RedHat Linux KickStart HOWTO

RedHat Linux KickStart HOWTO
Martin Hamilton <[email protected]>
v0.2, 11 January 1999

This HOWTO briefly describes how to use the RedHat Linux KickStart
system to rapidly install large numbers of identical Linux boxes. For
advanced users, we describe how to modify the KickStart installation
procedure to do your own thing, and give a quick guide to building RPM
packages of your own.
______________________________________________________________________

Table of Contents

1. Copyright

2. Homepage

3. Introduction

4. Prerequisites

5. Setting up a boot floppy

6. The KickStart config file

6.1 System info
6.2 Packages to install
6.3 Post-installation shell commands

7. Installation itself

8. Mounting the boot/supp disks

9. Modifying the RedHat installer

10. FAQs/Wish list

11. Credits

12. Appendix A - Configuring BOOTP/DHCP and NFS

13. Appendix B - Making your own RPMs

14. Appendix C - Munging your own RPMs into the distribution

______________________________________________________________________

1. Copyright

Copyright (c) 1998 Martin Hamilton, All rights reserved. This is free
documentware; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms
of version 2 or later of the GNU General Public License
<http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html>.

2. Homepage

If you got this document from a Linux HOWTO mirror site or a CD-ROM,
you might want to check back to the KickStart HOWTO home page
<http://wwwcache.ja.net/dev/kickstart/> to see if there's a newer
version around.

3. Introduction

RedHat Linux version 5 comes with a a little-known (and until now, not
hugely documented) feature called KickStart. This lets you automate
most/all of a RedHat Linux installation, including:

o Language selection

o Network configuration and distribution source selection

o Keyboard selection

o Boot loader installation (e.g. lilo)

o Disk partitioning and filesystem creation

o Mouse selection

o X Window system server configuration

o Timezone selection

o Selection of an (initial) root password

o Which packages to install

Eagle eyed RedHat users will probably have realised by now that these
are essentially the main steps involved in the manual installation of
a RedHat Linux system. KickStart makes it possible for you to script
the regular installation process, by putting the information you would
normally type at the keyboard into a configuration file.

But wait - there's more :-)

Having finished the normal installation process, KickStart also lets
you specify a list of shell level commands which you would like to be
executed. This means that you can automatically install extra local
software not distributed as part of RedHat Linux (yes, there are even
more free software programs than the ones you get with the RedHat
distribution. Some can't be distributed by RedHat on legal grounds,
e.g. the ssh and PGP encryption systems) and carry out any tidying up
you may need to do in order to get a fully operational system.

4. Prerequisites

There are two approaches to a KickStart install - one is to simply
copy your KickStart configuration file to a RedHat boot floppy. The
other is to use a regular boot floppy and get your KickStart config
file off the network.

In both cases, you'll need:

1. Intel (i386) class machines - KickStart appears to only work on
these at the time of writing.

2. KickStart config file - we'll talk about this in the next section.

3. RedHat boot disk - preferably from the updates directory, to take
advantage of any fixes/driver updates.

4. DNS entries for the IP addresses you'll be using - optional, but
will stop the installation from prompting you for your machine's
domain name.

If you want to fetch your config file over the network, you'll need to
export it via NFS - this is the only access method supported at the
moment. The config file lets you specify a different NFS server to
fetch the RedHat distribution itself from.

You can configure a static IP address for your machine - e.g. a
special one reserved for KickStart installations. Alternatively, if
you don't want to hard code an IP address in the config file you can
tell KickStart to use a BOOTP/DHCP server to fetch this. Some servers
will allocate new addresses in a given range automatically, e.g. the
CMU BOOTP server with dynamic addressing extensions
<ftp://ftp.ntplx.net/pub/networking/bootp>.

More information on NFS and BOOTP/DHCP is in Appendix A.

5. Setting up a boot floppy

Essentially, all you have to do is copy your KickStart config file to
/ks.cfg on the RedHat boot floppy, e.g.

mcopy ks.cfg a:

However - the RedHat boot floppy is pretty full, and you may find that
you have to delete some of the other files to make room for the
KickStart config file. I was able to make enough room for mine by
deleting the various message files normally displayed by the SYSLINUX
boot loader, e.g.

mdel a:\*.msg

Another approach would be to throw away the drivers for some of the
hardware you don't have - see the section on modifying the boot floppy
below.

