HELLENIC HOWTO

HELLENIC HOWTO
Fotis Georgatos <[email protected]>
�� 0.991127, 11-27-1999

�� Linux ��
�� .
This document is part of Hellenic (el) LDP project: http://www.hel�
lug.gr/gr/howto/howto/pub/html/
______________________________________________________________________

Table of Contents

1. ��

1.1 �� Hellenic-HOWTO
1.2 �� Hellenic-HOWTO
1.3 ��
1.4 ��
1.5 �� .
1.6 Note to english users & Copyright

2. ��

2.1 ��
2.2 ��
2.3 Suse
2.4 Redhat
2.5 Slackware
2.6 ��

3. ��

3.1 ��
3.1.1 ��
3.1.2 Truetype
3.1.3 �� fonts;
3.2 �� (text mode)
3.2.1 Greek-console
3.2.2 �� 2.2 ��
3.2.3 ��
3.3 �� (Xwindows)
3.3.1 GRkbd
3.3.2 KiKbd
3.3.3 xgrk
3.3.4 grISOXKb
3.4 �� (Timezone)
3.4.1 tzHellas
3.4.2 EET.zic
3.5 ��
3.5.1 Plain text �� text �� .
3.5.2 Plain text �� .
3.5.3 �� PostScript ��.
3.5.3.1 �� Fontmap
3.5.3.2 Fontmap, ��
3.5.3.3 grpsfilter
3.6 �� mount �� windows partition;
3.7 �� CD �� Linux;

4. ��

4.1 bash
4.2 csh/tcsh
4.3 ls
4.4 more
4.5 less
4.6 a2ps
4.7 genscript
4.8 vi
4.9 joe
4.10 emacs
4.11 xemacs
4.12 pine
4.13 elm
4.14 metamail
4.15 telnet
4.16 rlogin
4.17 xterm
4.18 rxvt
4.19 minicom
4.20 samba
4.21 ispell
4.22 Midnight Commander
4.23 Staroffice
4.24 Netscape
4.24.1 Netscape widgets
4.24.2 Netscape fonts

5. National Language Support

5.1 ��
5.2 �� Locale
5.2.1 ��
5.3 �� tcsh
5.4 ��
5.5 ��
5.5.1 �� C Library (libc)
5.5.2 �� X
5.5.3 �� ;-)
5.6 ��

6. Tex/LaTex

6.1 �� project BABEL
6.2 �� Tex/LaTex
6.3 �� Tex/LaTex

7. ��

7.1 Linux Documentation Project
7.2 ��
7.3 �� Linux
7.4 Unix ��
7.5 Unix ��
7.6 ��
7.7 �� Unix
7.8 Unix �� Internet
7.9 �� UNIX

8. �� Linux ��

8.1 �� (Newsgroups)
8.2 IRC
8.3 Fidonet
8.4 �� Linux
8.4.1 HELLUG
8.4.2 PLUG
8.4.3 TheLUG
8.5 ��
8.6 Internet Sites
8.6.1 WWW
8.6.2 FTP
8.6.3 �� :-)
8.7 �� CD
8.8 �� CD

9. FAQ

9.1 �� Linux;
9.2 �� Linux;
9.3 �� Linux;
9.4 ��;
9.5 �� SOFTWARE ��;
9.6 �� compile �� ;
9.7 �� SIG11;
9.8 �� Unix;
9.9 ��

10. �� , character sets

10.1 ��
10.2 737
10.2.1 �� 737
10.2.2 737 �� X-windows
10.3 928
10.3.1 Windows-1253
10.4 Unicode
10.4.1 Unicode Links
10.5 ��
10.5.1 gr2gr
10.5.2 grfilter
10.5.3 greek2lat
10.5.4 trans120.tar.gz
10.5.5 gkconv
10.5.6 recode
10.6 ��
10.7 �� Internet �� ;

11. TODO

11.1 sgmlutils
11.2 groff
11.3 KDE
11.4 vim,viH
11.5 nn
11.6 tin
11.7 mtools
11.8 jove
11.9 pcal
11.10 kermit
11.11 SHMEIWSEIS

______________________________________________________________________

1. ��

��
�� Linux ��
��. �� , ��
��
�� , ��:

� �� console mode �� Xwindows,

� �� ,

� �� ,

� �� .

�� ``'' �� .

��, �� ' ��
��
��. �� ' ��
(Debian, Suse, Redhat, OpenLinux ��), � ��
�� .

1.1. �� Hellenic-HOWTO

� ��
<[email protected] > �� URL:
http://students.ceid.upatras.gr/~gef/linux/docs/HOWTO/

�� :

� http://www.hellug.gr/gr/howto/howto/pub/html/Hellenic-HOWTO.html

� http://metalab.unc.edu/LDP/HOWTO/Hellenic-HOWTO.html

� ftp://argeas.hellug.gr/pub/unix/linux/GREEK/HOWTO

1.2. �� Hellenic-HOWTO

�� HOWTO �� :

� Hellenic-HOWTO.html html �� 928 (��
windows-1253)

� Hellenic-HOWTO.html �� greeklish (��
��)

� Hellenic-HOWTO.sgml �� HOWTO, ��
�� sgml-tools �� .

1.3. ��

�� /�� HOWTO, ��
�� [email protected] �� subject: HELLENIC-HOWTO. ��
�� , �� . ��
��, �� , ��
�� :-)

�� :

� 0.00 �� linux-greek-users
(�� 97)

� 0.01 �� HOWTO

� 0.1 �� , �� .

� 0.2 ��/�� 2.4.3, 3.2.�, 6, 3.3.3

� 0.3 ��

� 0.4 ��/��/�� 3.�

� 0.5 �� 2.5

� 0.6 �� NLS FAQ

� 0.7 �� SGML �� .

� 0.8 �� "��" �� "��" �� :-)

� 0.9 �� Netscape, Timezone, ��

� 0.9p1-4 ��

� 0.9p5,6,7,8 ��

� 0.9905*,06* prefinal versions

{ �� , �� , ��
�� 1.0 } { ��, �� } { ��
�� (???) �� }

1.4. ��

�� credits :-)

�� '�� <[email protected]> ( ��
�� UNIX �� HRI ), ��
�� .

��, ��, �� :

� �� <[email protected]> ( �� National Language
Support )

� �� <[email protected]> ( �� Tex/LaTex ��
�� )

� �� <[email protected]> ( �� Netscape )

� �� <[email protected],
http://members.xoom.com/Vrypan > ( �� ,
�� )

� �� <[email protected]>,

� �� <[email protected]>,

� �� <[email protected]>.

� �� <[email protected]>.

�� :

� linux-danish-howto (Thomas Petersen),

� linux-italian-howto (Marco Gaio Gaiarin)

1.5. �� .

�� ...

�� HOWTO �� ,
�� :

�� , �� "Linux HOWTO" ��
�� . �� "Linux HOWTO"
�� ' �� , ��
�� , ��
�� , �� . ��
�� . ��' ��
�� .

�� , �� , � ��
�� "Linux HOWTO" ��
�� . ��, ��
��
�� . �� . ��
�� Linux
HOWTO.

�� , ��
�� . ��' ��
�� "Linux HOWTO", ��
� �� .

�� , �� Greg Hankins,
�� Linux HOWTO �� email: [email protected], � ��
�� +1 404 853 9989.

��, �� ,
��: [email protected]

1.6. Note to english users & Copyright

* This document explains how to setup hellenic (greek) support under
Linux. This includes the environment for greek users, as well as
details on the configuration of applications. The document is written
in modern hellenic ISO-8859-7, but you may find a "greeklish" version
as well. Hellenic HOWTO is maintained by Fotis Georgatos
<[email protected]> *

Unless otherwise stated, Linux HOWTO documents are copyrighted by
their respective authors. Linux HOWTO documents may be reproduced and
distributed in whole or in part, in any medium physical or electronic,
as long as this copyright notice is retained on all copies. Commercial
redistribution is allowed and encouraged; however, the author would
like to be notified of any such distributions.

