space
keycode 0x71 = Alt_R Meta_R
keycode 0x6D = Control_R
keycode 0x64 = Left
keycode 0x68 = Down
keycode 0x66 = Right
keycode 0x5A = KP_Insert 0
keycode 0x5B = KP_Delete period
!keysym Alt_L = Meta_L
!keysym F12 = Multi_key
clear Shift
!clear Lock
clear Control
clear Mod1
clear Mod2
clear Mod3
clear Mod4
clear Mod5
add Shift = Shift_L Shift_R
add Control = Control_L Control_R
!add Mod1 = Alt_L Alt_R
add Mod1 = Meta_L Alt_R
add Mod2 = Num_Lock
add Mod5 = ISO_Next_Group
!add Mod1 =
!add Mod2 = Alt_R Alt_L Mode_switch
keycode 0x73 = ISO_Next_Group
keycode 0x74 = dead_acute dead_diaeresis
keycode 0x75 = dead_caron dead_abovering
_____________________________cut_here_____________________________
You may find almost any xmodmap file in the GNOME directory in (SuSE)
/opt/gnome/share/xmodmap (with standard ISO8859-1,2 and other
definitions). To switch between the keyboards, use right Alt. It is
defined in these Xmomdap files already.
2.6. Character sets
The purpose of the following info is to help you build any .Xmodmap
keyboard layout with ISO8859-2 or other fonts. The ISO8859-2 Character
Set file is included here for you to know which names are used for
pertinent keys. You should not bother about the numbers, but notice
how keys are named. Much of this information is useful to build a
keyboard with ISO8859-1 characters only, or a combination of Eastern
European characters and Western characters. If you're going to use
other languages than the Central European or Western European ones,
find a pertinent table for your ISO*** character set on Internet. The
gdkkeysyms.h file, that contains all the crazy names for keycode
entities including hexcodes, is in (RedHat) /usr/include/gdk/
directory. If no gdkkeysyms.h file is on your sustem, see the file
/usr/X11R6/include/X11/keysymdef.h, or try to look in
/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.6.0/i386-linux/GTK/keysyms.pm (it also contains
names of keycode entities including hex codes). If you have a newer
version of PERL, the "5.6.0" may differ. The similar should apply to
other systems (FreeBSD), as all these use PERL.
2.7. ISO-8859-2 (ISO Latin2) character set
Xmodmap entity Visually
----------------------------------------------------------------------
space
exclam !
quotedbl "
numbersign #
dollar $
percent
ampersand &
quoteright '
parenleft (
parenright )
asterisk *
plus +
comma ,
hyphen -
period .
slash /
zero 0
one 1
two 2
three 3
four 4
five 5
six 6
seven 7
eight 8
nine 9
colon :
semicolon ;
less < <
equal =
greater > >
question ?
at @
A A
B B
C C
D D
E E
F F
G G
H H
I I
J J
K K
L L
M M
N N
O O
P P
Q Q
R R
S S
T T
U U
V V
W W
X X
Y Y
Z Z
bracketleft [
backslash \
bracketright ]
asciicircum ^
underscore _
quoteleft `
a a
b b
c c
d d
e e
f f
g g
h h
i i
j j
k k
l l
m m
n n
o o
p p
q q
r r
s s
t t
u u
v v
w w
x x
y y
z z
braceleft {
bar |
braceright }
tilde
space
Aogonek
breve
Lslash
currency
Lcaron
Sacute
section
dieresis
Scaron
Scedilla
Tcaron
Zacute
hyphen
Zcaron
Zdotaccent
degree
aogonek
ogonek
lslash
acute
lcaron
sacute
caron
cedilla
scaron
scedilla
tcaron
zacute
hungarumlaut
zcaron
zdotaccent
Racute
Aacute
Acircumflex
Abreve
Adieresis
Lacute
Cacute
Ccedilla
Ccaron
Eacute
Eogonek
Edieresis
Ecaron
Iacute
Icircumflex
Dcaron
Eth
Nacute
Ncaron
Oacute
Ocircumflex
Ohungarumlaut
Odieresis
multiply
Rcaron
Uring
Uacute
hungarumlaut
Udieresis
Yacute
Tcedilla
germandbls
racute
aacute
acircumflex
abreve
adieresis
lacute
cacute
ccedilla
ccaron
eacute
eogonek
edieresis
ecaron
iacute
icircumflex
dcaron
dbar
nacute
ncaron
oacute
ocircumflex
ohungarumlaut
odieresis
divide
rcaron
uring
uacute
uhungarumlaut
udieresis
yacute
tcedilla
dotaccent
----------------------------------------------------------------------
First, try to see if standard definitions will give you (after
installing pertinent fonts and building Xmodmap with keyboard
definitions for X) what they say they are. If they will not give you
what they say they are (some keycodes will be unfunctional), then put
to your bash_profile the "export LANG=language" and "export
LC_ALL=language" statements and if you are still unsuccessful, you
must make a substitution. Definitions which will not give you what
they say they are can be traced by their visual shape in Western Latin
1 encoding. If you are a Czech, for example, you may issue a command:
setxkbmap -model pc102 -symbols 'czsk(us_cz_qwertz)' setxkbmap cs
-option grp:shift_toggle
and see what will give you an X terminal window (press both Shift keys
or press alt and hold it to see the other keyboard layout). This means
that by pressing a letter "3" you will get a real "onesuperior" key.
It is good that X terminal window does not make use of ISO8859-2 fonts
now, so you will see what you must use instead of scaron (scaron =
onesuperior). By putting "onesuperior" in an .Xmodmap file you will
get a REAL "scaron", but obviously, only with use of ISO8859-2 fonts
(with use of ISO8859-1 fonts, you will get a REAL "onesuperior").
Thus, the X terminal window will show you fonts like micron,
onesuperior, threequarters, and so on. You will see what you must
substitute. But if you don't know what "?" is called in ISO
terminology, find and download an appropriate character set table for
ISO8859-1, or look in gdkkeysyms.h file,
/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.6.0/i386-linux/GTK/keysyms.pm file, or
../ISO8859-1/Compose file. Alternatively, you may experiment with all
codes defined in /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/locale/ISO8859-1/Compose file.
You must use the ISO8859-1 entities when the system refuses to display
the ISO8859-2 entities correctly.
