Hellenic Linux Information Sheet
 Georgios E. Keramidas, [email protected]
 v1.0, 22 October 1997

 Ayto to keimeno parexei basikes plhrofories gia to leitoyrgiko susthma
 Linux, symperilambanomenhs kai mias perigrafhs toy Linux, mia lista me
 xarakthristika, merikes apaithseis kai arketes phges.  Basizetai sto
 aggliko Linux Information Sheet (ekdosh 4.11, 13 Ianoyarioy 1997), to
 opoio diathrei o Michael K. Johnson, [email protected]
 ______________________________________________________________________

 Table of Contents


 1. Eisagwgh sto Linux

 2. Xarakthristika toy Linux

 3. 8emata Ylikou (Hardware)

    3.1 Elaxistes Apaithseis
    3.2 Xrhsimopoihsima Systhmata
    3.3 Yliko poy Yposthrizetai

 4. Mikros Katalogos Metaferomenwn Programmatwn [amp   ] Alloy Logismikou

 5. Poios Xrhsimopoiei to Linux;

 6. Pws na Parete to Linux

    6.1 Anwnymo FTP
    6.2 CDROM
    6.3 Alloi Tropoi na Parete to Linux

 7. 3ekinwntas

 8. Nomikh Katastash toy Linux

 9. Nea gia to Linux

 10. To Mellon

 11. Ayto to Keimeno

 12. Nomika [amp   ] Alla



 ______________________________________________________________________

 1.  Eisagwgh sto Linux

 To Linux einai mia teleiws dwrean epanaulopoihsh toy POSIX protupoy,
 me SYSV kai BSD epektaseis (poy shmainei oti moiazei me UNIX, alla den
 proerxetai apo thn idia bash phgaioy kwdika), to opoio einai dia8esimo
 se morfh phgaioy kwdika alla kai se ektelesimh morfh.  Ta pneymatika
 dikaiwmata anhkoyn ston Linus B. Torvalds [email protected]
 kai alloys poy kata kairous exoyn prosferei sthn anaptyjh toy.
 Dianemetai ``eleu8era'', sumfwna me toys oroys ths GNU General Public
 License.


 To Linux den einai public domain, kai den einai shareware.  Einai
 ``dwrean'' logismiko, kai mporeite na dwsete antigrafa toy, alla
 prepei na dwsete kai ton phgaio kwdika mazi h na kanete dynath thn
 dianomh toy me ton idio tropo.  An dianeimete opoiesdhpote allages,
 eiste nomika ypeu8ynoi na dianeimete ton phgaio kwdika gia aytes tis
 allages.  Deite thn GNU General Public License gia leptomereies.  Ena
 antigrafo dianemetai me ton phgaio kwdika toy Linux, h mporeite na
 parete ena antigrafo mesw ftp apo to prep.ai.mit.edu, katalogos
 /pub/GNU/COPYING.


 To Linux akomh dianemetai eleu8era, twra poy exei ftasei sthn ekdosh
 2.0, kai 8a synexisei na dianemetai eleu8era.  Akribws logw ths fushs
 ths GNU adeias xrhshs, ypo toys oroys ths opoias dianemetai to Linux,
 8a htan paranomo na mhn dianemetai eleu8era to Linux.  Prosoxh omws:
 einai apolutws nomimo na apaitountai xrhmata gia thn dianomh toy
 Linux, arkei na dianemetai kai o phgaios kwdikas mazi.  Ayth einai mia
 polu genikh diapistwsh.  An 8elete tis akribeis nomikes leptomereies,
 diabaste thn GNU adeia xrhshs toy Linux.


 To Linux trexei se 386/486/Pentium mhxanes me ISA, EISA, PCI kai VLB
 diauloys.  O diaylos MCA (ths IBM) den yposthrizetai teleia akoma,
 parolo poy exei arxisei na yposthrizetai apo ta kernels 2.1.x.  An
 endiafereste, deite thn selida <http://glycerine.itsmm.uni.edu/mca>.


 Yparxei mia metafora se anaptyjh gia polles Motorola 680x0 platformes
 (twra trexei se kapoies Amiga, Atari, kai VME mhxanes), poy twra pleon
 doyleuei arketa kala.  Apaitei enan 68020 me MMU, enan 68030, 68040, h
 enan 68060.  Epishs apaitei mia FPU.  Oi trexoyses ekdoseis exoyn
 yposthrijh kai gia diktyakes kai gia X efarmoges.


 To Linux trexei polu kala stoys Alpha epejergastes ths DEC, me
 yposthrijh gia tis mhxanes "Jensen", "NoName", "Cabriolet", "Universal
 Desktop Box" (eyrutera gnwsto ws Multia), kai polles alles platformes.
 Gia perissoteres plhrofories, deite thn selida
 <http://www.azstarnet.com/~axplinux/FAQ.html>.


 To Linux trexei kala kai se Sun SPARCs; oi pio polles sun4c kai sun4m
 mhxanes twra mporoun na trejoyn to Linux, me yposthrijh gia tis sun4u
 na exei hdh jekinhsei na anaptussetai.  To Red Hat Linux einai (thn
 stigmh poy grafontai aytes oi grammes) h monh dianomh toy Linux poy
 yparxei gia SPARCs!  Gia perissoteres plhrofories deite thn selida
 <http://www.redhat.com/support/docs/rhl-sparc/>.


 To Linux metaferetai twra kai sthn arxitektonikh PowerPC,
 symperilambanomenwn twn PowerMac (Nubus kai PCI), Motorola, IBM, kai
 Be mhxanwn.


 Metafores toy Linux kai se alles arxitektonikes, opws MIPS kai ARM,
 exoyn jekinhsei kai deixnoyn diafora pososta proodoy.  Mhn kratate thn
 anasa sas, alla an endiafereste kai mporeite na prosferete, mporeite
 na breite ki alloys poy 8a endiaferontoysan na doylecoyn mazi sas.