All translations, derivative works, or aggregate works incorporating
any Linux HOWTO documents must be covered under this copyright notice.
That is, you may not produce a derivative work from a HOWTO and impose
additional restrictions on its distribution. Exceptions to these rules
may be granted under certain conditions; please contact the Linux
HOWTO coordinator at the address given below.

In short, we wish to promote dissemination of this information through
as many channels as possible. However, we do wish to retain copyright
on the HOWTO documents, and would like to be notified of any plans to
redistribute the HOWTOs.

If you have questions, please contact Greg Hankins, the Linux HOWTO
coordinator, at [email protected] via email, or at +1 404 853
9989.

2. ��

Quickstart �� :

� �� hardware �� Hardware-
HOWTO.

� �� ``'', ``'', ``'', Debian, OpenLinux.
�� (��!) �� Internet:
http://www.hellug.gr/gr/whatislinux/download.html.

� �� , ��
��, �� modem, ��
window manager �� .

� �� . ��. �� ``''

� �� (``'', Staroffice, shells ��) ��
��.

2.1. ��

�� , ��
�� , ��
(�� 1999).

�� , ��:

� Greek-console �� ``'', ��
�� alt-shift. rpm -i greek-console-1.1.0-3.i386.rpm.
�� prompt, ��
�� editor, �� chcp 928 ��
fonts.

� �� ``'', �� Xwindows: xfntgr.rpm

� GRkbd �� ``'' (�� ), ��
�� Xwindows. GRkbd-1.2-1.i386.rpm

� XFGreekKBD �� (grkbd) �� ,
�� . ��
�� grkbd, ��
rpm -i XFGreekKBD-1.2-2.noarch.rpm

2.2. ��

� �� magaz ��
�� Tex/Latex, Samba, Staroffice,
XISP, KDE, bash, ��, NLS ��. �� magaz ��
�� , ��
��.

� ��
�� , �� HOWTO �� FAQ
(/usr/doc/faq) �� LDP project.

� �� . ��
�� . ��
�� http://lists.hellug.gr/archives.

� �� , ��
�� linux-greek-users, �� newsgroups � ��
�� IRC channels. �� , ��
�� .

� �� newsgroups comp.os.linux* �� , �
news://comp.os.linux.misc

� �� email �� , ��
�� . �� newsgroup,
�� . ��,
�� mailbox, �� :

me lene Xxxxx spoudazo yyyyyyy kai arxisa na asxoloumai me to linux.
Tha ithela na mou peis pou mporo na bro to programma.
oti theleis na mou to steileis sto [email protected]

�� email, �� HOWTO �� FAQ ��
��, �� . ��
��: Tinamhnkanete.html

2.3. Suse

� �� 1Gb �� Suse,
�� (��
�� 40Mb).

� �� 1� CD.

� ��
��, �� , �� .

� �� , ��
�� Yast, ��
�� administration, ��
�� UNIX.

� �� , �� , ��, scanner, modem ��
�� yast.

� �� , �� sax, ��
�� .

� �� KDE (�� yast ��
�� ), �� Internet ��
kppp, �� dialup ��.

� �� suse �� applixware office suite, ��
�� office �� windows. ��
�� staroffice, ��
�� stardivision, http://www.stardivision.com.

� �� Netscape, nedit, x11amp �� .

� �� Suse �� NLS "gr_GR"
�� "el_GR" �� . ��
�� "ln -s el_GR gr_GR".

�� Suse �� magaz,
http://magaz.hellug.gr/05/03_suse.html, ��
�� (�� , ��
1998-99, �� 8bit clean �� NLS).
�� .

2.4. Redhat

�� Suse �� , ��
��. �� review �� distribution �� magaz,
http://magaz.hellug.gr/01/06_redhatinst.html ��
��
http://magaz.hellug.gr/13/03_grredhat2.html.

2.5. Slackware

�� Slackware:

� �� ( �� 1 partition
512Mb )
� �� FTP site (��. ``'') � �� CDROM
(��. ``''), �� . �� Slackware 3.6, ��
�� Developer's Resource �� Infomagic � �� .

� �� Boot �� Root �� {5 ��}

� �� . �� , ��
�� Typical Installation. �� Lilo ��
reboot. {30 ��}

� �� Linux, �� , ��
root (�� password) {2 ��}

� �� root password �� passwd

�� , ��
�� :

� �� /usr/src/linux, ��
�� . {10+20 ��}

� �� Lilo, ��
�� {5 ��}

� �� script XF86config, �� /etc/XF86config.
�� Xwindows (�� X -probeonly, startx)

� �� Internet �� dial-up, ��
�� Netscape Communicator �� browser, mailer, news reader. �
�� :
ftp://ftp.ntua.gr/pub/www/Netscape/ �� .

� XISP �� Internet ��. ��
�� (�� ).

2.6. ��

� �� euro (��
latin0=iso8859-15) �� ftp://ftp.freshmeat.net/pub/euro-
patch/EURO-1.4.tgz

� �� . � ��
�� , �� Ghostscript. ��
�� a2ps.

� �� Word processors,
��, ��. ��
�� Nedit.

� �� FAQs �� HOWTOs (��
�� )

� �� Norton Commander �� DOS, ��
�� Midnight Commander.

� �� DOS, ��
�� emulator DOSEMU �� Linux, ��
�� DOS, ��
Linux. �� DOS ��
X � �� .

� �� Windows �� Wabi ��
Sun, ��
Office. �� Wabi �� 200$, �� ... ��
Wine, ��
��.

� �� window manager �� KDE: http://www.kde.org/

3. ��

�� , ��
�� : ��
(��) �� , ��
�� . ��
�� , ��
�� .

��
�� 737 � �� 928 (=ISO-8859-7 � Latin-7).
��
�� .

�� :
``''

3.1. ��

�� Tex, �� ``''

3.1.1. ��

��
�� -Windows �� (PUBLIC DOMAIN)
�� , �� /�� , ��
�� , ��
�� , ��
public domain. �� , ��
http://hq.hellug.gr/~graphis/

��
�� :

� X11-Greek-Fonts (P. Christias, 1994),

� X11greek (P. Christias, 1996)

� greekXfonts-misc, (A. Haritsis, 1995)

� hrgrXfonts-75dpi, (Th. Prwtopapas & A. Haritsis @ HRI, 1995-6 )

� hrgrXfonts-100dpi, (Th. Prwtopapas & A. Haritsis @ HRI, 1995-6 )

� greekXfonts-BDF-1.1, ( A. Haritsis, 1995-6)

� greekXfonts-Type-1.1, ( A. Haritsis, 1995-6)

� XgreekFonts (Moraitakis Konstantinos, 1997)

� XFGreekFNTS (Panagiotis Vrionis, 1998?)

� elot7x14 + elot7x14B (A. Kavarnos, 1997)

� helv_R_O_10gr+helv_R_08gr+lutB_12_14gr (P. Bouras, 1998-9)

=====================================================================
Shmeiwseis apo Aggelo Xaritsi [[email protected]]:
* ta Type1 (k.a.) 928 fonts moy exoyn to A tonoymeno se 2 theseis wste na
einai symbata me windows texts. Epishs exoyn kai ta symbola poy leipoyn.
* to kbd support gia ellhnika sto rxvt (poy exw kanei contribute) exei
yposthriksh gia anw teleia kai ellhnika omoiwmatika kathws epishs
kai grammata me tono/dialytika. Ola ayta prepei na perasoyn
se X11 xkb-style (ala grISOXKb).

* X11greek:
Den iksera oti den bgainei h payla! An typwseis to PS bgainei
kanonika. Ara mallon einai bug toy X Type1 rasteriser.
BTW, exw kanei ki ena aplo filtro (grpsfilter) poy epitrepei printing
greek texts mesa apo Netscape. Des parakatw!
H lysh poy allazei ola ta ksena fonts se ellhnika den einai swsth.