You may also want to edit syslinux.cfg, the SYSLINUX config file.
This also lives in the top level directory of the RedHat boot floppy.
For instance, the following syslinux.cfg will cause KickStart mode to
be entered into automatically as the machine boots up, without the
normal delay:

default ks
prompt 0
label ks
kernel vmlinuz
append ks=floppy initrd=initrd.img

Note that you almost probably want to base your boot and supplementary
floppies on the most recent disk images available in the updates/i386
on your local RedHat mirror site. Older images may be buggy or have
driver support for less hardware.

6. The KickStart config file

There are three main sections to the config file:

1. System info, e.g. disk partitioning and network config

2. RedHat packages to install

3. Post-installation shell commands to run

There are some other possibilities which we won't talk about here, but
might work. For more information check out the sample KickStart
config in misc/src/install/ks.samp and doc/README.ks under the top
level i386 RedHat distribution directory on your CD-ROM or local
RedHat mirror site.

6.1. System info

The available directives which I've been using are:

lang
Language configuration, e.g. for English

lang en

network
Network configuration, e.g. to use BOOTP/DHCP

network --bootp

nfs
NFS server and directory to install from, e.g.

nfs --server chicken.swedish-chef.org /mnt/cdrom

to use the NFS server chicken.swedish-chef.org and try to mount the
RedHat distribution from the directory /mnt/cdrom.

keyboard
Select keyboard type, e.g. for UK keyboards

keyboard uk

zerombr
Clear the Master Boot Record - removes any existing operating
system boot loader from your disk

clearpart
Clear existing partitions - e.g. to remove all existing disk
partitions prior to installation

clearpart --all

part
Partition the disk, e.g. to make a root filesystem of 500MB

part / --size 500

install
Make a fresh installation of RedHat Linux.

mouse
Set the mouse being used, e.g. for a PS/2 or compatible "bus
mouse"

mouse ps/2

timezone
Set the timezone, e.g. for local time in the UK

timezone --utc Europe/London

rootpw
Set the initial root password, based on a previously derived
encrypted password

rootpw --iscrypted XaacoeGPmf/A.

lilo
Install the LILO boot loader, e.g. in the Master Boot Record

lilo --location mbr

%packages
Packages to install - see below.

%post
Post-installation shell commands - see below.

Note that the directory where KickStart is looking for the RedHat
distribution should have a subdirectory RedHat, which contains the
RedHat distribution tree for the platform in question. In the above
example, we should see something like the following files and
directories:

/mnt/cdrom/RedHat
/mnt/cdrom/RedHat/base
/mnt/cdrom/RedHat/contents
/mnt/cdrom/RedHat/i386
/mnt/cdrom/RedHat/instimage
/mnt/cdrom/RedHat/RPMS
/mnt/cdrom/RPM-PGP-KEY

If you're installing off a CD-ROM rather than off the network, the
contents should look something like this:

RedHat
RedHat/base
RedHat/contents
RedHat/i386
RedHat/instimage
RedHat/RPMS
RPM-PGP-KEY

If you have the RedHat distribution for multiple architectures (e.g.
on an NFS server - they're too big to fit more than one architecture's
version onto a single CD-ROM), you'll notice that each distribution
has the same files and directories under a subdirectory, e.g.

alpha/RPM-PGP-KEY
i386/RPM-PGP-KEY
sparc/RPM-PGP-KEY

There should be a file architecture/Redhat/architecture, e.g.
i386/Redhat/i386.

If you want to create your own encrypted passwords, it's very easy
using Perl, e.g.

% perl -e 'print crypt("schmurrdegurr", "Xa") . "\n";'p

Other options (or mooted options), which I've not tried:

cdrom
Install off CD-ROM rather than network.

device
Explicitly declare device details, e.g.

device ethernet 3c509 --opts "io=0x330, irq=7"

Alternative values of device include scsi for SCSI controllers and
cdrom for proprietary CD-ROM drives.

upgrade
Upgrade an existing installation rather than make a fresh
installation.
xconfig
Configure X Window server, graphics card and monitor. e.g.

xconfig --server "Mach64" --monitor "tatung cm14uhe"

I've not delved too deeply into this last one, because I'm not ever
planning to run X on the console of any of my KickStarted machines.
I'm told that running xconfig within KickStart itself is a bit flaky,
but the same functionality is also available from the command line via
Xconfigurator - so you might be best off leaving this to the post-
installation script.