 To Linux den 8ewreite pia se peiramatiko stadio, afou  ekdosh 1.0 exei
 teleiwsei apo tis 14 Martioy toy 1994.  Yparxoyn akomh bugs sto
 susthma, kai nea bugs 8a emfanizontai kai 8a dior8wnontai ka8ws perna
 o kairos.  Epeidh to Linux akoloy8ei to ``anoixto protypo anaptyjhs'',
 oles oi nees ekdoseis 8a dinontai sto koino, akomh ki an den
 8ewrountai ``emporikhs poiothtas''.  Parol' ayta, kai gia na boh8h8ei
 o kosmos sthn epilogh enos sta8erou pyrhna, to akoloy8o sxhma exei
 ylopoih8ei: Oi ekdoseis 2.x.y, opoy to x einai zygos ari8mos, einai
 sta8eres ekdoseis kai mono dior8wseis la8wn prosti8entai ka8ws to y
 ayjanetai.  Etsi apo thn ekdosh 2.0.2 sthn 2.0.3, yparxoyn mono
 dior8wseis la8wn oxi nea xarakthristika.  Oi ekdoseis 2.x.y, opoy to x
 einai enas perittos ari8mos, einai beta-poiothtas ekdoseis mono gia
 developers.  Mporei na einai asta8eis, na paroysiazoyn genikotera
 problhmata kai allazoyn polu grhgora ka8ws nea features prosti8entai
 se aytes synexeia.  Molis pernaei arketos kairos, ka8ws h trexoysa
 ekdosh toy kernel sta8eropoieitai, h anaptyjh ``pagwnei'' gia ligo,
 mia kainouria sta8erh ekdosh toy kernel moirazetai, kai h anaptyjh
 synexizetai me mia kainouria peiramatikh ekdosh.


 H trexoysa sta8erh ekdosh einai h 2.0.31 (ayto 8a synexisei na allazei
 ka8ws kainourioi odhgoi prosti8entai kai bugs dior8wnontai).  H
 peiramatikh ekdosh poy anaptussetai einai h seira 2.1.x.  An h 2.0.x
 einai polu kainouria gia esas, mporeite na parameinete me thn 1.2.13
 pros to paron.  Parol' ayta oi teleytaies 2.0.x ekdoseis exoyn
 apodeixtei arketa sta8eres.  Shmeiwste oti h allagh apo thn ekdosh 1.2
 sthn 2.0 apaitei na allajete kai polla apo ta programmata sas!  Isws
 protimhsete na allajete sthn pio kainouria ekdosh ths dianomhs sas gia
 na allajoyn mazi kai ayta ta programmata.  O phgaios kwdikas toy Linux
 kernel periexei ena arxeio, Documentation/Changes, poy ejhgei aytes
 tis allages kai polla alla.


 Oi pio polles ekdoseis toy Linux, peiramatikes kai mh, einai arketa
 sta8eres, kai mporeite na synexiste na tis xrhsimopoieite an kanoyn
 ayto poy 8elete kai den sas endiaferei na eiste sthn ``aixmh ths
 texnologias''.  Ena site eixe enan ypologisth poy etrexe thn ekdosh
 0.97p1 (apo to kalokairi toy 1992) gia panw apo 136 hmeres xwris
 kanena la8os h crash.  (8a leitoyrgouse gia polu perissotero an enas
 ergaths den ekleine kata la8os ton metasxhmatisth kurias isxuos...)
 Alloi exoyn steilei uptimes parapanw apo ena xrono.  Ena site akomh
 eixe enan ypologisth poy etrexe to Linux 0.99p15s gia panw apo 600
 days thn teleytaia fora poy to anefere.


 Ena pragma poy ajizei na jerei kaneis einai oti to Linux akoloy8ei ena
 anoixto kai katanemhmeno montelo anaptyjhs, anti gia ena kleisto kai
 kentrikopoihmeno montelo, opws h pleiochfia twn ypoloipwn megalwn
 systhmatwn logismikou.  Ayto shmainei oti h trexoysa ekdosh einai
 panta dia8esimh (me to polu mia h dyo ebdomades ka8ysterhsh) etsi poy
 opoiosdhpote na mporei na thn xrhsimopoihsei.  To apotelesma einai oti
 opote mia kainouria ekdosh me nea xarakthristika bgainei, sxedon panta
 periexei kai bugs, alla suntoma arxizei mia taxisth dokimh kai
 anaptyjh, etsi poy ta bugs briskontai kai dior8wnontai grhgora, syxna
 mesa se liges wres, afou polloi ergazontai gia na ``xtisoyn'' thn nea
 ekdosh.


 Se anti8esh, to kleisto kai kentrikopoihmeno montelo shmainei oti
 yparxei ena atomo h mia omada poy doyleuei sto project, kai dianemoyn
 logismiko otan aytoi nomizoyn oti doyleuei arketa kala.  Syxna ayto
 odhgei se megala diasthmata metaju twn dianomwn kai megales anamones
 gia dior8wseis la8wn.  Safws h teleytaia ekdosh tetoioy systhmatos
 logismikou einai syxna ychlhs poiothtas, alla h taxuthta anaptyjhs
 einai genika polu mikroterh.


 Stis 26 Oktwbrioy, 1997, oi trexoyses ekdoseis einai 2.0.31 gia thn
 sta8erh ekdosh toy Linux, kai 2.1.57 gia thn peiramatikh.



 2.  Xarakthristika toy Linux



 �  Multitasking: polla programmata trexoyn taytoxrona.

 �  Polyxrhstiko (multiuser): polloi xrhstes sto idio mhxanhma
    taytoxrona (kai kamia anagkh gia polles adeies xrhsth!).

 �  Metafersimo (multiplatform): trexei se polles diaforetikes CPUs,
    oxi mono stoys epejergastes ths Intel.

 �  Multiprocessor: Yparxei hdh yposthrijh SMP stis Intel kai SPARC
    platformes (me thn doyleia na exei jekinhsei kai se alles
    platformes), kai to Linux xrhsimopoieitai se polles MP efarmoges,
    symperilambanomenwn kai twn systhmatwn Beowulf (deite to
    <http://cesdis.gsfc.nasa.gov/linux-web/beowulf/beowulf.html>) kai
    ston Fujitsu AP1000+ yperypologisth poy basizetai sthn SPARC
    arxitektonikh.

 �  Trexei se prostateymenh katastash (protected mode) ston 386 kai
    toys newteroys Intel epejergastes.

 �  Exei prostasia mnhmhs metaju twn diergasiwn, etsi wste ena
    programma na mhn mporei na ``katebasei'' olo to susthma.

 �  Fortwnei otan yparxei anagkh ta ektelesima: to Linux diabazei apo
    to disko mono ekeina ta merh enos programmatos poy pragmatika
    xrhsimopoiountai.

 �  Koines copy-on-write selides metaju twn ektelesimwn.  Ayto shmainei
    oti polles diergasies mporoun na xrhsimopoioun tis idies perioxes
    mnhmhs gia na trexoyn.  Otan kapoia prospa8hsei na gracei sthn
    mnhmh, ekeinh h selida (ena kommati 4KB ths mnhmhs) antigrafetai
    kapoy allou.  To copy-on-write exei duo pleonekthmata: ayjanei thn
    taxuthta kai meiwnei thn mnhmh poy apaiteitai.