The following symbols on your right is what I found out through my
research. This is just an example. When you use a "Pound" definition
in the Xmodmap file, the X Windows will display you a Lslash instead
(in relation to using iso8859-2 fonts, of course). When you choose
some easy KDE text editor, select iso8859-2 fonts charset from the
fonts menu. NOTE: vowel *acute (uacute, eacute, etc.) signs require no
substitution, therefore I omitted iacute, aacute, etc., here.
ISO8859-1 entity will give you the: ISO8859-2 entity
in our nonstandard or experimental Xmodmap keycode definition
egrave ccaron
ugrave uring
agrave racute
ecircumflex "c" with something at the
bottom of it
ucircumflex Lslash "Pound" in Xmodmap
gives you Lslash.
Lcaron Writing "yen" will give us
Lcaron
Scaron copyright (will give us
Scaron)
Tcaron guillemotleft (will give us
Tcaron)
Zcaron registered
lcaron mu
scaron onesuperior
tcaron guillemotright
zcaron threequarters
Cacute AE
Eogonek find out yourself
Edieresis Edieresis
ecaron igrave
onequarter zacute
questiondown z with a ring above it
Dcaron find out yourself
Ooblique Rcaron
thorn t with something at the bottom
of it
Sterling Lstroke
yen Lcaron
copyright Scaron
brokenbar Sacute
macron Z with something above it
paragraph sacute
periodcentered caron
masculine s with something at the bottom
of it
onequarter zacute
ecircumflex d with a line above it
ETH Dstroke
Ntilde Nacute
Otilde O with two dots above it
registered Zcaron
Nacute Ograve
nacute ograve
Ocircumflex Ocircumflex
ccaron egrave
nacute ntilde
------------------------------------------------------------------------
sect1>ISO* specifications
2.8. The standard ISO8859-2 definitions in the Xmodmap file
The example of a standard .Xmodmap file from keycode 0x31 to 0x33.
This file will make X Server correctly display lcaron, scaron, etc.,
if you use a newer version of XFree86 and have a LC_LANG=language and
LC_ALL=language statements in your bash_profile. Just copy the
folwing text from keycode 0x31 to 0x33 to the above-listed Xmodmap
file (delete the experimental definitions from keycode 0x31 to 0x33).
keycode 0x31 = grave asciitilde semicolon
dead_diaeresis
keycode 0x0A = 1 exclam plus 1
keycode 0x0B = 2 at lcaron 2
keycode 0x0C = 3 numbersign scaron 3
keycode 0x0D = 4 dollar ccaron 4
keycode 0x0E = 5 percent tcaron 5
keycode 0x0F = 6 asciicircum scaron 6
keycode 0x10 = 7 ampersand yacute 7
keycode 0x11 = 8 asterisk aacute 8
keycode 0x12 = 9 parenleft iacute 9
keycode 0x13 = 0 parenright eacute 0
keycode 0x14 = minus underscore equal
percent
keycode 0x15 = equal plus dead_acute
dead_caron
keycode 0x33 = backslash bar ograve
parenright
3. How this Xmodmap solution works on various systems
3.1. SuSE 6.4 and 7.0
3.1.1. to SuSE 6.4 SuSE 7.0 with XFree86 version 3.3.6 and KDE 2.0
(this also applies
3.1.2. No LANG=language and LC_ALL=language statements are necessary
in you bash_profile. You may use the Xmodmap file with standard
ISO8859-2 keycode definitions (not "threequarters" but "scaron",
etc.). Unfortunately, although you may immediately start writing with
ISO8859-2 keycodes, the dead keys are not working properly and export
LANG=language does not work here in order to make these dead keys
work. There's also some bug with fonts or something - KDE 2.0 does not
properly handle ISO8859-2 fonts together with Xmodmap. Old kedit,
newest GNOME's gedit and StarOffice work well (after applying the
above script for StarOffice). KDE 2.0
After copying the Compose file from
/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/locale/iso8859-2/ to the
/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/locale/iso8859-1/, you may start elegantly working
with dead keys. This was also tested on StarOffice 5.2. The FontPath
must be in /etc/XF86Config, not in /etc/X11/Xf86Config. If you put
the FontPath for ISO8859-2 fonts to the /etc/X11/Xf86Config file,
StarOffice may not see these fonts properly. While working with
StarOffice, you must NOT use the fonts from the StarOffice itself, but
the ones from the ../ISO8859-2 directory.
The following is the FontPath section for ISO8859-2 fonts from my SuSE
7.0 /etc/XF86Config file:
FontPath "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/ISO8859-2/Type1"
FontPath "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/ISO8859-2/Type1/afm"
FontPath "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/ISO8859-2/Type1/pfm"
3.2. SuSE 7.0 with Xfree86 version 3.3.6 and KDE 1.x
Same as with KDE 2.0.
3.3. Mandrake Linux 7.2
3.3.1. Mandrake Linux 7.2 - as it should be (KDE 2.0 without Xmodmap)
Yes, as it should be - I used the "kcmshell
Personalization/kcmlayout", command, which is in the menu in
Configuration > KDE > Personalization > keyboard layout and after just
putting the LC_ALL=language and LANG=language statements, StarOffice
worked immediately (with ISO8859-2 fonts in its directory) and I only
switched the keyboards. I chose Czechoslovakian as the second language
and could write in Czech with ISO8859-2 characters on my screen. Here
only the LANG=language and LC_ALL=langauge statements in the
bash_profile were sufficient (as well as the script for putting the
ISO8859-2 fonts for StarOffice). Unfortunatelly, the KDE 2.0 kedit
could not visualize the ISO8859-2 fonts and after switching the
keyboard and selecting ISO8859-2 charset I saw this: ??????? instead
of lcaron, scaron, etc., but *acute symbols (uacute, aacute, etc.)
displayed well.
The maps in /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/xkb/symbols can be modified on the fly,
while in X; you only have to switch keyboards from the panel (click on
icon). You can edit those maps and modify the for your choice. After
changing some Czech definitions to Slovak StarOffice displayed them
well.
sect2>The "cs" symbol file modified for Slovak
You can modify this file as you like, but rather use the original
files from ../xkb/symbols directory. After selecting the keyboard in
KDE or XFree86 for Czechoslovakia, you will see on screen the letters
you chose. The following map uses English and Slovak definitions. This
is an alternative to Xmodmap (changing "percent" to "zcaron" will give
you "zcaron", changing "exclam" to "plus" will give you "plus" where
"exlam" was initially.