Here's how this first part of a KickStart config file looks when we
put all the bits together:

lang en
network --static --ip 198.168.254.253 --netmask 255.255.255.0
--gateway 198.168.254.1 --nameserver 198.168.254.2
nfs --server chicken.swedish-chef.org /mnt/cdrom
keyboard uk
zerombr yes
clearpart --all
part / --size 500
part swap --size 120
install
mouse ps/2
timezone --utc Europe/London
rootpw --iscrypted XaacoeGPmf/A.
lilo --location mbr

Note that some of the RedHat documentation refers to an invocation of
the network directive which doesn't actually work in practice: network
--option. The correct invocation is to put network followed by
--static, --bootp or --dhcp. Be aware that the BOOTP and DHCP options
are different - to the extent that they even use different code.

You can add the --grow parameter to a part directive to indicate that
it's OK to grow the partition beyond the size you specify. It
probably only makes sense to have one partition tagged with --grow.

6.2. Packages to install

The start of the packages section of the KickStart config file is
indicated by the presence of a %packages directive on a line of its
own. This is followed by one or both of two types of package
specifier - individual packages may be installed by giving the name of
their RPM (excluding the version and platform information), and groups
of packages may be installed by giving their group name.
Here's a sample packages section for a KickStart config file:

%packages
@ Base
netkit-base
bind-utils
ncftp
rdate
tcp_wrappers
traceroute
cmu-snmp

So, what are these groups ? Well, there are a number of groups
defined by default in a file called base/comps under the RedHat
distribution's top level directory. Here are the ones which were
current at the time of writing:

o Base

o Printer Support

o X Window System

o Mail/WWW/News Tools

o DOS/Windows Connectivity

o File Managers

o Graphics Manipulation

o X Games

o Console Games

o X multimedia support

o Console Multimedia

o Print Server

o Networked Workstation

o Dialup Workstation

o News Server

o NFS Server

o SMB (Samba) Connectivity

o IPX/Netware(tm) Connectivity

o Anonymous FTP/Gopher Server

o Web Server

o DNS Name Server

o Postgres (SQL) Server

o Network Management Workstation

o TeX Document Formatting

o Emacs

o Emacs with X windows

o C Development

o Development Libraries

o C++ Development

o X Development

o Extra Documentation

You'll notice that they correspond to the various configurations which
you're prompted for during a manual installation. Note that some of
the packages in a given package group are duplicated in other groups,
and that you can install multiple groups of packages without this
causing problems. Each group's entry in the comps listing looks
similar to this:

0 Extra Documentation
sag
lpg
howto
faq
man-pages
end

It seems that groups with a 1 next to their name (the first line
above) are selected for installation by default. You can customise
the Linux installation process even further by creating your own
groups or redefine existing ones by editing this file.

6.3. Post-installation shell commands

This is probably the best feature of all, and something which there is
no direct equivalent to in the manual installation process. What we
can do here is specify a sequence of shell level commands which should
be executed after the main installation (disk partitioning, package
installation, and so on) is complete.

The beginning of this section is signified by the %post directive in
the KickStart config file. In what follows you can take advantage of
all of the utilities which have been installed on your newly built
Linux system, e.g.

%post
ln -s /etc/rc.d/init.d /etc/init.d
ln -s /etc/rc.d/rc.local /etc/rc.local
ln -s /usr/bin/md5sum /usr/bin/md5
ln -s /usr/bin/perl /usr/local/bin/perl
chmod ug-s /bin/linuxconf
mkdir /var/tmp/tmp
perl -spi -e 's!image=/boot/vmlinuz-.*!image=/boot/vmlinuz!' /etc/lilo.conf
rm /etc/rc.d/rc*.d/*sendmail

You can also use I/O redirection and here documents:

cat <<EOF >>/etc/passwd
squid:*:102:3500:Squid Proxy:/usr/squid:/bin/bash
EOF

cat <<EOF >>/etc/group
cache:x:3500:
EOF

Modify the run-time startup scripts:

cat <<EOF >>/etc/rc.local
echo 8192 > /proc/sys/kernel/file-max
echo 32768 > /proc/sys/kernel/inode-max