 �  Ideath mnhmh xrhsimopoiwntas selidopoihsh (den kanei swapping
    oloklhres diergasies) kai meros toy diskoy: se ena jexwristo
    partition h ena arxeio sto susthma arxeiwn, h kai ta duo, me thn
    dynatothta gia pros8hkh perissoterwn swapping perioxwn se runtime
    xrono (nai, akoma legontai swapping perioxes).  Synolika to polu 16
    swapping perioxes twn 128 MB mporoun na xrhsimopoiountai
    taytoxrona, dinontas ena 8ewrhtiko orio twn 2 GB sthn synolikh
    swapping perioxh.  Einai aplo, omws, na allajei to orio ayto,
    tropopoiwntas liges grammes kwdika.

 �  Mia enopoihmenh phgh mnhmhs gia programmata xrhsth kai cache
    diskwn, etsi wste olh h eleu8erh mnhmh na mporei na xrhsimopoih8ei
    gia caching, kai h cache na mporei na meiw8ei otan trexoyn megala
    programmata.

 �  Dynamika fortwsimes diamoirasmenes biblio8hkes (dynamically linked
    shared libraries) (alliws gnwstes kai ws DLL's).  Bebaia,
    yposthrizei kai statikes biblio8hkes.

 �  Dhmioyrgei core dumps gia ek twn ysterwn analysh, dinontas thn
    dynatothta gia xrhsh enos debugger se ena programma oxi mono otan
    trexei, alla ki afou exei crash-arei.

 �  Symbato se ena megalo pososto me to POSIX, to System V, kai to BSD
    se epipedo phgaioy kwdika.

 �  Mesw enos iBCS2-symbatou tmhmatos ejomoiwshs, symbato me SCO, SVR3,
    kai SVR4 se dyadiko (ektelesimo) epipedo.

 �  Olos o phgaios kwdikas einai dia8esimos, symperilambanomenoy
    oloklhroy toy kernel kai olwn twn odhgwn, twn ergaleiwn anaptyjhs
    kai olwn twn programmatwn xrhsth!  Epishs, oloklhro to Linux mporei
    na dianemetai eleu8era oloklhro.  Polla emporika programmata
    yparxoyn dia8esima gia Linux xwris ton phgaio kwdika, alla oti htan
    eleu8era dia8esimo, symperilambanomenoy oloklhroy toy basikou
    leitoyrgikou systhmatos, einai akomh eleu8era dia8esimo.

 �  Elegxos ergasiwn symbatos me POSIX.

 �  pseudoterminals (pty's).

 �  Ejomoiwsh ths 387 FPU mesa sto idio to kernel etsi wste ta
    programmata den xreiazetai na kanoyn thn dikh toys ejomoiwsh.  Ka8e
    ypologisths poy trexei to Linux moiazei na exei ena ma8hmatiko
    synepejergasth.  Bebaia, an o ypologisths sas exei hdh mia FPU, 8a
    xrhsimopoih8ei ayth anti gia thn ejomoiwsh, kai mporeite na xtisete
    ton pyrhna sas xwris ayth thn ejomoiwsh, gia na kerdisete ligh
    mnhmh.

 �  Yposthrijh gia polla e8nika kai prosarmosima plhktrologia -- einai
    arketa eukolo na proste8oun kainouria dynamika otan yparjei anagkh.

 �  Pollaples ideates konsoles: arketa anejarthta login sessions apo
    thn konsola toy systhmatos, allazete patwntas ena syndyasmo apo
    hot-keys (anejarthta apo to video hardware).  These are dynamically
    allocated; you can use up to 64.

 �  Yposthrizei polla koina systhmata arxeiwn, symperilambanomenwn twn
    minix, Xenix, ola ta koina system V filesystems (p.x. UFS), kai
    exei ena diko toy ejeligmeno susthma arxeiwn, to opoio prosferei
    systhmata arxeiwn mexri 4 TB, kai onomata poy periexoyn mexri 255
    xarakthres.  Epipleon, sto susthma arxeiwn toy Linux, o monos
    periorismos poy yparxei sto poioys xarakthres mporei na periexei
    ena onoma einai oti den mporei na periexei ton xarakthra ASCII NUL
    (0) (anti8eta me to VFAT, p.x. poy apagoreuei toys xarakthres
    ``*?<>|":/\\+=,; []'').

 �  Diafanh prospelash twn arxeiwn enos MS-DOS partition (h OS/2 FAT
    partition) mesw enos eidikou systhmatos arxeiwn: den xreiazeste
    eidikes entoles gia na xrhsimopoihsete to MS-DOS partition, moiazei
    san ena kanoniko Unix susthma arxeiwn (ektos apo merikous asteioys
    periorismous sta onomata twn arxeiwn, thn prostasia twn arxeiwn,
    ktl.).  Ta sympiesmena partitions toy MS-DOS 6 den doyleuoyn ayto
    ton kairo xwris ena patch (dmsdosfs).  To Linux 2.0 yposthrizei to
    VFAT (WNT, Windows 95).

 �  Eidiko susthma arxeiwn, poy legetai UMSDOS, to opoio yposthrizei
    thn egkatastash toy Linux se ena DOS partition.

 �  Yposthrijh (gia anagnwsh-mono) toy HPFS-2 (OS/2 2.1).

 �  Yposthrijh gia to HFS (Macintosh) file system yparxei jexwrista san
    module.

 �  CD-ROM filesystem which reads all standard formats of CD-ROMs.

 �  TCP/IP networking, including ftp, telnet, NFS, etc.

 �  Appletalk ejyphrethths

 �  Netware pelaths kai ejyphrethths

 �  Lan Manager (SMB) pelaths kai ejyphrethths

 �  Polla diktyaka prwtokolla: ta basika prwtokolla poy einai dia8esima
    sta teleytaia peiramatika kernels perilambanoyn ta TCP, IPv4, IPv6,
    AX.25, X.25, IPX, DDP (Appletalk), NetBEUI, Netrom, kai alla.
    Sta8era diktyaka prwtokolla poy periexontai sta sta8era kernels
    perilambanoyn ta TCP, IPv4, IPX, DDP, and AX.25.
 3.  8emata Ylikou (Hardware)

 To yliko poy apaiteitai gia na trejei to Linux einai elaxisto an
 elaxistes einai ki oi dikes sas apaithseis apo ena Linux susthma.
 Parol' ayta to yliko toy systhmatos sas mporei na prosarmozetai stis
 trexoyses anagkes sas.  Kai to Linux mporei na prosarmozetai stis
 allages aytes!