// $XConsortium: cs /main/3 1996/08/31 12:19:14 kaleb $
partial default alphanumeric_keys
xkb_symbols "basic" {
// Describes the differences between a very simple en_US
// keyboard and a very simple Czech(Czechoslovakia) keybaord
name[Group1]= "Czech";
key { [ dead_diaeresis, dead_abovering ],
[ grave, asciitilde ] };
key { [ q, Q ],
[ q, Q ] };
key { [ plus, 1 ],
[ 1, exclam ] };
key { [ y, Y ],
[ z, Z ] };
key { [ s, S ],
[ s, S ] };
key { [ a, A ],
[ a, A ] };
key { [ w, W ],
[ w, W ] };
key { [ lcaron, 2 ],
[ 2, at ] };
key { [ c, C ],
[ c, C ] };
key { [ x, X ],
[ x, X ] };
key { [ d, D ],
[ d, D ] };
key { [ ccaron, 4 ],
[ 4, dollar ] };
key { [ scaron, 3 ],
[ 3, numbersign ] };
key { [ f, F ],
[ f, F ] };
key { [ t, T ],
[ t, T ] };
key { [ r, R ],
[ r, R ] };
key { [ tcaron, 5 ],
[ 5, percent ] };
key { [ h, H ],
[ h, H ] };
key { [ g, G ],
[ g, G ] };
key { [ z, Z ],
[ y, Y ] };
key { [ zcaron, 6 ],
[ 6, asciicircum ] };
key { [ m, M ],
[ m, M ] };
key { [ u, U ],
[ u, U ] };
key { [ yacute, 7 ],
[ 7, ampersand ] };
key { [ aacute, 8 ],
[ 8, asterisk ] };
key { [ comma, question ],
[ comma, less ] };
key { [ k, K ],
[ k, K ] };
key { [ i, I ],
[ i, I ] };
key { [ o, O ],
[ o, O ] };
key { [ eacute, 0 ],
[ 0, parenright ] };
key { [ iacute, 9 ],
[ 9, parenleft ] };
key { [ period, colon ],
[ period, greater ] };
key { [ minus, underscore ],
[ slash, question ] };
key { [ uacute, quotedbl ],
[ semicolon, colon ] };
key { [ p, P ],
[ p, P ] };
key { [ equal, percent ],
[ minus, underscore ] };
key { [ section, exclam ],
[ apostrophe, quotedbl ] };
key { [ uacute, slash ],
[ bracketleft, braceleft ] };
key { [ dead_acute, dead_caron ],
[ equal, plus ] };
key { [ ncaron, parenright ],
[ ncaron, bar ] };
key { [ less, greater ],
[ backslash, brokenbar ] };
key { [ adiaeresis, parenleft ],
[ bracketright, braceright ] };
key { [ Scroll_Lock ] };
// End alphanumeric section
// begin modifier mappings
modifier_map Shift { Shift_L };
modifier_map Lock { Caps_Lock };
modifier_map Control{ Control_L };
modifier_map Mod3 { Mode_switch };
};
3.3.2. Mandrake Linux 7.2 with XFree86 version 3.3.6
Apply the standard .Xmodmap keycodes (scaron, lcaron, not
"threequarters" or "mu", etc.) and issue the command: "xmodmap
/.Xmodmap" and you may work by switching the keyboards by pressing
scroll lock (if you use my Xmodmap file; if you use other Xmodmap
file, try right Alt or whatever that is defined in the Xmodmap file).
The FontPath statement in /etc/X11/XF86Config and /etc/X11/XF86Config
does not have to be changed:
FontPath "unix/:1"
The XFree86 reads automatically your fonts, but I put the ISO8859-2
fonts to /usr/share/fonts directory (same as in RedHat). Surprisingly,
you do not have to copy the ../ISO8859-2/Compose file to ../ISO8859-1
directory and dead keys work nice.
3.4. RedHat 5.1, 5.2, 6.0, 6.1 and 6.2 (XFree86 3.3.6 and older)
No LANG=language and LC_ALL=language statements are necessary in you
bash_profile. Here the "experimental" .Xmodmap solution works ("mu"
instead of "lcaron", etc.) and you must copy the Compose file from
../IS08859-2 to ISO8859-1 directory in order for dead keys to work.
There is only one XF86Config file in /etc/X11 and its FontPath is the
same as in SuSE 7.0 above.
3.5. FreeBSD 3.1 and 3.2
Same as with RedHat 5.1, 5.2, 6.0, 6.1, 6.2
3.6. FreeBSD 4.1
No LANG=language and LC_ALL=language statements are necessary in you
bash_profile. Here this depends on XFree86. FreeBSD 4.1 handles better
the LANG and LC_ALL statements (with XKB). Because the FreeBSD guys
are too conservative about the newer software, they ship FreeBSD with
older versions of XFree86. In FreeBSD 4.1 the experimental .Xmodmap
solution works and you have to copy the ../ISO8859-2/Compose file to
../ISO8859-1 directory to make the dead keys work.
3.7. Corel Linux 1.0 and 1.1
Same as with FreeBSD.
3.8. ISO* specifications
-------------------------------------------------------------------
ISO8859-0 old, replaced by ISO 8859-14 and ISO 8859-15.
ISO8859-1 Western Europe: Danish, Dutch, English, Faeroese, Finnish,
Flemish, French, German, Icelandic, Irish, Italian, Norwegian,
Portuguese, Spanish, and Swedish. Many other languages can be written
with this.
ISO8859-2 Eastern Europe: Czech, Slovak, English, German, Hungarian,
Polish, Romanian, Serbo-Croatian, Slovak, Slovene.
ISO8859-3 English, Esperanto, Galician, Maltese and Turkish.
ISO8859-4 English, Baltic languages - Estonian, Latvian, Lithuanian,
and Scandinavian languages - Danish, Faeroese, Icelandic, Lappish,
Norwegian, and Swedish.
ISO8859-5 Latin/Cyrillic alphabet: Bulgarian, Byelorussian, English,
Macedonian, Russian, Serbian, Ukrainian.
ISO8859-6 Latin/Arabic alphabet: English, Arabic.
ISO8859-7 Latin/Greek alphabet: English, Greek.
ISO8859-8 Latin/Hebrew alphabet: English, Hebrew.
ISO8859-9 Latin alphabet: Danish, Dutch, English, Finnish, French,
German, Irish, Italian, Norwegian, Portuguese, Spanish, Swedish,
Turkish, formed by extending ISO8859-1.