To greekXfonts-full-1.1.tgz egine me skopo:
* na mazepsei ta pio kala greek fonts poy yphrxan sto diktyo
Exei ta grtex/grtt kai polla alla: grfixed, couriergr, helveticagr.
Akoma fonts kai se 737 encodings.
* na xrhsimopoihsei "swsta" (XLFD) kai omoiogenh font names
* na prosferei Type1 scalable fonts ypshlhs poiothtas (ta opoia
prosferontai kai xwrista) - grinet
* na doyleyei trasnsparently me Netscape
=====================================================================

3.1.2. Truetype

�� Truetype
��, �� true-type font engine �� , ��
�� Windows/Mac. ��
http://www.freetype.org/ �� true type ��
�� magaz http://magaz.hellug.gr/10/05_TTFlinux.html.

3.1.3. �� fonts;

�� fonts, bitmap (�. PCF/BDF) � Scalable (�.�. Type1, TTF) ;

�� (xmbdfed �� , xfedor �� )
�� (��). ��
�� Fontographer �� Icarus �� alpha ��. ��
�� METAFONT
�� .

�� :
http://members.iworld.net/bumchul/xfont.html ��
�� - �� fonts ��
�� - �� : � �� ttftobdf. ��
bdftopcf.

�� :
http://user.online.be/gd33771/download.html �� ttf fonts
(�. �� xterm)

3.2. �� (text mode)

�� .
��:

#setfont iso07.f16
#loadkeys gr

�� , �� ,
�� ALT-SHIFT.

��' ��: �� SHELL (bash, tcsh) �� , ��.
�� EDITOR, �� JOE,VI.

3.2.1. Greek-console

�� greek-console ��
��. �� 737 �� 928, ��
�� rpm. �� "chcp 737" �� "chcp 928" ��
(��)�� (��) ALT-SHIFT. �� ALT
�� .

3.2.2. �� 2.2 ��

� �� 2.2.x (�� 2.3.x), ��
�� text mode (�� framebuffer)
��
�� (�� ). � ��
��, �� /etc/profile �� :

[ -t 1 ] && printf "\033(K"

3.2.3. ��

� �� greek-2.0.tar.gz ��
�� ([email protected]) �� grpty, ��
solaris.

3.3. �� (Xwindows)

�� XWindows
�� Linux �� (�� , � �� xmodmap ��
�� HRI): �� GRkbd (� �� ) , �� grISOXKb (��
�� ) �� kikbd (�� KDE).

3.3.1. GRkbd

��
�� , ��
windows-3.x. �� Linux
�� metalab �� source �� greek12.tgz ��
�� binary. �� tgz �� , ��
README, �� /usr/local/bin.
��
��, � �� ALT-SHIFT, ��
�� . �� README.

3.3.2. KiKbd

�� KiKbd �� Alexander Budnik ��
�� KDE
(��). �� KDE=1.1.1 �� Qt=1.42 (��
1.44).

3.3.3. xgrk

��, �� :
http://www.softlab.ece.ntua.gr/~sivann/xgrk/ �� , ��
�� UNIX �� .

3.3.4. grISOXKb

� �� grISOXKb (1997) ��
�� . �� grISOXKb ��
�� GRKbd (�� - ��
��... ) �� grXiso. � version �� "��". ��
�� :

� �� shared object binaries �� X11R6.1 (XFree86
v3.2) �� X11R6.3 (XFree86 v3.3 �� v3.3.1), ��

� �� X11 clients ��
�� compose �� input extension.

�� README �� , ��
docs/INSTALLATION.*:
ftp://argeas.hellug.gr/pub/unix/linux/GREEK/grISOXKb-1.2.tar.gz

=====================================================================
Apo [[email protected]]
Ta tonoymena (; + letter) de moy bgainoyn se shells (ok se xedit).
Den exw akomh brei giati.
To package einai ontws poly kalh prospatheia. Einai akoma ateles.
Leipoyn: tonoymena+dialytika, anw teleia, ellhnika omoiwmatika
(BTW, ola yposthrizontai sto rxvt compiled me greek support).
Epishs: ypothetei oti to keyboard einai ellhniko. Yparxoyn polla kbds
(opws ta UK, IT klp) poy exoyn polla symbols se theseis diaforetikes
apo to ellhniko (eg. @, ", \ klp). Exw hdh kanei patch sto grISOXKb
gia to UK keyboard kai kalo einai na mporei kaneis me COUNTRY-X
keyboard na mporei na kanei type ellhnika xwris na allazoyn oi theseis
allwn symbols.

Mazi me fix twn parapanw to XKB X11 greek support tha einai sxedon teleio.
Ksereis an kai poy exei documentation gia XKB kai compose files.
Kapoios prepei na to teleiwsei. Doyleyei kaneis twra se ayto ?
=====================================================================

3.4. �� (Timezone)

� �� (Eastern
European Timezone,EET), �� Greenwich �� 2
�� (GMT+2), �� . ��
�� , � �� +0300 (EET DST), �� DST ��
Daylight Saving Time. �� ,
�� Europe/Athens. �� 1996 ��
�� (�� , ��
��). �� Linux �� 1996 �� ' ��
�� , �� . ��
�� .

3.4.1. tzHellas

Dhmhtrhs Bouras: Me to paron 0a h0ela na anakoinwsw ena mini-paketo
pou parexei ena dior0wmeno arxeio gia to Ellhniko timezone, meta tis
allages pou perisy kai fetos (1996) anakoinw0hkan gia tis hmeromhnies
allaghs ths "kalokairinhs" wras. Mazi me auto yparxei kai ena mikro
programmataki pou diabazei tetoia arxeia kai typwnei tis plhrofories
pou periexoun se an0rwpina-anagnwsimh morfh (pws leme "human-readable
form" - h metafrash twn agglikwn orwn dinei kai pairnei, etsi gia na
anatrixiazoun merikoi-merikoi :) :)).

To paketaki (molis 4365 bytes) 0a to breite (entos oligou) sto

ftp://argeas.hellug.gr/pub/unix/linux/GREEK/tzHellas-271097.tar.gz

Katebaste to kai diabaste to README gia perissotera. Bottom line: to
timezone file "Hellas" pou periexei, parexei swstes hmeromhnies
allaghs wras (symfwna me thn prosfath epishmh anakoinwsh) gia thn
Ellada, mexri kai ton Oktwbrio tou 2001, h mexri na mas alla3oune pali
tis hmeromhnies... :)

3.4.2. EET.zic

=====================================================================
An 8elei na orisei kaneis timezone environment variable, ayth einai h
svsth:
setenv TZ 'EET-2EET DST-3,M3.5.0/3:00:00,M10.5.0/3:00:00'
vraio e? :-)

Pio kala bebaia einai na xrhsimopoioyme to svsto zoneinfo arxeio.
Oi teleytaies ekdoseis toy linux exoyn svsta orismeno
to EET (allakse to 1996).
Oi palaioteres allazoyn thn vra to Septembrio, anti toy Oktvbrioy.
Etsi ftiaxnoyme to parakatv arxeio EET.zic:

----- CUT: EET.zic -----
Rule E-Eur 1986 max - Mar lastSun 3:00s 1:00 " DST"
Rule E-Eur 1986 1995 - Sep lastSun 3:00s 0 -
Rule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 3:00s 0 -
Zone EET 2:00 E-Eur EET%s
----- CUT: END OF EET.zic -----

Meta:
zic EET.zic
(ayto ftiaxnei to /usr/lib/zoneinfo/EET)
/bin/rm -f /var/lib/zoneinfo/localtime
ln -s /usr/lib/zoneinfo/localtime /var/lib/zoneinfo/EET
=====================================================================

3.5. ��

��
�� . ��
�� lpd �� lpr ��
Printing-HOWTO �� .

3.5.1. Plain text �� text �� .

�� plain text ��
��, �� . ��
�� lpr. ��
��: ��. �� ``''. ��
�� , ��
�� , ��. ``''.

3.5.2. Plain text �� .

�� , ��
�� plain text �� PostScript �� a2ps (��. ``'') ��
�� Ghostscript. �� , ��
a2psgr.

3.5.3. �� PostScript ��.

�� PostScript, ��
Linux �� Ghostscript.
�� ghostcript �� PostScript ��
�� (��
��, X Windows, fax �.�.). �� , "��
�� ghostscript" �� PostScript ��
�� format ��
�� lpr file.

