Al Dev (Alavoor Vasudevan) alavoor@yahoo.com

�� Database-SQL-RDBMS HOW-TO �� Linux (PostgreSQL
-�� )
Al Dev (Alavoor Vasudevan) [email protected]
v11.0, 8 �� 1999

�� "�� " ��
�� SQL Database engine �� front end ��
�� Unix. �� (International
Standard language) ANSI/ISO SQL �� SQL
database engine �� world-wide internet ��
�� "�� ". �� (HOW-TO)
�� SQL ��
�� "PostgreSQL" �� Unix ��
�� Application Database Server � �� Web Database
Server. � PostgreSQL �� ISO
�� ANSI SQL 1998,92,89. ��
�� Front End GUIs, ��
�� RAD (Rapid Application Development), �� interfaces ��
�� "C", "C++", Java, Perl, ODBC, JDBC ��
�� Web ��
��. ��
�� Unix ��
�� , �� SQL �� PostgreSQL.
�� SQL, �� SQL
�� . ��
�� . �� , ��
��
�� PostgreSQL, ��' ��
�� SQL �� .
______________________________________________________________________

Table of Contents

1. ��

2. ��

3. �� !

4. �� PostgreSQL ;

5. �� ;

6. � PostgreSQL �� , �� 200 Gig

7. �� PostgreSQL ; �� Regression ��

8. �� (GUI FrontEnd Tool) �� PostgreSQL

9. �� PostgreSQL (GUI IDE)

10. �� PostgreSQL

10.1 ODBC Drivers �� PostgreSQL
10.2 UDBC Drivers �� PostgreSQL
10.3 JDBC Drivers �� PostgreSQL
10.4 Java �� PostgreSQL

11. Perl Database Interface (DBI) Driver �� PostgreSQL

11.1 �� Perl 5 �� PostgreSQL
11.2 Perl Database Interface DBI
11.2.1 �� DBI ;
11.2.2 �� DBI �� PostgreSQL - DBD-Pg-0.89
11.2.3 �� DBI
11.2.4 �� DBI, DBperl, Oraperl �� *perl;
11.2.5 �� DBI
11.2.6 �� "�� !"
11.2.7 �� DBI �� Windows 95 / NT ;
11.2.8 �� DBM; �� DBI �� ;
11.2.9 �� [lt ] �� [gt ] �� DBI;
11.2.10 �� DBI �� CGI;
11.2.11 �� DBD Oracle �� CGI;
11.2.12 �� (persistent) �� DBI �� CGI
11.2.13 ``�� perl script �� , ��, �� httpd, ��!'' ��;
11.2.14 �� multi-threading �� DBI;
11.2.15 �� stored procedures �� DBI;
11.2.16 �� stored procedures �� DBI;
11.2.17 �� DBI;
11.2.18 �� DBI �� NULL ;
11.2.19 �� func (func methods);
11.2.20 ��

12. �� PostgreSQL

12.1 PGACCESS - �� PostgreSQL
12.2 Windows Interactive Query Tool �� PostgreSQL (WISQL � MPSQL)
12.3 Interactive Query Tool(ISQL) �� PostgreSQL - �� PSQL
12.4 MPMGR - �� PostgresSQL

13. �� PostgreSQL ��

14. �� PostgreSQL

14.1 �� 4�� (4GL) PostgreSQL �� web �� - �� AppGEN
14.2 WWW Web interface �� PostgresSQL - DBENGINE
14.3 Apache Webserver Module �� PostgreSQL - NeoSoft NeoWebScript
14.4 �� HEITML �� HTML �� server �� 4�� PostgreSQL
14.5 America On-line AOL Web server �� PostgreSQL
14.6 Problem/Project Tracking System Application Tool �� PostgreSQL
14.7 �� dbase dbf �� PostgreSQL

15. �� /�� Web �� PostgreSQL - EARP

15.1 �� EARP ;
15.2 ��
15.3 �� EARP
15.4 �� ;
15.5 �� ;

16. PHP Hypertext Preprocessor, �� scripting �� PostgreSQL � �� html �� Server

16.1 ��
16.2 ��/��
16.3 PHP 3 - ��
16.4 �� , ��, �� PHP/FI ;
16.5 ��
16.6 CGI Redirection
16.6.1 �� Apache 1.0.x
16.6.2 Netscape HTTPD
16.6.3 NCSA HTTPD
16.7 �� PHP/FI ��

17. �� PostgreSQL �� Python

17.1 �� PyGres ;
17.2 ��

18. �� PostgreSQL �� WWW - WDB-P95

18.1 �� wdb-p95
18.2 �� PostgreSQL, �� pgperl, �� httpd �� host;

19. �� "C", "C++", ESQL/C �� PostgreSQL

19.1 �� "C" �� PostgreSQL
19.2 Interface �� "C++" �� PostgreSQL
19.3 ESQL/C �� PostgreSQL
19.4 �� PostgreSQL

20. Japanese Kanji �� PostgreSQL

21. �� PostgreSQL �� Windows 95/Windows NT

22. ��

22.1 �� e-mail
22.2 ��
22.3 ��
22.4 ��

23. ��

23.1 ��
23.2 Online ��
23.3 ��
23.4 �� ANSI/ISO SQL - SQL 1992, SQL 1998
23.5 �� ANSI/ISO SQL 1992
23.6 �� ANSI/ISO SQL 1998
23.7 �� SQL ��
23.8 �� (extension) �� SQL92
23.9 �� 0 - �� ISO/ANSI SQL
23.10 �� 1 - �� ISO/ANSI SQL
23.11 �� 2 - ISO/ANSI SQL Foundation
23.12 �� 3 - ISO/ANSI SQL Call Level Interface
23.13 �� 4 - ISO/ANSI SQL Persistent Stored Modules
23.14 �� 5 - �� - �� ISO/ANSI SQL/ ISO/ANSI SQL/Bindings
23.15 �� 6 - ISO/ANSI SQL XA Interface Specialization (SQL/XA)
23.16 Part 7 - ISO/ANSI SQL Temporal
23.16.1 ��
23.16.2 �� - �� /��
23.16.3 �� - ��
23.16.4 �� - �� (PROJECTION)
23.16.5 �� - �� (JOIN)
23.16.6 �� - �� (AGGREGATES)
23.16.7 ��
23.17 �� 8 - ISO/ANSI �� SQL (SQL MULTIMEDIA - SQL/MM)

24. �� PostgreSQL

25. ��

26. ��

27. �� Internet World Wide Web

28. ��

29. �� PostgreSQL

30. ��

31. �� A - �� ANSI/ISO SQL 1992

32. �� B - �� SQL ��

32.1 �� PostgreSQL
32.2 �� Internet ��

33. Appendix C - �� Linux

______________________________________________________________________

1. ��

� �� /URLs
�� PostgreSQL ��
�� (Open Source
Code) �� PostgreSQL, Linux.

��
�� /�� . � ��
�� , ��
�� ,
�� . ��, ��
��, ��, �� . � ��
��
�� . ��
�� SQL ��
�� ISO (International Standard
Organisation) �� o �� ANSI
SQL (��). ��
�� ISO/ANSI SQL 1992. �� SQL
1998/99 �� SQL-3 �� . ��
�� Oracle, � Sybase �� Informix ��
�� .

�� , �� 20
�� , ��/��
internet, ��
�� . ��
ANSI/ISO SQL, ��
��
��. � ��
�� ISO SQL, ODBC, JDBC ��
��
��.

� �� , �� ISO
SQL, ANSI SQL/98, SQL/92 �� ANSI SQL/89 RDBMS �� PostgreSQL. �
PostgreSQL �� SQL ��
�� ANSI SQL �� SQL 1998 (SQL-3) ��
��
�� (Object data types). � PostgreSQL
�� RDBMS ��
�� SQL. ��
�� , ��, �� ,
�� Web database, application database, ��
�� (front end GUIs ��
interface). ��
�� 100 % �� ISO/ANSI SQL, ODBC, JDBC, ��
��
PostgreSQL, Oracle, Sybase, Informix ��.

�� PostgreSQL, ��
�� '��
��' (Open Source Code development). ��
��
�� , �� internet ��
�� . � ��
��
"�� " (Information Super-Highway) ��
�� . �� , � �� internet ��
��
�� PostgreSQL �� .

�� (��, ��,
��), ��
��, ��
'�� ' �� PostgreSQL ��
��
�� . ��
�� ' ��, ��
�� . ��
�� , ��
�� , ��
��
�� . ��
�� , ��
�� . ��
�� . �� 21� ��, ��
�� . ��
�� PostgreSQL, �� Linux
��.

�� , ��
�� . � ��
�� . ��
�� . �� (hardware), ��
�� internet.
��
�� . To ��
�� . ��
�� 6 �� 180 ��
�� /��
��. � �� chips ��
�� . �� , ��,
��
�� 0.18 micron. �� chip ��
�� /�� . ��
�� AMD, Intel, Cyrix, Hitachi, IBM ��
��
� �� (Micro-electronics) �� (Nano-
electronics). Micro �� (��-�� 10^-6),
Nano �� (��-�� 10^-9). � ��
�� 0.35 micron
�� , �� 0.25 micron
�� . ��
�� 0.10 micron ��
�� . ��
�� chips �� ,
�� . ��
��, �� ,
��
�� 0.15 micron.

�� 20 �� , ��
��
�� . �� .
�� ,��
�� . ��
�� on/off. �� ON
�� 1, �� OFF �� 0. ��
�� .

� ��
�� chips �� .

Advancement of chip capabilities in future
********************************************
+--------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+
| Item/Year | 1997 | 1999 | 2001 | 2003 | 2012 | 2020 |
+--------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+
| Feature size(micron) | 0.25 | 0.18 | 0.15 | 0.13 | 0.05 |< 0.00001|
+--------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+
| Wafer size(mm) | 200 | 300 | 300 | 300 | 450 | Mol/Bio |
+--------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+
| Min Operating Voltage | 1.8-2.5 | 1.5-1.8 | 1.2-1.5 | 1.2-1.5 | 0.5-0.6| < 0.001 |
+--------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+
| Max power dissipation | 70 | 90 | 110 | 130 | 175 | 600 |
+--------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+
| On-chip frequencey (MHz) | 750 | 1,250 | 1,500 | 2,100 | 10,000 | > 50,000|
+--------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+
| DRAM capacity | 256 MB | 1 GB | 2 GB | 4 GB | 256 GB | > 1000GB|
+--------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+

�� , ��
�� . ��, � ��
��/��-�� !
�� Compaq, Dell, Sun Microsystems, HP, IBM ��
��
�� !!

�� , �� /��
��. �� , ��
PC ��-��
�� Oracle . �� 10 �� (�
�� Oracle �� 10 ��-�� ). ��
��-��
�� . �� 10 �� 10 ��
�� 10 ��-��.

�� Oracle, Informix, Sybase, IBM DB2 (Unix) ��
�� "C" ��
�� . �� Oracle, Sybase,
Informix �� 100 % "C"!!

�� PostgreSQL �� 12
��, ��
�� ANSI/ISO SQL. ��
��
�� PostgreSQL ��
�� .

� PostgreSQL ��
'�� Internet'. �� "Made By
Internet" ��
��, �� , ��
�� . ��
'Made By Internet' �� "�� World-wide
Internet" �� . � ��
�� "Internet" ��
�� !

2. ��

�� 10 �� , �� -
DVI, Postscript, Latex, LyX, GNU-info, HTML, RTF (Rich Text Format),
Plain-text, �� Unix (Unix man pages) �� SGML.

� �� HOWTO �� tar ��
�� HTML, DVI, Postscript � SGML �� -
<ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/other-formats/>

� � �� :
<ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO>

� �� , ��, ��, ��
�� HOWTO, �� email ��
�� : [email protected] � �� :
[email protected] �� : [email protected]

� �� , ��, ��,
��, ��
<ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO> ��
�� .

�� "�� SGML" ��
�� - <http://www.xs4all.nl/~cg/sgmltools/> ��
��

� sgml2html databasehowto.sgml (�� html)

� sgml2rtf databasehowto.sgml (�� RTF)

� sgml2latex databasehowto.sgml (��
latex)

�� -

� <http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP/HOWTO/PostgreSQL-HOWTO.html>

�� mirrors sites -

� <http://www.caldera.com/LDP/HOWTO/PostgreSQL-HOWTO.html>

� <http://www.WGS.com/LDP/HOWTO/PostgreSQL-HOWTO.html>

� <http://www.cc.gatech.edu/linux/LDP/HOWTO/PostgreSQL-HOWTO.html>

� <http://www.redhat.com/linux-info/ldp/HOWTO/PostgreSQL-HOWTO.html>

� �� mirror sites �� (network-address-wise) ��
�� <http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP/hmirrors.html> ��
site �� /LDP/HOWTO/PostgreSQL-HOWTO.html

�� dvi, ��
xdvi. �� xdvi �� tetex-xdvi*.rpm ��
Redhat Linux �� ControlPanel |
Applications | Publishing | TeX menu. �� dvi
�� -

xdvi -geometry 80x90 howto.dvi

�� . ��
�� xdvi.

�� , �� Page Up,
Page Down, �� 'f', 'd',
'u', 'c', 'l', 'r', 'p', 'n' �� , ��,
�� , �� , �� .

�� expert �� 'x'. ��
�� postscript �� 'gv' (ghostview) �
'ghostscript'. �� ghostscript ��
ghostscript*.rpm �� gv �� gv*.rpm �� Redhat
Linux �� ControlPanel |
Applications | Graphics. �� gv ��
�� ghostscript. �� ghostscript �� gv ��
�� OS/2, Windows 95 �� NT,
�� .

�� postscript �� -
gv howto.ps

�� ghostscript �� -
ghostscript howto.ps

��: �� , � �� (��
postscript) �� 113 �� (��
�� ).

�� HTML ��
Netscape Navigator, Microsoft Internet explorer, Redhat Baron Web
browser � �� 10 web browsers.

�� latex, LyX ��
LyX, �� X-Windows �� latex.

3. �� !

�� , ��
�� , ��
��, �� , �� ! ��
��
�� . ��
�� ,�� - �� PostgreSQL, �
��, � ��, � ��, �� , � ��, �� , ��
��, �� , �� ... ��
�� . ��
�� open-
source code �� PostgreSQL �� Linux. ��
�� , ��
�� , �� open-source code �� .
�� ,
�� closed source-code �� .

�� - "��
�� , ��
�� PostgreSQL, �� Linux".

�� project �� PostgreSQL, ��
��, �� PostgreSQL �� . ��
�� , ��
��
PostgreSQL, �� Linux.

�� (��) �� , ��, �� ,��
�� .
� �� (�� ), ��
(�� ), ��
��. �� , � �� .
�� , �� (��
�� ). ��
�� , �� PostgreSQL.
� PostgreSQL �� '�� ' ,��
�� . � '�� ' ��
'�� ', �� '�� ', �� Groups, Rings,
Collections, Sets, Unions, Intersections, Exclusions, Domains, Lists,
��...

�� PostgreSQL ��
��. � �� , ��
�� ! � ��
�� ! ��
�� 100 �� !

��
�� (�� ) ��
�� . �� ,
��
��. ��' �� ! � ��
�� (�� ) �� .
�� , �� "�� " ��
��
�� .

��
�� . ��
��, ��
��
PostgreSQL.

�� , ��
�� (�� ) ��
�� 100 % �� . ��
�� , ��
� ��. �� /��
�� '�� ' ��
�� .

��
�� . ��, ��
�� 4 ��
�� .

�� '�� ' ��
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�� !

�� , ��
��/ �� .
��
�� . ��
�� . ��
��
�� . � ��
�� BIG BANG �� (�� 20
�� ) ��
�� . ��
big bang �� , ��
�� (��, � �� !!) ��
�� . ��
�� , ��, �� ! ��
�� ! �� , ��, ��
�� !

�� Big bang ��
�� . �� (��;) ��
��
�� , �� ,
��, ��, �� ! ��
��. ��
��.

� ��
�� big bang (��
�� , �� , �
�� ). ��
�� , �� .
��, �� /�� !
�� , ��
�� ! ��
��
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�� 6 ��
�� 6 �� (�� !).
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�� (��
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� �� (�� ), �
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(�� ). ��
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��, �� , ��
�� , �� , ��
� ��! ��
�� (�� ), ��, �� ! � ��
�� .

��
internet, ��
(�� ). � ��
�� , ��
�� , � ��
�� . ��
�� , ��
�� . ��
��
��, ��
�� , � ��
�� (bugs) ��
�� -��
�� . ��
��
�� .

��
�� , �� . ��
��
�� .
�� Microsoft, � IBM ��
��
�� !

��, ��
�� ANSI/ISO SQL. ��
��
��/��
�� . �� :
�� , �� '��
��' �� PostgreSQL, �� Linux ��
�� '�� ' ��
�� .

4. �� PostgreSQL ;

� PostgreSQL �� 6.4 �� , ��
��
��-��
(�� ) �� ANSI SQL1998,92,89 ��
�� hardware �� .

�� , �� (patches) ��
�� GA PostgreSQL. �� patches
�� . ��
�� patches -
�� postgresql
cd /usr/src/postgresql6.3.1
patch -p0 < patchfile
make clean
make
�� 'man patch'

�� patch ��

� PostgreSQL patches : <ftp://ftp.postgresql.org/pub/patches>

� �� PostgreSQL �� 100
% �� ANSI/ISO SQL ��
�� . � PostgreSQL �� ,
��, ��, ��
ANSI/ISO SQL. �� , � ��
�� PostgreSQL �� ANSI/ISO SQL.

� Informix Universal server (�� 1997) ��
�� PostgreSQL �� Informix ��
Illustra Inc. �� Informix. � �� Illustra ��
�� Postgres (�� PostgreSQL).

� PostgreSQL ��
�� POSTGRES, �� DBMS. ��
PostgreSQL ��
�� POSTGRES, ��
PostQuel �� SQL.

� �� PostgreSQL ��
Internet ��
�� PostgreSQL. �� Marc G. Fournier

� [email protected]

��
�� PostgreSQL. ��, � ��
�� PostgreSQL! ��
��
�� internet.

�� PostgreSQL 1.01 �� Andrew Yu �� Jolly Chen.
�� , �� , ��
�� . � ��
Postgres, ��' �� PostgreSQL, ��
�� , ��, ��
�� Michael Stonebraker
�� , �� Berkeley.

�� Berkeley �� Postgres. ��
�� SQL �� 1995, ��
Postgres95. �� 1996 �� PostgreSQL.

�� PostgreSQL ��
��, Web database servers�� Application data servers. ��
�� , ��
�� (ORDBMS).

H PostgreSQL ��
�� integer, characters, ��. -
�� ,
��, �� . � PostgreSQL �� Solaris,
SunOS, HPUX, AIX, Linux, Irix, Digital Unix, BSDi,NetBSD, FreeBSD, SCO
unix, NEXTSTEP, Unixware �� Unix. � ��
�� Windows 95/NT �� .

� ��: PostgreSQL SQL RDBMS Database (��
�� )

� �� : 6.4

� ��: � PostgreSQL �� 12 ��. ��
1985

� ��: ��
��/��/�� internet �� 12
��

� PostgreSQL ��
�� .

PostgreSQL ��

�� (c) �� California

�� , ��, ��, ��
�� , �� , ��
��, ��
�� .

�� , ��
�� , ��, ��, ��, � �� , ��
��
�� , ��
�� .

�� , ��,
�� , �� , ��
�� . �� "�� "
�� , ��,
��, � ��.

5. �� ;

�� CDROM Redhat Linux, Debian Linux � ��
Slackware Linux �� Postgresql �� (��
� �� ) �� :

� Linux System Labs Web site: <http://www.lsl.com/> 7 (U.S.
��)

� Cheap Bytes Inc Web site: <http://www.cheapbytes.com/> 7 (U.S.
��)

� Debian �� Web site : <http://www.debian.org/vendors.html>

� �� PostgreSQL �� 'PostgreSQL CDROM' ��
��
�� Unix �� .

� �� CDROM �� PostgreSQL �� Web site ��
�� : <http://www.postgresql.org> �� 29 (�� )

�� PostgreSQL �� :

� �� PostgreSQL ��
��. �� Intel-Linux ��
<ftp://www.redhat.com/pub/contrib/i386/> postgresql-6.4.i386.rpm.
�� redhat 'rpm' ��
�� PostgreSQL.

� Site �� Solaris, HPUX, AIX, IRIX, Linux :
<ftp://ftp.postgresql.org/pub/bindist> ��
�� , �� site, ��
�� .

� ftp site : �� Intel-Linux ��
<ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/contrib/i386/> postgresql-6.4.i386.rpm.
�� redhat 'rpm' ��
�� PostgreSQL.

WWW Web sites:

� �� Web site: <http://www.postgresql.org/>

� �� Web site: <http://logical.thought.net/postgres95/>

� <http://www.itm.tu-clausthal.de/mirrors/postgres95/>

� <http://s2k-ftp.cs.berkeley.edu:8000/postgres95/>

� <http://xenium.pdi.net/PostgreSQL/>

� <http://s2k-ftp.cs.berkeley.edu:8000/postgres95/>

�� ftp sites �� :-

� Primary FTP: <ftp://ftp.postgresql.org/pub>

� Secondary FTP: <ftp://ftp.chicks.net/pub/postgresql>

� <ftp://ftp.emsi.priv.at/pub/postgres/>

� <ftp://ftp.itm.tu-clausthal.de/pub/mirrors/postgres95>

� <ftp://rocker.sch.bme.hu/pub/mirrors/postgreSQL>

� <ftp://ftp.jaist.ac.jp/pub/dbms/postgres95>

� <ftp://ftp.luga.or.at/pub/postgres95>

� <ftp://postgres95.vnet.net:/pub/postgres95>

� <ftp://ftpza.co.za/mirrors/postgres>

� <ftp://sunsite.auc.dk/pub/databases/postgresql>

� <ftp://ftp.task.gda.pl/pub/software/postgresql>

� <ftp://xenium.pdi.net/pub/PostgreSQL>

� �� PostgreSQL ��
mirror sites �� sunsite unc (�� 1000 sites ��
��). �� Red Hat Linux ��
/pub/contrib/i386/postgresql.rpm .