[ -x /usr/sbin/sshd ] && /usr/sbin/sshd
[ -x /usr/sbin/cfd ] && /usr/sbin/cfd

EOF

Set up crontab entries:

cat <<EOF >/tmp/crontab.root
# Keep the time up to date
0,15,30,45 * * * * /usr/sbin/ntpdate -s eggtimer 2>&1 >/dev/null
# Recycle Exim log files
1 0 * * * /usr/exim/bin/exicyclog
# Flush the Exim queue
0,15,30,45 * * * * /usr/exim/bin/exim -q
EOF

crontab /tmp/crontab.root
rm /tmp/crontab.root

And even install other RPMs which you made yourself:

rpm -i ftp://chicken.swedish-chef.org/rpms/squid.rpm
rpm -i ftp://chicken.swedish-chef.org/rpms/ssh.rpm
rpm -i ftp://chicken.swedish-chef.org/rpms/exim.rpm
rpm -i ftp://chicken.swedish-chef.org/rpms/cfengine.rpm
rpm -i ftp://chicken.swedish-chef.org/rpms/linux.rpm

ssh-keygen -b 1024 -f /etc/ssh_host_key -N ""
depmod -a

Note that you can achieve the same effect by making your own RPMs
containing the commands you want executed - see below for more
information. Give them a carefully chosen name and you can force them
to be installed first (e.g. name starts with 'aaa') or last (e.g.
name starts with 'zzz').

Be aware that a less painful way of doing root crontab entries is to
create them as files in one or more of the directories
/etc/cron.hourly, /etc/cron.daily, /etc/cron.weekly and
/etc/cron.monthly.

More information about making your own RPMs is available in Appendix
B.

7. Installation itself

Boot the to-be-installed machine off your RedHat boot floppy as usual,
but instead of pressing RETURN at the SYSLINUX prompt, type linux ks.

If you're lucky, this will be all you have to type!

If you customised your RedHat boot floppy as outlined above, you won't
even need to do this bit :-)

Since we're really just automating the normal steps involved in a
RedHat installation, the normal dialogs may appear if/when KickStart
gets confused about what to do next. The most likely case is that
your network interface won't be detected automatically, and you'll be
prompted for its IRQ and I/O address space. KickStart tends to need
help for ISA bus cards, but detects PCI bus cards automatically.

You can keep an eye on what KickStart is doing by by switching virtual
consoles as usual:

o Alt-F1 - installation dialog

o Alt-F2 - shell prompt

o Alt-F3 - install log (messages from install program)

o Alt-F4 - system log (messages from kernel, etc.)

o Alt-F5 - other messages

8. Mounting the boot/supp disks

The RedHat boot disk boot.img is in MS-DOS format, using the SYSLINUX
program to boot up. The supplementary disk supp.img is a Linux ext2
filesystem. If you have support for the loopback filesystem in your
Linux kernel, you can mount both of these files in your filesystem and
hack at them:

# mkdir -p /mnt/boot /mnt/supp
# mount -o loop -t msdos boot.img /mnt/boot
# mount -o loop supp.img /mnt/supp

Now you should be able to see and manipulate the files on the boot and
supplementary disk under /mnt/boot and /mnt/supp respectively. Phew!
Note that older versions of mount may not be able to handle the -o
loop option. In these cases you'll need to explicitly use losetup to
configure the loopback device for each file, e.g.

# losetup /dev/loop0 boot.img
# mount -t msdos /dev/loop0 /mnt/boot

You might also need to explicitly use the -t ext2 option when mounting
an ext2 filesystem like the one on the supplementary disk. But, it
looks like people with modern Linux distributions shouldn't have to
worry about this.
Of course, if you don't want to mess around too much, you can cut a
corner and manipulate actual floppy disks rather than these floppy
disk images. If time is important, you'll probably prefer to use the
loopback devices, since you can hack around with the disk images
without incurring the latency associated with a genuine floppy disk
read/write.

9. Modifying the RedHat installer

If you want to mess around with the installation procedure itself, the
source code can be found on the RedHat CD-ROM or your local RedHat
mirror site. It's in misc/src/install under the i386 distribution top
level directory.

If you examine the RedHat boot disk you'll see that, in addition to
the Linux kernel vmlinuz, there's a large file initrd.img:

- -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 559 May 11 15:48 boot.msg
- -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 668 May 11 15:48 expert.msg
- -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 986 May 11 15:48 general.msg
- -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 968842 May 11 15:48 initrd.img
- -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1120 May 11 15:48 kickit.msg
- -r-xr-xr-x 1 root root 5352 May 11 15:48 ldlinux.sys
- -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 875 May 11 15:48 param.msg
- -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1239 May 11 15:48 rescue.msg
- -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 402 May 11 15:48 syslinux.cfg
- -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 444602 May 11 15:48 vmlinuz

You guessed it, this is another ext2 filesystem saved as a file - -
but with a twist. It's actually compressed as well. You can
uncompress it and then mount the result, e.g.