�� ghostview:

� �� ghostview (�� ) �� .

� �� PostScript (type1)
��, �� . ��
�� directory
(�.�. �� X11R6 tree, �� X Windows).

� �� Fontmap.

�� : {???}

gs -sDEVICE=deskjet -dNOPAUSE -sOutpoutFile=/dev/lp1 tiger.ps

3.5.3.1. �� Fontmap

�� Fontmap �� ghostscript ��
�� . ��

/usr/share/ghostscript/3.33/Fontmap

�� , ��

find / -name "Fontmap"

�� Fontmap ��

/Charter-Roman (bchr.pfa) ;

� �� Courier-Roman
�� bchr.pfa.

��
��. ��
�� (�.�. PanosArialBold) ��
�� (�.�. �� PanosArialBold ��
courier italic �� !!!). ��
�� (�.�. fonts.scale) ��
��
�� . ��

strings filename.pfb | more

/FontName /GreekArialBold def

��! �� directory
�� directory �� ghostscript ��
�� . ��
�� . �� ,

/GreekArialPlain (/usr/X11/lib/X11/fonts/Type1GR/grkarip.pfb) ;

�� (�.�.
Netscape) �� default
��. �� , �� Netscape ��
��, �� , ��
�� Times �� Courier. ��
�� (��
��). � �� Fontmap ��
�� . ��
�� Fontmap ��:

/Times-Roman /GreekTimesPlain ;
/Times-Italic /GreekTimesItalic ;
/Times-Bold /GreekTimesBold ;
/Times-BoldItalic /GreekBoldItalic ;
/Courier /GreekCourierPlain ;
/Courier-Italic /GreekCourierItalic ;
/Courier-Bold /GreekCourierBold ;
/Courier-BoldItalic /GreekCourierBoldItalic ;

� �� .

3.5.3.2. Fontmap, ��

� '��
�� Fontmap, �� , ��
grpsfilter (�� ), ��
�� netscape �� fontmap.

Ta Fontmap aliases poy proteinw (kanei use ta Type1 fonts moy):
Pros to telos toy Fontmap:
===================cut==here=======================================
% ------------------------------------------------------
% Elot greek fonts by Angelo Haritsis <[email protected]>
% ------------------------------------------------------
/GreekArialPlain (grkarip.pfb) ;
/GreekArialBold (grkarib.pfb) ;
/GreekArialItalic (grkarii.pfb) ;
/GreekArialBoldItalic (grkaribi.pfb) ;
/Greek-Arial-Plain /GreekArialPlain ;
/Greek-Arial-Bold /GreekArialBold ;
/Greek-Arial-Italic /GreekArialItalic ;
/Greek-Arial-Bold-Italic /GreekArialBoldItalic ;
/Greek-Arial-BoldItalic /GreekArialBoldItalic ;

/GreekTimesPlain (grktimp.pfb) ;
/GreekTimesBold (grktimb.pfb) ;
/GreekTimesItalic (grktimi.pfb) ;
/GreekTimesBoldItalic (grktimbi.pfb) ;
/Greek-Times-Plain /GreekTimesPlain ;
/Greek-Times-Roman /GreekTimesPlain ;
/Greek-Times-Bold /GreekTimesBold ;
/Greek-Times-Italic /GreekTimesItalic ;
/Greek-Times-Bold-Italic /GreekTimesBoldItalic ;
/Greek-Times-BoldItalic /GreekTimesBoldItalic ;

/GreekCourierPlain (grkcurp.pfb) ;
/GreekCourierBold (grkcurb.pfb) ;
/GreekCourierItalic (grkcuri.pfb) ;
/GreekCourierBoldItalic (grkcurbi.pfb) ;
/GreekCourier /GreekCourierPlain ;
/Greek-Courier /GreekCourierPlain ;
/Greek-Courier-Plain /GreekCourierPlain ;
/Greek-Courier-Bold /GreekCourierBold ;
/Greek-Courier-Italic /GreekCourierItalic ;
/Greek-Courier-Bold-Italic /GreekCourierBoldItalic ;
/Greek-Courier-BoldItalic /GreekCourierBoldItalic ;

% Polytoniko Greek fonts
/GreekPolyTimesPlain (grkpolp.pfb) ;
/GreekPolyTimesItalic (grkpoli.pfb) ;
/Greek-Poly-Times-Plain /GreekPolyTimesPlain ;
/Greek-Poly-Times-Italic /GreekPolyTimesItalic ;
===================cut==here=======================================

3.5.3.3. grpsfilter

Na kai to aplo filtro grpsfilter:
-----------------------------grpsfilter-----------------------
#!/bin/sh
# Filter to print greek from Netscape (may be used in printcap)
# (c) 1997 Angelo Haritsis <[email protected]>
# NB: You need my postscript greek fonts and proper Fontmap!
#
exec sed -e 's/\/Times$.* findfont$/\/Greek-Times\1/g' \
-e 's/\Courier$.* findfont$/\Greek-Courier\1/g' \
-e 's/\/Times-Oblique$.* findfont$/Greek-Times-Italic\1/g' \
-e 's/\/Times-BoldOblique$.* findfont$/Greek-Times-BoldItalic\1/g'
-----------------------------grpsfilter-----------------------

An ftiakseis enan printer `grps' sto printcap poy pernaei ola ta
Postscript mesa apo t� grpsfilter, tote exeis ellhnikh ektypwsh
xwris na "xalaseis" to FontMap.

Profanws to filter doyleyei kai sto cmd line. Apo Netscape print to
a file: test.ps kai meta:
grpsfilter <test.ps | ghostview -

3.6. �� mount �� windows partition;

�� compile �� NLS,
737 �� iso-8859-7. A� ��
�� Windows �� , ��
�� fstab �� mount ��
�� vfat �� default ��
iocharset=iso8859-7. �� /etc/fstab ��
windows partition �� filenames, �:

/dev/hda1 /Win95 vfat rw,user,codepage=737,iocharset=iso8859-7 0 0

� �� mount, �:

mount -tvfat -onoexec,iocharset=iso8859-7 /dev/hda1 /Win95

3.7. �� CD �� Linux;

�� xcdroast, �� format �� .
�� ISO9660 ��
�� UNIX filesystem �� Linux, ��
ext2. ��' �� UNIX �� Rockridge, ��
directories �� , ��-�� , ��
�� (�� CD),
symbolic links, file permissions ��. �� Romeo/Joliet ��
windows, �� Rockridge (� ��
�� ), ��
�� "Rockridge+Joliet", �� CD ��
�� .

�� Linux ��
�� CD, �� Rockridge.

4. ��

��, �� NLS -�� -
�� "8-bin-clean" �� 8 bits.

�� , ��: export LANG=el (bash/sh) �
setenv LANG el (csh/tcsh). ��
�� LC_CTYPE �� iso_8859_7. ��
�� /etc/profile �� /etc/csh.cshrc ��
�� /bashrc �� /cshrc �� bash/sh ��
csh/tcsh �� .

�� /.Xdefaults � /.Xresources �� :

*basicLocale: C
*timeFormat: C
*numeric: C
*displayLang: iso_8859_7
*inputLang: iso_8859_7

4.1. bash

�� bash v.1.13+, �� /etc/inputrc � ��
/.inputrc, �� (�� ):

set meta-flag on
set convert-meta off
set output-meta on

�� sh.

4.2. csh/tcsh

export LANG=el_GR
export LC_CTYPE=iso-8859-7
stty cs8 -istrip -parenb (???)

=====================================================================
tcsh :
Put the following in your /etc/csh.cshrc or .tcshrc file

setenv LC_CTYPE iso_8859_7
stty pass8

Note: If this doesn't work your copy of tcsh was probably not compiled
with NLS support or possibly it's version 6.03 or lower.

ftp://tesla.ee.cornell.edu/pub/tcsh.
�� (tcsh 6.06.00 13-5-95, options 8b, nls, dl ,al, sm)(???)
=====================================================================

4.3. ls

�� , ��
"ls -N". �� alias �� /.profile � ��
�� -N �� $LS_OPTIONS �� :

export LS_OPTIONS="$LS_OPTIONS -N"

4.4. more

� �� , <[email protected]> "��" �� "more" ��
�� 928 ��, moreH:
ftp://argeas.hellug.gr/pub/unix/linux/GREEK/moreH.tar.gz

4.5. less

�� less, � ��
�� :

� less -r (raw mode, �� )

� set LESSCHARSET="koi8-r" (� �� )

� set LESSCHARDEF="8bcccbcc18b95.b128."