 3.1.  Elaxistes Apaithseis

 To akoloy8o einai pi8anon to minimalistiko setup sto opoio mporei
 kapoios na xrhsimopoihsei to Linux: 386SX/16, 1 MB RAM, 1.44 MB h 1.2
 MB floppy, opoiadhpote yposthrizomenh karta o8onhs (+ plhktrologia,
 o8ones, kok. bebaia).  Ayto 8a sas dwsei thn dynatothta na jekinhsete
 kai na dokimasete an doyleuei to susthma, alla den 8a mporeite na
 kanete otidhpote xrhsimo.  Deite to
 <http://rsphy1.anu.edu.au/~gpg109/mem.html> gia alla ``mikra'' Linux
 configurations.


 Gia na kanete otidhpote, 8a xreiasteite kai kapoio xwro sto sklhro
 disko, 5 ws 10 MB 8a prepe na einai arketa gia ena polu syrriknwmeno
 setup (mono me ta apolutws aparaithta programmata ki isws mia h dyo
 mikres efarmoges egkatesthmenes, opws, gia paradeigma ena programma
 termatikou [minicom,term,ktl.]).  Ayto einai akomh pragmatika polu
 periorismeno kai ka8oloy aneto san egkatastash, kai den exei arketo
 xwro gia na kanete sxedon tipota, ektos ki an h xrhsh poy 8a kanete
 exei polu periorismenes anagkes.  Den synistatai genika gia otidhpote
 allo, ektos apo dokimes gia to an ta pragmata doyleuoyn, kai bebaia
 gia na mporoume na yperhfaneyomaste pws to Linux exei fobera mikres
 apaithseis.


 3.2.  Xrhsimopoihsima Systhmata

 An prokeitai na trejete ypologistika baria programmata, opws ton gcc,
 ta X, h to TeX, mallon 8a xreiasteite ena pio grhgoro epejergasth apo
 enan 386SX/16, alla akomh ki aytos 8a htan arketos an exete thn
 apaitoumenh ypomonh.


 Sthn pragmatikothta, 8a xreiasteite toylaxiston 4 MB kurias mnhmhs
 (RAM) an den xrhsimopoieite ta X, kai 8 MB an ta xrhsimopoieite.
 Epishs, an 8elete na yposthrizete pollous xrhstes taytoxrona, h na
 trexete polla megala programmata thn idia stigmh (metaglwttiseis gia
 paradeigma), mporei na xreiasteite parapanw apo 4 MB kurias mnhmhs.
 To Linux 8a doylecei akomh kai me mikrotera mege8h mnhmhs (8a prepe na
 doyleuei akomh kai me 2 MB), alla 8a xrhsimopoiei ideath mnhmh
 (xrhsimopoiwntas ton sklhro disko san argh mnhmh) ki ayto 8a einai
 polu argo, sxedon adunato na xrhsimopoih8ei.  An xrhsimopoieite polla
 programmata taytoxrona, 16 MB 8a meiwsoyn to swapping kata polu.  An
 8elete na apofugete to swapping akomh kai katw apo arketa ypologisimo
 load, 32 MB einai mallon ayto poy xreiazeste.  Bebaia, an trexete
 efarmoges poy pragmatika ``peinane'' gia mnhmh, 8a xreiasteite akomh
 pio polu mnhmh.


 To poso toy sklhrou diskoy poy 8a xreiasteite ejartatai apo to
 logismiko poy 8elete na egkatasthsete.  To kanoniko basiko set apo
 Unix ergaleia, shells, kai programmata diaxeirishs toy systhmatos
 xwraei sxetika aneta se ligotero apo 10MB me ligo xwro sthn akrh gia
 arxeia twn xrhstwn.  Gia ena pio oloklhrwmeno susthma, parte thn Red
 Hat, thn Debian, thn Slackware, h opoiadhpote allh dianomh, kai
 ypologiste oti 8a xreiasteite apo 60 ws 300 MB, analoga me to ti 8a
 dialejete na egkatasthsete kai poia dianomh 8a parete.  Pros8este se
 ayto to xwro poy 8elete na desmeusete gia arxeia twn xrhstwn.  Me tis
 shmerines times stwn sklhrwn diskwn, an pairnete ena kainourio
 susthma, den exei nohma na parete ena disko poy einai polu mikros.
 Parte toylaxiston 500 MB, an kai 1 GB h pio polu einai protimotero,
 kai den 8a to metaniwsete.


 Pros8este perissoterh mnhmh, megalutero sklhro disko, ena pio grhgoro
 epejergasth, ki oti allo 8elete analoga me tis anagkes, tis epi8ymies
 kai to portofoli sas gia na jefugete apo to orio toy aplws
 xrhsimopoihsimoy systhmatos.  Genika, mia megalh diafora toy Linux apo
 to DOS einai oti sto Linux h pros8hkh mnhmhs deixnei polu megaluterh
 diafora, parolo poy sto DOS h ejtra mnhmh den moiazei na allazei kai
 polla pragmata.  Ayto exei, en merei, sxesh kai me to asteio orio twn
 640 KB toy DOS, to opoio sto Linux apla den yparxei.


 3.3.  Yliko poy Yposthrizetai



    CPU:
       Otidhpote trexei programmata se prostateymenh katastash
       leitoyrgias opws o 386 (ola ta montela twn 386, 486, 586, kai
       686 8a prepe na doyleuoyn kanonika). Oi 286 kai oi katwteroi
       mporei kapoia mera na yposthrizontai apo ena mikrotero kernel,
       to opoio legetai ELKS (Embeddable Linux Kernel Subset), alla mhn
       perimenete tis idies dynatothtes.  Mia ekdosh gia toys 680x0
       epejergastes (gia x = 2 me ejwterikh MMU, 3, 4, kai 6) poy
       trexei se Amiga kai Atari mporei na bre8ei sto tsx-11.mit.edu
       ston katalogo 680x0.  Polloi DEC Alpha yposthrizontai.  Polloi
       SPARCs yposthrizontai twra pleon.  Metafores exoyn hdh jekinhsei
       gia tis PowerPC, ARM, kai MIPS arxitektonikes.  Polles
       leptomereies mporoun na bre8oun kai se alla keimena toy Linux
       Documentation Project.