� �� mirror sites ��
<ftp://sunsite.unc.edu>

6. � PostgreSQL �� , ��
�� 200 Gig

� �� 32-bit �� cpu ��
�� 5 gig. �� 30 gig ��
32-bit cpu �� . ��
�� RAM (�� 2
gig ��), ��
�� .

�� , ��
�� 64-bit �� Digital Alpha
cpu, Sun Ultra-sparc 64-bit cpu, Silicon graphics 64-bit cpu, Intel
Merced IA-64 cpu, �� HPUX 64bit, IBM 64-bit. ��
PostgreSQL �� 64-bit cpu ��
�� queries. � �� PostgreSQL ��
��
PostgreSQL �� cpu 32-bit. �� 64-bit
��
�� ,
�� , ��
�� (RAM), �� .

7. ��
�� PostgreSQL ; �� Regression ��

�� Regression �� (src/test/regress) ��
��
�� SQL �� PostgreSQL. ��
�� SQL �� .

��
�� PostgreSQL, ��
��. ��
regression ��
�� .

��
�� !

��, ��
�� .

�� ,
�� web site �� PostgreSQL ��
�� internet. ��
Regression ��
PostgreSQL �� PostgreSQL ��
�� .

�� Regression �� "��
��" ��
�� . ��
PostgreSQL �� regression ��
��
�� .

�� PostgreSQL ��
regression. �� , ��
��
�� PostgreSQL. �� , �� , ��
�� .

8. �� (GUI FrontEnd Tool) �� Post�
greSQL

� �� PostgreSQL �� Tcl/Tk, ��
�� 'pgTcl'. � Tcl/Tk ��
�� scripting ��. ��
�� : �� NT, Win 95, Linux, OS/2
�� unix. Tcl �� 'Tool Command
Language' �� Tk �� 'Tool Kit'. ��
�� (IDE - integrated development environment) �� Tcl/Tk
�� SpecTcl. �� rpm �� Redhat
linux � �� sunscript site �� .

�� Perl ��
�� , ��
�� . ��
�� Perl-Tk � Perl-Qt � C++ QtEZ � C++ Lesstiff. �
�� Perl, C �� Tk ��
projects, �� , ��
�� . ��
�� Java �� . ��
�� C++ ��
�� C. �� C ��
��
��.

� Perl �� 90 % �� internet
scripts �� . �� , �� "Perl", ��
�� , �� internet. ��
Perl Database Interface �� ``''

�� Perl ��
Tcl/Tk �� project �� Tcl. � Tcl/TK ��
�� linux cdrom. �� sites -

� Tcl/Tk <http://www.scriptics.com>

� �� extension �� Tcl �� INCR ��
<http://www.tcltk.com>

� Visual TCL site <http://www.neuron.com>

� Visual TCL Redhat rpm ��
<ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/contrib/i386/visualtcl*.rpm>

� <http://sunscript.sun.com/>

� <http://sunscript.sun.com/TclTkCore/>

� <ftp://ftp.sunlabs.com/pub/tcl/tcl8.0a2.tar.Z>

� �� : �� TCL/TK ��
��.

9. �� PostgreSQL
(GUI IDE)

��
�� ODBC/JDBC. ��
�� Borland C++ Builder, Borland JBuilder.

�� Vibe �� Java �� C++ IDE (Integrated Development Environment)
�� Unix ��
�� .

� �� Vibe ��
<http://www.LinuxMall.com/products/00487.html>

� �� 'QT' �� Windows95/NT
�� Unix <http://www.troll.no> �� ftp site ��
<ftp://ftp.troll.no>

�� Borland C++ Builder, Delphi,
Borland JBuilder, PowerBuilder �� Windows95 ��
�� PostgreSQL �� unix �� ODBC/JDBC.

�� PERL Database Interface �� ``'' �
Perl �� C/C++ �� IDE.

�� IDE -

�� CDROM �� redhat linux.

� Lesstiff Mottif Tool
<ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/contrib/i386/lesstiff*.rpm>

� FreeBuilder <ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/contrib/i386/free*.rpm>

� SpecTCL <ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/contrib/i386/spec*.rpm>

� JccWarrior <ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/contrib/i386/jcc*.rpm>

� Kanchenjunga Java RAD Tool for PostgreSQL
<http://www.man.ac.uk/~whaley/kj/kanch.html>

� Applixware Tool <http://www.redhat.com>

� XWPE X Windows Programming Environment
<http://www.rpi.edu/~payned/xwpe/>
<ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/contrib/i386/xwpe*.rpm>

� XWB X Windows Work Bench
<ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/contrib/i386/xwb*.rpm>

� NEdit <ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/contrib/i386/nedit*.rpm>

10. �� PostgreSQL

10.1. ODBC Drivers �� PostgreSQL

ODBC �� 'Open DataBase Connectivity', ��
��
�� . ��
ODBC drivers, ��
PostgreSQL, Oracle, Sybase, Informix ��.

� �� PostODBC �� . ��
web site <http://www.postgresql.org>. �� CDROM
�� PostgreSQL.

� <http://www.openlinksw.com> � Open Link Software Corporation
�� ODBC �� PostgreSQL �� . � Open Link ��
�� ODBC (�� ) - �� .

� Insight ODBC �� PostgreSQL
<http://www.insightdist.com/psqlodbc> �� site
�� PostODBC.

�� FreeODBC Pack Package. ��
�' �� PostgreSQL, �� .

� <http://www.ids.net/~bjepson/freeODBC/> ��
�� ODBC.

10.2. UDBC Drivers �� PostgreSQL

�� UDBC �� ODBC ��
�� (driver managers) �� DLL, ��
��
��.

� <http://www.openlinksw.com>� �� Open Link Software �� UDBC
�� PostgreSQL �� . � Open Link ��
�� UDBC (�� ) - �� .

10.3. JDBC Drivers �� PostgreSQL

JDBC �� 'Java DataBase Connectivity'. � Java ��
��
�� Sun Microsystems. �� Java ��
�� JDBC ��
�� PostgreSQL,
Oracle, informix, ��. �� Java ��
�� JDBC �� PostgreSQL �� sites:

� �� JDBC �� PostgreSQL.

� <http://www.demon.co.uk/finder/postgres/index.html> �� Java
(�� Sun) �� PostgreSQL

� <ftp://ftp.ai.mit.edu/people/rst/rst-jdbc.tar.gz>

� <http://www.openlinksw.com> � �� Open Link Software ��
JDBC �� PostgreSQL �� . � Open Link ��
�� JDBC (�� ) - �� .

� JDBC UK site <http://www.retep.org.uk/postgres>

� JDBC FAQ site <http://eagle.eku.edu/tools/jdbc/faq.html>

�� JDBC home, guide �� FAQ �� -

� JDBC HOME <http://splash.javasoft.com/jdbc>

� JDBC guide
<http://www.javasoft.com/products/jdk/1.1/docs/guide/jdbc>

� JDBC FAQ <http://javanese.yoyoweb.com/JDBC/FAQ.txt>

10.4. Java �� PostgreSQL

�� Java �� sites ��
�� PostgreSQL.

� <ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/contrib/i386> �� postgresql-
jdbc-*.rpm

� <http://www.blackdown.org>

11. Perl Database Interface (DBI) Driver �� PostgreSQL

11.1. �� Perl 5 �� PostgreSQL

PERL �� 'Practical Extraction �� Report Language'.
� Perl ��
hardware. �� Perl �� Windows95/NT, �� Unix
(Solaris, HPUX, AIX, Linux, Irix, SCO ��.), �� mainframe MVS, desktop
OS/2, OS/400, Amdahl UTS �� . � Perl ��
�� /�� !!

��, �� perl ��
�� .

��
�� Perl.

� �� Perl �� PostgreSQL ��
PostgreSQL. �� src/pgsql_perl5.

� �� Email �� Pgsql_perl5 :
[email protected]

� �� -
<ftp://ftp.kciLink.com/pub/PostgresPerl-1.3.tar.gz>

� Perl Home page: <http://www.perl.com/perl/index.html>

� �� Perl, �� Tutorial �� :
<http://reference.perl.com/>

� �� Perl FAQ �� :
<http://www.yahoo.com/Computers_and_Internet/Programming_Languages/Perl/>

� �� Perl, Perl-Qt :
<ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/contrib/i386> ��
PerlQt-1.06-1.i386.rpm

� �� Perl, Perl-Qt :
<http://www.accessone.com/~jql/perlqt.html>

� �� Perl, Perl-XForms :
<ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/contrib/i386> ��
Xforms4Perl-0.8.4-1.i386.rpm

� �� Perl, Perl-Tk :
<ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/contrib/i386>

� Perl GUIkits : <http://reference.perl.com/query.cgi?ui>

� Perl Database Interfaces :
<http://reference.perl.com/query.cgi?database>

� �� Perl �� "C" : <http://www.perl.com/CPAN-
local/modules/by-module/B/> �� Compiler-a3.tar.gz

� �� Perl �� Bourne :
<http://www.perl.com/CPAN/authors/id/MERLYN/sh2perl-0.02.tar.gz>

� �� awk �� perl a2p �� sed �� perl s2p ��
�� PERl.

� �� newsgroups �� PERL �� comp.lang.perl.*

11.2. Perl Database Interface DBI

11.2.1. �� DBI ;

�� Perl DBI.

To Perl Database Interface (DBI) �� interface
(API) �� Perl �� . ��
�� Perl DBI API �� , ��
�� interface ��
�� . ��
�� DBI �� 'DBI FAQ' ��
�� Alligator Descartes ��
��.

� �� Alligator Descartes Hermetica ��
[email protected]

11.2.2. �� DBI �� PostgreSQL - DBD-Pg-0.89

�� DBD-Pg-0.89.tar.gz ��

� DBD-Pg-0.89 : <http://www.perl.com/CPAN/modules/by-module/DBD/>

� Comprehensive Perl Archive Network CPAN <http://www.perl.com/CPAN>

� �� DBI �� DBI module
<http://www.hermetica.com/technologia/perl/DBI>

� �� DBI �� <http://www.fugue.com/dbi/>

� �� ftp site <ftp://ftp.demon.co.uk/pub/perl/db>

� �� DBI link <http://www-ccs.cs.umass.edu/db.html>

� �� DBI link <http://www.odmg.org/odmg93/updates_dbarry.html>

� �� DBI link <http://www.jcc.com/sql_stnd.html>

� � �� PostgreSQL <http://www.postgresql.org>

��:

� - �� , �� Perl 5
(�� 5.002)

� - �� , �� module DBI
(�� 0.89)

� - �� , �� PostgreSQL
(�� 6.2)

11.2.3. �� DBI

��

� [email protected]

�� perl -v, �� perl -V, ��
�� PostgreSQL, �� DBD-Pg, �� DBI
�� .

11.2.4. �� DBI, DBperl, Oraperl �� *perl;

�� Tim Bunce, � �� DBI:

``�� DBI �� interface (API) �� Perl ��
�� . �� DBI
API �� , ��
�� interface ��
�� .''

�� , �� DBI interface ��
�� . ��, ��
Oracle, Informix, mSQL, Sybase � �� , ��
�� 3GL. �� API
�� DBI �� .

��
�� perl script, �, ��
�� Oracle ��
Informix �� . �� DBI ��
�� .

DBperl �� interface.
�� perl4 modules ��
�� , ��, oraperl, isqlperl, ingperl �� . ��
�� interfaces �� API �� .

�� DBperl modules, �� DBI ��
�� . �� DBI ��
�� dbi-users .

�� Module �� DBI
------------ ----------------- ---------- ---
Sybperl Sybase Michael Peppler DBD::Sybase
<[email protected]>
http://www.mbay.net/~mpeppler
Oraperl Oracle 6 & 7 Kevin Stock DBD::Oracle
<[email protected]>
Ingperl Ingres Tim Bunce & DBD::Ingres
Ted Lemon
<[email protected]>
Interperl Interbase Buzz Moschetti DBD::Interbase
<[email protected]>
Uniperl Unify 5.0 Rick Wargo -
<[email protected]>
Pgperl Postgres Igor Metz DBD::Pg
<[email protected]>
Btreeperl NDBM John Conover SDBM;
<[email protected]>
Ctreeperl C-Tree John Conover -
<[email protected]>
Cisamperl Informix C-ISAM Mathias Koerber -
<[email protected]>
Duaperl X.500 Directory Eric Douglas -
User Agent

�� , �� DBI modules �� DBperl.
��, � DBD::Oracle �� Oraperl, ��
�� oraperl scripts �� . ��
�� oraperl API ��
DBI �� DBI switch.

�� :

Module ��
------ --------------------- ------
DBD::Oracle Oraperl ��
DBD::Informix Isqlperl ��
DBD::Sybase Sybperl ��; (�� )
DBD::mSQL Msqlperl ��
DBD::mSQL-0.61

� �� Msqlperl �� . �� Msqlperl ��
�� perl5 �� mSQL ��, ��
�� DBI. � ��
DBD::mSQL. �� Msqlperl �� CPAN �� :

� <http://www.perl.com/cgi-bin/cpan_mod?module=Msqlperl>

11.2.5. �� DBI

�� DBI.

� �� DBI
<http://www.hermetica.com/technologia/perl/DBI/doc/dbispec>

�� link, ��
�� (Draft) DBI ��, ��
�� interface, ��
�� DBperl ��
�� DBI interface.

��
�� , �
�� . �� , ��
�� .

�� POD �� PODs ��
�� perl �� ``in place'',
��
modules. �� POD �� DBI �� drivers ��
��, �� modules ��
�� .

�� DBI �� POD �� DBI ��
�� :

perldoc DBI

Oraperl �� Oraperl ��
�� DBD::Oracle, ��
�� Oraperl ��:

perldoc Oraperl

��
oraperl, �� Kevin Stock �� perl4. �� API ��
oraperl �� .
DBD::mSQL �� DBD::mSQL module ��
�� private functions �� (driver)
��:

perldoc DBD::mSQL

�� (FAQ)

To ��, Frequently Asked Questions ��
�� POD ! �� ,
��:

perldoc DBI::FAQ

��
�� , �� Internet.

�� POD �� POD, ��
�� POD ��, �� :

perldoc perlpod

�� Tk module ��
�� POD �� Tk ��
�� tkpod, �� POD �� .

``��'', ``��'' ��
�� ``��'' ��
�� DBI.

� <http://www.hermetica.com/technologia/perl/DBI/tidbits>

``DBI -- The perl5 Database Interface'' ��
Alligator Descartes �� Tim Bunce �� DBI.
�� 5 �� ``The Perl Journal''. ��
��. �� . �� , ��
�� ! ``The Perl Journal''s WWW site is:

� <http://www.tpj.com>

``DBperl'' �� , ��
�� 1996 ``Dr. Dobbs Journal'' �� DBperl.

``The Perl5 Database Interface'' ��
�� Alligator Descartes �� O'Reilly �� Associates.

�� DBI ��
�� Ted Lemon. ��
�� World Wide Web �� :

� �� <http://www.fugue.com/dbi>

�� :

dbi-announce �� . ��
�� WWW ��,
�� :

� Email: [email protected]

�� (body) �� 'subscribe'

dbi-dev � ��
�� , �� DBI
interface, API �� driver. ��
�� WWW ��, ��
��:

� Email: [email protected]

�� (body) �� 'subscribe'

dbi-users ��
�� , ��
�� . ��
�� WWW ��, ��
�� :

� Email: [email protected]

�� (body) �� 'subscribe'

��/��

� ��
<http://outside.organic.com/mail-archives/dbi-users/>

� �� <http://www.rosat.mpe-
garching.mpg.de/mailing-lists/PerlDB-Interest>

11.2.6. �� "�� !"

�� core dump, �� module Devel::CoreStack ��
�� stack trace �� core dump. �� Devel::CoreStack
�� CPAN ��:

� <http://www.perl.com/cgi-bin/cpan_mod?module=Devel::CoreStack>

�� Email �� dbi-users �� stack trace, ��
modules, �� perl, �� , ��
�� . ��
�� , ��
�� . �� , ��
�� .

-->

11.2.7. �� DBI �� Windows 95 / NT ;

� �� DBI �� DBD::Oracle Win32 ��
�� DBI, ��, �� DBI �� 0.81 ��
�� . ��
Microsoft Access �� SQL-Server �� DBI �� ODBC. ��
DBI-0.79 (�� ) �� DBI '��
��' �� module Win32::ODBC. �� DBI::W32ODBC. ��
�� module Win32::ODBC.

� Win32 DBI <http://www.hermetica.com/technologia/perl/DBI/win32>

� Win32 ODBC <http://www.roth.net>

11.2.8. ��; �� DBM; ��
DBI ��

�� UNIX �� ``��'' ��
�� , �� dbm. �� dbm ��
�� , ��
��, �� .

�� (File Locking)

�� dbm ��
�� , ��
�� [�� ].

�� (Arbitrary Data Structures)

�� dbm �� : ��
��-�� (key-value pairs). ��
�� , �� [ C ] struct, ��
�� . ��
�� dbm.

��, �� dbm ��
�� , �� ,
�� . �� modules �� Perl ��
�� dbm �� ,
�� module AnyDBM_File.

��, �� DBM �� (�� )
read-only ��, � �� . ��, ��
�� , ��
�� transactional locking, ��
�� DBI.

11.2.9. �� < �� > �� DBI;

�� -��,
�� , ��, ��
�� .

�� DBI �� API ��
��, ��
�� (database-specific functionality).

��, �� , �� , ��
�� hooks �� /��
�� func �� DBI
API. �� scripts ��
�� func ��
�� .

11.2.10. �� DBI �� CGI;

�� , ��! �� DBI ��
�� CGI! �� , ��
�� CGI �� DBI.

To DBI �� CGI ��
�� WWW-fronted, ��
�� .
��, �� site ��
server �� , �� DBI ��
�� server �� ,
�� cgi scripts.

11.2.11. �� DBD Oracle ��
CGI;

� Apache httpd �� (pool) �� (httpd
children) �� clients.

�� module �� Apache mod_perl �� Doug MacEachern, �
�� perl (perl interpreter) ��
httpd. �� CGI, DBI, �� modules ��
�� (child). �� modules ��
�� .

�� Apache, �� Apache
Project's WWW site:

� Apache Project WWW site <http://www.apache.org>

� Mod_perl module <http://www.perl.com/cgi-
bin/cpan_mod?module=mod_perl>

11.2.12. �� (persistent) �� DBI ��
CGI

�� module Apache::DBI module �� Edmund Mergl, ��
logins ��
httpd child. ��
�� , � �� child. ��
��, ��
�� httpd.

�� Apache::DBI �� CPAN ��:

� <http://www.perl.com/cgi-bin/cpan_mod?module=Apache::DBI>

11.2.13. �� httpd, ��!'' ��; ``��
�� perl script �� , ��, ��

��, ��
�� script ��
�� , ��
DBD::Oracle, �� $ORACLE_HOME, $ORACLE_SID � TWO_TASK.

� �� httpd �� nobody, ��
�� . �� script
��
��.

�� , ��
�� BEGIN ( ) �� script ��. ��
��.

��, �� logfile �� httpd ��
��, �� ``Idiot's Guide To Solving Perl / CGI
Problems'' �� ``Perl CGI Programming FAQ'' ��
��. �� DBI.
�� !

� �� ``Idiot's Guide To Solving Perl / CGI Problems'' ��
��: <http://www.perl.com/perl/faq/index.html>

11.2.14. �� multi-threading �� DBI;

�� FAQ, ��. � perl ��
multi-threading. ��, �� multi-threading ��
�� perl �� 5.005, ��
�� DBI �� multi-threading ��
�� ' ��.

�� OCI �� Oracle �� multi-
threaded �� SELECT, �� :

� <http://www.hermetica.com/technologia/oracle/oci/orathreads.tar.gz>

11.2.15. �� stored procedures �� DBI;

�� stored procedure ��
�� , �, �� Oracle, �� $dbh->do
�� (procedure). �� ,

$dbh->do( "BEGIN someProcedure END" );

11.2.16. �� stored
procedures �� DBI;

��, ��, �� !

$sth = $dbh->prepare( "BEGIN foo(:1, :2, :3); END;" );
$sth->bind_param(1, $a);
$sth->bind_param_inout(2, \$path, 2000);
$sth->bind_param_inout(3, \$success, 2000);
$sth->execute;

11.2.17. ��
�� DBI;

� ��
�� DBI. �� , � Oracle
�� ! �� Oracle
��, � �� (database server) ��
�� , �� mSQL, � �� (server
process) ��
��. �� .

��' �� , ��
�� private func methods. ��
�� .

11.2.18. �� DBI �� NULL ;

�� NULL �� DBI �� undef. ��
NULL �� NULL, �� :

$rv =
$dbh->do( "INSERT INTO table VALUES( NULL )" );

�� , �� NULL ��
undef. �� .
11.2.19. �� func (func methods);

� �� func �� DBI ��
�� , �, � ��
�� . ��
�� , �� ,
�� createDatabase �� , ��
��:

$rv =
$dbh->func( 'argument', 'createDatabase' );

�� func
�� .

11.2.20. ��

�� Interface �� Perl5 �� . ��
�� .

��, ��
�� DBI.

Perl Clinic : � Perl Clinic ��
�� Perl, DBI, DBD::Oracle �� Oraperl. ��
�� Tim Bunce, � ��
DBI. �� , ��
�� :

� <http://www.perl.co.uk/tpc>

12. �� PostgreSQL

12.1. PGACCESS - �� Post�
greSQL

�� PgAccess �� Tcl/Tk interface �� PostgreSQL.
�� PostgreSQL. ��
�� web site ��

� <http://www.flex.ro/pgaccess>

� �� , �� , ��
�� e-mail �� : [email protected]

�� PgAccess

�� PgAccess : �� , �� (table
builder) , �� (��) (table(query) view),
�� (visual query builder).