� �� NLS, ��. ``'' (� �� "��" ��)

� �� charset.c (�� ):

----- CUT HERE - patch.in -----

*** charset.c.orig Thu Aug 7 11:24:42 1997
--- charset.c Thu Aug 7 11:25:02 1997
***************
*** 49,54 ****
--- 49,55 ----
{ "dos", "8bcccbcc12bc5b95.b." },
{ "koi8-r", "8bcccbcc18b95.b128." },
{ "next", "8bcccbcc18b95.bb125.bb" },
+ { "8859-7", "8bcccbcc18b95.b128." }, /* By Antonis Kavarnos */
{ NULL }
};

�� : setenv LESSCHARSET "8859-7"

4.6. a2ps

�� a2ps v4.0 (ascii to postscript),
�� , ��
<[email protected]> �� <[email protected]>.
��
ftp://argeas.hellug.gr/pub/unix/linux/GREEK/a2ps_v4.0-greek.tar.gz {
To standard a2ps tha exei syntoma swsth yposthriksh gia ellhnika. }

4.7. genscript

�� a2ps �� GNU enscript, ��
�� 1.6.0
�� . �� :
http://www.csd.uch.gr/~lourakis/genscript/

4.8. vi

� vi ��
�� , �� , �� , �� viH (��
vi, �� ) �� vim.

=====================================================================
Shmeiwteon oti o vim meta thn ekdosh 4.x exei yposthriksh toy
langmap flag (prepei na ginei compile me ayto to flag - standard builds
den to exoyn synithws). To feature ayto, contributed apo ton
Angelo Haritsis <[email protected]>, einai meros toy standard vim
distribution kai oxi aplws ena palio patch.
Apo to documentation toy vim (:help langmap):
langmap(lma):
This option allows support for keyboards that have a mode for a
special language. The idea is that when you are typing text in
Insert mode your keyboard is switched in the special language mode, you
get different key codes for the special characters. When in command
mode the 'langmap' option takes care of translating these special
characters to the original meaning of the key. This means you don't
have to change the keyboard mode to be able to execute normal mode commands.
Exei kai to katallhlo setting gia ellhnika sto documentation.
Nomizw oti einai xrhsimo gia vi users...

++ Isws ena linux .rpm (properly built) tha htan xrhsimo.
=====================================================================

4.9. joe

� joe �� 8bit support, ��
�� joe -asis, �� -asis ��
usr/(local/)/lib/joerc.

4.10. emacs

� Emacs 19+ �� . ��'
��
�� Emacs.

� �� greek-mode.el, ��
�� <[email protected]>. �� , ��
�� :
http://www.ics.forth.gr/~sarantos/EMACS+GREEK ��
��. ��
�� Hellenic Resources Institute (HRI) ��
�� UNIX.

=====================================================================
emacs :
In version 19.26 or later of GNU emacs you can simply set the
environment variable LC_CTYPE to iso_8859_7 like you do for tcsh
and elm. If you use an older version put the following in your
/usr/lib/emacs/site-lisp/default.el file:

(standard-display-european t)

(set-input-mode (car (current-input-mode))
(nth 1 (current-input-mode))
0)

Dead key functionality should work under GNU emacs provided you use
GNU emacs v19.30 or higher and XFree86 v3.1.2 or higher, so don't
start researching available elisp packages implementing "electric
keys" or anything like that. If you want to implement European
keyboard conventions in emacs without upgrading the best choice is
probably the remap package available from the AUC FTP server (see
section ``References and FTP sites''.)
=====================================================================

4.11. xemacs

�� xemacs �� kikbd (��
��), �� .xemacs-options:

(global-set-key 'Dacute_accent '"")
(global-set-key 'Ddiaeresis '"")

4.12. pine

�� pine �� "alternative
editor" � joe � � viH. �� 928, �� setup,
configure �� character-set= ISO-8859-7 ��
�� (� pico �� 8bit input).

4.13. elm

http://www.cs.columbia.edu/ akonstan/en/greek/elm-greek.txt

elm: Set the following environment variables

LANG=C
LC_CTYPE=iso_8859_7

Some versions of elm require that you put the following definitions in
your /.elm/elmrc/ file:

charset = iso-8859-7
displaycharset = iso-8859-7
textencoding = 8bit

Kai to palio-kalo elm yposthrizei ellhnika, me ton katallhlo editor.
Epishs yparxei mia nekranasthmenh ekdosh poy yposthrizei kai alla
kaloydia, to elm-me: ftp://ftp.ozone.fmi.fi/KEH

{ -�� elm 2.4PL5, �� - OXI PANTA TOYLAXISTON (???) }

4.14. metamail

To configure the metamail package for ISO 8859-7 input/output, set the
MM_CHARSET environment variable with "setenv MM_CHARSET ISO-8859-7".
Also, set the MM_AUXCHARSETS variable with "setenv MM_AUXCHARSETS
iso-8859-7" (???)

4.15. telnet

�� telnet �� . �� , ��
�� /.telnetrc:

set binary true

4.16. rlogin

�� rlogin, ��: "rlogin -8" � "rlogin
-L".

4.17. xterm

�� : (� �� )

xterm -f sc-elot16

� �� /.Xresources, ��
�� (� �� ) �� font �� , �
xterm*font: -misc-fixed-medium-r-semicon�
densed--0-0-75-75-c-0-iso8859-7

4.18. rxvt

�� rxvt ��
��

1. �� 11, ��. ``''

2. �� , �� 8-bit
mode �� bit ��
��. �� rxvt ��
��:

% rxvt -8 -meta 8thbit -font GREEKFONT ...

�� ,��
�� rxvt ��.

=====================================================================
To rxvt (xterm clone that uses less memory and runs slightly faster)
exei standard support gia full ellhniko keyboard (928 kai 437) poy exw balei
edw kai poly kairo. Download the latest source kai compile me
#define GREEK_SUPPORT
sto feature.h

To rxvt yposthrizei ellhnika se efarmoges poy doyleyoyn mesa sto
rxvt terminal. Yposthrizei full set ellhnikwn (including:
tono-dialytika, anw teleia, ellhnika omoiwmatika).
Epitrepei kaneis na kanei type taytoxrona se 928 kai 437 se 2 katallhla
diaforetika rxvt windows.
Read file README.greek gia leptomereies.

H swsth lysh gia X11 bebaia einai ena complete XKB package poy tha
yposthrizei to plhres set ellhnikwn. Mexri tote to rxvt einai akoma
xrhsimo (epishs gia 737 taytoxrona me 928 keyboard).

++ Isws ena linux .rpm (properly built) tha htan xrhsimo.
=====================================================================

4.19. minicom

�� minicom �� modem, ��
�� Telix. � �� 737, ��
�� BBS �� DOS (��
�� ):
ftp://argeas.hellug.gr/pub/unix/linux/GREEK/minicom-1.75-elf.tar.gz
�� : <[email protected]>

{
Fantazomai minicom mesa se rxvt me 737 font kai encoding tha doylepsei
kanonika xwris tropopoihsh tou idioy toy programmatos (arkei na einai
8-bit clean).
}

4.20. samba

To Samba �� (>=1.9.17 ?) ��
�� . �� 1.9.18p, ��
�� , ��
/usr/doc/packages/samba/examples/validchars ��
�� .

�� , �� [global] ��
/etc/smb.conf, �� "valid chars = 0xa0 0xa1
0xa2 ... ��"

4.21. ispell

� �� <[email protected]> �� ispell,
�� 928 ��. ��
��. �� FTP site ��:
ftp://argeas.hellug.gr/pub/unix/linux/GREEK/ispellH.tar.gz ��
�� ispell �� aspell.