ISO8859-10 Latin alphabet: Modification of ISO8859-4
ISO8859-11 Latin/Thai alphabet.
ISO8859-12 Reserved.
ISO8859-13 Baltic.
ISO8859-14 Celtic
ISO8859-15 Similar to Latin-1
ISO8859-16 Albanian, Croatian, English, Finnish, French, German,
Hungarian, Irish Gaelic, Italian, Latin, Polish, Romanian, Slovenian,
Lithuanian, and Scandinavian languages (Danish, Faeroese, Icelandic.
4. Some national Xmodmap files
Please note: I'am not the author of these files and don't mail me if
you find something incorrect in them. These files were taken from the
GNOME distribution and the main focus of this howto is to tell you how
to map various keycode entities. Use right Alt to switch the keyboard.
4.1. German
clear Mod1
clear Mod2
keycode 9 = Escape Escape
keycode 10 = 1 exclam
keycode 11 = 2 quotedbl twosuperior
keycode 12 = 3 section threesuperior
keycode 13 = 4 dollar dollar
keycode 14 = 5 percent
keycode 15 = 6 ampersand
keycode 16 = 7 slash braceleft
keycode 17 = 8 parenleft bracketleft
keycode 18 = 9 parenright bracketright
keycode 19 = 0 equal braceright
keycode 20 = ssharp question backslash
keycode 21 = dead_acute dead_grave
keycode 22 = BackSpace Delete
keycode 23 = Tab Tab
keycode 24 = q Q at
keycode 25 = w
keycode 26 = e
keycode 27 = r
keycode 28 = t
keycode 29 = z
keycode 30 = u
keycode 31 = i
keycode 32 = o
keycode 33 = p
keycode 34 = udiaeresis Udiaeresis
keycode 35 = plus asterisk dead_tilde
keycode 36 = Return
keycode 37 = Control_L
keycode 38 = a
keycode 39 = s
keycode 40 = d
keycode 41 = f
keycode 42 = g
keycode 43 = h
keycode 44 = j
keycode 45 = k
keycode 46 = l
keycode 47 = odiaeresis Odiaeresis
keycode 48 = adiaeresis Adiaeresis
keycode 49 = dead_circumflex degree
keycode 50 = Shift_L
keycode 51 = numbersign apostrophe
keycode 52 = y
keycode 53 = x
keycode 54 = c
keycode 55 = v
keycode 56 = b
keycode 57 = n
keycode 58 = m
keycode 59 = comma semicolon
keycode 60 = period colon Multi_key
keycode 61 = minus underscore
keycode 62 = Shift_R
keycode 63 = KP_Multiply
keycode 64 = Alt_L Meta_L
keycode 65 = space space
keycode 66 = Caps_Lock
keycode 67 = F1 F11
keycode 68 = F2 F12
keycode 69 = F3 F13
keycode 70 = F4 F14
keycode 71 = F5 F15
keycode 72 = F6 F16
keycode 73 = F7 F17
keycode 74 = F8 F18
keycode 75 = F9 F19
keycode 76 = F10 F20
keycode 77 = Num_Lock
keycode 78 = Scroll_Lock
keycode 79 = KP_7
keycode 80 = KP_8
keycode 81 = KP_9
keycode 82 = KP_Subtract
keycode 83 = KP_4
keycode 84 = KP_5
keycode 85 = KP_6
keycode 86 = KP_Add
keycode 87 = KP_1
keycode 88 = KP_2
keycode 89 = KP_3
keycode 90 = KP_0
keycode 91 = KP_Decimal
keycode 94 = less greater bar
keycode 95 = F11 F11
keycode 96 = F12 F12
keycode 108 = KP_Enter
keycode 109 = Control_R
keycode 112 = KP_Divide
keycode 113 = Mode_switch
keycode 114 = Break
keycode 110 = Find
keycode 98 = Up
keycode 99 = Prior
keycode 100 = Left
keycode 102 = Right
keycode 115 = Select
keycode 104 = Down
keycode 105 = Next
keycode 106 = Insert
! right windows-logo key
! in "windows" keyboards the postion of the key is annoying, is where
AltGr
! usually resides, so go definie it as AltGr
keycode 116 = Mode_switch
! right windows-menu key
keycode 117 = Multi_key
add Mod1 = Alt_L
add Mod2 = Mode_switch
4.2. Hungarian
clear Mod1
clear Mod2
!charset "iso-8859-2"
keycode 9 = Escape
keycode 10 = 1 apostrophe asciitilde
keycode 11 = 2 quotedbl dead_caron
keycode 12 = 3 plus dead_circumflex
keycode 13 = 4 exclam dead_breve
keycode 14 = 5 percent degree
keycode 15 = 6 slash dead_ogonek
keycode 16 = 7 equal dead_grave
keycode 17 = 8 parenleft dead_abovedot
keycode 18 = 9 parenright dead_acute
keycode 19 = odiaeresis Odiaeresis dead_doubleacute
keycode 20 = udiaeresis Udiaeresis dead_diaeresis
keycode 21 = oacute Oacute dead_cedilla
keycode 22 = BackSpace Delete
keycode 23 = Tab Tab
keycode 24 = q Q backslash
keycode 25 = w W bar
keycode 26 = e E currency
keycode 27 = r
keycode 28 = t
keycode 29 = z
keycode 30 = u
keycode 31 = i I iacute Iacute
keycode 32 = o
keycode 33 = p
keycode 34 = odoubleacute Odoubleacute division
keycode 35 = uacute Uacute
keycode 36 = Return
keycode 37 = Control_L
keycode 38 = a
keycode 39 = s S dstroke
keycode 40 = d D Dstroke
keycode 41 = f F bracketleft
keycode 42 = g G bracketright
keycode 43 = h
keycode 44 = j J Iacute iacute
keycode 45 = k K lstroke Lstroke
keycode 46 = l L Lstroke lstroke
keycode 47 = eacute Eacute dollar
keycode 48 = aacute Aacute ssharp
keycode 49 = 0 section
keycode 50 = Shift_L
keycode 51 = udoubleacute Udoubleacute currency
keycode 52 = y Y greater
keycode 53 = x X numbersign
keycode 54 = c C ampersand
keycode 55 = v V at
keycode 56 = b B braceleft