��

� - �� , �� 200 �� (��
preferences)

� - �� , �� (��
�� )

� - text wrap �� - ��

� - import/export �� (SDF,CSV)

� - �� (�� price>3.14)

� - �� (�� (��) ��
��)

� - editing in place

� - �� (table generator
assistant)

� - ��

�� (Queries)

� - ��, �� "��
��"

� - �� views

� - ��

� - �� select

� - ��

� - �� drag & drop. ��
�� Tcl/Tk plugin �� Netscape Navigator,
��

Sequences

� - �� sequences, ��

� - ��, �� SQL

��

� - �� (�� , �� , ��.)

� - ��

� - �� report

� - �� scripting

�� , �� , ��
�� e-mail �� :

� [email protected]

�� libgtcl

��
PostgreSQL �� Tcl �� Tcl/Tk 'load'-able module. ��
libpgtcl ��
PostgreSQL /src/interfaces/libpgtcl. �� , ��
�� libpgtcl �� Tcl/Tk. ��
�� PostgreSQL loadable object ��,
�� libpgtcl �� object ��. �� Linux,
�� libpgtcl.so. ��
�� Linux i386. ��
libpgtcl.so �� (/usr/lib)��
��. ��
�� libpgtcl.so ��
pgaccess.tcl �� wish, �� pgwish (� wishpg) �� wish ��
�� link �� libpgtcl.

12.2. Windows Interactive Query Tool �� PostgreSQL (WISQL � MPSQL)

� MPSQL �� SQL interface ��
PostgresSQL. � MPSQL �� SQL Worksheet �� Oracle
�� Microsoft SQL Server WISQL. ��
�� interface �� . �� cut
�� paste ��
��.

� <http://www.troubador.com/~keidav/index.html>

� Email: [email protected]

� <http://www.ucolick.org/~de/> �� tcl_syb/wisql.html

� <http://www.troubador.com/~keidav/index.html>

� Email: [email protected]

12.3. Interactive Query Tool(ISQL) �� PostgreSQL - ��
PSQL

�� ISQL �� Character command line. ��
�� , �� PSQL. �� ISQL �� Sybase, ��
�� SQLplus �� Oracle. �� unix prompt �� 'psql' � ��
�� psql> prompt.

�� \h �� .

�� . ��
�� scripts �� .

12.4. MPMGR - �� PostgresSQL

�� MPMGR �� interface �� PostgresSQL. ��
��

� <www.mutinybaysoftware.com/>

� Email: [email protected]

� <http://www.troubador.com/~keidav/index.html>

� Email: [email protected]

� <http://www.ucolick.org/~de> in file tcl_syb/wisql.html

� WISQL �� PostgreSQL <http://www.ucolick.org/~de/Tcl/pictures>

� Email: [email protected]

13. �� PostgreSQL ��

�� -cpu ��
�� host. ��
�� , ��
�� (�� 100 �� 500 US �� ) ��
�� .

�� , ��
PostgreSQL servers (�� , ��, ��), Web servers, ftp
servers, Intranet servers, Mail servers, News servers ��
��. � ��
Windows 95/NT � OS/2.

�� sites:

� �� DataComm Warehouse Inc, �� 24��
��, �� , �� 1-800-328-2261. ��
�� /� <http://www.warehouse.com>. �� 4-�� KVM switch
(PS/2) �� $89.99. Part No. DDS1354

� Network Technologies Inc
<http://www.networktechinc.com/servswt.html> (120 ��/PC 8
ports) �� 'Server Switches' �� 'switches
�� Video '

� Scene Double Inc, ��
<http://www.scene.demon.co.uk/qswitch.htm>

� Cybex corporation <http://www.cybex.com>

� Raritan Inc <http://www.raritan.com>

� RealStar Solutions Inc <http://www.real-star.com/kvm.htm>

� Belkin Inc <http://www.belkin.com>

� Better Box Communications Ltd.
<http://www.betterbox.com/info.html>

� �� hardware �� "Server
Switch" �� "KVM Auto Switches".

�� yahoo ��
�� "Server Switches" � "KVM Switches".

�� unix box ��
PostgreSQL data-server �� . ��
��/�� . ��
�� "��" ��
�� intel, 13" �� (��
��). �� hardware �� Microsoft
Windows/DOS (�� $ 150). ��
�� , ��
�� (remote administration) ��
��. �� RedHat (� �� ) Linux cdrom ��
-

� Linux System Labs Web site: <http://www.lsl.com/> 7 (U.S.
��)

� Cheap Bytes Inc Web site: <http://www.cheapbytes.com/> 7 (U.S.
��)

��
Redhat Linux. �� ftp site �� Redhat �� , ��
�� SCSI adapters, �� . �� $ 600 ��
�� intel �� Redhat Linux ��
�� PostgreSQL. �� odbc/jdbc/perl/tcl ��
�� PostgreSQL �� Windows95, OS/2, Unix Motif �
�� web browser (�.�. Redbaron, Opera, Netscape, 20 ��). (��
Web browsers �� standard client).

�� cpu ��
�� !

�� networktechnic Inc ��
"Server Switches"

�� 800-742-8324 (�� )

�� Email �� :
[email protected]

�� PC �� , ��
�� ,
�� 64 PC. ��
�� , ��
�� PC 100% �� .

��

� ��, ��

� 9 pin D Serial � 6 pin miniDIN ��

� 5 pin DIN � 6 pin miniDIN ��

� 1600x1200 ��

� ��

� �� Desktop �� rack

�� - ��

� ��

� 5 pin DIN � 6 pin miniDIN

� �� /�

�� - ��

� �� /� ��

� ��
�� SCAN, BROADCAST �
COMMAND

� �� LEDs ��

� �� CTRL+* �� COMMAND

� �� SCAN, BROADCAST �� COMMAND ��

��

* 9 pin D serial

� o �� NTI �� Microsoft

� o 9 pin D ��

� o 9 pin D �� /�

* 6 pin miniDIN

� o �� NTI �� IBM PS/2

� o ��

�� /��

� �� --��

� �� "�� - �� "

��-VGA

� �� 150 MHz

� 1600X1200 ��

� 1/4��

14. �� PostgreSQL

14.1. �� 4�� (4GL) PostgreSQL �� web ��
�� - �� AppGEN

�� AppGEN ��

� <http://www.man.ac.uk/~whaley/ag/appgen.html>

� <ftp://ftp.mcc.ac.uk/pub/linux/ALPHA/AppGEN>.

�� AppGEN �� , ��
��
�� World Wide Web (WWW). ��
�� internet � �� intranet �� . �� AppGEN
�� C scripts �� Common Gateway
Interface (CGI), �� Web
Servers.

�� AppGEN �� :-

�� PostgresSQL, ��

�� web server �� CGI �� HTTPD �� NSCA

�� ansi C �� GCC

�� AppGEN �� Unix (Linux) :-

� defgen, �� (template
application) �� . ��
�� , ��, ��
��
�� (referential integrity).

� appgen, � �� AppGEN �� appgen ��
�� CGI C �� HTML ��
web server.

� dbf2sql, �� dBase III
.dbf �� SQL scripts. ��
�� DOS/Windows
�� SQL server �� PostgresSQL.

� ��, �� AppGEN �� HTML , ��
GIF �� Java applets �� , ��
��, �� , ��
�� .

�� , Andrew Whaley, ��

� [email protected]

14.2. WWW Web interface �� PostgresSQL - DBENGINE

�� dbengine �� plug 'n play Web interface �� PostgreSQL
�� Ingo Ciechowski. �� :

� <http://www.cis-computer.com/dbengine/ >

�� DBENGINE : �� dbengine �� interface ��
WWW �� Postgres95 ��
�� .

�� PHP 3 �� Perl �� ,
�� Perl �� AppGen �� wdb-p95 ��
��
-- �� ' ��
�� .

�� , ��
�� scripting language ��
�� dbengine. ��
�� , �� .
�� - ��
�� dbengine ��
Perl.

��
��
�� . �� virtual
Fields �� .

�� dbengine ��
�� Perl. ��
�� . �� , ��
�� GNU �� -- ��
�� "��" �� dbengine � ��
�� !

14.3. Apache Webserver Module �� PostgreSQL - NeoSoft NeoWebScript

� Apache �� Web Server. �� module ��
PostgreSQL �� Apache Webserver �� -

� <http://www.neosoft.com/neowebscript/>

�� NeoWebScript ��
�� HTML.
�� HTML ��
NeoWebScript, � webserver �� NeoWebScript �� (�)
�� script(s), �� web ��
�� , � ��
�� .

�� NeoWebScript �� , ��, ��
�� , server-based �� HTML �� web
��. �� NeoWebScript, ��
(counters), �� email, �� , guest books ��
�� , ��
��. �� NeoWebScript ��
�� PERL �� JavaScript.

�� NeoWebScript �� webserver ��, �
Webmaster �� Sysop FAQ �� . �
"�� " (Theory of Operations) ��
�� NeoWebScript, ��
�� . � ��
�� server, ��
�� NeoWebScript ��
�� server.

�� NeoWebScript-2.2 ��
ISP ��, �� intranet �� extranet ��. ��
��, �� , ��
�� 99 ��
�� server ��
�� (�.�. SSL).

�� NeoWebScript �� module �� Apache webserver ��
�� Tcl/Tk ��
�� scripting. �� Karl
Lehenbauer, �� NeoSoft, �� ,
��
�� NeoSoft.

� Apache webserver �� webserver �� ,
�� 68 % �� sites �� .

� Tcl/Tk �� , ��, ��
scripting, �� . John Ousterhout. ��
��

"� Tcl/Tk ��
��
(toolkits) �� C � C++. ��
��
�� Internet-�� ".

� Karl Lehenbauer, ��
NeoSoft, �� Tcl/Tk ��
��. �� Mark Diehkans, �� Extended Tcl,
�� TclX � NeoSoft Tcl, ��
�� . �� Tcl ��
Extended Tcl, �� Dr. Ousterhout ��
�� .

NeoSoft Inc., 1770 St. James Place, Suite 500, Houston, TX 77056 USA

14.4. �� PostgreSQL �� HEITML �� HTML �� server
�� 4��

�� heitml ��
postgres �� world wide web. ��
��

Helmut Emmelmann H.E.I. Informationssyteme GmbH
Wimpfenerstrasse 23 ��. 49-621-795141
68259 Mannheim Germany ��. 49-621-795161

� �� email �� . Helmut Emmelmann �� [email protected]

� � �� Heitml <http://www.heitml.com>

� � �� Heitml <http://www.h-e-i.deom>

�� heitml �� HTML �� server ��
�� 4�� . �� web
�� HTML �� HTML-�� tags.

�� heitml (�� "��"-��) �� HTML ��
�� 4�� Web ��
�� SQL ��, ��
�� CGI scripts.

�� heitml �� HTML �� server, ��
�� ".hei" �� HTML �� web
browser. �� , �� HTML ��
�� Tags ��
�� CGI. �� XML, �� heitml ��
tags �� . �� heitml ��
tags �� HTML �� browser.

�� heitml �� HTML ��
��. �� HTML �� heitml
Tags �� web, �� SQL
��, � �� web. ��, ��
�� , �� , �� email , ��
��, ��
�� HTML-�� Tags ��
��.

�� , �� heitml �� 4��
�� HTML

(�.�. <if>, <while>, �� <let> Tags),

�� ,
��, ��, ��, tuples ��. �� Tuples
��
�� (heap variable). ��
heitml, �� ,
��
�� Session Mode. ��
�� tags � tags ��
HTML-tags.

�� heitml ��

- - - �� Web Sites �� , ��
�� .

- - - �� Web Sites, ��
�� .

- - - �� SQL ��
��
�� "dba" Tags.

- - - ��
�� Session Variables

�� heitml �� Linux �� Web Server ��
CGI interface, �� (��
�� CGI) �� APACHE Web Server ��
Apache API. �� MSQL (�� 1 �� 2),
PostgreSQL (�� 6), mysql, �� yard. �� heitml ��
Linux, BSDi, Solaris �� SunOS, �� Windows NT �� CGI ��
ISAPI �� ODBC �� Windows 95.

�� heitml (�� linux) �� , ��-��
�� . �� Web Sites ��
�� . � �� heitml ��
�� . (��,
��, �� Web �� ".hei" ��
�� . ��
�� , ��
�� .)

�� heitml (�� "��"-��) ��
�� HTML �� tags ��
�� . ��
��
�� HTML, �� CGI �� scripting � ��
��. �� , �� HTML,
�� web �� , ��
�� tags �� CGI �� . ��
��, ��
�� tag. ��
�� heitml ��
HTML �� . �� heitml ��
�� web server �� HTML, �� heitml ��
�� internet �� web
browser. ��
�� CGI. �� heitml ��
��
�� (transaction).

�� heitml �� HTML, �� text
editor � �� HTML editor, �� web server ��
�� . ��, ��
heitml tags �� tag �� . ��
�� tags �� , ��
�� , �� emails, ��
��
�� .

�� HTML ��
��
�� Interactive Guestbook ��
�� CGI scripts,
�� dba
�� .

�� heitml �� tag ��, ��
�� guestbooks, �� , ��
�� , �� email � �� web site ��
�� . �� ,
�� tags �� web site ��.

�� , ��
heitml �� : �� heitml ��
scripting �� , ��
��, �� ,
��
�� session �� .

14.5. America On-line AOL Web server �� PostgreSQL

� �� webserver, AOLserver �� 2.3 ��
�� PostgreSQL �� 6.2.1 �� . ��
��

� AOL Web Server <http://www.aolserver.com>

14.6. Problem/Project Tracking System Application Tool �� PostgreSQL

�� :

� <http://www.homeport.org/~shevett/pts/>

14.7. �� dbase dbf �� PostgreSQL

�� dbf2msql �� mSQL �� PostgreSQL. ��
��

� <ftp://ftp.nerosworld.com/pub/SQL/dbf2sql/>

� <ftp://ftp.postgresql.org/pub/incoming/dbf2pg-3.0.tar.gz>

�� Maarten Boekhold, Faculty of
Electrical Engineering TU Delft, NL Computer Architecture and Digital
Technique section

� [email protected]

�� python �� dbf
�� postgres.

� �� <http://www.python.org>

15. �� /�� Web ��
PostgreSQL - EARP

� <http://www.oswego.edu/Earp>

� <ftp://ftp.oswego.edu> �� 'pub/unix/earp'.

15.1. �� EARP ;

�� EARP �� /�� Web ��, ��
�� PostgreSQL. ��
�� :

� �� .

� �� interface �� sendmail. (��
�� mail)

� �� .

� �� cgi.

15.2. ��

� �� EARP �� CGI ��
�� http ��
��. �� ,
� �� web. ��
�� browser, � ��
�� ,
�� .

15.3. �� EARP

�� EARP ��
��. �� :

� Solaris 2.5

� Linux 1.2.13+

� GNU C++

� PostgreSQL (�� 1.01 / 1.02 )

� netsite server

� NCSA httpd

� GNU C++

� PostgreSQL (�� 1.01 / 1.02 )

� NCSA httpd

� Apache httpd

� �� (1.3) �� Earp ��
libpq �� PostgreSQL v1.01/1.02. ��
�� Postgres, ��
�� . ��
�� (Earp 2.0), � �� libpq ��
�� module.

15.4. �� ;

�� EARP ��
�� html ��
�� . ��
�� (objects). ��
�� , ��
��
�� (page tool). ��
�� . ��
HTML, �� (Querys), �� , ��
�� , ��
�� . ��
�� mail �� multithreaded
�� .

�� EARP �� . � ��
�� EARP ��
�� . �� , �� EARP
�� , �� ids ��
�� agent. � ��
��, ��
�� Earp. ��, �,��
�� http server ��
�� (� ��) user authentication.

15.5. �� ;

�� EARP �� anonymous ftp ��

� <ftp://ftp.oswego.edu> �� 'pub/unix/earp'.

16. PHP Hypertext Preprocessor, �� scripting �� Post�
greSQL � �� html �� Server

�� WWW

� <http://www.php.net>

� <http://www.vex.net/php>

�� Professional Home Pages (PHP 3) ��
�� PHP Hypertext Pre-Processor

� �� Mirror sites ��
www.COUNTRYCODE.php.net

� <http://www.fe.de.php.net>

� <http://www.sk.php.net>

� <http://php.iquest.net/>

�� , �� e-mail �� :

� [email protected]

�� PHP 3 �� scripting �� PostgreSQL � ��
�� html �� Server. ��
�� scripts �� .HTML �� JavaScript, ��
�� JavaScript, �� PHP 3 �� browser.
�� JavaScript �� html ��
�� client-�� PHP 3 �� Server. �� PHP 3
�� Netscape LiveWire Pro. ��
�� , �� Server ��
Netscape �� ,
�� LiveWire Pro. ��
��, ��
�� PHP 3.

16.1. ��

�� CGI, FastCGI �� Apache module. ��
�� CGI, �� PHP 3 ��
Unix �� Unix web server. ��
�� FastCGI, �� PHP 3 ��
�� . �� Apache module,
�� PHP 3 ��
�� CGI.

� �� (Access Logging) ��
�� PHP 3, ��
�� (hit
counting and logging). ��
�� , ��
�� . �� Log Viewer Script ��
��
��. ��, ��
footer ��
��. ��
��.

� �� , �� web,
�� . ��
�� web
�� , ��
��
�� . ��
�� , �� , ��
� �� (logging disabled) ��
domain �� client, browser,�� e-mail � ��
�� .

� �� Postgres � Postgres ��
RDBMS. �� PHP 3 �� Postgres95 ��
PostgresSQL SQL �� .html.

� �� RFC-1867 ��/�� (File Upload) ��
Upload �� Netscape 2.0.
�� (upload) �� web
server. �� PHP 3 �� Mime decoding ��
��
�� , �� server.

� HTTP-based authentication control �� PHP 3 ��
�� authentication �� ,
�� HTTP, �� Apache web server.

� ��, �� (arrays), �� (Associative
Arrays) �� PHP 3 �� (typed variables),
�� Perl-��
(associative arrays). �� web
�� , GET �
POST.

� Conditionals, While Loops �� PHP 3 �� scripting
�� C. ��
if/then/elseif/else/endif �� while loops ��
switch/case ��
� html ��.

� Extended Regular Expressions �� Regular expressions
�� (pattern matching),
�� pattern �� . ��
PHP 3 �� .

� Raw HTTP Header Control � �� web ��
�� HTTP ��
�� web sites �� .
�� , �� : URL header ��
�� URL. ��
�� caching � ��
�� .

� �� GIF �� /�� (On-the-fly) �� PHP 3
�� GD �� Thomas Boutell � ��
�� GIF �� .

� �� ISP "Safe Mode" �� PHP 3 �� "Safe
Mode" ��
PHP scripts �� server.

� �� ! �� . ��
�� . �� GPL � ��
�� ,
�� . ��
GNU �� .

16.2. ��/��

* ��
�� . �� Lee Oattes ��
��
�� .

* � �� PostgreSQL �� Adam Sussman

� [email protected]

* �� , ��
��.

16.3. PHP 3 - ��

�� PHP �� cgi �� (cgi wrapper)
�� Perl. ��
��. �� Personal Home Page
Tools, �� Personal Home Page Construction Kit.

�� SQL �� web
��. �� CGI wrapper �� SQL
��
�� . �� FI (Form Interpreter).

�� PHP/FI �� 2.0 �� , ��'��
��, �� .
��
�� HTML. �� , PHP, ��.
�� . �� PHP/FI ��
�� web sites ��, ��
�� (Personal Home Page). �� ,
�� Perl cgi ��,
�� scripts �� HTML ��
��. �� web pages ��, ��
�� (forking) �� Perl ��
��. �� web sites
�� web page �� html ��.
�� , ��
��-��-��-��-�� . ��
��
�� HTML �� CGI.

�� , �� PHP, FI � ��
PHP/FI �� . �� PHP �� FI
�� . ��
�� . �� PHP/FI �� PHP 3.

16.4. �� , ��, �� PHP/FI ;

��
PHP/FI �� footer ��
�� (��
�� ). ��
�� PHP/FI. ��
�� cgi �� , �� to FI ��
��. �� , ��
web �� , ��
�� . ��
�� , �� cgi ��
�� . To PHP/FI ��
�� .

16.5. ��

�� :

<FORM ACTION="/cgi-bin/php.cgi/~userid/display.html" METHOD=POST>
<INPUT TYPE="text" name="name">
<INPUT TYPE="text" name="age">
<INPUT TYPE="submit">
<FORM>

�� display.html �� :

< ?echo "Hi $ name, you are $ age years old!<p>" >

�� ! �� PHP/FI ��
input field �� . ��
�� ACTION URL.

��
�� tags ��
�� . �� , ��
�� , ��
�� if/else. �� , ��
��
�� display.html �� :

<?
if($age>50);
echo "Hi $name, you are ancient!<p>";
elseif($age>30);
echo "Hi $name, you are very old!<p>";
else;
echo "Hi $name.";
endif;
>

�� PHP/FI �� scripting ��
�� ' �� . ��
�� "PHP/FI Script Language" �� .

�� PHP/FI ��
�� . ��
�� . ��
�� domains ��
��, � ��
�� . �� "�� " ��
�� .

�� PHP/FI �� uploads ��
�� web browser �� RFC-1867. ��
�� text �� binary ��. ��
�� PHP/FI �� , ��
�� (upload) ��
�� . �� "File
Upload" �� .

�� PHP/FI �� PostgreSQL.
�� SQL �� .HTML �� . ��
�� "�� PostgreSQL" ��
��.

�� PHP/FI �� mysql.
�� SQL �� .HTML �� . ��
�� "�� mysql" ��
��.

16.6. CGI Redirection

16.6.1. �� Apache 1.0.x

�� PHP/FI �� cgi
redirection module �� Apache server. ��
�� modules ��
�� Apache module �� PHP/FI. ��
modules �� . ��
Dave Andersen

� [email protected]

��

� <ftp://ftp.aros.net/pub/util/apache/mod_cgi_redirect.c>

�� Apache �� mod_actions.c.
�� modules �� . ��
�� . ��
�� PHP/FI.