=====================================================================
ftp://ftp.cs.ucla.edu/pub/ispell/languages/ (???)

ispell - Spell checking in Danish:
First make sure you install version 3.1 instead of version 4.0
of ispell. The latter is obsolete and multiply brain-damaged.
You can download the sources for ispell at the GNU archive at
prep.ai.mit.edu, and you can get a Danish dictionary via FTP
from ftp.iesd.auc.dk in /pub/packages/dkispell/. Follow the
compilation instructions and you should have no trouble (One
caveat: When defining the variables necessary for compilation
you should slightly confusingly tell ispell that Linux is a Sys
V type OS by defining the variable USG.)
When you have installed the Danish dictionary for ispell you
can check the spelling of a Danish language file by executing
the command:

ispell -d danish -T latin1 -w "??????" <your_danish_text_file>

(Note for non-Danish readers: You can find dictionaries for most
Western languages by reading the file Where included with the
sources for ispell.)
=====================================================================

4.22. Midnight Commander

� �� mc
�� Options -> Display bits -> Full 8 bits
output. ��
�� mc, ��
�� Full 8 bits input. [ [email protected] ]

4.23. Staroffice

�� office suite �� StarOffice 5.1.

�� StarOffice-and-
Greek.

4.24. Netscape

T� Netscape 3.x & 4.x �� (��) �� .
�� , �� Configuration �� X
windows �� "��" �� . ��
�� 3 ��
�� netscape.

� �� encoding/fonts

� �� resources �� Netscape

� �� "��" aliases �� iso8859-1 (��,
iso8859-1) �� Windows-1253 ��
�� (�� netscape ��
iso8859-1 ��). �� windows-1253
�� web masters ��
� �� .html ��: charset=windows-1253

�� :

� �� netscape, �� view->encoding ��
�� "Greek (ISO-8859-7)" �� "Set Default
Encoding". �� Edit->Preferences, Appearence->Fonts
�� "For the encoding" �� "Greek (ISO-8859-7)" ��
�� 2 lists �� fonts (�� helvetica
��!). �� click �� .

� �� directory �� netscape �� Netscape.ad. ��
Resources. �� netscape ��
�� /usr/local/netscape, �� "root" ��
�� netscape 4.03. (��
�� fonts -greek-helvetica).

cd /usr/X11/lib/X11/app-defaults
\rm -f Netscape
grep -v 'fontList:' /usr/local/netscape/Netscape.ad >/tmp/Netscape
echo "*fontList: \
-greek-helvetica-medium-r-normal-*-*-120-*-*-*-*-iso8859-7" \
>>/tmp/Netscape
grep -v '^*defaultCharset:' /tmp/Netscape >Netscape
echo '*defaultCharset: iso-8859-7' >>Netscape
chmod 644 Netscape
\rm -f /tmp/Netscape

� �� root, �� directory �� fonts
�� aliases �� :

cd /usr/X11/lib/X11/fonts/greek
mkfontdir
awk '{printf "%s %s\n", $2, $2}' fonts.dir |sed -e \
's/iso8859-7/iso8859-1/' >>fonts.alias
awk '{printf "%s %s\n", $2, $2}' fonts.dir |sed -e \
's/iso8859-7/windows-1253/' >>fonts.alias

� �� X ��
edit->preferences->Appearance->fonts �� fonts �� charset
'windows-1253' �� 'iso8859-1'. (�� fonts �� western
charset iso8859-1!!!!).

�� : http://www.ntua.gr/help.html

4.24.1. Netscape widgets

lazaros sotiriadis:

A epishs gia na vlepete ellinika se ola ta widgets prepei na dosete ti sosti gramatoseira sto
Netscape.ad i se arxeio pou tha kanete xrdb -merge i sto .Xdefaults tis exhs 4 seires :

*fontList: -*-couriergr-medium-r-*-*-*-120-*-*-*-*-iso8859-*
*XmTextField.fontList: -*-couriergr-medium-r-*-*-*-120-*-*-*-*-iso8859-*
*XmText.fontList: -*-couriergr-medium-r-*-*-*-120-*-*-*-*-iso8859-*
*XmList*fontList: -*-couriergr-medium-r-*-*-*-120-*-*-*-*-iso8859-*

Etsi tha blepete ellinika se Ola ta widgets se oles tis selides asxetos
an exoun sto source tous charset=windows-1253 kai akoma tha vlepete
ellinika sta bookmarks kai tha grafete fisika se ola ta widgets (p.x http://...)

4.24.2. Netscape fonts

Shmeiwteon to greekXfonts-full-1.1.tgz prosferei 3 dynatothtes
gia ellhnika se Netcsape:
* grinet (Type1),
* grtex/grtt,
* helveticagr/couriergr.
Ta Type1 einai to kalytero option (logw oti einai scalable) alla
dystyxws se XFree86 de fainontai toso kala logw kakoy Type1 rasteriser twn XFree.
Se alla unix/X exw anafores oti fainontai poly kalytera.

Polla sites exoyn dymanic font information gia ta keimena opote to Netscape
aytomatws tha dialseksei to katallhlo font. Ayth h praktikh synistatai
se webmasters ellhnikwn keimenwn.

5. National Language Support

To National Language Support (�� NLS) ��
�� UNIX, ��
��
�� .

�� NLS �� GNU tools, ��
�� (Command Line Interface - CLI, ��
�� prompt), ��
(� KDE). � ��
��, �� LANG="el_GR". �� 1998 ��
�� el_GR (�� ISO ��),
�� .

�� NLS �� , ��
Greek-nls-HOWTO �� magaz:
http://magaz.hellug.gr/09/04_nls.html.

��: �� , ��
�� NLS �� linux, ��
�� (�, �� gr_GR, ��
el_GR).

5.1. ��

�� C ��
�� . �.�.

ttyp3:~#ldconfig -v | grep libc.so
libc.so.4 => libc.so.4.7.2
libc.so.6 => libc-2.0.4.so
libc.so.5 => libc.so.5.4.33

�� 5 �� libc �� , ��
�� locale ��. (��
�� 4 �� 5)

1. libc 4 ??? (a.out)

2. libc 5.0.9-5.3.12

3. libc 5.4.x

4. glibc 1.x ??? (�� libc 5 �� Linux)

5. glibc 2.x.x (libc 6)

5.2. �� Locale

�� (localedata), �� compiler localedef
�� locale.

� �� (�� )

1. � ��

ftp://dkuug.dk/i18n/WG15-collection/locales/gr_GR (2679 bytes)
ftp://dkuug.dk/i18n/WG15-collection/charmaps/ISO_8859-7:1987 (19768 bytes)
ftp://dkuug.dk/i18n/WG15-collection/locales/en_DK (101080 bytes)

2. � ��, �� ftp://ftp.debian.org/debian/ ...
/sources/admin/wg15-locale_2.orig.tar.gz (� �� CDROM ��
�� debian) ��

locales/gr_GR
locales/en_DK
charmaps/ISO_8859-7,1987

(�� libc 5.4.x)

3. � ��
�� glibc 2.0.5 �� glibc-
localedata-2.0.5 �� debian (ftp.debian.org),�� redhat
(ftp.redhat.com) �� mirrors �� gnu ��
gr_GR,en_DK,ISO-8859-7

� �� localedef �� locale ��
�� libc 5 �� glibc 2. �� binary ��
debian �� redhat �� tar.gz �� gnu ��
�� libc �� (locale-5.x.y ��
libc 5.x.y �� glibc-localedata-2.x.y �� glibc-2.x.y)

�� gr_GR ��
��

>sed -e 's/am_pm "";""/am_pm "<P*><M*>";"<M*><M*>"/' gr_GR > el_GR

(��
�� X) ��

> tail -n 5 el_GR | grep am_pm
am_pm "<P*><M*>";"<M*><M*>"
t_fmt_ampm ""
END LC_TIME

�� root ��

# mkdir -m 755 -p /usr/share/locale/el_GR/LC_MESSAGES
# mkdir -m 755 -p /usr/share/i18n/charmaps
# mkdir -m 755 -p /usr/share/i18n/locales
# ln -sf /usr/share/i18n/charmaps /usr/share/i18n/charmap