keycode 57 = n N braceright
keycode 58 = m
keycode 59 = comma question semicolon
keycode 60 = period colon Multi_key
keycode 61 = minus underscore asterisk
keycode 62 = Shift_R
keycode 63 = KP_Multiply
keycode 64 = Alt_L Meta_L
keycode 65 = space space
keycode 66 = Caps_Lock
keycode 67 = F1 F11
keycode 68 = F2 F12
keycode 69 = F3 F13
keycode 70 = F4 F14
keycode 71 = F5 F15
keycode 72 = F6 F16
keycode 73 = F7 F17
keycode 74 = F8 F18
keycode 75 = F9 F19
keycode 76 = F10 F20
keycode 77 = Num_Lock
keycode 78 = Scroll_Lock
keycode 79 = KP_7
keycode 80 = KP_8
keycode 81 = KP_9
keycode 82 = KP_Subtract
keycode 83 = KP_4
keycode 84 = KP_5
keycode 85 = KP_6
keycode 86 = KP_Add
keycode 87 = KP_1
keycode 88 = KP_2
keycode 89 = KP_3
keycode 90 = KP_0
keycode 91 = KP_Decimal
keycode 94 = iacute Iacute less
keycode 95 = F11 F11
keycode 96 = F12 F12
keycode 108 = KP_Enter
keycode 109 = Control_R
keycode 112 = KP_Divide
keycode 113 = Mode_switch
keycode 114 = Break
keycode 110 = Find
keycode 98 = Up
keycode 99 = Prior
keycode 100 = Left
keycode 102 = Right
keycode 115 = Select
keycode 104 = Down
keycode 105 = Next
keycode 106 = Insert
keycode 107 = Delete
! as dead_ogonek, dead_caron, dead_breve and dead_doubleacute doesn't
exist
! (yet), I put also compose lines for use with respectively
dead_cedilla,
! dead_circumflex, dead_tilde and dead_tilde
add Mod1 = Alt_L
add Mod2 = Mode_switch
4.3. Czech
! Converted keytable file to xmodmap file
clear Mod1
clear Mod2
keycode 9 = Escape Escape
keycode 10 = plus 1 asciitilde
keycode 11 = ecaron 2 dead_caron
keycode 12 = scaron 3 asciicircum
keycode 13 = ccaron 4 dead_breve
keycode 14 = rcaron 5 degree
keycode 15 = zcaron 6 dead_ogonek
keycode 16 = yacute 7 dead_grave
keycode 17 = aacute 8 dead_abovedot
keycode 18 = iacute 9 dead_acute
keycode 19 = eacute 0 dead_doubleacute
keycode 20 = equal percent dead_diaeresis
keycode 21 = dead_acute dead_caron dead_cedilla
keycode 22 = BackSpace Delete
keycode 23 = Tab Tab
keycode 24 = q Q backslash
keycode 25 = w W bar
keycode 26 = e E currency
keycode 27 = r
keycode 28 = t
keycode 29 = z
keycode 30 = u
keycode 31 = i
keycode 32 = o
keycode 33 = p
keycode 34 = uacute slash division
keycode 35 = parenright parenleft
keycode 36 = Return
keycode 37 = Control_L
keycode 38 = a
keycode 39 = s S dstroke Dstroke
keycode 40 = d D Dstroke dstroke
keycode 41 = f F bracketleft
keycode 42 = g G bracketright
keycode 43 = h
keycode 44 = j
keycode 45 = k K lstroke Lstroke
keycode 46 = l L Lstroke lstroke
keycode 47 = uring quotedbl dollar
keycode 48 = section exclam ssharp
keycode 49 = semicolon degree
keycode 50 = Shift_L
keycode 51 = dead_diaeresis dead_acute currency
keycode 52 = y Y greater
keycode 53 = x X numbersign
keycode 54 = c
keycode 55 = v V at
keycode 56 = b B braceleft
keycode 57 = n N braceright
keycode 58 = m
keycode 59 = comma question
keycode 60 = period colon Multi_key
keycode 61 = minus underscore
keycode 62 = Shift_R
keycode 63 = KP_Multiply
keycode 64 = Alt_L Meta_L
keycode 65 = space space
keycode 66 = Caps_Lock
keycode 67 = F1 F11
keycode 68 = F2 F12
keycode 69 = F3 F13
keycode 70 = F4 F14
keycode 71 = F5 F15
keycode 72 = F6 F16
keycode 73 = F7 F17
keycode 74 = F8 F18
keycode 75 = F9 F19
keycode 76 = F10 F20
keycode 77 = Num_Lock
keycode 78 = Scroll_Lock
keycode 79 = KP_7
keycode 80 = KP_8
keycode 81 = KP_9
keycode 82 = KP_Subtract
keycode 83 = KP_4
keycode 84 = KP_5
keycode 85 = KP_6
keycode 86 = KP_Add
keycode 87 = KP_1
keycode 88 = KP_2
keycode 89 = KP_3
keycode 90 = KP_0
keycode 94 = ampersand asterisk less
keycode 95 = F11 F11
keycode 96 = F12 F12
keycode 108 = KP_Enter
keycode 109 = Control_R
keycode 112 = KP_Divide
keycode 113 = Mode_switch
keycode 114 = Break
keycode 110 = Find
keycode 98 = Up
keycode 99 = Prior
keycode 100 = Left
keycode 102 = Right
keycode 115 = Select
keycode 104 = Down
keycode 105 = Next
keycode 106 = Insert
! right windows-logo key
! in "windows" keyboards the postion of the key is annoying, is where
AltGr
! usually resides, so go definie it as AltGr
keycode 116 = Mode_switch
! right windows-menu key
keycode 117 = Multi_key
add Mod1 = Alt_L
add Mod2 = Mode_switch
4.4. Polish
! The "AltGr" (right Alt) key generates Mode_switch
keycode 0x09 = Escape
keycode 0x43 = F1
keycode 0x44 = F2
keycode 0x45 = F3
keycode 0x46 = F4
keycode 0x47 = F5
keycode 0x48 = F6
keycode 0x49 = F7
keycode 0x4A = F8
keycode 0x4B = F9
keycode 0x4C = F10
keycode 0x5F = F11
keycode 0x60 = F12
keycode 0x6F = Print
keycode 0x4E = Multi_key
keycode 0x6E = Pause
keycode 0x31 = grave asciitilde
keycode 0x0A = 1 exclam
keycode 0x0B = 2 at