�� Apache ��
module. ��, �� module ��
�� Configuration. � ��
�� module mod_actions ��:

Module action_module mod_actions.o

�� module mod_cgi_redirect.c ��
��:

Module cgi_redirect_module mod_cgi_redirect.o

�� , �� httpd �� . ��
�� cgi redirection ��
�� mime �� mime.types ��
AddType �� srm.conf �� mime ��. ��
�� mime �� :

application/x-httpd-php phtml

�� module mod_actions.c, ��
�� srm.conf :

Action application/x-httpd-php /cgi-bin/php.cgi

�� mod_cgi_redirect.c ��
�� srm.conf :

CgiRedirect application/x-httpd-php /cgi-bin/php.cgi

�� mod_actions.c ��
mod_cgi_redirect.c.

�� cgi redirection modules ��
�� , ��
�� parsed �� php/fi �� extension ��
.phtml. ��, �� index.phtml ��
DirectoryIndex �� srm.conf, �� top-level ��
�� parsed �� php �� index ��
�� index.phtml.

16.6.2. Netscape HTTPD

��
�� PHP/FI ��
�� Netscape Server CGI Redirection module. �� module ��
�� "File Archives" �� PHP/FI. �� README
��
�� PHP/FI.

16.6.3. NCSA HTTPD

� NCSA �� modules, ��
�� cgi �� server ��, ��
�� server ��. �� /�� (patch) ��
�� NCSA 1.5 �� site �� PHP/FI.

16.7. �� PHP/FI ��

�� CGI �� PHP/FI, ��
�� : php.cgi filename ��
filename �� parse. ��
�� standalone PHP/FI scripts ��
�� script �� :

#!/usr/local/bin/php.cgi -q

�� "-q" �� HTTP headers. ��
�� .

17. �� PostgreSQL �� Python

� Python �� scripting ��, ��, ��
�� (interpreted). �� (�� , ��
�� ) ��
�� (GUIs), �� WWW, ��. ��
web browser (�� HotJava) �� (��. 1995)
�� . � python
�� Stichting S Mathematisch Centrum,
Amsterdam. The Neverlands �� .

�� , ��, modules, ��
�� (exceptions). ��
�� C, �� Python ��
�� .

� Python �� scripting �� X interface.
� Python �� Linux cdroms ��
�� Python modules, �� modules ��
�� Tix widget �� Tk.

To PyGreSQL �� python interface �� PostgreSQL. ��
�� PostgreSQL ��
�� PostgresSQL �� Python scripts.
To PyGreSQL �� D'Arcy J.M. Cain �� Pascal Andre.

� �� site �� PyGreSQL <http://www.druid.net/pygresql/>

� �� D'Arcy at <http://www.druid.net/~darcy/>

� �� site ��
<ftp://ftp.via.ecp.fr/pub/python/contrib/Database/PyGres95.README >

� D'Arcy J.M. Cain [email protected]

� Pascal Andre [email protected]

� Pascal Andre [email protected]

17.1. �� PyGres ;

�� home sites �� :

� Python
<ftp://ftp.python.org:/pub/www.python.org/1.5/python1.5b2.tar.gz>

� PyGreSQL <ftp://ftp.druid.net/pub/distrib/PyGreSQL-2.1.tgz>

� Old site
<ftp://ftp.via.ecp.fr/pub/python/contrib/Database/PyGres95-1.0b.tar.gz
>

�� mirror site ��
��. ��
�� sites. �� PyGres95 ��
contrib �� sites �� Python �� PostgreSQL.

17.2. ��

�� ,
�� web sites ��:

� Python : <http://www.python.org/>

� PostgreSQL :
<http://epoch.cs.berkeley.edu:8000/postgres95/index.html>

� PyGreSQL <ftp://ftp.druid.net/pub/distrib/PyGreSQL-2.1.tgz>

� Old site PyGreSQL :
<http://www.via.ecp.fr/via/products/pygres.html>

�� :

� �� PyGreSQL. ��
�� [email protected] �� "subscribe pygresql
name@domain" ��
"name@domain" �� .

� Newsgroup for Python : newsgroup comp.lang.python

� PyGreSQL : �� Andre �� [email protected] ��
�� , ��, ��

18. �� PostgreSQL �� WWW - WDB-P95

18.1. �� wdb-p95

WDB-P95 - �� Web interface �� PostgreSQL �� J. Douglas
Dunlop ��

� �� WDB �� J Rowe ��
<http://www.lava.net/beowulf/programming/wdb>

� �� WWW-WDB �� <http://www.eol.ists.ca/~dunlop/wdb-
p95/>

� �� ,
�� [email protected]

�� wdb-1.3a2 ��
�� WWW �� PostgreSQL. �� Browser
�� HTML �� (tabular
output). �� wdb ��
�� .

�� CASI Tape �� Image Query. ��
�� Form Definition File (FDF) ��
�� CASI Tape �� Image Query ��, ��
�� JOIN 2 ��.

��
�� WDB-P95 �� PostgreSQL �� .
� ��
�� - �� SQL ��
interface �� Perl.

18.2. �� PostgreSQL, �� pgperl, ��
�� httpd �� host;

�� - � �� PostgreSQL ��
�� host. �� WDB-P95 �� http ��, ��
�� host - �� WDB-P95 ��
�� Pg.pm - �� pgperl �� host
��. �� Pgperl �� libpq, ��
�� PostgreSQL
�� , �� PostgreSQL.
��

(WWW Client (Netscape)) => (HTTP Server (NCSA's http) + WDB-P95 +
pgperl + libpq)=> (PostgreSQL server)

�� () �� .

�� : NT, SUN, HP, ...
�� libpq ��
�� WDB-P95, ��
�� pgperl. (��
HTML �� ' �� WWW client).

19. �� "C", "C++", ESQL/C ��
�� PostgreSQL

19.1. �� "C" �� PostgreSQL

�� 'libpq'. ��
�� Oracle OCI, Sybase DB-lib �� Informix CLI .

19.2. Interface �� "C++" �� PostgreSQL

�� 'libpq++'.

19.3. ESQL/C �� PostgreSQL

O '�� C' �� PostgreSQL, ESQL/C ��
�� Oracle Pro*C, �� Informix ESQL/C. To PostgreSQL ESQL/C
�� (API) ��SQL, ��
�� C ��
�� . ��
��
��
�� (SQL).

To ESQL/C �� :

� �� ESQL/C �� C ��
�� (database server).

� �� ESQL/C ��
�� , �� , ��
�� ESQL/C.

� � �� ESQL/C, ��
�� C �� SQL ��
�� .

��

� � ESQL/C �� PostgreSQL �� .

� �� site �� <ftp://ftp.lysator.liu.se/pub/linus>

� Email : [email protected]

19.4. �� PostgreSQL

�� Nicolas Moldavsky

� [email protected]

�� "C" �� (AND, OR,
XOR, �� 2) �� pgsql. ��
anonymous FTP ��

� <ftp://ftp.overnet.com.ar/pub/utils/linux/bitpgsql.tgz>

�� Makefile �� Linux.

20. Japanese Kanji �� PostgreSQL

�� site

� <ftp://ftp.sra.co.jp/pub/cmd/postgres/>

21. �� PostgreSQL �� Windows 95/Windows NT

� �� Windows 95/Windows NT �� . � ��
�� gcc �� gmake �� Win NT/95. ��
�� win32 ��
gnu-win32. �� GNU gcc �� win32. �� site -

� <http://www.cygnus.com/misc/gnu-win32>

�� cdk.exe (��-��
gnu-win32)

� ��
"Unix-Emulator on NT" ��

� <http://www.softway.com>

22. ��

22.1. �� e-mail

�� - �� e-mail
��

� Yahoo <http://www.yahoo.com> �� e-mail

� Lycos <http://www.lycos.com> �� e-
mail (new email accounts)

� hotmail <http://www.hotmail.com> ��
�� e-mail (new email accounts)

�� PostgreSQL �� Yahoo ��
��
�� e-mails �� PostgreSQL, ��
�� e-mail. �� Email- > Options- >
Filters �� email. ��
�� e-mail �� mail ��
�� web ��.

�� e-mail, ��
"Mail Filters" �� mails �� PostgreSQL ��
�� . �� mails ��
�� o��.

22.2. ��

�� web �� :

� <http://www.postgresql.org/>

� �� Email ��: [email protected]

� Developers [email protected]

� Port specific questions [email protected]

� Documentation questions [email protected]

�� e-mail �� !!

�� . ��
�� '�� e-mail'. ��
�� , �� mail ��

� [email protected]

� [email protected]

� [email protected]

� [email protected]

�� (body) ��
��

subscribe

(�)

unsubscribe

22.3. ��

�� html ��
�� -

� �� MHonarc �� WWW ��
<http://www.postgresql.org/mhonarc/pgsql-questions>

� <ftp://ftp.postgresql.org> �� /pub/majordomo

22.4. ��

�� "��" �� postgreSQL ��
��. �� '��
�� e-mails �� PostgreSQL' . �� , ��
�� :

� [email protected]

�� (body) ��
��:

inscripcion pgsql-ayuda

23. ��

23.1. ��

�� PostgreSQL ��
postscript �� unix �� (man-pages). ��
�� internet, ��
�� <http://www.postgresql.org/docs>

� "�� "

� "�� " �� PostgreSQL

� "�� -��" ��
�� PostgreSQL.

� Online ��.

� Online �� HTML ��.

� ��, �� Postscript �� .

23.2. Online ��

� ��
��

�� PSQL �� 6.4.

� �� SQL �� (keywords)

�� script �� /tools ��

� �� -

�� psql \h

� �� PostgreSQL
(��) �� online �� (��) -

�� regression tests �� src/test. ��
regress/sql �� suite/*.sql.

� �� PostgreSQL.

�� SQL scripts �� SQL �� src/tutorial

�� "�� SQL �� " �� Appendix B
�� ``''

23.3. ��

� "Understanding the New SQL: A Complete Guide" - �� Jim Melton
�� Alan R.Simon

�� Morgan Kaufman Publisher �� SQL. �� SQL92.

� "A Guide to THE SQL STANDARD" - �� C.J.Date

� �� Addison-Wesley Publishing �� . �� SQL.

� SQL - The Standard Handbook, �� 1992

Stephen Cannan �� Gerard Otten
McGraw-Hill Book Company Europe , Berkshire, SL6 2QL, England

� SQL Instant Reference, 1993

Martin Gruber, Technical Editor: Joe Celko
SYBEX Inc. 2021 Challenger Drive Alameda, CA 94501

� C.J.Date, "An introduction to Database Systems" (6th Edition),
Addison-Wesley, 1995, ISBN 0-201-82458-2

�� .
�� , SQL, recovery, concurrency, ��,
integrity, �� extensions �� , ��
�� client/server �� . ��
�� . �� .

� Stefan Stanczyk, "Theory �� Practice of Relational Databases", UCL
Press Ltd, 1990, ISBN 1-857-28232-9

�� , �� , calculus
�� . �� . �� .

� "The Practical SQL Handbook" �� , Addison Wesley
Developers Press ISBN 0-201-44787-8

�� .

� Michael Stonebraker, "Readings in Database Systems", Morgan
Kaufmann, 1988, ISBN 0-934613-65-6

�� . �� (��) �� .

� C.J.Date, "Relational Database - Selected Readings", Addison-
Wesley, 1986, ISBN 0-201-14196-5

�� . �� (��) �� .

� Nick Ryan �� Dan Smith, "Database Systems Engineering",
International Thomson Computer Press, 1995, ISBN 1-85032-115-9

�� , �� .

� Bipin C. Desai, "An introduction to Database Systems", West
Publishing Co., 1990, ISBN 0-314-66771-7

�� (��) �� .

� Joe Celko "INSTANT SQL Programming"

Wrox Press Ltd.
Unit 16, 20 James Road, Tyseley
Birmingham, B11 2BA, England
1995

� Michael Gorman "Database Management Systems: Understanding ��
Applying Database"

Technology
QED �� John Wiley
1991

� Michael Gorman "Enterprise Database for a Client/Server
Environment" QED �� John Wiley

�� client/server ��
�� repository �� ANSI �� SQL
1993

�� SQL ! ��
��.

23.4. �� ANSI/ISO SQL - SQL 1992, SQL 1998

�� ANSI/ISO SQL ��
sites -

� <http://www.naiua.org/std-orgs.html>

� <http://www.ansi.org/docs> �� cat_c.html ��
�� "Database SQL"

� SQL92 standard <http://www.jcc.com> ��
sql_stnd.html

� ANSI/ISO SQL ��
<http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~shadow/sql.html> ��
�� SQL.

23.5. �� ANSI/ISO SQL 1992

�� Appendix A �� ``''

23.6. �� ANSI/ISO SQL 1998

�� SQL 1998 (SQL 3) �� . ��
'Electronic Access to the SQL3 Working Draft' ��
``''

23.7. �� SQL ��

�� Appendix B �� ``''

23.8. �� (extension) �� SQL92

� �� SQL-92
<ftp://FTP.cs.arizona.edu/tsql/tsql2/>

� �� SQL-3
<ftp://FTP.cs.arizona.edu/tsql/tsql2/sql3/>

� ��
�� SQL-92. ��
TSQL2.

��
�� .

� �� TSQL2 Language Design
Committee, Richard T.Snodgrass, Department of Computer Science,
University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721,

� [email protected]

�� e-mail �� TSQL2
Language Design Committee ��
�� .

�� .

spec.dvi,.ps �� TSQL2, ��
1994

bookspec.ps �� TSQL2, ��
�� TSQL2, �� 1995 (�� ).

sql3 ��
ANSI �� ISO SQL3.

��
�� , �� , ��
�� . ��
�� TSQL2 Language Design. ��
�� : ��
�� , ��
�� , �� TSQL2 ��
�� .
��
�� TSQL2, ��
�� . ��
�� TSQL2.

�� , �� , ��
(indexes), �� , �� :

Snodgrass, R.T., editor, The TSQL2 Temporal Query Language, Kluwer
Academic Publishers, 1995, 674+xxiv ��.

�� . ��
�� eval.ps

�� tl2tsql2.pl �� prolog ��
�� TSQL2. ��
�� Michael Boehlen

� [email protected]

�� paper ��
�� . �� dated ��
��. ��

� <http://www.cs.auc.dk/general/DBS/tdb/TimeCenter/Software>

(�� TimeDB �� Tiger).

23.9. �� 0 - �� ISO/ANSI SQL

�� (��) ��
�� SQL-92 �� "��" SQL3 Working Draft.

�� ANSI �� ANSI, �� ISO �
ISO.

�� (2) �� SQL, � �� ANSI ��
�� ISO. ��
�� , ��
�� , � �� "International Standard" �� "American
Standard", �� .

�� SQL-92

�� ISO standard, ISO/IEC 9075:1992, Information Technology -
Database Languages - SQL, �� (��, 1993) �� ANSI :

American National Standards Institute
1430 Broadway
New York, NY 10018 (USA)
Phone (sales): +1.212.642.4900

�� US$230.00. H ANSI ��, ANSI X3.135-1992, American
National Standard �� - Database Language SQL,
�� , ��
�� ,
1993). �� US$225.00.

�� ANSI, ��
�� 7% �� (��, �� US$9.10). ��
��
��. �� ANSI ��
�� . ��, ��
�� , ��
�� . (�� : ��
� �� ANSI, �� ANSI ��
�� .)

�� ISO ��
�� (�� ) �� ISO
(�� - International Organization for
Standardization) � �� IEC (�� -
International Electrotechnical Commission).

��
�� ANSI � �� . ��
�� ISO:

International Organization for Standardization
Central Secretariat
1, rue de Varembi
CH-1211 Genhve 20
Switzerland

��
��, �� . ��
�� ISO/IEC 9075:1992, Information Technology -
Database Languages - SQL, �� :

Global Engineering Documents
2805 McGaw Ave
Irvine, CA 92714 (USA)
USA
�� (�� ): +1.714.261.1455
�� (�� ): (800)854-7179

�� US$308.00. ��
�� , ��
(��) �� . ��
�� "��
��". �� Global �� ANSI ��
�� (��
�� ANSI ��
US$300.00).

�� SQL3 Working Draft

�� SQL3 working draft �� ANSI
X3 Secretariat, CBEMA (Computer �� Business Equipment Manufacturers
Association). �� "�� " �� SQL3
working draft �� US$60.00 �� US$65.00. ��
�� CBEMA ��:

CBEMA, X3 Secretariat
Attn: Lynn Barra
1250 Eye St.
Suite 200
Washington, DC 20005 (USA)

�� Lynn Barra ��
+1.202.626.5738 �� , �� mail ��
��.

�� SQL3 Working Draft

� �� (�� ) �� SQL3
(�� ANSI �� ISO) working draft (�� ) ��
�� "anonymous ftp" � �� "ftpmail" �� :

gatekeeper.dec.com

��

/pub/standards/sql/

�� . ��
PostScript �� "plain text" (�� , ��
�� ).

��, �� :

sql-bindings-mar94.ps
sql-bindings-mar94.txt
sql-cli-mar94.ps
sql-cli-mar94.txt
sql-foundation-mar94.ps
sql-foundation-mar94.txt
sql-framework-mar94.ps
sql-framework-mar94.txt
sql-psm-mar94.ps
sql-psm-mar94.txt

�� , �� "mar94" ��
�� (�.�., "aug94" ��
�� "mar94").

��, ��
�� FTP, ��
�� :

ls

�� (��!) �� .

�� ftp

�� FTP.
��, �� gatekeeper.dec.com, ��
�� , ��
�� . ��
�� Internet �� . �� login
�� 'ftp' �� email �� (��
�� ftp 'anonymous ftp'). � �� 'type binary'
�� bits ��
��(�) ��(�) �� . H 'get' �� .
�� script �� angle brackets < ��
> .

% ftp gatekeeper.dec.com
Connected to gatekeeper.dec.com.
220- *** /etc/motd.ftp ***
Gatekeeper.DEC.COM is an unsupported service of DEC Corporate Research.
<...this goes on for a while...>
220 gatekeeper.dec.com FTP server (�� 5.83 Sat ... 1992) ready.
Name (gatekeeper.dec.com:<yourlogin here>): ftp <anonymous also works>
331 Guest login ok, send ident as password.
Password: <enter your email address here >
230 Guest login ok, access restrictions apply.
Remote system type is UNIX. <or whatever>
Using binary mode to transfer files.
ftp> cd pub/standards/sql
250 CWD command successful.
ftp> dir
200 PORT command successful.
150 Opening ASCII mode data connection for /bin/ls.
total 9529
-r--r--r-- 1 root system 357782 Feb 25 10:18 x3h2-93-081.ps
-r--r--r-- 1 root system 158782 Feb 25 10:19 x3h2-93-081.txt
-r--r--r-- 1 root system 195202 Feb 25 10:20 x3h2-93-082.ps
-r--r--r-- 1 root system 90900 Feb 25 10:20 x3h2-93-082.txt
-r--r--r-- 1 root system 5856284 Feb 25 09:55 x3h2-93-091.ps
-r--r--r-- 1 root system 3043687 Feb 25 09:57 x3h2-93-091.txt
226 Transfer complete.
ftp> type binary
200 Type set to I.
ftp> get x3h2-93-082.txt
200 PORT command successful.
150 Opening BINARY mode data connection for x3h2-93-082.txt (90900 bytes).
226 Transfer complete.
90900 bytes received in 0.53 seconds (166.11 Kbytes/s)
ftp> quit
% <�� x3h2-93-082.txt>

�� ftp

� Digital Equipment Corporation, �� ,
�� ftp email. � ��
�� , �� ftp
�� ftp �� Internet. �
�� server ��:

[email protected]

�� script �� PostScript ��
�� SQL3 ��:

reply [email protected]
connect gatekeeper.dec.com anonymous
binary
compress

�� script �� PostScript ��
�� SQL3 ��:

reply [email protected]
connect gatekeeper.dec.com anonymous
binary
compress
uuencode
chdir /pub/standards/sql
get x3h2-93-091.ps
quit

� �� script ��
(server) �� . ��
�� "[email protected]" ��
�� Internet. �� ,
x3h2-93-091.ps, �� "compress"ed "uuencode"d �� 34
�� email. ��
�� , ��
�� plain text �� script:

reply [email protected]
connect gatekeeper.dec.com anonymous
chdir /pub/standards/sql
get x3h2-93-091.ps
quit

�� , �� .ps ��
�� 70 ��!

�� , ��
x3h2-93-091.ps, �� "x3h2-93-091.ps" ��
�� . ��
�� , �� "get
x3h2-93-091.ps" �� "dir".

23.10. �� 1 - �� ISO/ANSI SQL

��
�� SQL �� .

�� :

� �� SQL ��
��
persistent, �� . �� : generalization
�� specialization hierarchies, �� , ��
�� , triggers �� assertions,
�� , �� , ��
�� . ��
�� (abstract data types -ADTs), object
identifiers, ��, ��, ��, encapsulation,
��
��.

�� 1996, �� SQL3 ��
ISO CD. �� SQL/Framework, SQL/Foundation, �� SQL/Bindings.
�� (�� ) �� 900 � ��
��. �� , �� ISO
DBL ��
��
�� papers. �� DBL
�� , � ��
��. � ��
�� , 1997, �� .

�� , ��
�� SQL. � ��
�� 6 ��
�� DBL, �� DIS ��
�� IS .

�� ISO �� SQL/92, ��
�� SQL ��
��.

�� , �� SQL3 ��
�� ISO/IEC �� 1998, ��
��.

�� 1993, �� ANSI �� ISO ��
�� SQL �� . ��
��:

� �� 1: Framework ��
�� .

� �� 2: Foundation �� ,
�� ADT.

� �� 3: SQL/CLI �� Call Level Interface.

� �� 4: SQL/PSM �� stored procedures,
�� .

� �� 5: SQL/Bindings �� Dynamic SQL �� Embedded SQL bindings ��
�� SQL-92.

� �� 6: SQL/XA �� SQL �� XA Interface ��
�� X/Open

� �� 7:SQL/Temporal �� SQL ��
�� .