    Architecture:
       ISA h EISA diaylos.  O MCA diaylos (poy yparxei kyriws se
       ay8entikous PS/2) den yposthrizetai plhrws, alla h yposthrijh
       beltiwnetai synexeia (deite parapanw).  Oi Local diayloi (VLB
       kai PCI) doyleuoyn. To Linux apaitei pio polla pragmata apo to
       yliko ap' oti to DOS, ta Windows, kai ta pio polla alla
       leitoyrgika systhmata.  Ayto shmainei oti merika kommatia
       ylikou, poy se alla leitoyrgika doyleuoyn se oriakh katastash,
       xwris wstoso na apotygxanoyn, mporei na paroysiasoyn problhma
       katw apo to Linux.  To Linux einai, gia paradeigma, enas aristos
       elegkths mnhmhs...


    RAM:
       Mexri 1 GB se Intel platformes!  Pio polu se 64-bit platformes.
       Merikoi (ki o idios o Linus) exoyn shmeiwsei oti h pros8hkh
       mnhmhs xwris thn pros8hkh analoghs cache ka8ysterei to susthma
       para polu, etsi an balete mnhmh kai parathrhsete oti to susthma
       sas einai pio argo, dokimaste na pros8esete pio polu cache.
       Merikes mhxanes mporoun na kratoun cache mono gia sygkekrimena
       mege8h mnhmhs anejarthta apo thn synolikh dia8esimh mnhmh poy
       einai egkatesthmenh sto susthma (64 MB einai to megisto mege8os
       mnhmhs poy mporei na krataei se cache ena dhmofiles chipset).
       Panw apo 64 MB kurias mnhmhs xreiazontai eidikh parametro kata
       thn ekkinhsh, afou to BIOS mporei na anaferei to polu mexri 64
       MB, giati einai `problhmatiko opws exei sxedias8ei'.



    Data storage:
       Yposthrizontai generic AT drives (EIDE, IDE, 16 bit HD
       controllers me MFM h RLL, h ESDI), opws kai SCSI sklhroi diskoi
       kai CD-ROMs, me enan SCSI adaptor, o opoios yposthrizetai.
       Epishs, yposthrizontai generic XT controllers (8 bit controllers
       me MFM h RLL).  Yposthrizontai oi ejhs SCSI adaptors: Advansys,
       Adaptec 1542, 1522, 1740, 27xx, kai h seira 29xx (me merikes
       epektaseis), Buslogic MultiMaster controllers (h yposthrijh
       Flashpoint einai se beta-testing), controllers basismenoi sto
       NCR53c810, DPT controllers, Qlogic ISP kai FAS controllers,
       Seagate ST-01 kai ST-02, h seira Future Domain TMC-88x (h
       opoiodhpote board basismeno sto TMC950 chip) kai TMC1660/1680,
       Ultrastor 14F, 24F kai 34F, Western Digital wd7000, kai alloi.
       SCSI, QIC-02, kai merika QIC-80 tapes yposthrizontai epishs.
       Diaforoi CD-ROM odhgoi yposthrizontai, opws
       Matsushita/Panasonic, Mitsumi, Sony, Soundblaster, Toshiba,
       ATAPI (EIDE), SCSI, kai alloi.  Gia akribh montela, deite to
       ``Hardware Compatibility HOWTO''.


    Video:
       H VGA, h EGA, h CGA, h Hercules (kai oi symbates) doyleuoyn se
       text mode.  Gia grafika kai ta X, yparxei yposthrijh
       (toylaxiston) gia aples VGA, merikes super-VGA kartes (oi pio
       polles kartes poy basizontai sto ET3000, ET4000, Paradise, kai
       merika Trident chipsets), S3, S3-Virge, 8514/A, ATI,
       MACH8/32/64, Matrox Millenium & Mystique kai Hercules.  (To
       Linux xrhsimopoiei ton Xfree86 X server, opote ayto kanonizei ti
       kartes yposthrizontai.  Mia oloklhrwmenh lista apo
       yposthrizomena chipsets pianei apo monh ths panw apo mia
       selida.)


    Networking:
       H yposthrijh gia Ethernet kartes perilambanei tis 3COM
       503/509/579/589 (oi 501/505/507 yposthrizontai alla den tis
       synistoume), AT&T GIS (NCR) WaveLAN, oi pio polles kartes poy
       basizontai sthn WD8390, oi pio polles kartes poy basizontai stis
       WD80x3 kartes, h NE1000/2000 ki oi pio polloi klwnoi toys,
       AC3200, Apricot 82596, AT1700, ATP, DE425/434/435/500, D-Link
       DE-600/620, DEPCA, DE100/101, DE200/201/202 Turbo, DE210, DE422,
       Cabletron E2100 (den synistatai), Intel EtherExpress (den
       synistatai), DEC EtherWORKS 3, HP LAN, HP PCLAN/plus, oi pio
       polles kartes poy basizontai sthn AMD LANCE, NI5210, ni6510, SMC
       Ultra, DEC 21040 (tulip), Zenith Z-Note ethernet, oles oi Zircom
       kartes ki oles oi Cabletron kartes ektos apo thn E2100 den
       yposthrizontai, epeidh oi kataskeyastes toys den dexontai na
       dianemoyn eleu8era plhrofories gia ton programmatismo toys.


       H trexoysa yposthrijh gia FDDI perilambanei tis DEFxx kartes apo
       thn DEC.


       H yposthrijh gia Point-to-Point syndeseis perilambanei ta
       prwtokolla PPP, SLIP, CSLIP, kai PLIP.


    Seiriakes 8ures:
       Ta perissotera boards poy basizontai sto 16450 kai sto 16550
       UART, symperilambanomenhs ths AST Fourport, ths Usenet Serial
       Card II, kai allwn.  Ta intelligent boards poy yposthrizontai
       perilambanoyn thn seira Cyclades Cyclom (yposthrizontai apo ton
       kataskeyasth), thn seira Comtrol Rocketport (yposthrizontai apo
       ton kataskeyasth), Stallion (ta pio polla boards, yposthrizontai
       apo ton kataskeyasth), and Digi (merika boards, den
       yposthrizontai apo ton kataskeyasth).  Merikes ISDN, frame
       relay, kai leased line kartes yposthrizontai.


    Allo Yliko:
       SoundBlaster, ProAudio Spectrum 16, Gravis Ultrasound, sxedon
       oles oi ypoloipes kartes hxoy, oi pio polles (oles;) oi morfes
       pontikiwn (Microsoft, Logitech, PS/2), ktl.