keycode 0x0C = 3 numbersign
keycode 0x0D = 4 dollar
keycode 0x0E = 5 percent
keycode 0x0F = 6 asciicircum
keycode 0x10 = 7 ampersand section
keycode 0x11 = 8 asterisk
keycode 0x12 = 9 parenleft
keycode 0x13 = 0 parenright
keycode 0x14 = minus underscore
keycode 0x15 = equal plus
keycode 0x33 = backslash bar
keycode 0x16 = BackSpace
keycode 0x6A = Insert
keycode 0x61 = Home
keycode 0x63 = Prior
keycode 0x4D = Num_Lock
keycode 0x70 = KP_Divide
keycode 0x3F = KP_Multiply
keycode 0x52 = KP_Subtract
keycode 0x17 = Tab
keycode 0x18 = Q
keycode 0x19 = W
keycode 0x1A = e E eogonek
Eogonek
keycode 0x1B = R
keycode 0x1C = T
keycode 0x1D = Y
keycode 0x1E = U
keycode 0x1F = I
keycode 0x20 = o O oacute Oacute
keycode 0x21 = P
keycode 0x22 = bracketleft braceleft
keycode 0x23 = bracketright braceright
keycode 0x24 = Return
keycode 0x6B = Delete
keycode 0x67 = End
keycode 0x69 = Next
keycode 0x4F = KP_7
keycode 0x50 = KP_8
keycode 0x51 = KP_9
keycode 0x56 = KP_Add
keycode 0x42 = Caps_Lock
keycode 0x26 = a A aogonek
Aogonek
keycode 0x27 = s S sacute Sacute
keycode 0x28 = D
keycode 0x29 = F
keycode 0x2A = G
keycode 0x2B = H
keycode 0x2C = J
keycode 0x2D = K
keycode 0x2E = l L lstroke
Lstroke
keycode 0x2F = semicolon colon
keycode 0x30 = apostrophe quotedbl
keycode 0x53 = KP_4
keycode 0x54 = KP_5
keycode 0x55 = KP_6
keycode 0x32 = Shift_L
keycode 0x34 = z Z zabovedot
Zabovedot
keycode 0x35 = x X zacute Zacute
keycode 0x36 = c C cacute Cacute
keycode 0x37 = V
keycode 0x38 = B
keycode 0x39 = n N nacute Nacute
keycode 0x3A = M
keycode 0x3B = comma less
keycode 0x3C = period greater Multi_key
keycode 0x3D = slash question
keycode 0x3E = Shift_R
keycode 0x62 = Up
keycode 0x57 = KP_1
keycode 0x58 = KP_2
keycode 0x59 = KP_3
keycode 0x6C = KP_Enter
keycode 0x25 = Control_L
keycode 0x40 = Alt_L Meta_L
keycode 0x41 = space
keycode 0x71 = Mode_switch
keycode 0x6D = Control_R
keycode 0x64 = Left
keycode 0x68 = Down
keycode 0x66 = Right
keycode 0x5A = KP_0
keycode 0x5B = KP_Decimal
! right windows-logo key
! in "windows" keyboards the postion of the key is annoying, is where
AltGr
! usually resides, so go definie it as AltGr
keycode 116 = Mode_switch
! right windows-menu key
keycode 117 = Multi_key
clear Shift
clear Lock
clear Control
clear Mod1
clear Mod2
clear Mod3
clear Mod4
clear Mod5
add Shift = Shift_L Shift_R
add Lock = Caps_Lock
add Control = Control_L Control_R
add Mod1 = Alt_L
!Mode_switch
add Mod2 = Mode_switch
4.5. French
clear Mod1
clear Mod2
keycode 9 = Escape Escape
keycode 10 = ampersand 1
keycode 11 = eacute 2 dead_tilde
keycode 12 = quotedbl 3 numbersign
keycode 13 = apostrophe 4 braceleft
keycode 14 = parenleft 5 bracketleft
keycode 15 = minus 6 bar
keycode 16 = egrave 7 dead_grave
keycode 17 = underscore 8 backslash
keycode 18 = ccedilla 9 asciicircum
keycode 19 = agrave 0 at
keycode 20 = parenright degree bracketright
keycode 21 = equal plus braceright
keycode 22 = BackSpace
keycode 23 = Tab Tab
keycode 24 = a
keycode 25 = z
keycode 26 = e E currency
keycode 27 = r
keycode 28 = t
keycode 29 = y
keycode 30 = u
keycode 31 = i
keycode 32 = o
keycode 33 = p
keycode 34 = dead_circumflex dead_diaeresis
keycode 35 = dollar sterling currency
keycode 36 = Return
keycode 37 = Control_L
keycode 38 = q
keycode 39 = s
keycode 40 = d
keycode 41 = f
keycode 42 = g
keycode 43 = h
keycode 44 = j
keycode 45 = k
keycode 46 = l
keycode 47 = m M
keycode 48 = ugrave percent
keycode 49 = twosuperior
keycode 50 = Shift_L
keycode 51 = asterisk mu
keycode 52 = w
keycode 53 = x
keycode 54 = c
keycode 55 = v
keycode 56 = b
keycode 57 = n
keycode 58 = comma question dead_cedilla
keycode 59 = semicolon period
keycode 60 = colon slash Multi_key
keycode 61 = exclam section
keycode 62 = Shift_R
keycode 63 = KP_Multiply
keycode 64 = Alt_L Meta_L
keycode 65 = space space
keycode 66 = Caps_Lock
keycode 67 = F1 F11
keycode 68 = F2 F12
keycode 69 = F3 F13
keycode 70 = F4 F14
keycode 71 = F5 F15
keycode 72 = F6 F16
keycode 73 = F7 F17
keycode 74 = F8 F18
keycode 75 = F9 F19
keycode 76 = F10 F20
keycode 77 = Num_Lock
keycode 78 = Scroll_Lock
keycode 79 = KP_7
keycode 80 = KP_8
keycode 81 = KP_9
keycode 82 = KP_Subtract
keycode 83 = KP_4
keycode 84 = KP_5
keycode 85 = KP_6
keycode 86 = KP_Add
keycode 87 = KP_1
keycode 88 = KP_2
keycode 89 = KP_3
keycode 90 = KP_0
keycode 92 = Sys_Req
keycode 94 = less greater bar
keycode 95 = F11 F11
keycode 96 = F12 F12
keycode 107 = Delete
keycode 108 = KP_Enter
keycode 109 = Control_R
keycode 112 = KP_Divide
keycode 113 = Mode_switch
keycode 114 = Break
keycode 110 = Find
keycode 98 = Up
keycode 99 = Prior
keycode 100 = Left
keycode 102 = Right