�� , �� SQL3 �� ANSI Domestic
("D") project �� ISO project. ��
�� SQL3 �� 1999.

�� SQL/CLI �� SQL/PSM ��
addendums �� SQL-92. �� , ��
�� (International - "I"). � SQL/CLI �� 1995. �
SQL/PSM �� 1996.

�� SQL3 ��, �� are
persued:

� SQL/MM ��
�� SQL3 ADT.

� �� - Remote Data Access (RDA)

��
�� SQL �� . ��
�� SQL �� ISO. ��
�� SQL. �� (��) ��
�� ISO/IEC JTC1/SC 21/WG3 DBL. ��
�� ISO SQL �� :

� ��

� ��

� ��

� ��

� ��

� ��

� ��

� ��

� ��

� ��

NIST ��

�� SQL �� (�� ) ��
�� (NIST). �� NIST ��
�� entry level SQL-92. ��
�� NIST ��
�� - Federal Information
Processing Standard (FIPS). �� SQL
�� FIPS 127-2. �� Postscript
�� Text �� NIST. � ��
�� SQL ��
NIST.

�� SQL

�� SQL. ��
�� ANSI:

� ISO/IEC 9075:1992, "Information Technology --- Database Languages
--- SQL"

� ANSI X3.135-1992, "Database Language SQL"

�� SQL ��
�� . �� :

American National Standards Institute
1430 Broadway
New York, NY 10018
USA
Phone (sales): +1.212.642.4900

�� SQL-92, �� Technical Corrigendum
(�� bug):

* Technical Corrigendum 1:1994 to ISO/IEC 9075:1992

�� TC 1 �� ANSI. �� ISO
�� TC 1 -- �� ISO �� ANSI ��
SQL-92.

��, �� 1992
SQL. ��
�� .

��

�� SQL ��. ��
�� . ��
�� web.

� �� SQL (FIPS 193)

� Repository �� (X3H4) - �� News Release ��
�� "�� Repository ��
�� ."

23.11. �� 2 - ISO/ANSI SQL Foundation

�� SQL3 �� SQL
Foundation :

� �� SQL/PSM (moved form SQL/PSM-92)

� ��

� Triggers

� ��

� �� - Abstract Data Types (ADT)

� ��

�� :

� ��

� ��

� ��
�� SQL, � ��

�� SQL/PSM

��
�� SQL-3 ��
�� ODMG. �� X3H2 ��
ISO DBL paper: Accomodating SQL3 and ODMG. ��
�� SQL3/OQL Merger.

SQL3 Timing

� �� SQL3 �� , ��
�� .

� �� SQL3 Foundation ��
�� (Committee
Draft - CD) �� 1996.
� � ��

� �� CD

� �� Draft ��
�� 1998

� �� 1999.

� ANSI �� .

23.12. �� 3 - ISO/ANSI SQL Call Level Interface

�� SQL/CLI �� interface ��
SQL ��. ��
shrink-wrapped ��. �� CLI ��
�� SQL Access Group (SAG). �� SAG/CLI
�� Microsoft Open DataBase
Connectivity (ODBC) �� 1992. �� 1993, �� SAG �� CLI ��
�� ANSI �� ISO SQL. (�� SQL Access ��
�� X/Open consortium.)

�� SQL/CLI �� :

� CLI �� , �� SQL

� Client-Server ��
��

� �� Client-server

SQL/CLI Timing

�� , �� SQL/CLI ��
�� .

� �� SQL/CLI �� 1992 SQL (SQL-92)

� �� ISO �� 1995

� ISO/IEC 9075-3:1995 Information technology -- Database languages --
SQL -- Part 3: Call-Level Interface (SQL/CLI)

� � �� SQL/CLI ��
�� SQL3

23.13. �� 4 - ISO/ANSI SQL Persistent Stored Modules

�� SQL/PSM �� SQL ��:

� ��/��

� Multi-statement �� Stored Procedures

� ��

�� , ��
SQL/PSM ��
�� SQL3.

Multi-statement �� Stored Procedures

�� Multi-statement �� stored procedures ��
�� client/server:

� ��- �� stored procedure ��
SQL ��, �� (client).

� �� - ��
�� stored procedure ��
��

� �� - � �� stored procedure
�� client
�� .

� �� - ��
�� .

��/��

� ��
�� SQL ��
�� .

��

� If-then-else

� Looping constructs

� Exception handling

� Case statement

� Begin-End blocks

��
��:

� ��

� �� Set ��

� ��

��, �� SQL ��
�� multi-statement.

��
��
�� , �� , ��
��
��
��.

� �� site � ��
��

� ��

�� (��
�� ) ��
��.
�� SQL/PSM

�� SQL/PSM �� :

� �� SQL/PSM �� SQL-92

� �� SQL/PSM �� Draft ��
�� 1996.

� � �� 1996 ��

� � �� PSM ��
30 �� 4 �� 1996

� ��
�� PSM �� 1996.

� � �� : ISO/IEC DIS 9075-4:199?
Information technology -- Database languages -- SQL -- Part 4: SQL
Persistent Stored Modules (SQL/PSM)

� �� SQL/PSM ��
�� SQL3.

23.14. �� 5 - �� - �� ISO/ANSI SQL/ ISO/ANSI
SQL/Bindings

�� , �� , ��
�� . �
��
SQL-92(�� (dynamic) �� (embedded)).

�� .

�� , ��
�� SQL-92. �� , ��
�� SQL ��
�� ..

�� , ��
�� SQL ��
�� SQL �� .

��
�� .

��
SQL3.

23.15. �� 6 - ISO/ANSI SQL XA Interface Specialization (SQL/XA)

�� interface
(API) �� (Transaction
Manager) �� (Resource Manager) SQL. ��
�� , ��
ISO/IEC 10026, "Distributed Transaction Processing", ��
�� SQL �� , �� commit
�� (two-phase commit) ��
�� X/Open, �� X/Open, ��
��
(semantics), �� : xa_close, xa_commit,
xa_complete, xa_end, xa_forget,xa_open, xa_prepare, xa_recover,
xa_rollback, �� xa_start.

� ISO �� X/Open XA. �
��
��. � �� XA �� ISO SC21, JTC �� 1, ��
�� 27 ��, 1995 �� 27 ��, 1995. �� 75
�� XA, �� 2/3 ��
p-�� JTC 1, �� . ��
�� , �� SQL/XA �� 1996.

23.16. Part 7 - ISO/ANSI SQL Temporal

� Temporal SQL �� . � ��
��
�� . � Temporal SQL �� paper ��
�� 1994 �� Rick Snodgrass ��
��.

� X3 �� , ISO/IEC 9075 �� 7�: �
SQL/Temporal �� SQL/Temporal.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Temporal SQL
************
Rick Snodgrass (�� TSQL2)
31-��-1994

�� SQL3
(�� DBL RIO-75, ��
�� SQL �� (temporal) ��). � ��
�� (abstract data
types -ADT's) �� . ��
��, ��, ��, �� ,
��
�� . ��, ��
��, �� SQL, ��
�� SQL �� (procedural) ��. ��
�� TSQL2, ��
SQL-92.

23.16.1. ��

� �� (Valid-time) ��
�� (ADT). �� , ��
�� , �� DATE �� INTERVAL
(�� ). �� , ��
�� , ��
�� . � �� (timestamp)
�� (valid-time
table) ��
��
��. � ��
�� .

23.16.2. �� - �� /��

��
�� , ��
��, �� , �� . ��
�� .

Employee(Name, Salary, Title)

�� , � ��
��.

SELECT Salary
FROM Employee
WHERE Name = 'Bob'

��
��. �� , �� , ��
�� .

Employee(Name, Salary, Title, DateofBirth DATE)

� ��
�� .

SELECT DateofBirth
FROM Employee
WHERE Name = 'Bob'

23.16.3. �� - ��

��
�� . �� , ��
��, ��
��, �� .

Employee (Name, Salary, Title, DateofBirth, Start DATE, Stop DATE)

�� , ��
DateofBirth. �� , � ��
��.

23.16.4. �� - �� (PROJECTION)

�� , ��
�� .

SELECT Salary
FROM Employee
WHERE Name = 'Bob' �� Start <= CURRENT_DATE �� CURRENT_DATE <= Stop

�� . � ��
�� . ��
�� . ��, ��
�� , �� .
��, �� SQL. ��
�� .

Name Salary Title DateofBirth Start Stop
---- ------ ----- ----------- ----- ----
Bob 60000 Assistant Provost 1945-04-09 1993-01-01 1993-05-30
Bob 70000 Assistant Provost 1945-04-09 1993-06-01 1993-09-30
Bob 70000 Provost 1945-04-09 1993-10-01 1994-01-31
Bob 70000 Professor 1945-04-09 1994-02-01 1994-12-31

�� 1

�� Bob ��
�� $70,000. ��
�� Bob.

Name Salary Start Stop
---- ------ ----- ----
Bob 60000 1993-01-01 1993-05-30
Bob 70000 1993-06-01 1994-12-31

��
�� , ��
�� . � ��
��. �� , �� SQL
��.

CREATE TABLE Temp(Salary, Start, Stop)
AS SELECT Salary, Start, Stop
FROM Employee;

��

UPDATE Temp T1
SET (T1.Stop) = (SELECT MAX(T2.Stop)
FROM Temp AS T2
WHERE T1.Salary = T2.Salary �� T1.Start < T2.Start
�� T1.Stop >= T2.Start �� T1.Stop < T2.Stop)
WHERE EXISTS (SELECT *
FROM Temp AS T2
WHERE T1.Salary = T2.Salary �� T1.Start < T2.Start
�� T1.Stop >= T2.Start �� T1.Stop < T2.Stop)
�� ;

DELETE FROM Temp T1

WHERE EXISTS (SELECT *
FROM Temp AS T2
WHERE T1.Salary = T2.Salary
�� ((T1.Start > T2.Start �� T1.Stop <= T2.Stop)
OR (T1.Start >= T2.Start �� T1.Stop < T2.Stop))

� ��
�� . � �� N
�� , �� N ��
�� . �
��
�� .

�� SQL ��
�� (cursor) �� . ��
�� , �� . �
�� .

DECLARE emp_cursor CURSOR FOR
SELECT Salary, Title, Start, Stop
FROM Employee;
OPEN emp_cursor;
loop:
FETCH emp_cursor INTO :salary, :start, :stop;
if no-data returned then goto finished;
find position in linked list to insert this information;
goto loop;
finished:
CLOSE emp_cursor;

��

� ��
�� ORDER BY Start.

�� , � ��, �� , ��
�� SQL-92. � ��
�� TSQL2.

SELECT Salary
FROM Employee

23.16.5. �� - �� (JOIN)

��
��
�� , ��
(��, �� , �� ).

Employee1 (Name, Salary, Start DATE, Stop DATE)
Employee2 (Name, Title, Start DATE, Stop DATE)

� �� Employee1 �� .

Name Salary Start Stop
---- ------ ----- ----
Bob 60000 1993-01-01 1993-05-30
Bob 70000 1993-06-01 1993-12-31

�� Employee2 �� .

Name Title Start Stop
---- ------ ----- ----
Bob Assistant Provost 1993-01-01 1993-09-30
Bob Provost 1993-10-01 1994-01-31
Bob Professor 1994-02-01 1994-12-31

�� , � ��
�� .

SELECT Salary, Start, Stop
FROM Employee1
WHERE Name = 'Bob'

�� ,
�� (��, �� .�. ��
�� 1); ��
��
��. �� , ��
SQL. ��, � ��
�� Employee1 �� Employee2.
�� .

SELECT Employee1.Name, Salary, Dept, Employee1.Start, Employee1.Stop
FROM Employee1, Employee2
WHERE Employee1.Name = Employee2.Name
and Employee2.Start <= Employee1.Start and Employee1.Stop < Employee2.Stop
UNION
SELECT Employee1.Name, Salary, Dept, Employee1.Start, Employee2.Stop
FROM Employee1, Employee2
WHERE Employee1.Name = Employee2.Name
and Employee1.Start >= Employee2.Start and Employee2.Stop < Employee1.Stop
�� Employee1.Start < Employee2.Stop
UNION
SELECT Employee1.Name, Salary, Dept, Employee2.Start, Employee1.Stop
FROM Employee1, Employee2
WHERE Employee1.Name = Employee2.Name
and Employee2.Start > Employee1.Start and Employee1.Stop < Employee2.Stop
and Employee2.Start < Employee1.Stop
UNION
SELECT Employee1.Name, Salary, Dept, Employee2.Start, Employee2.Stop
FROM Employee1, Employee2
WHERE Employee1.Name = Employee2.Name
and Employee2.Start > Employee1.Start and Employee2.Stop < Employee1.Stop

��
�� . �� TSQL2, ��
(temporal join) �� .

SELECT Employee1.Name, Salary, Dept
FROM Employee1, Employee2
WHERE Employee1.Name = Employee2.Name

23.16.6. �� - �� (AGGREGATES)

�� .�. ��, �� ; ��
�� , �� .

SELECT MAX(Salary)
FROM Employee

�� , ��
�� . �� ,
�� SQL �� . � ��
�� , ��
�� . ��, ��
��
�� , �� . � ��
��
��.

SELECT Salary
FROM Employee AS E1
WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT *
FROM Employee AS E2
WHERE E2.Salary > E1.Salary)

� ��
��. �� .

CREATE TABLE Temp (Salary, Start, Stop)
AS SELECT Salary, Start, Stop
FROM Employee;
INSERT INTO Temp
SELECT T.Salary, T.Start, E.Start
FROM Temp AS T, Employee AS E
WHERE E.Start >= T.Start and E.Start < T.Stop and E.Salary > T.Salary;

INSERT INTO Temp
SELECT T.Salary, T.Stop, E.Stop
FROM Temp AS T, Employee AS E
WHERE E.Stop > T.Start and E.Stop <= T.Stop and E.Salary > T.Salary;
DELETE FROM Temp T
WHERE EXISTS (SELECT *
FROM Employee AS E
WHERE ((T.Start => E.Start and T.Start < E.Stop)
OR (E.Start >= T.Start and E.Start < T.Stop))
�� E.Salary > T.Salary;

�� . ��
��
�� . ��
��
�� -�� (subquery), �� NOT EXISTS.
��, �� ,
�� . ��
�� , �� SQL ��
�� , ��
�� (nested) ��
�� .

�� , �� SQL ��
��, ��
�� .

� �� TSQL2 �� .

SELECT MAX(Salary)
FROM Employee

23.16.7. ��

��
�� . �
�� -�� SQL. ��
�� SQL,
� �� SQL �� / ��
(procedural), �� -��
�� SQL.

�� , �� -��
�� DBMS, ��
�� , �� , ��
��
�� .

�� SQL3 ��
��, �� ,
�� SQL3 �� .

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
�� * X3, ��
��

��. ��: PR/96-0002

�� : Barbara Bennett �� [email protected]

� X3 �� , ISO/IEC

9075 �� 7: SQL/Temporal

Washington D.C., �� 1996
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

-- �� X3, ��
�� SQL
(SQL/Temporal), ISO/IEC 9075 �� 7. � ��
�� SQL3, �.�.,
�� 7, �� SQL, �� SQL ��
�� , ��
�� SQL �� . � �� X3H2
�� 11-14 �� 1996 �� .

��

Chairman of X3H2,
Dr. Donald R. Deutsch,
Sybase, Inc., Suite 800,
6550 Rock Spring
Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817.
Email: [email protected].

�� (��
��, �� ) (copyrights, trademarks) ��
�� . ��

X3 Secretariat at
1250 Eye Street
NW, Suite 200,
Washington DC 20005.
Email: [email protected]
FAX: (202)638-4922.

23.17. �� 8 - ISO/ANSI �� SQL (SQL MULTIMEDIA - SQL/MM)

�� ISO/IEC ��
�� SQL (SQL class library) ��
�� 1993. ��
��, �� SQL Multimedia (SQL/MM), ��
�� SQL (abstract data type- ADT)
�� ADT ��
�� SQL3. ��
SQL/MM ��
�� , �� full-text �� , ��
�� , ��,
animation, ��, �� . �� SQL language
binding �� JTC1 ��
(�.�. SC18 �� , SC24 �� , �� SC29 ��
�� ).

�� SQL/MM ��
��
��. �� 1 �� (Framework) ��
�� . ��
�� , �� SQL
��. � �� SQL/MM ��
�� 1994:

� �� 1: ��. �� .

� �� 2: �� ADTs ��
��. �� 45 ��.

� �� 3: �� ADTs �� .
�� 200 ��
��, �� 3 ��.

� �� 4: �� ADTs �� .
��
��, ��, ��, ��. �� 90
��.

��
�� :

� ANSI X3L1 - Geographic Information Systems. Mark Ashworth of
Unisys is the liason between X3L1 �� ANSI X3H2. He is also the
editor for parts 1, 3, �� 4 of the SQL/MM draft.

� ISO TC 211 - Geographic information/Geomatics

24. �� PostgreSQL

��
�� e-mail ��:

� [email protected]

�� e-mail �� .
�� internet �� , ��
�� , �� internet ��
�� .
� �� Email ��
�� cut �� paste ��
��, �� . ��
�� /newsgroup.

�� , � �� PostgreSQL ��
�� /�� , ��
�� mirror sites (web �� ftp) ��
�� . ��
��, ��, �� .

��
Anderson, WGS (Work Group Solutions). ��
�� -

� Work Group Solutions <http://www.wgs.com>

� Anderson Consulting <http://www.ac.com>

25. ��

�� , �� :
��, ��, ��, ��, ��
��, �� , ��
��, �� marketing �� . ��
�� . ��
�� , �� ,
�� R&D.

�� , ��, �� /��
�� Unix, ��
��. �� .

� PostgreSQL ��
�� internet. ��
�� PostgreSQL. ��
��, �� , ��
�� 10 $ (��
�� PostgreSQL) ��
��!! �� internet.

�� , � �� PostgreSQL �� 2,00,000
�� "C", "C++". �� "C"
�� $ 2 �� PostgreSQL �� $
4,00,000 (�� !).

�� "C",
"C++". ��, �� PostgreSQL ��
�� internet ��
�� .

26. ��

�� SQL �� Unix, Linux.

� �� Applications->databases.
<http://www.caldera.com/tech-ref/linuxapps/linapps.html>

� �� Applications->databases.
<http://www.xnet.com/~blatura/linapps.shtml>

� �� <http://linas.org/linux/db.html>
�� Linas Vepstas: [email protected]

� ��
<http://cuiwww.unige.ch:80/~scg/FreeDB/FreeDB.list.html>

� �� RDBMS �� Browne <http://www.hex.net/~cbbrowne/rdbms.html>
�� Christopher B. Browne [email protected]

� �� DBMS �� SAL <http://SAL.KachinaTech.COM/H/1/>

� �� DBMS �� SAL
<http://SAL.KachinaTech.COM/H/2/>

� �� SAL
<http://SAL.KachinaTech.COM/H/3/>

� ACM SIGMOD. ��
�� <http://bunny.cs.uiuc.edu/sigmod/databaseSoftware/>

27. �� Internet World Wide Web

�� Internet �� , ��
�� . ��
�� 300% �� . ��
10 �� Web sites �� !

��
�� "Yahoo", "Netscape", "Lycos" ��. �� Yahoo ��
�� search. ��
�� . � default ��
�� "�� " ("Intelligent search") ��
�� . �� "��"
("Options") �� "�� "("EXACT
phrase"), �� "AND", �� "OR", ��. ��
�� .

28. ��

��
�� , ��
PostgreSQL �� , ��
�� , �� RDBMS SQL (��-��), ��
��.

� PostgreSQL ��
��, �� ODBC, JDBC ��
�� . ��
PostgreSQL �� ODBC, JDBC ��
�� , �� Oracle, Sybase �� Informix. ��, ��
�� Oracle, Sybase �� Informix �� ODBC,
JDBC �� PostgreSQL.

�� "�� PostgreSQL ;" � ��
��
�� , ��
�� -

��

� ��

� �� , � ��
��

� �� internet

� �� .

� �� SQL 3 (SQL 98)

� ��

�� 'PostgreSQL' ��
��
��.

29. �� PostgreSQL

�� FAQ �� General, Linux �� Irix
��

� <http://www.postgresql.org/docs/faq-english.shtml>

30. ��

�� (c) 1997 �� Al Dev (Alavoor Vasudevan). ��
�� .

�� . ��
��
(�� , �� , ��,
��, � ��/ �� , �� , ��
�� , �� , ��
��, � �� ) ��
�� .

� �� , ��, ��
��. �� , ��
��
��. ��
��
��. ��
�� /��/��
/��
�� .

AE. �� A - �� ANSI/ISO SQL 1992

�� (depth-first tree traversal) �� BNF �� , �� 27-��-1992 11:03:41.64.
� �� BNF �� : ANSI-only, SQL2-only.

<SQL terminal character> ::=
<SQL language character>
| <SQL embedded language character>

<SQL language character> ::=
<simple Latin letter>
| <digit>
| <SQL special character>

<simple Latin letter> ::=
<simple Latin upper case letter>
| <simple Latin lower case letter>

<simple Latin upper case letter> ::=
A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O
| P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z

<simple Latin lower case letter> ::=
a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | i | j | k | l | m | n | o
| p | q | r | s | t | u | v | w | x | y | z

<digit> ::=
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9

<SQL special character> ::=
<space>
| <double quote>
| <percent>
| <ampersand>
| <quote>
| <left paren>
| <right paren>
| <asterisk>
| <plus sign>
| <comma>
| <minus sign>
| <period>
| <solidus>
| <colon>
| <semicolon>
| <less than operator>
| <equals operator>
| <greater than operator>
| <question mark>
| <underscore>
| <vertical bar>

<space> ::= !! <EMPHASIS>(space character in character set in use)

<double quote> ::= "

<percent> ::= %

<ampersand> ::= &

<quote> ::= '

<left paren> ::= (

<right paren> ::= )

<asterisk> ::= *
<plus sign> ::= +

<comma> ::= ,

<minus sign> ::= -

<period> ::= .