# gzip -dc /mnt/boot/initrd.img >/tmp/initrd.ext2
# mkdir /mnt/initrd
# mount -o loop /tmp/initrd.ext2 /mnt/initrd

Probably the most important part of this filesystem is the collection
of loadable kernel modules which are included with the boot disk. If
you need to merge in a new version of a driver, you'll need to either
replace vmlinuz with a new kernel which has this statically linked, or
replace it in the modules collection. What's more, you may need to
throw other modules away to make room.

The modules collection is the file modules/modules.cgz. Wondering
what that might be ? It's actually a compressed cpio archive, believe
it or not! And you thought nobody used cpio any more... Actually RPM
itself uses cpio internally, too. Here's how to hack around with it:

# gzip -dc /mnt/initrd/modules/modules.cgz >/tmp/modules.cpio
# cpio -itv <modules.cpio >modules.listing
# mkdir modules
# cpio -idumv <../modules.cpio

I don't believe that there is currently a way under Linux (at least in
mainstream distributions) to transparently access compressed
filesystems. Let me know if you know better!

If you change anything, remember to:

1. Use cpio to recreate the archive. How to do this is left as an
exercise for the reader...

2. Use gzip to compress the resulting archive.

3. Copy it to /mnt/initrd, or wherever you put the uncompressed
initrd.img archive.

4. Unmount /mnt/initrd (or whatever you called it).

5. Compress the new initrd.img using gzip again.

6. Copy the resulting archive onto the boot disk image -
/mnt/boot/initrd.img in our example.

7. Unmount the boot disk image, e.g. /mnt/boot.

Finally, you can now create new boot floppies using this modified boot
disk setup, e.g.

# cat boot.img >/dev/fd0

10. FAQs/Wish list

Q: After KickStart installation, my machine won't boot up. The BIOS
complains with a message like Missing operating system.

A: Sounds like the partition with the root filesystem on isn't
bootable. Use fdisk to toggle its bootable status.

Q: After the floppy boots, I get the message: Error opening files for
kickstart copy: File exists.

A: Use a more recent version of boot.img and supp.img - look in the
updates directory of your local RedHat mirror site. There was a bug
in some older versions of these for RedHat 5.1.

Q: Can you have all outstanding patches (update RPMs) applied
automatically too ? How ?

A1: Copy the RPMs you want installing to the RPMS directory from which
the installation is going to take place, get rid of the older RPMs,
and update the file RedHat/base/hdlist with the new RPM details. See
Appendix C for a script from Eric Doutreleau to do this for you. If
you do this yourself, remember to run genhdlist afterwards!

A2: Try this Perl script: patchup
<http://wwwcache.ja.net/dev/patchup/>. This compares the RPMs your
system has installed with those in a nominated directory and reports
on the ones it thinks need updating. It can even install them for you
if you trust it to.

A3: rpm2hml <http://rufus.w3.org/linux/rpm2html/> has a much more
powerful (12MB of C code vs. a page of Perl!) version of A2.

Q: A single config file on the install server for all of the clients,
perhaps as a fallback after trying IPADDR-kickstart ?

A1: Use the BOOTP/DHCP 'boot file' parameter bf to set the filename.

A2: Add a a record bf=/kickstart/ks.cfg to the relevant entry in
/etc/bootptab.

Q: More flexibility when things go wrong - e.g. prompt for alternate
locations if distribution not found on CD-ROM.

A: ?

Q: Explicit exclusion of packages - e.g. everything apart from
sendmail.

A: Rebuild the BASE package without sendmail.

Q: Choose which services are started automatically on boot-up by the
run-level scripts under /etc/rc.d/.

A: The chkconfig utility lets you configure which services are run
automatically on boot-up. You can run this in your post-installation
script section, e.g. to run ypbind in run levels 3, 4 and 5:

chkconfig --level 345 ypbind on

and it will start the ypbind level on the 345 level.

Q: When executing the shell commands in the %post section, bring any
output up in another virtual console rather than overwriting the main
screen. Could be done in the shell commands section using open?.

A: No problem - do something like this:

exec >/dev/tty5

Q: Does the filesystem creation code check for bad blocks ?