keycode 104 = Down
keycode 105 = Next
keycode 106 = Insert
! right windows-logo key
! in "windows" keyboards the postion of the key is annoying, is where
AltGr
! usually resides, so go definie it as AltGr
keycode 116 = Mode_switch
! right windows-menu key
keycode 117 = Multi_key
add Mod1 = Alt_L
add Mod2 = Mode_switch
4.6. Croatian/Slovenian
clear Mod1
clear Mod2
keycode 9 = Escape
keycode 10 = 1 exclam asciitilde
keycode 11 = 2 quotedbl caron
keycode 12 = 3 numbersign asciicircum
keycode 13 = 4 dollar breve
keycode 14 = 5 percent degree
keycode 15 = 6 ampersand ogonek
keycode 16 = 7 slash grave
keycode 17 = 8 parenleft abovedot
keycode 18 = 9 parenright acute
keycode 19 = 0 equal doubleacute
keycode 20 = apostrophe question diaeresis
keycode 21 = plus asterisk cedilla
keycode 22 = Delete Delete
keycode 23 = Tab Tab
keycode 24 = q Q backslash
keycode 25 = w W bar
keycode 26 = e
keycode 27 = r
keycode 28 = t
keycode 29 = z
keycode 30 = u
keycode 31 = i
keycode 32 = o
keycode 33 = p
keycode 34 = scaron Scaron division
keycode 35 = dstroke Dstroke multiply
keycode 36 = Return
keycode 37 = Control_L
keycode 38 = a
keycode 39 = s
keycode 40 = d
keycode 41 = f F bracketleft
keycode 42 = g G bracketright
keycode 43 = h
keycode 44 = j
keycode 45 = k K lstroke
keycode 46 = l L Lstroke
keycode 47 = ccaron Ccaron
keycode 48 = cacute Cacute ssharp
keycode 49 = cedilla diaeresis
keycode 50 = Shift_L
keycode 51 = zcaron Zcaron currency
keycode 52 = y
keycode 53 = x
keycode 54 = c
keycode 55 = v V at
keycode 56 = b B braceleft
keycode 57 = n N braceright
keycode 58 = m M section
keycode 59 = comma semicolon
keycode 60 = period colon
keycode 61 = minus underscore
keycode 62 = Shift_R
keycode 63 = KP_Multiply
keycode 64 = Alt_L Meta_L
keycode 65 = space space
keycode 66 = Caps_Lock
keycode 67 = F1 F11
keycode 68 = F2 F12
keycode 69 = F3 F13
keycode 70 = F4 F14
keycode 71 = F5 F15
keycode 72 = F6 F16
keycode 73 = F7 F17
keycode 74 = F8 F18
keycode 75 = F9 F19
keycode 76 = F10 F20
keycode 77 = Num_Lock
keycode 78 = Scroll_Lock
keycode 79 = KP_7
keycode 80 = KP_8
keycode 81 = KP_9
keycode 82 = KP_Subtract
keycode 83 = KP_4
keycode 84 = KP_5
keycode 85 = KP_6
keycode 86 = KP_Add
keycode 87 = KP_1
keycode 88 = KP_2
keycode 89 = KP_3
keycode 90 = KP_0
keycode 91 = KP_Decimal
keycode 92 = X386Sys_Req
keycode 94 = less greater
keycode 95 = F11 F1
keycode 96 = F12 F12
keycode 108 = KP_Enter
keycode 109 = Control_R
keycode 112 = KP_Divide
keycode 113 = Mode_switch
keycode 114 = Break
keycode 110 = Find
keycode 98 = Up
keycode 99 = Prior
keycode 100 = Left
keycode 102 = Right
keycode 104 = Down
keycode 105 = Next
keycode 106 = Insert
add Mod1 = Alt_L
add Mod2 = Mode_switch
4.7. Lithuanian keyboard (AZERTY layout)
clear Mod1
clear Mod2
keycode 9 = Escape Escape
keycode 10 = exclam 1
keycode 11 = quotedbl 2 at
keycode 12 = slash 3 numbersign
keycode 13 = semicolon 4 dollar
keycode 14 = colon 5 percent
keycode 15 = comma 6 asciicircum
keycode 16 = period 7 ampersand
keycode 17 = question 8 asterisk
keycode 18 = parenleft 9
keycode 19 = parenright 0
keycode 20 = underscore minus minus underscore
keycode 21 = plus equal equal plus
keycode 22 = BackSpace
keycode 23 = Tab Tab
keycode 24 = aogonek Aogonek q Q
keycode 25 = zcaron Zcaron w W
keycode 26 = e E currency
keycode 27 = r
keycode 28 = t
keycode 29 = y
keycode 30 = u
keycode 31 = i
keycode 32 = o
keycode 33 = p
keycode 34 = iogonek Iogonek bracketleft braceleft
keycode 35 = leftdoublequotemark doublelowquotemark bracketright
braceright
keycode 36 = Return
keycode 37 = Control_L
keycode 38 = a
keycode 39 = s
keycode 40 = d
keycode 41 = f
keycode 42 = g
keycode 43 = h
keycode 44 = j
keycode 45 = k
keycode 46 = l
keycode 47 = uogonek Uogonek semicolon colon
keycode 48 = eabovedot Eabovedot apostrophe quotedbl
keycode 49 = grave asciitilde
keycode 50 = Shift_L
keycode 51 = backslash bar
keycode 52 = z
keycode 53 = umacron Umacron x X
keycode 54 = c
keycode 55 = v
keycode 56 = b
keycode 57 = n
keycode 58 = m
keycode 59 = ccaron Ccaron comma less
keycode 60 = scaron Scaron period greater
keycode 61 = eogonek Eogonek slash question
keycode 62 = Shift_R
keycode 63 = KP_Multiply
keycode 64 = Alt_L Meta_L
keycode 65 = space space
keycode 66 = Caps_Lock
keycode 67 = F1 F11
keycode 68 = F2 F12
keycode 69 = F3 F13
keycode 70 = F4 F14
keycode 71 = F5 F15
keycode 72 = F6 F16
keycode 73 = F7 F17
keycode 74 = F8 F18
keycode 75 = F9 F19
keycode 76 = F10 F20
keycode 77 = Num_Lock
keycode 78 = Scroll_Lock
keycode 79 = KP_7
keycode 80 = KP_8
keycode 81 = KP_9
keycode 82 = KP_Subtract
keycode 83 = KP_4
keycode 84 = KP_5