<solidus> ::= /

<colon> ::= :

<semicolon> ::= ;

<less than operator> ::= <

<equals operator> ::= =

<greater than operator> ::= >

<question mark> ::= ?

<underscore> ::= _

<vertical bar> ::= |

<SQL embedded language character> ::=
<left bracket>
| <right bracket>

<left bracket> ::= [

<right bracket> ::= ]

<token> ::=
<nondelimiter token>
| <delimiter token>

<nondelimiter token> ::=
<regular identifier>
| <key word>
| <unsigned numeric literal>
| <national character string literal>
| <bit string literal>
| <hex string literal>

<regular identifier> ::= <identifier body>

<identifier body> ::=
<identifier start> [ ( <underscore> | <identifier part> )... ]

<identifier start> ::= <EMPHASIS>(!! See the Syntax Rules)

<identifier part> ::=
<identifier start>
| <digit>

<key word> ::=
<reserved word>
| <non-reserved word>

<reserved word> ::=
ABSOLUTE | ACTION | ADD | ALL
| ALLOCATE | ALTER | AND
| ANY | ARE
| AS | ASC
| ASSERTION | AT
| AUTHORIZATION | AVG
| BEGIN | BETWEEN | BIT | BIT_LENGTH
| BOTH | BY
| CASCADE | CASCADED | CASE | CAST
| CATALOG
| CHAR | CHARACTER | CHAR_LENGTH
| CHARACTER_LENGTH | CHECK | CLOSE | COALESCE
| COLLATE | COLLATION
| COLUMN | COMMIT
| CONNECT
| CONNECTION | CONSTRAINT
| CONSTRAINTS | CONTINUE
| CONVERT | CORRESPONDING | COUNT | CREATE | CROSS
| CURRENT
| CURRENT_DATE | CURRENT_TIME
| CURRENT_TIMESTAMP | CURRENT_USER | CURSOR
| DATE | DAY | DEALLOCATE | DEC
| DECIMAL | DECLARE | DEFAULT | DEFERRABLE
| DEFERRED | DELETE | DESC | DESCRIBE | DESCRIPTOR
| DIAGNOSTICS
| DISCONNECT | DISTINCT | DOMAIN | DOUBLE | DROP
| ELSE | END | END-EXEC | ESCAPE
| EXCEPT | EXCEPTION
| EXEC | EXECUTE | EXISTS
| EXTERNAL | EXTRACT
| FALSE | FETCH | FIRST | FLOAT | FOR
| FOREIGN | FOUND | FROM | FULL
| GET | GLOBAL | GO | GOTO
| GRANT | GROUP
| HAVING | HOUR
| IDENTITY | IMMEDIATE | IN | INDICATOR
| INITIALLY | INNER | INPUT
| INSENSITIVE | INSERT | INT | INTEGER | INTERSECT
| INTERVAL | INTO | IS
| ISOLATION
| JOIN
| KEY
| LANGUAGE | LAST | LEADING | LEFT
| LEVEL | LIKE | LOCAL | LOWER
| MATCH | MAX | MIN | MINUTE | MODULE
| MONTH
| NAMES | NATIONAL | NATURAL | NCHAR | NEXT | NO
| NOT | NULL
| NULLIF | NUMERIC
| OCTET_LENGTH | OF
| ON | ONLY | OPEN | OPTION | OR
| ORDER | OUTER
| OUTPUT | OVERLAPS
| PAD | PARTIAL | POSITION | PRECISION | PREPARE
| PRESERVE | PRIMARY
| PRIOR | PRIVILEGES | PROCEDURE | PUBLIC
| READ | REAL | REFERENCES | RELATIVE | RESTRICT
| REVOKE | RIGHT
| ROLLBACK | ROWS
| SCHEMA | SCROLL | SECOND | SECTION
| SELECT
| SESSION | SESSION_USER | SET
| SIZE | SMALLINT | SOME | SPACE | SQL | SQLCODE
| SQLERROR | SQLSTATE
| SUBSTRING | SUM | SYSTEM_USER
| TABLE | TEMPORARY
| THEN | TIME | TIMESTAMP
| TIMEZONE_HOUR | TIMEZONE_MINUTE
| TO | TRAILING | TRANSACTION
| TRANSLATE | TRANSLATION | TRIM | TRUE
| UNION | UNIQUE | UNKNOWN | UPDATE | UPPER | USAGE
| USER | USING
| VALUE | VALUES | VARCHAR | VARYING | VIEW
| WHEN | WHENEVER | WHERE | WITH | WORK | WRITE
| YEAR
| ZONE

<non-reserved word> ::=

ADA
| C | CATALOG_NAME
| CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG | CHARACTER_SET_NAME
| CHARACTER_SET_SCHEMA | CLASS_ORIGIN | COBOL | COLLATION_CATALOG
| COLLATION_NAME | COLLATION_SCHEMA | COLUMN_NAME | COMMAND_FUNCTION
| COMMITTED
| CONDITION_NUMBER | CONNECTION_NAME | CONSTRAINT_CATALOG | CONSTRAINT_NAME
| CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA | CURSOR_NAME
| DATA | DATETIME_INTERVAL_CODE
| DATETIME_INTERVAL_PRECISION | DYNAMIC_FUNCTION
| FORTRAN
| LENGTH
| MESSAGE_LENGTH | MESSAGE_OCTET_LENGTH | MESSAGE_TEXT | MORE | MUMPS
| NAME | NULLABLE | NUMBER
| PASCAL | PLI
| REPEATABLE | RETURNED_LENGTH | RETURNED_OCTET_LENGTH | RETURNED_SQLSTATE
| ROW_COUNT
| SCALE | SCHEMA_NAME | SERIALIZABLE | SERVER_NAME | SUBCLASS_ORIGIN
| TABLE_NAME | TYPE
| UNCOMMITTED | UNNAMED

<unsigned numeric literal> ::=
<exact numeric literal>
| <approximate numeric literal>

<exact numeric literal> ::=
<unsigned integer> [ <period> [ <unsigned integer> ] ]
| <period> <unsigned integer>

<unsigned integer> ::= <digit>...

<approximate numeric literal> ::= <mantissa> E <exponent>

<mantissa> ::= <exact numeric literal>

<exponent> ::= <signed integer>

<signed integer> ::= [ <sign> ] <unsigned integer>

<sign> ::= <plus sign> | <minus sign>

<national character string literal> ::=
N <quote> [ <character representation>... ] <quote>
[ ( <separator>... <quote> [ <character representation>... ] <quote> )... ]

<character representation> ::=
<nonquote character>
| <quote symbol>

<nonquote character> ::= !! <EMPHASIS>(See the Syntax Rules.)

<quote symbol> ::= <quote><quote>

<separator> ::= ( <comment> | <space> | <newline> )...

<comment> ::=
<comment introducer> [ <comment character>... ] <newline>
<comment introducer> ::= <minus sign><minus sign>[<minus sign>...]

<comment character> ::=
<nonquote character>
| <quote>

<newline> ::= !! <EMPHASIS>(implementation-defined end-of-line indicator)

<bit string literal> ::=
B <quote> [ <bit>... ] <quote>
[ ( <separator>... <quote> [ <bit>... ] <quote> )... ]

<bit> ::= 0 | 1

<hex string literal> ::=
X <quote> [ <hexit>... ] <quote>
[ ( <separator>... <quote> [ <hexit>... ] <quote> )... ]

<hexit> ::= <digit> | A | B | C | D | E | F | a | b | c | d | e | f

<delimiter token> ::=
<character string literal>
| <date string>
| <time string>
| <timestamp string>
| <interval string>
| <delimited identifier>
| <SQL special character>
| <not equals operator>
| <greater than or equals operator>
| <less than or equals operator>
| <concatenation operator>
| <double period>
| <left bracket>
| <right bracket>

<character string literal> ::=
[ <introducer><character set specification> ]
<quote> [ <character representation>... ] <quote>
[ ( <separator>... <quote> [ <character representation>... ] <quote> )... ]

<introducer> ::= <underscore>

<character set specification> ::=
<standard character repertoire name>
| <implementation-defined character repertoire name>
| <user-defined character repertoire name>
| <standard universal character form-of-use name>
| <implementation-defined universal character form-of-use name>

<standard character repertoire name> ::= <character set name>

<character set name> ::= [ <schema name> <period> ]
<SQL language identifier>

<schema name> ::=
[ <catalog name> <period> ] <unqualified schema name>

<catalog name> ::= <identifier>

<identifier> ::=
[ <introducer><character set specification> ] <actual identifier>

<actual identifier> ::=
<regular identifier>
| <delimited identifier>
<delimited identifier> ::=
<double quote> <delimited identifier body> <double quote>

<delimited identifier body> ::= <delimited identifier part>...

<delimited identifier part> ::=
<nondoublequote character>
| <doublequote symbol>

<nondoublequote character> ::= <EMPHASIS>(!! See the Syntax Rules)

<doublequote symbol> ::= <double quote><double quote>

<unqualified schema name> ::= <identifier>

<SQL language identifier> ::=
<SQL language identifier start>
[ ( <underscore> | <SQL language identifier part> )... ]

<SQL language identifier start> ::= <simple Latin letter>

<SQL language identifier part> ::=
<simple Latin letter>
| <digit>

<implementation-defined character repertoire name> ::=
<character set name>

<user-defined character repertoire name> ::= <character set name>

<standard universal character form-of-use name> ::=
<character set name>

<implementation-defined universal character form-of-use name> ::=
<character set name>

<date string> ::=
<quote> <date value> <quote>

<date value> ::=
<years value> <minus sign> <months value>
<minus sign> <days value>

<years value> ::= <datetime value>

<datetime value> ::= <unsigned integer>

<months value> ::= <datetime value>

<days value> ::= <datetime value>

<time string> ::=
<quote> <time value> [ <time zone interval> ] <quote>

<time value> ::=
<hours value> <colon> <minutes value> <colon> <seconds value>

<hours value> ::= <datetime value>

<minutes value> ::= <datetime value>

<seconds value> ::=
<seconds integer value> [ <period> [ <seconds fraction> ] ]

<seconds integer value> ::= <unsigned integer>

<seconds fraction> ::= <unsigned integer>

<time zone interval> ::=
<sign> <hours value> <colon> <minutes value>

<timestamp string> ::=
<quote> <date value> <space> <time value>
[ <time zone interval> ] <quote>

<interval string> ::=
<quote> ( <year-month literal> | <day-time literal> ) <quote>

<year-month literal> ::=
<years value>
| [ <years value> <minus sign> ] <months value>

<day-time literal> ::=
<day-time interval>
| <time interval>

<day-time interval> ::=
<days value>
[ <space> <hours value> [ <colon> <minutes value>
[ <colon> <seconds value> ] ] ]

<time interval> ::=
<hours value> [ <colon> <minutes value> [ <colon> <seconds value> ] ]
| <minutes value> [ <colon> <seconds value> ]
| <seconds value>

<not equals operator> ::= <>

<greater than or equals operator> ::= >=

<less than or equals operator> ::= <=

<concatenation operator> ::= ||

<double period> ::= ..

<module> ::=
<module name clause>
<language clause>
<module authorization clause>
[ <temporary table declaration>... ]
<module contents>...

<module name clause> ::=
MODULE [ <module name> ]
[ <module character set specification> ]

<module name> ::= <identifier>

<module character set specification> ::=
NAMES ARE <character set specification>

<language clause> ::=
LANGUAGE <language name>

<language name> ::=
ADA | C | COBOL | FORTRAN | MUMPS | PASCAL | PLI

<module authorization clause> ::=
SCHEMA <schema name>
| AUTHORIZATION <module authorization identifier>
| SCHEMA <schema name>
AUTHORIZATION <module authorization identifier>

<module authorization identifier> ::=
<authorization identifier>

<authorization identifier> ::= <identifier>

<temporary table declaration> ::=
DECLARE LOCAL TEMPORARY TABLE
<qualified local table name>
<table element list>
[ ON COMMIT ( PRESERVE | DELETE ) ROWS ]

<qualified local table name> ::=
MODULE <period> <local table name>

<local table name> ::= <qualified identifier>

<qualified identifier> ::= <identifier>

<table element list> ::=
<left paren> <table element> [ ( <comma> <table element> )... ] <right paren>

<table element> ::=
<column definition>
| <table constraint definition>

<column definition> ::=
<column name> ( <data type> | <domain name> )
[ <default clause> ]
[ <column constraint definition>... ]
[ <collate clause> ]

<column name> ::= <identifier>

<data type> ::=
<character string type>
[ CHARACTER SET <character set specification> ]
| <national character string type>
| <bit string type>
| <numeric type>
| <datetime type>
| <interval type>

<character string type> ::=
CHARACTER [ <left paren> <length> <right paren> ]
| CHAR [ <left paren> <length> <right paren> ]
| CHARACTER VARYING <left paren> <length> <right paren>
| CHAR VARYING <left paren> <length> <right paren>
| VARCHAR <left paren> <length> <right paren>

<length> ::= <unsigned integer>

<national character string type> ::=
NATIONAL CHARACTER [ <left paren> <length> <right paren> ]
| NATIONAL CHAR [ <left paren> <length> <right paren> ]
| NCHAR [ <left paren> <length> <right paren> ]
| NATIONAL CHARACTER VARYING <left paren> <length> <right paren>
| NATIONAL CHAR VARYING <left paren> <length> <right paren>
| NCHAR VARYING <left paren> <length> <right paren>

<bit string type> ::=
BIT [ <left paren> <length> <right paren> ]
| BIT VARYING <left paren> <length> <right paren>

<numeric type> ::=
<exact numeric type>
| <approximate numeric type>

<exact numeric type> ::=
NUMERIC [ <left paren> <precision> [ <comma> <scale> ] <right paren> ]
| DECIMAL [ <left paren> <precision> [ <comma> <scale> ] <right paren> ]
| DEC [ <left paren> <precision> [ <comma> <scale> ] <right paren> ]
| INTEGER
| INT
| SMALLINT

<precision> ::= <unsigned integer>

<scale> ::= <unsigned integer>

<approximate numeric type> ::=
FLOAT [ <left paren> <precision> <right paren> ]
| REAL
| DOUBLE PRECISION

<datetime type> ::=
DATE
| TIME [ <left paren> <time precision> <right paren> ]
[ WITH TIME ZONE ]
| TIMESTAMP [ <left paren> <timestamp precision> <right paren> ]
[ WITH TIME ZONE ]

<time precision> ::= <time fractional seconds precision>

<time fractional seconds precision> ::= <unsigned integer>

<timestamp precision> ::= <time fractional seconds precision>

<interval type> ::= INTERVAL <interval qualifier>

<interval qualifier> ::=
<start field> TO <end field>
| <single datetime field>

<start field> ::=
<non-second datetime field>
[ <left paren> <interval leading field precision> <right paren> ]

<non-second datetime field> ::= YEAR | MONTH | DAY | HOUR
| MINUTE

<interval leading field precision> ::= <unsigned integer>

<end field> ::=
<non-second datetime field>
| SECOND [ <left paren> <interval fractional seconds precision> <right paren> ]

<interval fractional seconds precision> ::= <unsigned integer>

<single datetime field> ::=
<non-second datetime field>
[ <left paren> <interval leading field precision> <right paren> ]
| SECOND [ <left paren> <interval leading field precision>
[ <comma> <interval fractional seconds precision> ] <right paren> ]

<domain name> ::= <qualified name>

<qualified name> ::=
[ <schema name> <period> ] <qualified identifier>

<default clause> ::=
DEFAULT <default option>

<default option> ::=
<literal>
| <datetime value function>
| USER
| CURRENT_USER
| SESSION_USER
| SYSTEM_USER
| NULL

<literal> ::=
<signed numeric literal>
| <general literal>

<signed numeric literal> ::=
[ <sign> ] <unsigned numeric literal>

<general literal> ::=
<character string literal>
| <national character string literal>
| <bit string literal>
| <hex string literal>
| <datetime literal>
| <interval literal>

<datetime literal> ::=
<date literal>
| <time literal>
| <timestamp literal>

<date literal> ::=
DATE <date string>

<time literal> ::=
TIME <time string>

<timestamp literal> ::=
TIMESTAMP <timestamp string>

<interval literal> ::=
INTERVAL [ <sign> ] <interval string> <interval qualifier>

<datetime value function> ::=
<current date value function>
| <current time value function>
| <current timestamp value function>

<current date value function> ::= CURRENT_DATE

<current time value function> ::=
CURRENT_TIME [ <left paren> <time precision> <right paren> ]

<current timestamp value function> ::=
CURRENT_TIMESTAMP [ <left paren> <timestamp precision> <right paren> ]

<column constraint definition> ::=
[ <constraint name definition> ]
<column constraint>
[ <constraint attributes> ]

<constraint name definition> ::= CONSTRAINT <constraint name>

<constraint name> ::= <qualified name>

<column constraint> ::=
NOT NULL
| <unique specification>
| <references specification>
| <check constraint definition>

<unique specification> ::=
UNIQUE | PRIMARY KEY

<references specification> ::=
REFERENCES <referenced table and columns>
[ MATCH <match type> ]
[ <referential triggered action> ]

<referenced table and columns> ::=
<table name> [ <left paren> <reference column list> <right paren> ]

<table name> ::=
<qualified name>
| <qualified local table name>

<reference column list> ::= <column name list>

<column name list> ::=
<column name> [ ( <comma> <column name> )... ]

<match type> ::=
FULL
| PARTIAL

<referential triggered action> ::=
<update rule> [ <delete rule> ]
| <delete rule> [ <update rule> ]

<update rule> ::= ON UPDATE <referential action>

<referential action> ::=
CASCADE
| SET NULL
| SET DEFAULT
| NO ACTION

<delete rule> ::= ON DELETE <referential action>

<check constraint definition> ::=
CHECK
<left paren> <search condition> <right paren>

<search condition> ::=
<boolean term>
| <search condition> OR <boolean term>

<boolean term> ::=
<boolean factor>
| <boolean term> AND <boolean factor>

<boolean factor> ::=
[ NOT ] <boolean test>

<boolean test> ::=
<boolean primary> [ IS [ NOT ]
<truth value> ]

<boolean primary> ::=
<predicate>
| <left paren> <search condition> <right paren>

<predicate> ::=
<comparison predicate>
| <between predicate>
| <in predicate>
| <like predicate>
| <null predicate>
| <quantified comparison predicate>
| <exists predicate>
| <unique predicate>
| <match predicate>
| <overlaps predicate>

<comparison predicate> ::=
<row value constructor> <comp op>
<row value constructor>

<row value constructor> ::=
<row value constructor element>
| <left paren> <row value constructor list> <right paren>
| <row subquery>

<row value constructor element> ::=
<value expression>
| <null specification>
| <default specification>

<value expression> ::=
<numeric value expression>
| <string value expression>
| <datetime value expression>
| <interval value expression>

<numeric value expression> ::=
<term>
| <numeric value expression> <plus sign> <term>
| <numeric value expression> <minus sign> <term>

<term> ::=
<factor>
| <term> <asterisk> <factor>
| <term> <solidus> <factor>

<factor> ::=
[ <sign> ] <numeric primary>

<numeric primary> ::=
<value expression primary>
| <numeric value function>

<value expression primary> ::=
<unsigned value specification>
| <column reference>
| <set function specification>
| <scalar subquery>
| <case expression>
| <left paren> <value expression> <right paren>
| <cast specification>

<unsigned value specification> ::=
<unsigned literal>
| <general value specification>

<unsigned literal> ::=
<unsigned numeric literal>
| <general literal>

<general value specification> ::=
<parameter specification>
| <dynamic parameter specification>
| <variable specification>
| USER
| CURRENT_USER
| SESSION_USER
| SYSTEM_USER
| VALUE

<parameter specification> ::=
<parameter name> [ <indicator parameter> ]

<parameter name> ::= <colon> <identifier>

<indicator parameter> ::=
[ INDICATOR ] <parameter name>

<dynamic parameter specification> ::= <question mark>

<variable specification> ::=
<embedded variable name> [ <indicator variable> ]

<embedded variable name> ::=
<colon><host identifier>

<host identifier> ::=
<Ada host identifier>
| <C host identifier>
| <COBOL host identifier>
| <Fortran host identifier>
| <MUMPS host identifier>
| <Pascal host identifier>
| <PL/I host identifier>

<Ada host identifier> ::= !! <EMPHASIS>(See the Syntax Rules.)

<C host identifier> ::=
!! <EMPHASIS>(See the Syntax Rules.)

<COBOL host identifier> ::= !! <EMPHASIS>(See the Syntax Rules.)

<Fortran host identifier> ::= !! <EMPHASIS>(See the Syntax Rules.)

<MUMPS host identifier> ::= !! <EMPHASIS>(See the Syntax Rules.)

<Pascal host identifier> ::= !! <EMPHASIS>(See the Syntax Rules.)

<PL/I host identifier> ::= !! <EMPHASIS>(See the Syntax Rules.)