 4.  Mikros Katalogos Metaferomenwn Programmatwn & Alloy Logismikou

 Ta pio polla apo ta koina ergaleia toy Unix exoyn metafer8ei sto
 Linux, symperilambanomenwn kai pollwn GNU programmatwn, kai polloi X
 pelates apo diafores phges.  Bebaia, to ``exoyn metafer8ei'' einai
 sxetiko, giati polla programmata mporoun na xtistoun xwris kamia
 apolutws allagh, h me tetrimmenes, mikres tropopoihseis, afou to Linux
 akoloy8ei to POSIX protypo me arketa kalh akribeia.  Dystyxws, den
 yparxoyn arketes efarmoges gia aplous xrhstes, alla ayto allazei
 synexws.  Epikoinwnhste me ton promh8eyth ths agaphmenhs sas Unix
 efarmoghs kai rwthste an thn exoyn metaferei sto Linux.


 Akoloy8ei enas mikros katalogos logismikou poy einai gnwsto pws trexei
 katw apo to Linux:



    Basikes Unix Entoles:
       ls, tr, sed, awk ki outw ka8ejhs (peite to, to Linux pi8anon na
       to exei).


    Ergaleia Anaptyjhs Programmatwn:
       gcc, gdb, make, bison, flex, perl, rcs, cvs, prof.


    Glwsses & Periballonta:
       C, C++, Objective C, Java, Modula-3, Modula-2, Oberon, Ada95,
       Pascal, Fortran, ML, scheme, Tcl/tk, Perl, Python, Common Lisp,
       kai polles alles.


    Grafika Periballonta:
       X11R5 (XFree86 2.x), X11R6 (XFree86 3.x), MGR.


    Epejergastes Keimenoy:
       GNU Emacs, XEmacs, MicroEmacs, jove, ez, epoch, elvis (GNU vi),
       vim, vile, joe, pico, jed, kai alloi.


    Shells:
       bash (POSIX sh-symbato), zsh (periexei katastash symbatothtas me
       to ksh), pdksh, tcsh, csh, rc, es, ash (kyriws sh-symbato shell
       poy to xrhsimopoiei to BSD sth 8esh toy /bin/sh), kai polla
       alla.


    Epikoinwnies:
       Taylor (BNU-symbath) UUCP, SLIP, CSLIP, PPP, kermit, szrz,
       minicom, pcomm, xcomm, term (trexei pollapla shells,
       anakatey8unei ton diktyako forto, kai epitrepei apomakrysmenh
       prosbash sta X, ola apo mia kai mono grammh modem), Seyon
       (dhmofiles programma epikoinwnias gia X-windows),  diafora
       paketa gia fax kai voice-mail (xrhsimopoiwntas ta ZyXEL kai alla
       modems) yparxoyn.  Profanws, apomakrysmenh prosbash me login
       panw apo seiriakes grammes yposthrizetai.


    News kai mail:
       C-news, innd, trn, nn, tin, smail, elm, mh, pine, ktl.


    Epejergasia Keimenoy:
       TeX, groff, doc, ez, LyX, Lout, Linuxdoc-SGML, kai alla.


    Paixnidia:
       Nethack, diafora Muds kai paixnidia gia X, kai polla alla.   An
       caxnete gia kati sygkekrimeno, mporeite panta na cajete gia ta
       dia8esima paixnidia sto tsx-11 kai sto sunsite.


    Oloklhrwmenes Luseis:
       AUIS, to Andrew User Interface System.  To programma ez einai
       meros aytou toy paketoy efarmogwn.



 Ola ayta ta programmata (ki ayta den einai oute to ena ekatosto apo
 ola osa einai dia8esima) dianemontai dwrean.  Emporika paketa exoyn
 arxisei kai diati8entai epishs!  Rwthste ton promh8eyth toy agaphmenoy
 sas emporikou paketoy an yposthrizei to Linux.



 5.  Poios Xrhsimopoiei to Linux;

 To Linux einai eleu8era dia8esimo, kai kaneis den xreiazetai na kanei
 kapoioy eidoys registration gia to antigrafo toys me kapoia kentrikh
 ejoysiodothmenh omada h atomo, etsi einai polu duskolo na ma8ei kaneis
 akribws posoi xrhsimopoioun to Linux.  Yparxoyn arketes epixeirhseis
 twra poy epibiwnoyn apokleistika poylwntas kai yposthrizontas to Linux
 kai einai sxetika mikros o ari8mos twn xrhstwn poy xrhsimopoioun aytes
 tis epixeirhseis, kai ta newsgroups toy Linux einai apo ta pio baria
 fortwmena se oloklhro to Internet, ara o ari8mos twn xrhstwn toy Linux
 einai ths tajews twn ekatontadwn xiliadwn, alla einai mallon adunato
 na ma8oyme pragmatika akribh noumera.  Parol' ayta, mia gennaia cyxh,
 o Harald T. Alvestrand, apofasise na dokimasei, kai zhtaei an
 xrhsimopoieite to Linux, na steilete ena mhnyma sthn dieu8ynsh linux-
 [email protected] me ena apo ta parakatw subjects: ``I use Linux at
 home'', ``I use Linux at work'', or ``I use Linux at home and at
 work''.  Metraei, epishs, akoma kai tis chfoys tupoy ``I don't use
 Linux'', gia kapoio logo.  Stelnei tis metrhseis toy sto
 comp.os.linux.misc.



 6.  Pws na Parete to Linux


 6.1.  Anwnymo FTP

 O Matt Welsh exei anakoinwsei ton kainourio toy `Installation and
 Getting Started' odhgo, ekdosh 2.2.2.  Epishs, to Linux Documentation
 Project (to LDP) exei jekinhsei diafora biblia poy briskontai se
 diaforetiko stadio oloklhrwshs, ta opoia (biblia) yparxoyn sto
 SunSite, ston katalogo /pub/Linux/docs/LDP/.  Krathste epafh mesw toy
 comp.os.linux.announce.  H selida toy Linux Documentation Project
 yparxei sto <http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP>.


 Toylaxiston ta parakatw sites kratoun antigrafa toy Linux.