keycode 85 = KP_6
keycode 86 = KP_Add
keycode 87 = KP_1
keycode 88 = KP_2
keycode 89 = KP_3
keycode 90 = KP_0
keycode 94 = less greater bar
keycode 95 = F11 F11
keycode 96 = F12 F12
keycode 108 = KP_Enter
keycode 109 = Control_R
keycode 112 = KP_Divide
keycode 113 = Mode_switch
keycode 114 = Break
keycode 110 = Find
keycode 98 = Up
keycode 99 = Prior
keycode 100 = Left
keycode 102 = Right
keycode 115 = Select
keycode 104 = Down
keycode 105 = Next
keycode 106 = Insert
! right windows-logo key
! in "windows" keyboards the postion of the key is annoying, is where
AltGr
! usually resides, so go definie it as AltGr
keycode 116 = Mode_switch
! right windows-menu key, redefined as Compose key
keycode 117 = Multi_key
add Mod1 = Alt_L
add Mod2 = Mode_switch
4.8. Polish
! The "& 7" key generates 7, ampersand, and section
! The "E" key generates e, E, eogonek, and Eogonek
! The "O" key generates o, O, oacute, and Oacute
! The "A" key generates a, A, aogonek, and Aogonek
! The "S" key generates s, S, sacute, and Sacute
! The "L" key generates l, L, lstroke, and Lstroke
! The "Z" key generates z, Z, zabovedot, and Zabovedot
! The "X" key generates x, X, zacute, and Zacute
! The "C" key generates c, C, cacute, and Cacute
! The "N" key generates n, N, nacute, and Nacute
! The "AltGr" key generates Mode_switch
keycode 0x09 = Escape
keycode 0x43 = F1
keycode 0x44 = F2
keycode 0x45 = F3
keycode 0x46 = F4
keycode 0x47 = F5
keycode 0x48 = F6
keycode 0x49 = F7
keycode 0x4A = F8
keycode 0x4B = F9
keycode 0x4C = F10
keycode 0x5F = F11
keycode 0x60 = F12
keycode 0x6F = Print
keycode 0x4E = Multi_key
keycode 0x6E = Pause
keycode 0x31 = grave asciitilde
keycode 0x0A = 1 exclam
keycode 0x0B = 2 at
keycode 0x0C = 3 numbersign
keycode 0x0D = 4 dollar
keycode 0x0E = 5 percent
keycode 0x0F = 6 asciicircum
keycode 0x10 = 7 ampersand section
keycode 0x11 = 8 asterisk
keycode 0x12 = 9 parenleft
keycode 0x13 = 0 parenright
keycode 0x14 = minus underscore
keycode 0x15 = equal plus
keycode 0x33 = backslash bar
keycode 0x16 = BackSpace
keycode 0x6A = Insert
keycode 0x61 = Home
keycode 0x63 = Prior
keycode 0x4D = Num_Lock
keycode 0x70 = KP_Divide
keycode 0x3F = KP_Multiply
keycode 0x52 = KP_Subtract
keycode 0x17 = Tab
keycode 0x18 = Q
keycode 0x19 = W
keycode 0x1A = e E eogonek
Eogonek
keycode 0x1B = R
keycode 0x1C = T
keycode 0x1D = Y
keycode 0x1E = U
keycode 0x1F = I
keycode 0x20 = o O oacute Oacute
keycode 0x21 = P
keycode 0x22 = bracketleft braceleft
keycode 0x23 = bracketright braceright
keycode 0x24 = Return
keycode 0x6B = Delete
keycode 0x67 = End
keycode 0x69 = Next
keycode 0x4F = KP_7
keycode 0x50 = KP_8
keycode 0x51 = KP_9
keycode 0x56 = KP_Add
keycode 0x42 = Caps_Lock
keycode 0x26 = a A aogonek
Aogonek
keycode 0x27 = s S sacute Sacute
keycode 0x28 = D
keycode 0x29 = F
keycode 0x2A = G
keycode 0x2B = H
keycode 0x2C = J
keycode 0x2D = K
keycode 0x2E = l L lstroke
Lstroke
keycode 0x2F = semicolon colon
keycode 0x30 = apostrophe quotedbl
keycode 0x53 = KP_4
keycode 0x54 = KP_5
keycode 0x55 = KP_6
keycode 0x32 = Shift_L
keycode 0x34 = z Z zabovedot
Zabovedot
keycode 0x35 = x X zacute Zacute
keycode 0x36 = c C cacute Cacute
keycode 0x37 = V
keycode 0x38 = B
keycode 0x39 = n N nacute Nacute
keycode 0x3A = M
keycode 0x3B = comma less
keycode 0x3C = period greater Multi_key
keycode 0x3D = slash question
keycode 0x3E = Shift_R
keycode 0x62 = Up
keycode 0x57 = KP_1
keycode 0x58 = KP_2
keycode 0x59 = KP_3
keycode 0x6C = KP_Enter
keycode 0x25 = Control_L
keycode 0x40 = Alt_L Meta_L
keycode 0x41 = space
keycode 0x71 = Mode_switch
keycode 0x6D = Control_R
keycode 0x64 = Left
keycode 0x68 = Down
keycode 0x66 = Right
keycode 0x5A = KP_0
keycode 0x5B = KP_Decimal
! right windows-logo key
! in "windows" keyboards the postion of the key is annoying, is where
AltGr
! usually resides, so go definie it as AltGr
keycode 116 = Mode_switch
! right windows-menu key keycode 117 = Multi_key
clear Shift
clear Lock
clear Control
clear Mod1
clear Mod2
clear Mod3
clear Mod4
clear Mod5
add Shift = Shift_L Shift_R
add Lock = Caps_Lock
add Control = Control_L Control_R
add Mod1 = Alt_L
!Mode_switch add Mod2 = Mode_switch
5. Some Xmodmap tips
If you want to list the current keymap table, issue the command:
xmodmap -pk | more
The xkeycaps program is a sort of graphical front-end for xmodmap.
Start it and see which numbers mean which keycode.
To make the mouse buttons left-handed, use a command: xmodmap -e
"pointer = 3 2 1"
To remove the CapsLock and change it to control key, write this in
your Xmodmap file:
remove Lock = Caps_Lock keysym Caps_Lock = Control_L add Control =
Control_L