A: If you switch to the virtual console where the filesystem creation
output is being displayed, you won't see any mention of the

Q: Can I arrange things so some of my machines are configured
differently from others ?

A: You could move the host dependent stuff into the scripted section
of the KickStart config - e.g. only install a given RPM if on a given
machine. It would be useful to have a conditional installation
feature in the packages section of the config file, e.g. switching on
architecture, or hostname/domain name/IP address.

Q: Are there any changes between RedHat 5.1 and 5.2 ?

A1: Lots of changes in the installer, but mostly bug fixes or cosmetic
improvements. No impact on KickStart as far as I can tell - from a
diff -rcs of the two misc/src/install directories.

A2: RH5.2 now apparently includes the automatic IP allocation/DHCP
patches to bootpd, but they have left out the documentation which
tells you how to use it.

Q: (How) can you clear a specific partition or partitions ? e.g. to
leave /home but zap /.

A: You can't - yet!

Q: Can you arrange to have your partitions created across multiple
drives ? e.g. / on sda and /home on sdb.

A: Don't think so - looks like you only get access to the first drive
from the partitioning tool.

Q: Is it possible to specify existing partitions to be included in the
mount table, or is it only possible to specify the creation of new
partitions that will then be included?

A: ?

Q: After running mkkickstart, where is the file it creates?

A: It doesn't create a file - it dumps the KickStart config to stdout.

Q: In virtual console 4 (Alt-F4) I get Unable to load NLS charset
cp437(nls_cp437). What does this mean ? Should I be worried ?

A: Sounds like you're trying to mount a CD-ROM burned with the Joliet
(Unicode extensions to ISO 9660. In theory the filenames on the CD-
ROM might get munched and not make it through to Linux correctly. In
practice it doesn't seem to cause any problems - could be a spurious
dependency ?

Q: Why am i getting the X Window System installed ? I didn't put it in
my list of packages.

A: The XFree86-VGA16 RPM is a 'base' component, and as such always
gets installed - unless you change the definition of the base class.

Q: In my post-installation script, can I use the packages which have
been installed by now to do funky things not possible with the limited
tools on the floppies ?

A: Yep - e.g. if you chose to install Perl when you put your KickStart
config together, almost anything is possible in about five lines :-)

11. Credits

Thanks to Eric Doutreleau for the info about chkconfig, the SYSLINUX
config file hack, and the Perl script for updating your distribution
server's RPMs. Thanks to Robert Kaminsky for extensive
investigations. Thanks to Piete Brooks, Flavia Regina Munhoz, Tom
Toffoli, Bob Robbins, Charlie Brady and Ragen Herrington, for their
comments and questions.

12. Appendix A - Configuring BOOTP/DHCP and NFS

If you're wondering what on earth this BOOTP and DHCP stuff is, more
information is available at the DHCP WWW site <http://www.dhcp.org/>.
NFS is documented separately in detail in the NFS HOWTO, and there's a
DHCP mini-HOWTO too. I've tried to provide enough details here to
help you get started, whilst not treating the topics in depth - let me
know if you think this is overkill.

In the BOOTP/DHCP + NFS configuration we're discussing, the KickStart
config file should be NFS mountable by the machine being installed
from /kickstart/IPADDR-kickstart on the BOOTP/DHCP server, where
IPADDR is the IP address of the new machine, e.g.
/kickstart/198.168.254.254-kickstart for the machine 198.168.254.254.

You should be able to override this location by returning the bf
parameter (boot file) in your BOOTP/DHCP response. It may even be
possible to have this NFS mounted off another machine entirely.

To NFS export some directories from an existing Linux box, create the
file /etc/exports with contents something like:

/kickstart *.swedish-chef.org(ro,no_root_squash)
/mnt/cdrom *.swedish-chef.org(ro,no_root_squash)

Note that if you didn't register the IP addresses you're going to be
using in the DNS, you may be told to get lost by the NFS server and/or
the RPC portmapper. In this you can probably get away with putting IP
address/netmask pairs in the config files, e.g.

/kickstart 198.168.254.0/255.255.255.0(ro,no_root_squash)

and in /etc/hosts.allow:

ALL: 194.82.103.0/255.255.255.0: ALLOW

This is because most Linux distributions use TCP wrappers to do access
control for some or all of the NFS related daemons. Be aware that the
/etc/exports syntax tends to be different on other Unix variants - the
NFS servers bundled with Linux distributions tend to offer a much
wider range of options than the ones shipped with other versions of
Unix.