      Textual name                   Numeric address  Linux directory
      =============================  ===============  ===============
      tsx-11.mit.edu                 18.172.1.2       /pub/linux
      sunsite.unc.edu                152.2.22.81      /pub/Linux
      ftp.funet.fi                   128.214.248.6    /pub/OS/Linux
      net.tamu.edu                   128.194.177.1    /pub/linux
      ftp.mcc.ac.uk                  130.88.203.12    /pub/linux
      src.doc.ic.ac.uk               146.169.2.1      /packages/linux
      fgb1.fgb.mw.tu-muenchen.de     129.187.200.1    /pub/linux
      ftp.informatik.tu-muenchen.de  131.159.0.110    /pub/comp/os/linux
      ftp.dfv.rwth-aachen.de         137.226.4.111    /pub/linux
      ftp.informatik.rwth-aachen.de  137.226.225.3    /pub/Linux
      ftp.Germany.EU.net             192.76.144.75    /pub/os/Linux
      ftp.ibp.fr                     132.227.60.2     /pub/linux
      ftp.uu.net                     137.39.1.9       /systems/unix/linux
      wuarchive.wustl.edu            128.252.135.4    mirrors/linux
      ftp.win.tue.nl                 131.155.70.100   /pub/linux
      ftp.stack.urc.tue.nl           131.155.2.71     /pub/linux
      srawgw.sra.co.jp               133.137.4.3      /pub/os/linux
      cair.kaist.ac.kr                                /pub/Linux
      ftp.denet.dk                   129.142.6.74     /pub/OS/linux
      NCTUCCCA.edu.tw                140.111.1.10     /Operating-Systems/Linux
      nic.switch.ch                  130.59.1.40      /mirror/linux
      cnuce_arch.cnr.it              131.114.1.10     /pub/Linux
      ftp.monash.edu.au              130.194.11.8     /pub/linux
      ftp.dstc.edu.au                130.102.181.31   /pub/linux
      ftp.sydutech.usyd.edu.au       129.78.192.2     /pub/linux





 To tsx-11.mit.edu kai to fgb1.fgb.mw.tu-muenchen.de einai ta epishma
 sites gia ton Linux-GCC (GNU C Compiler gia to Linux).  Merika sites
 kratoun mirror apo alla sites.  Parakaloume na xrhsimopoieite to site
 poy einai pio konta (se epipedo diktuoy) se esas opote ayto einai
 dynaton.


 Toylaxiston to sunsite.unc.edu kai to ftp.informatik.tu-muenchen.de
 prosferoyn yphresies ftpmail.  Steilte mhnyma sthn dieu8ynsh
 [email protected] h sthn [email protected] gia
 boh8eia.


 An niw8ete oti exete xa8ei, dokimaste na koitajete sto
 sunsite.unc.edu:/pub/Linux/distributions/, opoy diafores dianomes
 prosferontai dwrean.  Oi dianomes poy protimountai polu teleytaia
 einai oi: Red Hat Linux, Debian, kai Slackware.


 6.2.  CDROM

 Oi pio polloi twra egka8istoun to Linux apo CDROM's.  Oi dianomes
 exoyn megalwsei se arketes ekatontades MBs apo Linux software, kai to
 ``katebasma'' olwn aytwn apo ena 28.8 modem pairnei polu wra.


 Yparxoyn basika duo tropoi na parei kaneis to Linux se CDROM: san
 meros enos archive kapoioy FTP site, h apo ton kataskeyasth ths
 sygkekrimenhs dianomhs.  An parete kapoio archive, sxedon panta 8a
 exete thn eykairia na dialejete anamesa se arketes dianomes, alla
 syxna den yparxei yposthrijh.  An parete thn dianomh katey8eian apo
 ton kataskeyasth, pairnete synh8ws mono mia dianomh, alla tis pio
 polles fores exete kai yposthrijh kapoioy eidoys (tis pio polles fores
 yposthrijh gia thn diadikasia ths egkatastashs).


 6.3.  Alloi Tropoi na Parete to Linux

 Yparxoyn polles BBS's poy exoyn arxeia gia Linux.  Mia lista me aytes
 stelnetai syxna sto comp.os.linux.announce.  Rwthste filoys kai omades
 xrhstwn (user groups), h paraggeilete kapoia apo tis emporikes
 dianomes.  Mia lista me tis emporikes dianomes yparxei sto ``Linux
 distribution HOWTO'', dia8esimo apo to SunSite ston katalogo
 sunsite.unc.edu:/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/distribution-HOWTO.  H lista
 ayth stelnetai kai sto newsgroup comp.os.linux.announce arketa syxna.



 7.  3ekinwntas

 Opws anafer8hke kai sthn arxh, to Linux den exei kentrikh diaxeirish.
 Akribws gi' ayto, den yparxei ``epishmh'' ekdosh poy kapoios 8a
 mporouse na deijei kai na pei ``Ayto einai to Linux.''  Anti8eta,
 yparxoyn diafores ``dianomes,'' poy einai ligo polu oloklhrwmenes
 sylloges apo logismiko sthmeno kai paketarismeno etsi wste na mporei
 na ftiaxtei ena Linux susthma.

 To prwto pragma poy prepei na kanete einai na parete kai na diabasete
 thn lista me tis pio syxnes erwthseis (FAQ) apo ena FTP site, h apo ta
 synh8ismena arxeia me ta USENET FAQ (e.g. rtfm.mit.edu).  Ayto to
 keimeno exei polles odhgies poy sas boh8oun na jekinhsete, ti arxeia
 xreiazontai, kai pws na lusete ta pio polla apo ta koina problhmata
 (kata thn diarkeia ths egkatastashs h argotera).



 8.  Nomikh Katastash toy Linux

 Parolo poy to Linux dinetai plhres se morfh phgaioy kwdika, einai
 copyrighted logismiko, ki oxi public domain.  Einai, omws, eleu8era
 dia8esimo ypo toys oroys ths GNU General Public License, poy merikes
 fores apokaleitai kai ``copyleft''.  Diabaste thn GPL gia perissoteres
 plhrofories.  Ta programmata poy trexoyn katw apo to Linux exoyn thn
 dikh toy adeia xrhshs, parolo poy polla apo ayta dianemontai ki ayta
 me thn GPL, opws kai to idio to Linux. Ta X xrhsimopoioun thn adeia
 toy MIT gia ta X, kai merika apo ta programmata dianemontai me toys
 oroys toy BSD copyright.  Se opoiadhpote periptwsh, pantws, olo to
 logismiko sto FTP site einai eleu8era dia8esimo (alliws den 8a prepe
 an einai ekei).



 9.  Nea gia to Linux

 Ena mhniaio periodiko, poy legetai ``Linux Journal'', exei jekinhsei
 panw apo dyo xronia twra.  Periexei ar8ra, ta opoia apey8unontai se
 ola ta epipeda gnwshs, kai exei skopo na einai boh8hma gia oloys toys
 xrhstes toy Linux.  H syndromh gia ena etos einai $22 sths HPA, $27
 ston Kanada kai to Mejiko, kai $32 opoydhpote allou, panta se
 nomismata twn HPA.  Aithseis syndromhs mporoun na staloun mesw
 hlektronikou taxydromeioy sthn dieu8ynsh [email protected], h mesw fax sto
 thlefwno +1-206-782-7191, h mesw aplou thlefwnhmatos sto
 +1-206-782-7733, h mesw aplou taxydromeioy sthn dieu8ynsh: Linux
 Journal, PO Box 85867, Seattle, WA 98145-1867 USA.  H etaireia SSC,
 poy ekdidei thn Linux Journal, dia8etei ena dhmosio PGP kleidi gia na
 kwdikopoihsete to hlektroniko gramma sas gia na prostateusete ton
 ari8mo ths pistwtikhs sas kartas; apla kante ``finger [email protected]''
 gia na parete to kleidi.