<indicator variable> ::=
[ INDICATOR ] <embedded variable name>

<column reference> ::= [ <qualifier> <period> ] <column name>

<qualifier> ::=
<table name>
| <correlation name>

<correlation name> ::= <identifier>

<set function specification> ::=
COUNT <left paren> <asterisk> <right paren>
| <general set function>

<general set function> ::=
<set function type>
<left paren> [ <set quantifier> ] <value expression> <right paren>

<set function type> ::=
AVG | MAX | MIN | SUM | COUNT

<set quantifier> ::= DISTINCT | ALL

<scalar subquery> ::= <subquery>

<subquery> ::= <left paren> <query expression> <right paren>

<query expression> ::=
<non-join query expression>
| <joined table>

<non-join query expression> ::=
<non-join query term>
| <query expression> UNION [ ALL ]
[ <corresponding spec> ] <query term>
| <query expression> EXCEPT [ ALL ]
[ <corresponding spec> ] <query term>

<non-join query term> ::=
<non-join query primary>
| <query term> INTERSECT [ ALL ]
[ <corresponding spec> ] <query primary>

<non-join query primary> ::=
<simple table>
| <left paren> <non-join query expression> <right paren>

<simple table> ::=
<query specification>
| <table value constructor>
| <explicit table>

<query specification> ::=
SELECT [ <set quantifier> ] <select list> <table expression>

<select list> ::=
<asterisk>
| <select sublist> [ ( <comma> <select sublist> )... ]

<select sublist> ::=
<derived column>
| <qualifier> <period> <asterisk>

<derived column> ::= <value expression> [ <as clause> ]

<as clause> ::= [ AS ] <column name>

<table expression> ::=
<from clause>
[ <where clause> ]
[ <group by clause> ]
[ <having clause> ]

<from clause> ::= FROM <table reference>
[ ( <comma> <table reference> )... ]

<table reference> ::=
<table name> [ [ AS ] <correlation name>
[ <left paren> <derived column list> <right paren> ] ]
| <derived table> [ AS ] <correlation name>
[ <left paren> <derived column list> <right paren> ]
| <joined table>

<derived column list> ::= <column name list>

<derived table> ::= <table subquery>

<table subquery> ::= <subquery>

<joined table> ::=
<cross join>
| <qualified join>
| <left paren> <joined table> <right paren>

<cross join> ::=
<table reference> CROSS JOIN <table reference>

<qualified join> ::=
<table reference> [ NATURAL ] [ <join type> ] JOIN
<table reference> [ <join specification> ]

<join type> ::=
INNER
| <outer join type> [ OUTER ]
| UNION

<outer join type> ::=
LEFT
| RIGHT
| FULL

<join specification> ::=
<join condition>
| <named columns join>

<join condition> ::= ON <search condition>

<named columns join> ::=
USING <left paren> <join column list> <right paren>

<join column list> ::= <column name list>

<where clause> ::= WHERE <search condition>

<group by clause> ::=
GROUP BY <grouping column reference list>

<grouping column reference list> ::=
<grouping column reference>
[ ( <comma> <grouping column reference> )... ]

<grouping column reference> ::=
<column reference> [ <collate clause> ]

<collate clause> ::= COLLATE <collation name>

<collation name> ::= <qualified name>

<having clause> ::= HAVING <search condition>

<table value constructor> ::=
VALUES <table value constructor list>

<table value constructor list> ::=
<row value constructor> [ ( <comma> <row value constructor> )... ]

<explicit table> ::= TABLE <table name>
<query term> ::=
<non-join query term>
| <joined table>

<corresponding spec> ::=
CORRESPONDING [ BY <left paren> <corresponding column list> <right paren> ]

<corresponding column list> ::= <column name list>

<query primary> ::=
<non-join query primary>
| <joined table>

<case expression> ::=
<case abbreviation>
| <case specification>

<case abbreviation> ::=
NULLIF <left paren> <value expression> <comma>
<value expression> <right paren>
| COALESCE <left paren> <value expression>
( <comma> <value expression> )... <right paren>

<case specification> ::=
<simple case>
| <searched case>

<simple case> ::=
CASE <case operand>
<simple when clause>...
[ <else clause> ]
END

<case operand> ::= <value expression>

<simple when clause> ::= WHEN <when operand> THEN <result>

<when operand> ::= <value expression>

<result> ::= <result expression> | NULL

<result expression> ::= <value expression>

<else clause> ::= ELSE <result>

<searched case> ::=
CASE
<searched when clause>...
[ <else clause> ]
END

<searched when clause> ::= WHEN <search condition> THEN <result>

<cast specification> ::=
CAST <left paren> <cast operand> AS
<cast target> <right paren>

<cast operand> ::=
<value expression>
| NULL

<cast target> ::=
<domain name>
| <data type>

<numeric value function> ::=
<position expression>
| <extract expression>
| <length expression>

<position expression> ::=
POSITION <left paren> <character value expression>
IN <character value expression> <right paren>

<character value expression> ::=
<concatenation>
| <character factor>

<concatenation> ::=
<character value expression> <concatenation operator>
<character factor>

<character factor> ::=
<character primary> [ <collate clause> ]

<character primary> ::=
<value expression primary>
| <string value function>

<string value function> ::=
<character value function>
| <bit value function>

<character value function> ::=
<character substring function>
| <fold>
| <form-of-use conversion>
| <character translation>
| <trim function>

<character substring function> ::=
SUBSTRING <left paren> <character value expression> FROM <start position>
[ FOR <string length> ] <right paren>

<start position> ::= <numeric value expression>

<string length> ::= <numeric value expression>

<fold> ::= ( UPPER | LOWER )
<left paren> <character value expression> <right paren>

<form-of-use conversion> ::=
CONVERT <left paren> <character value expression>
USING <form-of-use conversion name> <right paren>

<form-of-use conversion name> ::= <qualified name>

<character translation> ::=
TRANSLATE <left paren> <character value expression>
USING <translation name> <right paren>

<translation name> ::= <qualified name>

<trim function> ::=
TRIM <left paren> <trim operands> <right paren>

<trim operands> ::=
[ [ <trim specification> ] [ <trim character> ] FROM ] <trim source>

<trim specification> ::=
LEADING
| TRAILING
| BOTH

<trim character> ::= <character value expression>

<trim source> ::= <character value expression>

<bit value function> ::=
<bit substring function>

<bit substring function> ::=
SUBSTRING <left paren> <bit value expression> FROM <start position>
[ FOR <string length> ] <right paren>

<bit value expression> ::=
<bit concatenation>
| <bit factor>

<bit concatenation> ::=
<bit value expression> <concatenation operator> <bit factor>

<bit factor> ::= <bit primary>

<bit primary> ::=
<value expression primary>
| <string value function>

<extract expression> ::=
EXTRACT <left paren> <extract field>
FROM <extract source> <right paren>

<extract field> ::=
<datetime field>
| <time zone field>

<datetime field> ::=
<non-second datetime field>
| SECOND

<time zone field> ::=
TIMEZONE_HOUR
| TIMEZONE_MINUTE

<extract source> ::=
<datetime value expression>
| <interval value expression>

<datetime value expression> ::=
<datetime term>
| <interval value expression> <plus sign> <datetime term>
| <datetime value expression> <plus sign> <interval term>
| <datetime value expression> <minus sign> <interval term>

<interval term> ::=
<interval factor>
| <interval term 2> <asterisk> <factor>
| <interval term 2> <solidus> <factor>
| <term> <asterisk> <interval factor>

<interval factor> ::=
[ <sign> ] <interval primary>

<interval primary> ::=
<value expression primary> [ <interval qualifier> ]

<interval term 2> ::= <interval term>

<interval value expression> ::=
<interval term>
| <interval value expression 1> <plus sign> <interval term 1>
| <interval value expression 1> <minus sign> <interval term 1>
| <left paren> <datetime value expression> <minus sign>
<datetime term> <right paren> <interval qualifier>

<interval value expression 1> ::= <interval value expression>

<interval term 1> ::= <interval term>

<datetime term> ::=
<datetime factor>

<datetime factor> ::=
<datetime primary> [ <time zone> ]

<datetime primary> ::=
<value expression primary>
| <datetime value function>

<time zone> ::=
AT <time zone specifier>

<time zone specifier> ::=
LOCAL
| TIME ZONE <interval value expression>

<length expression> ::=
<char length expression>
| <octet length expression>
| <bit length expression>

<char length expression> ::=
( CHAR_LENGTH | CHARACTER_LENGTH )
<left paren> <string value expression> <right paren>

<string value expression> ::=
<character value expression>
| <bit value expression>

<octet length expression> ::=
OCTET_LENGTH <left paren> <string value expression> <right paren>

<bit length expression> ::=
BIT_LENGTH <left paren> <string value expression> <right paren>

<null specification> ::=
NULL

<default specification> ::=
DEFAULT

<row value constructor list> ::=
<row value constructor element>
[ ( <comma> <row value constructor element> )... ]

<row subquery> ::= <subquery>

<comp op> ::=
<equals operator>
| <not equals operator>
| <less than operator>
| <greater than operator>
| <less than or equals operator>
| <greater than or equals operator>
<between predicate> ::=
<row value constructor> [ NOT ] BETWEEN
<row value constructor> AND <row value constructor>

<in predicate> ::=
<row value constructor>
[ NOT ] IN <in predicate value>

<in predicate value> ::=
<table subquery>
| <left paren> <in value list> <right paren>

<in value list> ::=
<value expression> ( <comma> <value expression> )...

<like predicate> ::=
<match value> [ NOT ] LIKE <pattern>
[ ESCAPE <escape character> ]

<match value> ::= <character value expression>

<pattern> ::= <character value expression>

<escape character> ::= <character value expression>

<null predicate> ::= <row value constructor>
IS [ NOT ] NULL

<quantified comparison predicate> ::=
<row value constructor> <comp op> <quantifier> <table subquery>

<quantifier> ::= <all> | <some>

<all> ::= ALL

<some> ::= SOME | ANY

<exists predicate> ::= EXISTS <table subquery>

<unique predicate> ::= UNIQUE <table subquery>

<match predicate> ::=
<row value constructor> MATCH [ UNIQUE ]
[ PARTIAL | FULL ] <table subquery>

<overlaps predicate> ::=
<row value constructor 1> OVERLAPS <row value constructor 2>

<row value constructor 1> ::= <row value constructor>

<row value constructor 2> ::= <row value constructor>

<truth value> ::=
TRUE
| FALSE
| UNKNOWN

<constraint attributes> ::=
<constraint check time> [ [ NOT ] DEFERRABLE ]
| [ NOT ] DEFERRABLE [ <constraint check time> ]

<constraint check time> ::=
INITIALLY DEFERRED
| INITIALLY IMMEDIATE

<table constraint definition> ::=
[ <constraint name definition> ]
<table constraint> [ <constraint attributes> ]

<table constraint> ::=
<unique constraint definition>
| <referential constraint definition>
| <check constraint definition>

<unique constraint definition> ::=
<unique specification> even in SQL3)
<unique specification>
<left paren> <unique column list> <right paren>

<unique column list> ::= <column name list>

<referential constraint definition> ::=
FOREIGN KEY
<left paren> <referencing columns> <right paren>
<references specification>

<referencing columns> ::=
<reference column list>

<module contents> ::=
<declare cursor>
| <dynamic declare cursor>
| <procedure>

<declare cursor> ::=
DECLARE <cursor name> [ INSENSITIVE ] [ SCROLL ] CURSOR
FOR <cursor specification>

<cursor name> ::= <identifier>

<cursor specification> ::=
<query expression> [ <order by clause> ]
[ <updatability clause> ]

<order by clause> ::=
ORDER BY <sort specification list>

<sort specification list> ::=
<sort specification> [ ( <comma> <sort specification> )... ]

<sort specification> ::=
<sort key> [ <collate clause> ] [ <ordering specification> ]

<sort key> ::=
<column name>
| <unsigned integer>

<ordering specification> ::= ASC | DESC

<updatability clause> ::=
FOR
( READ ONLY |
UPDATE [ OF <column name list> ] )

<dynamic declare cursor> ::=
DECLARE <cursor name> [ INSENSITIVE ] [ SCROLL ] CURSOR
FOR <statement name>

<statement name> ::= <identifier>

<procedure> ::=
PROCEDURE <procedure name>
<parameter declaration list> <semicolon>
<SQL procedure statement> <semicolon>

<procedure name> ::= <identifier>

<parameter declaration list> ::=
<left paren> <parameter declaration>
[ ( <comma> <parameter declaration> )... ] <right paren>
| <parameter declaration>...

<parameter declaration> ::=
<parameter name> <data type>
| <status parameter>

<status parameter> ::=
SQLCODE | SQLSTATE

<SQL procedure statement> ::=
<SQL schema statement>
| <SQL data statement>
| <SQL transaction statement>
| <SQL connection statement>
| <SQL session statement>
| <SQL dynamic statement>
| <SQL diagnostics statement>

<SQL schema statement> ::=
<SQL schema definition statement>
| <SQL schema manipulation statement>

<SQL schema definition statement> ::=
<schema definition>
| <table definition>
| <view definition>
| <grant statement>
| <domain definition>
| <character set definition>
| <collation definition>
| <translation definition>
| <assertion definition>

<schema definition> ::=
CREATE SCHEMA <schema name clause>
[ <schema character set specification> ]
[ <schema element>... ]

<schema name clause> ::=
<schema name>
| AUTHORIZATION <schema authorization identifier>
| <schema name> AUTHORIZATION
<schema authorization identifier>

<schema authorization identifier> ::=
<authorization identifier>

<schema character set specification> ::=
DEFAULT CHARACTER
SET <character set specification>

<schema element> ::=
<domain definition>
| <table definition>
| <view definition>
| <grant statement>
| <assertion definition>
| <character set definition>
| <collation definition>
| <translation definition>

<domain definition> ::=
CREATE DOMAIN <domain name>
[ AS ] <data type>
[ <default clause> ]
[ <domain constraint>... ]
[ <collate clause> ]

<domain constraint> ::=
[ <constraint name definition> ]
<check constraint definition> [ <constraint attributes> ]

<table definition> ::=
CREATE [ ( GLOBAL | LOCAL ) TEMPORARY ] TABLE
<table name>
<table element list>
[ ON COMMIT ( DELETE | PRESERVE ) ROWS ]

<view definition> ::=
CREATE VIEW <table name> [ <left paren> <view column list>
<right paren> ]
AS <query expression>
[ WITH [ <levels clause> ] CHECK OPTION ]

<view column list> ::= <column name list>

<levels clause> ::=
CASCADED | LOCAL

<grant statement> ::=
GRANT <privileges> ON <object name>
TO <grantee> [ ( <comma> <grantee> )... ]
[ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

<privileges> ::=
ALL PRIVILEGES
| <action list>

<action list> ::= <action> [ ( <comma> <action> )... ]

<action> ::=
SELECT
| DELETE
| INSERT [ <left paren> <privilege column list> <right paren> ]
| UPDATE [ <left paren> <privilege column list> <right paren> ]
| REFERENCES [ <left paren> <privilege column list> <right paren> ]
| USAGE

<privilege column list> ::= <column name list>

<object name> ::=
[ TABLE ] <table name>
| DOMAIN <domain name>
| COLLATION <collation name>
| CHARACTER SET <character set name>
| TRANSLATION <translation name>

<grantee> ::=
PUBLIC
| <authorization identifier>

<assertion definition> ::=
CREATE ASSERTION <constraint name> <assertion check>
[ <constraint attributes> ]
<assertion check> ::=
CHECK
<left paren> <search condition> <right paren>

<character set definition> ::=
CREATE CHARACTER SET <character set name>
[ AS ]
<character set source>
[ <collate clause> | <limited collation definition> ]

<character set source> ::=
GET <existing character set name>

<existing character set name> ::=
<standard character repertoire name>
| <implementation-defined character repertoire name>
| <schema character set name>

<schema character set name> ::= <character set name>

<limited collation definition> ::=
COLLATION FROM <collation source>

<collation source> ::=
<collating sequence definition>
| <translation collation>

<collating sequence definition> ::=
<external collation>
| <schema collation name>
| DESC <left paren> <collation name> <right paren>
| DEFAULT

<external collation> ::=
EXTERNAL <left paren> <quote> <external collation name> <quote> <right paren>

<external collation name> ::=
<standard collation name>
| <implementation-defined collation name>

<standard collation name> ::= <collation name>

<implementation-defined collation name> ::= <collation name>

<schema collation name> ::= <collation name>

<translation collation> ::=
TRANSLATION <translation name>
[ THEN COLLATION <collation name> ]

<collation definition> ::=
CREATE COLLATION <collation name> FOR
<character set specification>
FROM <collation source>
[ <pad attribute> ]

<pad attribute> ::=
NO PAD
| PAD SPACE

<translation definition> ::=
CREATE TRANSLATION <translation name>
FOR <source character set specification>
TO <target character set specification>
FROM <translation source>

<source character set specification> ::= <character set specification>

<target character set specification> ::= <character set specification>

<translation source> ::=
<translation specification>

<translation specification> ::=
<external translation>
| IDENTITY
| <schema translation name>

<external translation> ::=
EXTERNAL <left paren> <quote> <external translation name> <quote> <right paren>

<external translation name> ::=
<standard translation name>
| <implementation-defined translation name>

<standard translation name> ::= <translation name>

<implementation-defined translation name> ::= <translation name>

<schema translation name> ::= <translation name>

<SQL schema manipulation statement> ::=
<drop schema statement>
| <alter table statement>
| <drop table statement>
| <drop view statement>
| <revoke statement>
| <alter domain statement>
| <drop domain statement>
| <drop character set statement>
| <drop collation statement>
| <drop translation statement>
| <drop assertion statement>

<drop schema statement> ::=
DROP SCHEMA <schema name> <drop behavior>

<drop behavior> ::= CASCADE | RESTRICT

<alter table statement> ::=
ALTER TABLE <table name> <alter table action>

<alter table action> ::=
<add column definition>
| <alter column definition>
| <drop column definition>
| <add table constraint definition>
| <drop table constraint definition>

<add column definition> ::=
ADD [ COLUMN ] <column definition>

<alter column definition> ::=
ALTER [ COLUMN ] <column name> <alter column action>

<alter column action> ::=
<set column default clause>
| <drop column default clause>

<set column default clause> ::=
SET <default clause>

<drop column default clause> ::=
DROP DEFAULT

<drop column definition> ::=
DROP [ COLUMN ] <column name> <drop behavior>

<add table constraint definition> ::=
ADD <table constraint definition>

<drop table constraint definition> ::=
DROP CONSTRAINT <constraint name> <drop behavior>

<drop table statement> ::=
DROP TABLE <table name> <drop behavior>

<drop view statement> ::=
DROP VIEW <table name> <drop behavior>

<revoke statement> ::=
REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]
<privileges>
ON <object name>
FROM <grantee> [ ( <comma> <grantee> )... ] <drop behavior>

<alter domain statement> ::=
ALTER DOMAIN <domain name> <alter domain action>

<alter domain action> ::=
<set domain default clause>
| <drop domain default clause>
| <add domain constraint definition>
| <drop domain constraint definition>

<set domain default clause> ::= SET <default clause>

<drop domain default clause> ::= DROP DEFAULT

<add domain constraint definition> ::=
ADD <domain constraint>

<drop domain constraint definition> ::=
DROP CONSTRAINT <constraint name>

<drop domain statement> ::=
DROP DOMAIN <domain name> <drop behavior>

<drop character set statement> ::=
DROP CHARACTER SET <character set name>

<drop collation statement> ::=
DROP COLLATION <collation name>

<drop translation statement> ::=
DROP TRANSLATION <translation name>

<drop assertion statement> ::=
DROP ASSERTION <constraint name>

<SQL data statement> ::=
<open statement>
| <fetch statement>
| <close statement>
| <select statement: single row>
| <SQL data change statement>

<open statement> ::=
OPEN <cursor name>

<fetch statement> ::=
FETCH [ [ <fetch orientation> ] FROM ]
<cursor name> INTO <fetch target list>

<fetch orientation> ::=
NEXT
| PRIOR
| FIRST
| LAST
| ( ABSOLUTE | RELATIVE ) <simple value specification>

<simple value specification> ::=
<parameter name>
| <embedded variable name>
| <literal>

<fetch target list> ::=
<target specification> [ ( <comma> <target specification> )... ]

<target specification> ::=
<parameter specification>
| <variable specification>

<close statement> ::=
CLOSE <cursor name>

<select statement: single row> ::=
SELECT [ <set quantifier> ] <select list>
INTO <select target list>
<table expression>

<select target list> ::=
<target specification> [ ( <comma> <target specification> )... ]

<SQL data change statement> ::=
<delete statement: positioned>
| <delete statement: searched>
| <insert statement>
| <update statement: positioned>
| <update statement: searched>

<delete statement: positioned> ::=
DELETE FROM <table name>
WHERE CURRENT OF <cursor name>

<delete statement: searched> ::=
DELETE FROM <table name>
[ WHERE <search condition> ]

<insert statement> ::=
INSERT INTO <table name>
<insert columns and source>

<insert columns and source> ::=
[ <left paren> <insert column list> <right paren> ]
<query expression>
| DEFAULT VALUES

<insert column list> ::= <column name list>

<update statement: positioned> ::=
UPDATE <table name>
SET <set clause list>
WHERE CURRENT OF <cursor name>
<set clause list> ::=
<set clause> [ ( <comma> <set clause> )... ]

<set clause> ::=
<object column> <equals operator> <update source>

<object column> ::= <column name>

<update source> ::=
<value expression>
| <null specification>
| DEFAULT

<update statement: searched> ::=
UPDATE <table name>
SET <set clause list>
[ WHERE <search condition> ]

<SQL transaction statement> ::=
<set transaction statement>
| <set constraints mode statement>
| <commit statement>
| <rollback statement>

<set transaction statement> ::=
SET TRANSACTION <transaction mode>
[ ( <comma> <transaction mode> )... ]

<transaction mode> ::=
<isolation level>
| <transaction access mode>
| <diagnostics size>

<isolation level> ::=
ISOLATION LEVEL <level of isolation>

<level of isolation> ::=
READ UNCOMMITTED
| READ COMMITTED
| REPEATABLE READ
| SERIALIZABLE

<transaction access mode> ::=
READ ONLY
| READ WRITE

<diagnostics size> ::=
DIAGNOSTICS SIZE <number of conditions>

<number of conditions> ::= <simple value specification>

<set constraints mode statement> ::=
SET CONSTRAINTS <constraint name list>
( DEFERRED | IMMEDIATE )

<constraint name list> ::=
ALL
| <constraint name> [ ( <comma> <constraint name> )... ]

<commit statement> ::=
COMMIT [ WORK ]

<rollback statement> ::=
ROLLBACK [ WORK ]

<SQL connection statement> ::=
<connect statement>
| <set connection statement>
| <disconnect statement>

<connect statement> ::=
CONNECT TO <connection target>

<connection target> ::=
<SQL-server name>
[ AS <connection name> ]
correspondence with Tony Gordon)
[ USER <user name> ]
| DEFAULT