Be aware that if you include a root password in your KickStart config
file, or NFS export directories containing sensitive information, you
should take care to expose this information to as few people as
possible. This can be done by making the NFS export permissions as
fine grained as you can, e.g. by specifying a particular host or
subnet to export to rather than a whole domain. If you keep a special
IP address free for KickStart installations, everything's nice and
simple, but you'll have to change it later - or reconfigure the
machine to get its IP address via BOOTP/DHCP.

Most NFS servers require you to tell mountd and nfsd (on some versions
of Unix they're prefixed with a rpc.) that the /etc/exports file has
changed - usually by sending a SIGHUP. There's often a program or
script called exportfs, which will do this for you, e.g.

# exportfs -a

If you didn't have NFS up and running when this machine was booted,
the directories may not be exported automatically. Try rebooting, or
running the following programs as root:

# portmap
# rpc.nfsd
# rpc.mountd

As noted, on some systems the rpc. prefix isn't used. In most modern
Unix distributions, these programs can be found in the /usr/sbin or
/usr/libexec directories. These might not be in your path already,
e.g. if you used su to become root. The portmap program is also
sometimes called rpcbind, e.g. on Solaris, some versions of nfsd
require a command line argument specifying the number of instances of
the server to run, and you may find you also need to run another
daemon called biod. The above should suffice on most (all?) Linux
systems.

If you're using the CMU BOOTP server with DHCP and dynamic addressing
extensions referred to earlier, a sample /etc/bootptab entry
(/etc/bootptab is the normal location of the BOOTP/DHCP configuration
file) would look something like this:

.dynamic-1:ip=198.168.254.128:T254=0x30:T250="ds=198.168.254.2:
dn=swedish-chef.org:sm=255.255.255.0:gw=198.168.254.1:
dl=0xFFFFFFFF":

(wrapped for clarity)

This says to allocate IP addresses dynamically on encountering new
machines, starting at 198.168.254.128 and continuing for the next 48
(the hexadecimal value 30) addresses. Each client will be passed back
the value of T250. In this case that sets:

o the DNS server ds to 198.168.254.2

o the domain name dn to swedish-chef.org

o the subnet mask sm to 255.255.255.0

o the default gateway gw to 198.168.254.1

o the lease length dl (how long the address is valid for) to
"forever"

There seem to be a number of other versions of this server kicking
around which do not support dynamic addressing. For these, you would
have to list the hardware (typically Ethernet MAC) address of each to-
be-installed machine in /etc/bootptab, and the entries would look
something like this:

bork.swedish-chef.org:ip=198.168.254.128:ha=0000E8188E56:
ds=198.168.254.2:dn=swedish-chef.org:sm=255.255.255.0:
gw=198.168.254.1:dl=0xFFFFFFFF":

(wrapped for clarity)

Note that the parameter ha corresponds to the hardware address of the
machine being installed.

13. Appendix B - Making your own RPMs

The RPM package format is already very well documented, particularly
in the book Maximum RPM by Ed Bailey, which you can download from the
RPM WWW site <http://www.rpm.org/> - also available from all good book
stores! This is just a couple of quick hints for people in a hurry.

RPM packages are built from a spec file. This consists (in a similar
fashion to the KickStart config file) of a recipe of steps that need
to be taken in order to build the package - it's expected that you'll
have to build it from source, potentially for multiple platforms, and
may need to apply patches before compiling. Once built and installed,
a binary RPM will be created from the files and directories you
specify as being associated with the package. It's important to note
that RPM has no idea of which files and directories are related to a
given package - you have to tell it.

Here's a sample specification for a custom RPM of the Squid WWW cache
server <http://squid.nlanr.net/>:
Summary: Squid Web Cache server
Name: squid
Version: 1.NOVM.22
Release: 1
Copyright: GPL/Harvest
Group: Networking/Daemons
Source: squid-1.NOVM.22-src.tar.gz
Patch: retry-1.NOVM.20.patch
%description
This is just a first attempt to package up the Squid Web Cache for easy
installation on our RedHat Linux servers

%prep
%setup
%build
configure --prefix=/usr/squid
perl -spi -e 's!#( -DALLOW_HOSTNAME_UNDERSCORES)!$1!' src/Makefile
make

%install
make install

%files
/usr/squid

Here's how to build this RPM:

% mkdir -p SOURCES BUILD SRPMS RPMS/i386
% cp ~/squid-1.NOVM.22-src.tar.gz SOURCES
% cp ~/retry-1.NOVM.20.patch SOURCES
% rpm -ba squid-1.NOVM.22+retry-1.spec

This will automatically create a subdirectory under the BUILD
directory, into which it'll unpack the source code and then apply the
patch (there are a number of options available for patching - check
the book for details). Now, RPM will automatically build the package
by running configure and then make, install it using make install, and
take a snapshot of the files under /usr/squid. It's the latter which
will form the binary RPM of the Squid software.