 Yparxoyn polla USENET newsgroups gia syzhthseis poy aforoun to Linux,
 kai polles listes hlektronikou taxydromeioy.  Deite to `Linux FAQ' h
 to `Hellenic Linux FAQ' gia perissoteres plhrofories gia tis
 hlektronikes listes.


 To newsgroup comp.os.linux.announce einai ena moderated newsgroup gia
 anakoinwseis sxetika me to Linux (nea programmata, bug fixes, etc).


 To newsgroup comp.os.linux.answers einai ena moderated newsgroup sto
 opoio to Linux FAQ, ta HOWTO keimena, kai alla boh8htika keimena
 stelnontai.


 To newsgroup comp.os.linux.admin einai ena aplo newsgroup gia
 syzhthseis poy aforoun thn diaxeirish enos Linux systhmatos.


 To newsgroup comp.os.linux.development.system einai ena aplo newsgroup
 eidika gia syzhthseis poy aforoun thn anaptyjh toy Linux kernel.  Oi
 mones erwthseis gia efarmoges poy mporoun an ginoyn edw einai gia
 efarmoges poy exoyn amesh sxesh me to idio to kernel.  Oles oi alles
 erwthseis einai, pi8anon, sxetikes me anaptyjh Unix efarmogwn kai
 armozoyn pio polu se ena newsgroup ths comp.unix.* ierarxias, ektos ki
 an exoyn sxesh me anaptyjh efarmogwn poy trexoyn apokleistika katw apo
 Linux, opote einai pio swsto na katey8unontai sto
 comp.os.linux.development.apps.


 To newsgroup comp.os.linux.development.apps einai ena aplo newsgroup
 eidika gia syzhthseis poy aforoun thn anaptyjh efarmogwn katw apo
 Linux.  Den einai to katallhlo meros gia na rwthsete poy 8a parete
 efarmoges gia Linux, oute ena meros gia ekeinoys poy 8eloyn na doyn
 kapoies efarmoges na trexoyn katw apo to Linux.


 To newsgroup comp.os.linux.hardware einai gia erwthseis poy exoyn
 sxesh me thn xrhsh toy ylikou (hardware) katw apo Linux.


 To newsgroup comp.os.linux.networking einai gia erwthseis poy exoyn
 sxesh me thn anaptyjh programmatwn poy xrhsimopoioun tis diktyakes
 yphresies toy Linux, kai oti allo exei sxesh me thn diktyakh
 yposthrijh toy Linux.


 To newsgroup comp.os.linux.x einai gia erwthseis sxetikes me to Linux
 kai ta X Windows.


 To newsgroup comp.os.linux.misc einai ayto poy antikatesthse to
 comp.os.linux, kai exei ws skopo thn syzhthsh 8ematwn poy den
 empiptoyn se kapoio allo newsgroup.


 Genika, mhn stelnete to idio mhnyma se polla newsgroups toy Linux
 (crossposting).  H monh periptwsh poy ayto einai apodekto einai otan
 stelnete kati se kapoio aplo Linux newsgroup (oxi moderated) kai
 taytoxrona to stelnete kai sto comp.os.linux.announce.  H genikh idea
 ths diaspashs toy comp.os.linux se polla newsgroups einai na moiras8ei
 o fortos se polla newsgroups.  Osoi den akoloy8oun ton parapanw kanona
 8a exoyn thn xara na paroyn arketa eygenikotata kai dwrean flames.


 To Linux exei thn selida toy sto Web sthn dieu8ynsh
 <http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP> .



 10.  To Mellon

 Afotoy to Linux 1.0 anakoinw8hke, h doyleia exei proxwrhsei
 pros8etontas diafora xarakthristika.  To Linux 1.2 perieixe beltiwseis
 sth taxuthta prospelashs twn diskwn, beltiwseis twn termatikwn,
 beltiwseis ths eikonikhs mnhmhs (virtual memory), yposthrijh gia
 polles platformes, quotas, kai alla polla.  To Linux 2.0, h trexoysa
 sta8erh ekdosh, exei akoma pio polles beltiwseis, eidika sto 8ema ths
 apodoshs, arketa kainouria prwtokolla diktuwn, mia apo tis taxuteres
 ylopoihseis toy TCP/IP poy yparxoyn, kai polla, polla alla.  Akomh pio
 kalh apodosh, pio polla diktyaka prwtokolla kai polloi odhgoi syskeywn
 8a einai dia8esimoi me to Linux 2.2.


 Akomh kai me perissoteres apo 3/4 toy ekatommyrioy grammes kwdika sto
 kernel, yparxei akomh polus kwdikas poy apomenei na graftei, kai polla
 boh8htika keimena.  Parakaloume ginete melos ths hlektronikhs listas
 [email protected] an 8elete na prosferete sto gracimo
 boh8htikwn keimenwn.  Steilte ena hlektroniko gramma ston
 [email protected] me mia mono grammh, poy 8a periexei thn
 lejh ``help'' sto kyriws swma toy mhnumatos (oxi to Subject).



 11.  Ayto to Keimeno

 Ayto to keimeno enhmerwnetai apo ton Gewrgio E. Keramida,
 <[email protected]>.  Einai amesh metafrash toy agglikou Linux
 Info Sheet, to opoio diathrei enhmerwmeno o Michael K. Johnson,
 <[email protected]>.  Parakalw steilte moy hlektronika grammata me
 opoiadhpote sxolia sas, akomh kai ta pio mikra.  Den mporw na kanw
 kalh doyleia enhmerwnontas ayto to keimeno, xwris thn dikh sas
 boh8eia. Ena ligo-polu prosfato antigrafo aytou toy keimenoy yparxei
 sto <http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP/translations/Hellenic>.



 12.  Nomika & Alla

 Ta trademarks, poy periexontai se ayto to keimeno, anhkoyn se aytous
 poy ta exoyn katoxyrwsei.  Den parexetai kamia egguhsh gia tis
 plhrofories aytou toy  keimenoy.  Xrhsimopoihste kai dianeimete to me
 dikh sas ey8unh.  To periexomeno toy keimenoy einai public domain,
 alla sas parakalw na eiste eygenikoi kai na kanete tis katallhles
 anafores otan to xrhsimopoieite.