�� el_GR, en_DK, ISO-8859-7 (�
ISO_8859-7:1987 � ISO_8859-7,1987)

# cd (�� localedata)
# cp e?_?? /usr/share/i18n/locales
# cd ../charmaps
# cp ISO[-_]8859-7* /usr/share/i18n/charmaps
# cd /usr/share/i18n/charmaps
# ln -s ISO_8859-7,1987 ISO-8859-7

��, �� binary ��, �� locale ��
localedef. �� :

> cd ~/src
> gzip -dc libc-x.y.z.tar.gz | tar xvf -
> cd libc-x.y.z
> ./configure
> make clean; make depend
> cd locale
> make programs
> su -f root -c 'install -m 755 locale localedef /usr/bin'

�� . ��
root:

# cd /usr/share

�� libc

# localedef -ci locale/el_GR -f i18n/charmap/ISO-8859-7 el_GR

�� .�. libc-5.4.33 �� libc-2.0.4

# localedef-2.04 -ci el_GR -f ISO-8859-7 el_GR
# localedef-5.4.33 -ci el_GR -f ISO-8859-7 el
# chmod -cR a+r locale

�� /usr/share/locale/el_GR (��
�� el)

# ls locale/el_GR
LC_COLLATE LC_CTYPE LC_MESSAGES/ LC_MONETARY LC_NUMERIC LC_TIME

�� . �� csh �.�. tcsh:

> setenv LANG el_GR

�� sh �.�. bash, ksh:

> LANG=el_GR ; export LANG

��:

> locale
LANG=el_GR
LC_CTYPE="el_GR"
LC_NUMERIC="el_GR"
LC_TIME="el_GR"
LC_COLLATE="el_GR"
LC_MONETARY="el_GR"
LC_MESSAGES="el_GR"
LC_ALL=
> locale -c LC_TIME | head
LC_TIME
��;��;��;��;��;��;��
��;��;��;��;��;��;��
��;��;��;��;��;��;��;��;��;��;��;��
��;��;��;��;��;��;��;��;��;��;��;��
��;��
%a %d %b %Y %T %Z
%d/%m/%Y
%T

(� �� libc �� libc)

�� (��
compile �� libc)

> unsetenv LESSCHARSET � unset LESSCHARSET
> less ��-��-��-��
> cal
�� 1997
� ��
1 2
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
17 18 19 20 21 22 23
24 25 26 27 28 29 30
31

�� Netscape 4 (�� libc 5.4.x x > 4 ) �� Mail & Discus�
sions �� Date �� 31/08/1997 ��
�� . �� :-)

5.2.1. ��

�� gencat �� gettext

�)�� gencat �� libc (��
�� nls/) � �� binary �.�. gencat-x.y.z ��
�� localedef. �� International
language text (.m) �� .

�)�� gettext, �� libc, ��
mirrors �� gnu �.�.ftp.kernel.org/pub/mirrors/gnu/gettext-0.10.tar.gz
�� debian,redhat. (��
http://las.ml.org �� gettext) ��
�� GNU {file,sh,text,net}-utils �� .�.
(WindowMaker). ��
ftp.kernel.org/pub/mirrors/gnu/ABOUT-NLS, ��
�� [email protected] � �� el-
[email protected] �� "subscribe" �� .

�� , �� ,�� , ��
�� tcsh 6.07.02 (�� patches �� debian) �� , ��, ��
gencat.

5.3. �� tcsh

�� tcsh >= 6.07.02. �� gencat (��
libc,�� binary �� redhat,debian) �� tcsh. �

� �� config_f.h �� #undef NLS_CATALOGS ��
#define NLS_CATALOGS �� nls/greek/*
�� \",\',\� �� ",',\n ��. �� nls/Makefile ��
GENCAT=gencat �� GENCAT=gencat -new -lang ANSIC �

� �� patch �� 6.07.02 �� debian
(ftp.debian.org/debian/hamm/hamm/source/shells/ )

��, ��, �� tcsh

>make
>make catalogs
>su -f root -c 'make install'
>su -f root -c 'install -m 644 tcsh.greek.cat /usr/share/locale/el_GR/tcsh'
>/bin/tcsh
>setenv LANG el_GR
>unsetenv NOREBIND (�� )
>fkjg
fkjg: � �� .

��

� �� /usr/share/locale/el_GR/tcsh �� /bin/tcsh

>ls -l /usr/share/locale/el_GR/tcsh
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 47443 �� 12 21:27 /usr/share/locale/el_GR/tcsh
>file /usr/share/locale/el_GR/tcsh
/usr/share/locale/el_GR/tcsh: data
>ls -l /bin/tcsh
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 270476 �� 10:23 /bin/tcsh
>date
�� 9 10:38 EET DST 1997

� �� gencat �� libc

> gencat -V
localedef (GNU libc) 2.0.4
Copyright (C) 1995, 1996, 1997 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO
warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
Written by Ulrich Drepper.
> ldd /bin/tcsh
libnsl.so.1 => /lib/libnsl.so.1 (0x40003000)
libncurses.so.4 => /usr/lib/libncurses.so.4 (0x4000a000)
libcrypt.so.1 => /lib/libcrypt.so.1 (0x4004a000)
libc.so.6 => /lib/libc.so.6 (0x40078000)
/lib/ld-linux.so.2 => /lib/ld-linux.so.2 (0x00000000)

��

fkjg: ^� ^�^�^�^�^�^� ^�^� ^�^�^�^�^�^�^�.

1. �� permissions �� /usr/share/locale/el_GR

> ls -l /usr/share/locale/el_GR
total 96
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 1024 �� 25 20:40 ./
drwxr-xr-x 68 root root 2048 �� 6 10:41 ../
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 29156 �� 25 20:36 LC_COLLATE
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 10428 �� 25 20:36 LC_CTYPE
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 1024 �� 25 20:34 LC_MESSAGES/
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 95 �� 25 20:36 LC_MONETARY
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 27 �� 25 20:36 LC_NUMERIC
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 536 �� 25 20:36 LC_TIME
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 47443 �� 12 21:27 tcsh

2. �� compile �� localedef

3. �� localedef �� libc ��

> localedef -V
localedef (GNU libc) 2.0.4
Copyright (C) 1995, 1996, 1997 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO
warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
Written by Ulrich Drepper.
> ldd /bin/tcsh
libnsl.so.1 => /lib/libnsl.so.1 (0x40003000)
libncurses.so.4 => /usr/lib/libncurses.so.4 (0x4000a000)
libcrypt.so.1 => /lib/libcrypt.so.1 (0x4004a000)
libc.so.6 => /lib/libc.so.6 (0x40078000)
/lib/ld-linux.so.2 => /lib/ld-linux.so.2 (0x00000000)

4. ��

5. �� libc

5.4. ��

�� LANG ��
el_GR.

� X ��:

�)�� /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/locale/locale.alias ��
el_GR.ISO-8859-7 el_GR.ISO8859-7

�) �� *titleEncoding:
ISO8859-7 *iconNameEncoding: ISO8859-7

� LESS: �� LESSCHARSET. �� locale, ��
libc, �� LANG �� el_GR �� .

�� gettext
(/usr/share/locale/el_GR/LC_MESSAGES/*.mo): �� LANGUAGE �� el_GR.

� TCL/TK: ��
/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/locale/compose.dir �� iso8859-1/Compose C
�� #iso8859-1/Compose C

� XTERM: �� xterm �� Xfree86 3.3 (��
�� X11R6.3) �� -DI18N.

� SH-UTILS,FILE-UTILS,TEXT-UTILS: ��
glibc 2 �� .

� SYSLOGD:???????

� �� : ��
��.

#include <locale.h>
.....
setlocale(LC_ALL,"");
.....
>�� --��

�� ;

5.5. ��

�� ;-).

5.5.1. �� C Library (libc)

� �� LOCALEDEF �� GENCAT �� A��
�� LIBC �� LIBC �� HEADERS
�� LIBC ��
�� .