<SQL-server name> ::= <simple value specification>

<connection name> ::= <simple value specification>

<user name> ::= <simple value specification>

<set connection statement> ::=
SET CONNECTION <connection object>

<connection object> ::=
DEFAULT
| <connection name>

<disconnect statement> ::=
DISCONNECT <disconnect object>

<disconnect object> ::=
<connection object>
| ALL
| CURRENT

<SQL session statement> ::=
<set catalog statement>
| <set schema statement>
| <set names statement>
| <set session authorization identifier statement>
| <set local time zone statement>

<set catalog statement> ::=
SET CATALOG <value specification>

<value specification> ::=
<literal>
| <general value specification>

<set schema statement> ::=
SET SCHEMA <value specification>

<set names statement> ::=
SET NAMES <value specification>

<set session authorization identifier statement> ::=
SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION
<value specification>

<set local time zone statement> ::=
SET TIME ZONE
<set time zone value>

<set time zone value> ::=
<interval value expression>
| LOCAL
<SQL dynamic statement> ::=
<system descriptor statement>
| <prepare statement>
| <deallocate prepared statement>
| <describe statement>
| <execute statement>
| <execute immediate statement>
| <SQL dynamic data statement>

<system descriptor statement> ::=
<allocate descriptor statement>
| <deallocate descriptor statement>
| <set descriptor statement>
| <get descriptor statement>

<allocate descriptor statement> ::=
ALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR <descriptor name>
[ WITH MAX <occurrences> ]

<descriptor name> ::=
[ <scope option> ] <simple value specification>

<scope option> ::=
GLOBAL
| LOCAL

<occurrences> ::= <simple value specification>

<deallocate descriptor statement> ::=
DEALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR <descriptor name>

<set descriptor statement> ::=
SET DESCRIPTOR <descriptor name>
<set descriptor information>

<set descriptor information> ::=
<set count>
| VALUE <item number>
<set item information> [ ( <comma> <set item information> )... ]

<set count> ::=
COUNT <equals operator> <simple value specification 1>

<simple value specification 1> ::= <simple value specification>

<item number> ::= <simple value specification>

<set item information> ::=
<descriptor item name> <equals operator> <simple value specification 2>

<descriptor item name> ::=
TYPE
| LENGTH
| OCTET_LENGTH
| RETURNED_LENGTH
| RETURNED_OCTET_LENGTH
| PRECISION
| SCALE
| DATETIME_INTERVAL_CODE
| DATETIME_INTERVAL_PRECISION
| NULLABLE
| INDICATOR
| DATA
| NAME
| UNNAMED
| COLLATION_CATALOG
| COLLATION_SCHEMA
| COLLATION_NAME
| CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG
| CHARACTER_SET_SCHEMA
| CHARACTER_SET_NAME

<simple value specification 2> ::= <simple value specification>

<item number> ::= <simple value specification>

<get descriptor statement> ::=
GET DESCRIPTOR <descriptor name> <get descriptor information>

<get descriptor information> ::=
<get count>
| VALUE <item number>
<get item information> [ ( <comma> <get item information> )... ]

<get count> ::=
<simple target specification 1> <equals operator>
COUNT

<simple target specification 1> ::= <simple target specification>

<simple target specification> ::=
<parameter name>
| <embedded variable name>

<get item information> ::=
<simple target specification 2> <equals operator> <descriptor item name>>

<simple target specification 2> ::= <simple target specification>

<prepare statement> ::=
PREPARE <SQL statement name> FROM <SQL statement variable>

<SQL statement name> ::=
<statement name>
| <extended statement name>

<extended statement name> ::=
[ <scope option> ] <simple value specification>

<SQL statement variable> ::= <simple value specification>

<deallocate prepared statement> ::=
DEALLOCATE PREPARE <SQL statement name>

<describe statement> ::=
<describe input statement>
| <describe output statement>

<describe input statement> ::=
DESCRIBE INPUT <SQL statement name> <using descriptor>

<using descriptor> ::=
( USING | INTO ) SQL DESCRIPTOR <descriptor name>

<describe output statement> ::=
DESCRIBE [ OUTPUT ] <SQL statement name> <using descriptor>

<execute statement> ::=
EXECUTE <SQL statement name>
[ <result using clause> ]
[ <parameter using clause> ]

<result using clause> ::= <using clause>

<using clause> ::=
<using arguments>
| <using descriptor>

<using arguments> ::=
( USING | INTO ) <argument> [ ( <comma> <argument> )... ]

<argument> ::= <target specification>

<parameter using clause> ::= <using clause>

<execute immediate statement> ::=
EXECUTE IMMEDIATE <SQL statement variable>

<SQL dynamic data statement> ::=
<allocate cursor statement>
| <dynamic open statement>
| <dynamic fetch statement>
| <dynamic close statement>
| <dynamic delete statement: positioned>
| <dynamic update statement: positioned>

<allocate cursor statement> ::=
ALLOCATE <extended cursor name> [ INSENSITIVE ]
[ SCROLL ] CURSOR
FOR <extended statement name>

<extended cursor name> ::=
[ <scope option> ] <simple value specification>

<dynamic open statement> ::=
OPEN <dynamic cursor name> [ <using clause> ]

<dynamic cursor name> ::=
<cursor name>
| <extended cursor name>

<dynamic fetch statement> ::=
FETCH [ [ <fetch orientation> ] FROM ] <dynamic cursor name>
<using clause>

<dynamic close statement> ::=
CLOSE <dynamic cursor name>

<dynamic delete statement: positioned> ::=
DELETE FROM <table name>
WHERE CURRENT OF
<dynamic cursor name>

<dynamic update statement: positioned> ::=
UPDATE <table name>
SET <set clause>
[ ( <comma> <set clause> )... ]
WHERE CURRENT OF
<dynamic cursor name>

<SQL diagnostics statement> ::=
<get diagnostics statement>

<get diagnostics statement> ::=
GET DIAGNOSTICS <sql diagnostics information>

<sql diagnostics information> ::=
<statement information>
| <condition information>

<statement information> ::=
<statement information item> [ ( <comma> <statement information item> )... ]

<statement information item> ::=
<simple target specification> <equals operator> <statement information item name>

<statement information item name> ::=
NUMBER
| MORE
| COMMAND_FUNCTION
| DYNAMIC_FUNCTION
| ROW_COUNT

<condition information> ::=
EXCEPTION <condition number>
<condition information item> [ ( <comma> <condition information item> )... ]

<condition number> ::= <simple value specification>

<condition information item> ::=
<simple target specification> <equals operator> <condition information item name>

<condition information item name> ::=
CONDITION_NUMBER
| RETURNED_SQLSTATE
| CLASS_ORIGIN
| SUBCLASS_ORIGIN
| SERVER_NAME
| CONNECTION_NAME
| CONSTRAINT_CATALOG
| CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA
| CONSTRAINT_NAME
| CATALOG_NAME
| SCHEMA_NAME
| TABLE_NAME
| COLUMN_NAME
| CURSOR_NAME
| MESSAGE_TEXT
| MESSAGE_LENGTH
| MESSAGE_OCTET_LENGTH

<embedded SQL host program> ::=
<embedded SQL Ada program>
| <embedded SQL C program>
| <embedded SQL COBOL program>
| <embedded SQL Fortran program>
| <embedded SQL MUMPS program>
| <embedded SQL Pascal program>
| <embedded SQL PL/I program>

<embedded SQL Ada program> ::= !! <EMPHASIS>(See the Syntax Rules.)

<embedded SQL C program> ::=
!! <EMPHASIS>(See the Syntax Rules.)

<embedded SQL COBOL program> ::= !! <EMPHASIS>(See the Syntax Rules.)

<embedded SQL Fortran program> ::=
!! <EMPHASIS>(See the Syntax Rules.)

<embedded SQL MUMPS program> ::= !! <EMPHASIS>(See the Syntax Rules.)

<embedded SQL Pascal program> ::=
!! <EMPHASIS>(See the Syntax Rules.)
<embedded SQL PL/I program> ::= !! <EMPHASIS>(See the Syntax Rules.)

<embedded SQL declare section> ::=
<embedded SQL begin declare>
[ <embedded character set declaration> ]
[ <host variable definition>... ]
<embedded SQL end declare>
| <embedded SQL MUMPS declare>

<embedded SQL begin declare> ::=
<SQL prefix> BEGIN DECLARE SECTION
[ <SQL terminator> ]

<SQL prefix> ::=
EXEC SQL
| <ampersand>SQL<left paren>

<SQL terminator> ::=
END-EXEC
| <semicolon>
| <right paren>

<embedded character set declaration> ::=
SQL NAMES ARE <character set specification>

<host variable definition> ::=
<Ada variable definition>
| <C variable definition>
| <COBOL variable definition>
| <Fortran variable definition>
| <MUMPS variable definition>
| <Pascal variable definition>
| <PL/I variable definition>

<Ada variable definition> ::=
<Ada host identifier> [ ( <comma> <Ada host identifier> )... ] :
<Ada type specification> [ <Ada initial value> ]

<Ada type specification> ::=
<Ada qualified type specification>
| <Ada unqualified type specification>

<Ada qualified type specification> ::=
SQL_STANDARD.CHAR [ CHARACTER SET
[ IS ] <character set specification> ]
<left paren> 1 <double period> <length> <right paren>
| SQL_STANDARD.BIT
<left paren> 1 <double period> <length> <right paren>
| SQL_STANDARD.SMALLINT
| SQL_STANDARD.INT
| SQL_STANDARD.REAL
| SQL_STANDARD.DOUBLE_PRECISION
| SQL_STANDARD.SQLCODE_TYPE
| SQL_STANDARD.SQLSTATE_TYPE
| SQL_STANDARD.INDICATOR_TYPE

<Ada unqualified type specification> ::=
CHAR
<left paren> 1 <double period> <length> <right paren>
| BIT
<left paren> 1 <double period> <length> <right paren>
| SMALLINT
| INT
| REAL
| DOUBLE_PRECISION
| SQLCODE_TYPE
| SQLSTATE_TYPE
| INDICATOR_TYPE

<Ada initial value> ::=
<Ada assignment operator> <character representation>...

<Ada assignment operator> ::= <colon><equals operator>

<C variable definition> ::=
[ <C storage class> ]
[ <C class modifier> ]
<C variable specification>
<semicolon>

<C storage class> ::=
auto
| extern
| static

<C class modifier> ::= const | volatile

<C variable specification> ::=
<C numeric variable>
| <C character variable>
| <C derived variable>

<C numeric variable> ::=
( long | short | float | double )
<C host identifier> [ <C initial value> ]
[ ( <comma> <C host identifier> [ <C initial value> ] )... ]

<C initial value> ::=
<equals operator> <character representation>...

<C character variable> ::=
char [ CHARACTER SET
[ IS ] <character set specification> ]
<C host identifier>
<C array specification> [ <C initial value> ]
[ ( <comma> <C host identifier>
<C array specification>
[ <C initial value> ] )... ]

<C array specification> ::=
<left bracket> <length> <right bracket>

<C derived variable> ::=
<C VARCHAR variable>
| <C bit variable>

<C VARCHAR variable> ::=
VARCHAR [ CHARACTER SET [ IS ]
<character set specification> ]
<C host identifier>
<C array specification> [ <C initial value> ]
[ ( <comma> <C host identifier>
<C array specification>
[ <C initial value> ] )... ]

<C bit variable> ::=
BIT <C host identifier>
<C array specification> [ <C initial value> ]
[ ( <comma> <C host identifier>
<C array specification>
[ <C initial value> ] )... ]

<COBOL variable definition> ::=
(01|77) <COBOL host identifier> <COBOL type specification>
[ <character representation>... ] <period>

<COBOL type specification> ::=
<COBOL character type>
| <COBOL bit type>
| <COBOL numeric type>
| <COBOL integer type>

<COBOL character type> ::=
[ CHARACTER SET [ IS ]
<character set specification> ]
( PIC | PICTURE ) [ IS ] ( X [ <left paren> <length> <right paren> ] )...

<COBOL bit type> ::=
( PIC | PICTURE ) [ IS ]
( B [ <left paren> <length> <right paren> ] )...

<COBOL numeric type> ::=
( PIC | PICTURE ) [ IS ]
S <COBOL nines specification>
[ USAGE [ IS ] ] DISPLAY SIGN LEADING SEPARATE

<COBOL nines specification> ::=
<COBOL nines> [ V [ <COBOL nines> ] ]
| V <COBOL nines>

<COBOL nines> ::= ( 9 [ <left paren> <length> <right paren> ] )...

<COBOL integer type> ::=
<COBOL computational integer>
| <COBOL binary integer>

<COBOL computational integer> ::=
( PIC | PICTURE ) [ IS ] S<COBOL nines>
[ USAGE [ IS ] ] ( COMP | COMPUTATIONAL )

<COBOL binary integer> ::=
( PIC | PICTURE ) [ IS ] S<COBOL nines>
[ USAGE [ IS ] ] BINARY

<Fortran variable definition> ::=
<Fortran type specification>
<Fortran host identifier>
[ ( <comma> <Fortran host identifier> )... ]

<Fortran type specification> ::=
CHARACTER [ <asterisk> <length> ]
[ CHARACTER SET [ IS ]
<character set specification> ]
| BIT [ <asterisk> <length> ]
| INTEGER
| REAL
| DOUBLE PRECISION

<MUMPS variable definition> ::=
( <MUMPS numeric variable> | <MUMPS character variable> )
<semicolon>

<MUMPS numeric variable> ::=
<MUMPS type specification>
<MUMPS host identifier> [ ( <comma> <MUMPS host identifier> )... ]

<MUMPS type specification> ::=
INT
| DEC
[ <left paren> <precision> [ <comma> <scale> ] <right paren> ]
| REAL

<MUMPS character variable> ::=
VARCHAR <MUMPS host identifier> <MUMPS length specification>
[ ( <comma> <MUMPS host identifier> <MUMPS length specification> )... ]

<MUMPS length specification> ::=
<left paren> <length> <right paren>

<Pascal variable definition> ::=
<Pascal host identifier> [ ( <comma> <Pascal host identifier> )... ] <colon>
<Pascal type specification> <semicolon>

<Pascal type specification> ::=
PACKED ARRAY
<left bracket> 1 <double period> <length> <right bracket>
OF CHAR
[ CHARACTER SET [ IS ]
<character set specification> ]
| PACKED ARRAY
<left bracket> 1 <double period> <length> <right bracket>
OF BIT
| INTEGER
| REAL
| CHAR [ CHARACTER SET
[ IS ] <character set specification> ]
| BIT

<PL/I variable definition> ::=
(DCL | DECLARE)
( <PL/I host identifier>
| <left paren> <PL/I host identifier>
[ ( <comma> <PL/I host identifier> )... ] <right paren> )
<PL/I type specification>
[ <character representation>... ] <semicolon>

<PL/I type specification> ::=
( CHAR | CHARACTER ) [ VARYING ]
<left paren><length><right paren>
[ CHARACTER SET
[ IS ] <character set specification> ]
| BIT [ VARYING ] <left paren><length><right paren>
| <PL/I type fixed decimal> <left paren> <precision>
[ <comma> <scale> ] <right paren>
| <PL/I type fixed binary> [ <left paren> <precision> <right paren> ]
| <PL/I type float binary> <left paren> <precision> <right paren>

<PL/I type fixed decimal> ::=
( DEC | DECIMAL ) FIXED
| FIXED ( DEC | DECIMAL )

<PL/I type fixed binary> ::=
( BIN | BINARY ) FIXED
| FIXED ( BIN | BINARY )

<PL/I type float binary> ::=
( BIN | BINARY ) FLOAT
| FLOAT ( BIN | BINARY )

<embedded SQL end declare> ::=
<SQL prefix> END DECLARE SECTION
[ <SQL terminator> ]

<embedded SQL MUMPS declare> ::=
<SQL prefix>
BEGIN DECLARE SECTION
[ <embedded character set declaration> ]
[ <host variable definition>... ]
END DECLARE SECTION
<SQL terminator>

<embedded SQL statement> ::=
<SQL prefix>
<statement or declaration>
[ <SQL terminator> ]

<statement or declaration> ::=
<declare cursor>
| <dynamic declare cursor>
| <temporary table declaration>
| <embedded exception declaration>
| <SQL procedure statement>

<embedded exception declaration> ::=
WHENEVER <condition> <condition action>

<condition> ::=
SQLERROR | NOT FOUND

<condition action> ::=
CONTINUE | <go to>

<go to> ::=
( GOTO | GO TO ) <goto target>

<goto target> ::=
<host label identifier>
| <unsigned integer>
| <host PL/I label variable>

<host label identifier> ::= !!<EMPHASIS>(See the Syntax Rules.)

<host PL/I label variable> ::= !!<EMPHASIS>(See the Syntax Rules.)

<preparable statement> ::=
<preparable SQL data statement>
| <preparable SQL schema statement>
| <preparable SQL transaction statement>
| <preparable SQL session statement>
| <preparable implementation-defined statement>

<preparable SQL data statement> ::=
<delete statement: searched>
| <dynamic single row select statement>
| <insert statement>
| <dynamic select statement>
| <update statement: searched>
| <preparable dynamic delete statement: positioned>
| <preparable dynamic update statement: positioned>

<dynamic single row select statement> ::= <query specification>

<dynamic select statement> ::= <cursor specification>

<preparable dynamic delete statement: positioned> ::=
DELETE [ FROM <table name> ]
WHERE CURRENT OF <cursor name>

<preparable dynamic update statement: positioned> ::=
UPDATE [ <table name> ]
SET <set clause list>
WHERE CURRENT OF <cursor name>

<preparable SQL schema statement> ::=
<SQL schema statement>

<preparable SQL transaction statement> ::=
<SQL transaction statement>

<preparable SQL session statement> ::=
<SQL session statement>

<preparable implementation-defined statement> ::=
!! <EMPHASIS>(See the Syntax Rules.)

<direct SQL statement> ::=
<directly executable statement> <semicolon>

<directly executable statement> ::=
<direct SQL data statement>
| <SQL schema statement>
| <SQL transaction statement>
| <SQL connection statement>
| <SQL session statement>
| <direct implementation-defined statement>

<direct SQL data statement> ::=
<delete statement: searched>
| <direct select statement: multiple rows>
| <insert statement>
| <update statement: searched>
| <temporary table declaration>

<direct select statement: multiple rows> ::=
<query expression> [ <order by clause> ]

<direct implementation-defined statement> ::=
!!<EMPHASIS>(See the Syntax Rules)

<SQL object identifier> ::=
<SQL provenance> <SQL variant>

<SQL provenance> ::= <arc1> <arc2> <arc3>

<arc1> ::= iso | 1 | iso <left paren> 1 <right paren>

<arc2> ::= standard | 0 | standard <left paren> 0 <right paren>

<arc3> ::= 9075

<SQL variant> ::= <SQL edition> <SQL conformance>

<SQL edition> ::= <1987> | <1989> | <1992>

<1987> ::= 0 | edition1987 <left paren> 0 <right paren>

<1989> ::= <1989 base> <1989 package>

<1989 base> ::= 1 | edition1989 <left paren> 1 <right paren>

<1989 package> ::= <integrity no> | <integrity yes>

<integrity no> ::= 0 | IntegrityNo <left paren> 0 <right paren>

<integrity yes> ::= 1 | IntegrityYes <left paren> 1 <right paren>

<1992> ::= 2 | edition1992 <left paren> 2 <right paren>

<SQL conformance> ::= <low> | <intermediate> | <high>

<low> ::= 0 | Low <left paren> 0 <right paren>

<intermediate> ::= 1 | Intermediate <left paren> 1 <right paren>

<high> ::= 2 | High <left paren> 2 <right paren>

AF. �� B - �� SQL ��

AF.1. �� PostgreSQL

�� PostgreSQL �� SQL.
�� scripts �� SQL ��
src/tutorial

AF.2. �� Internet ��

�� SQL ��

� <http://w3.one.net/~jhoffman/sqltut.htm>

�� ; �� mail ��

� [email protected]

�� sites �� John Hoffman:

� �� SQL
<http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~shadow/sql.html>

� �� SQL Pro
<http://www.inquiry.com/techtips/thesqlpro/>

� �� Sites �� SQL Pro
<http://www.inquiry.com/techtips/thesqlpro/usefulsites.html>

� ��
<http://infoweb.magi.com/~steve/develop.html>

� DBMS Sites <http://info.itu.ch/special/wwwfiles> ��
�� comp_db.html

� DB Ingredients <http://www.compapp.dcu.ie/databases/f017.html>

� Web Authoring <http://www.stars.com/Tutorial/CGI/>

� Computing Dictionary <http://wfn-shop.princeton.edu/cgi-
bin/foldoc>

� DBMS Lab/Links <http://www-ccs.cs.umass.edu/db.html>

� SQL FAQ
<http://epoch.CS.Berkeley.EDU:8000/sequoia/dba/montage/FAQ>
�� SQL_TOC.html

� �� SQL <http://chaos.mur.csu.edu.au/itc125/cgi/sqldb.html>

� RIT ��
<http://www.it.rit.edu/~wjs/IT/199602/icsa720/icsa720postings.html>
� Database Jump Site <http://www.pcslink.com/~ej/dbweb.html>

� �� Web
<http://www.eng.uc.edu/~jtilley/tutorial.html>

� ��
<http://www.ndev.com/ndc2/support/resources.htp>

� �� <http://ashok.pair.com/sql.htm>

� �� IMAGE SQL
<http://jazz.external.hp.com/training/sqltables/main.html>

� Internet Resource List <http://www.eit.com/web/netservices.html>

AG. Appendix C - �� Linux

�� PostgreSQL �� Linux, ��
�� Linux, ��
�� Appendix. �� -

� �� Linux - �� Linux ��
�� Windows 95/NT

� �� 10�� Linux

� �� Microsoft-Linux

� �� Linux

� Main Site is at <http://members.spree.com/technology/aldev/>

� Mirror site <http://aldev.8m.com>

� Mirror site <http://aldev.webjump.com>

� Mirror site <http://homepages.infoseek.com/~aldev1/index.html>

� Mirror site <http://www3.bcity.com/aldev/>