Note that we can insert arbitrary shell commands into the unpacking,
building and installing processes, e.g. the call to perl which tweaks
one of Squid's compile-time parameters.

The final binary RPM will be left under the RPMS directory in the
platform specific subdirectory i386. In this case it will be called
squid-1.NOVM.22-1.i386.rpm. Note that the filename is created by
concatenating the values of the following parameters from the spec
file: Name, Version and Release - plus the hardware platform in
question, i386 in this case. Try to bear this in mind when creating
your own RPMs, to avoid giving them overly long or painful names!

It's also worth bearing in mind that you can build RPMs without having
to rebuild the whole software package, e.g.

Summary: Linux 2.0.36 kernel + filehandle patch + serial console patch
Name: linux
Version: 2.0.36+filehandle+serial_console
Release: 1
Copyright: GPL
Group: Base/Kernel
Source: linux-2.0.36+filehandle+serial_console.tar.gz
%description
This is just a first attempt to package up the Linux kernel with patches
for installation on our RedHat Linux servers

%prep
echo

%setup
echo

%build
echo

%install
echo

%post
/sbin/lilo

%files
/lib/modules/2.0.36
/boot/vmlinuz

In this case we simply create an RPM based on the /boot/vmlinuz file
and the contents of the directory /lib/modules/2.0.36, and execute
/sbin/lilo after the package has been installed on a target machine.
Let me know if you know much neater way of writing the spec file than
this.

14. Appendix C - Munging your own RPMs into the distribution

Here is Eric's script for munging updated RPMs into the RedHat
distribution area:

#!/usr/bin/perl
#
$redhatdir="/cdrom/i386";
$rpmdir="/cdrom/i386/RedHat/RPMS/";
$updatedir="/cdrom/updates/";
@OTHERDIR=($updatedir);
foreach $dir (@OTHERDIR)
{
print "update for $dir\n";
system(" find $dir -name \"*.rpm\" -exec cp {} $rpmdir \\; ");
}
chdir($contribdir) || die "peux pas aller dans $contribdir $!\n";
system("chmod -R 755 $redhatdir");
chdir($rpmdir) || die "problem to go in $rpmdir $!\n";
#
# remove the old file
#
opendir(DIR,'.');
@package=grep(/\.rpm$/,readdir(DIR));
foreach $file (@package)
{
$file =~ /(.*)\-([\d+|\.]+\w*)\-(\d+)\.[i386|noarch].*/;
$nom=$1;
$version=$2;
$buildvers=$3;
if ($NOM{$nom})
{
$version2=$VERSION{$nom};
$buildver2=$BUILDVERS{$nom};
$file2=$FILE{$nom};
$nom2=$NOM{$nom};
if ( $version2 gt $version )
{
print "$file2 is newer than $file\n";
unlink($file);
}
else
{
if ( $version2 lt $version )
{
print "$file is newer than $file2\n";
unlink($file2);
$VERSION{$nom}=$version;
$BUILDVERS{$nom}=$buildvers;
$FILE{$nom}=$file;
$NOM{$nom}=$nom;
}
else
{
if ( $buildver2 > $buildvers )
{
print "$file2 : $buildver2 est mieux que $file : $buildvers\n";
unlink($file);
}
else
{
print "$file2 : $buildver2 is older than $file : $buildvers\n";
unlink($file2);
$VERSION{$nom}=$version;
$BUILDVERS{$nom}=$buildvers;
$FILE{$nom}=$file;
$NOM{$nom}=$nom;
}
}
}
}
else
{
$VERSION{$nom}=$version;
$BUILDVERS{$nom}=$buildvers;
$FILE{$nom}=$file;
$NOM{$nom}=$nom;
}
}

# we do the hard thing here
#
system("$redhatdir/misc/src/install/genhdlist $redhatdir");