5.5.2. �� X

Locale not supported from X library.(� �� ) ��
��

# chmod -cR a+r /usr/share/locale /usr/X11R6/lib/locale

�� Xresources ��

>xrdb -query

�� C.

5.5.3. �� ;-)

� �� syslogd �� 7-bit ��
�� .�.�� PAM ��
�� .

�� "yes/no" ��
�� "y" � "n"�� "�" �� "�" ��.

��
iso-8859-7(ELOT-928). �� tcsh.

5.6. ��

� Linux Locales Mini HOWTO:
ftp://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/doc/HOWTO/mini/locales

� NLS repository: http://www.iro.umontreal.ca/contrib/po/

� NLS utilities for Linux: ftp://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/utils/nls

� Public domain locale and charmap sources: ftp://dkuug.dk/i18n

�� man pages: locale.5 locale.7 setlocale.2

6. Tex/LaTex

�� TeX/LateX �� (typesetting), ��
�� 75-85. ��
�� , ��
�� (�� word �� ), ��
(��) ��
��.

�� TeX/LateX, �� HOWTO:
GreekTeXFAQ. �� ``''.

�� TeX �� Donald E.
Knuth �� Stanford University, ��
��. �� TeX �� , ��
��
�� :

$ y = \alpha\,x^2 $

�� TeX �� \alpha �� "�".

�� , �� TeX ��
�� math-mode (�� mode �� TeX ��
�� ) �� horizontal-mode ��
�� . ��
�� :

{$\Epsilon$}$\lambda${$\lambda$}$\'\alpha${$\delta$}$\alpha$.

�� "��".

�� project BABEL �� TeX-Users-Group, � ��
�� .

6.1. �� project BABEL

�� project BABEL �� Comprehensive-TeX-Archive-
Network (CTAN) mirrors. �� directory .../tex-archive/babel/
�� BABEL ��
.../tex-archive/babel/greek/* .

�� project BABEL �� , ��, ��
�� "�� ", �� greeklish. ��, ��
�� "��" �� :

\GR{}Ella'da\EN{}

�� $...$ ��.

�� BABEL ��
�� , �� :

��

�� , ��
BABEL �� !

6.2. �� Tex/LaTex

�� (�� ), �� project ��
�� GRTeX. �� "�� GRTeX, ��
��, �� 1989, ��, �� . �/� �� ."

��, � �. �� /��
�� TeX/LaTeX.

6.3. �� Tex/LaTex

� http://magaz.hellug.gr/04/05_babel.html 1� �� magaz ��
�� TeX/LateX

� http://magaz.hellug.gr/08/07_GreekTeXFAQ.html 2� �� magaz
�� TeX (�� - FAQ)

� ftp://ftp.tex.ac.uk:/pub/tex/fonts/greek/ ��
�� CTAN

� ftp://obelix.ee.duth.gr/pub/TeX �� TeX ��

� http://obelix.ee.duth.gr/eft/ �� TeX

� http://obelix.ee.duth.gr/eft/Greekinf/ �� LateX

� http://ctan.unsw.edu.au/tex-archive/help/greek/greek.faq faq ��
�� LateX, �� (4/94)

�� CTAN (Comprehensive TeX Archive Netowrk) ��:

� ftp.tex.ac.uk (128.232.1.87)

� ftp.dante.de (129.206.100.192)

� ftp.cdrom.com/pub/tex/ctan

� ftp.ee.up.ac.za

7. ��

7.1. Linux Documentation Project

�� Linux Documentation Project (LDP) ��
�� Linux ��, �� . ��
�� HOWTO, FAQ, manual pages, Guides �� LDP, ��
�� metalab (http://metalab.unc.edu/LDP/). ��
�� LDP �� :
http://metalab.unc.edu/LDP/HOWTO.

�� (!) �� LDP:

� http://linux.forthnet.gr/LDP/, Contact: Sotiris
Tsimbonis,[email protected], Updated: DAILY, Location:
Katerini, Greece

� http://www.ichannel.gr/linux/LDP/, Contact: Dimitris Demiris,
[email protected], Updated: DAILY, Location: Volos, Greece

�� metalab ( �� sunsite) �� :
http://sunsite.ics.forth.gr/

�� linux ��: ftp://sunsite.ics.forth.gr/sunsite/linux

7.2. ��

�� on-line �� magaz �� :
http://magaz.hellug.gr.

�� Linux Gazette �� on-line ��
�� : http://www.ssc.com/lg/. Mirror ��
�� : http://www.eexi.gr/mirrors/lg/lg_frontpage.html.

�� Linux,
�� (��) Linux Journal, ��
�� /�, ��.

7.3. �� Linux

Mark G. Sobell, A Practical Guide to Linux, Addison-Wesley Pub Co,
ISBN: 0201895498 (*) �� , �� amazon.com
�� : http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0201895498/.

M. Welsh, L. Kaufman, Running Linux, O'Reilly & Associates, ISBN:
1565921518 (*)

O. Kirch, Linux Network Administrator's Guide, O'Reilly & Associates,
Inc. (*)
LDP, The Linux Bible 3rd Edition, Yggdrasil Computing, Inc.

7.4. Unix ��

B.Kernighan, R.Pike, The UNIX programming Environment, 1984, ISBN
0-13-937681-X �� Unix �� . ��
��. �� . (*) (**GR)

H. Hahn, A Student's Guide to Unix, McGraw Hill, 1993, ISBN:
0-07-025511-3 �� Unix. ��
�� Unix
�� Internet. �� (*)

M. Waite, D. Martin e S. Prata, The Waite Group's Unix System V
Primer, Sams, 1992, ISBN: 0-672-30194-6 ��
Unix/SVR4. (**GR)

D. Libes, S. Ressler, Life with Unix - A Guide for Everyone, Prentice
Hall, 1990, ISBN: 0-13-536657-7 ��
Unix. �� .

7.5. Unix ��

M. J. Bach, The design of the Unix operating system, Prentice-Hall
International, 461 pp, ISBN: 0-13-201757-1 ��
��, �� Unix �� .

P. Abrahams, B. Larson, Unix for the Impatient, Addison Wesley, 1995,
ISBN: 0-201-55703-7 �� Unix, ��
��. �� ,
�� . (*)

W.R. Stevens, Advanced Programming in the UNIX Environment, Addison
Wesley, 1996, ISBN: 0-201-56317-7 ��
�� Unix. (*)

W.R. Stevens, UNIX Network Programming, Addison Wesley, 1996, ISBN:
0-13-90012-X ��
(� Internet, TCP/IP) �� . (*)

7.6. ��

E. Nemeth, G. Snyder, S. Seebass, Unix System Administration Handbook,
Prentice-Hall, 1995, ISBN: 0-13-933441-6 �� , ��
�� (*)

D. r, B. Hunter, B. Smith, Unix System V Release 4 Administration,
Hayden, 1991, ISBN: 0-672-22810-6 ��
�� , �� Unix.

AEleen Frisch, Essential System Administration 2nd Edition, O'Reilly &
Associates, 1996, ISBN 15659212755 ��
�� Linux. (*)

7.7. �� Unix

S. Garfinkel, G. Spafford, Practical Unix Security and Internet,
O'Reilly, 1996, ISBN: 0-937175-72-2 ��
�� . (*)
7.8. Unix �� Internet

AA.VV., Building a Unix Internet Server, New Riders, ISBN:
1-56205-494-5 �� CD �� , ��
�� Internet Server.

Que, Running perfect internet site with linux, U. Hoepli ed., 1995,
ISBN 0789705141

7.9. �� UNIX

�� (*), �� , ��
��. �� (**GR), ��
�� . ��
�� (��. ``'')

8. �� Linux ��

�� (��.
98) �� , ��
�� FTP, news hosts �� , IRC channels ��
�� Internet. ��
�� www.linux.gr
�� Hellug, ��
�� www.hellug.gr. �� -�� - �� magaz ��
�� : magaz.hellug.gr.

8.1. �� (Newsgroups)

� �� E�� Linux ��
linux.greek.users, �� ,
�� (�� argeas.argos.hol.gr, �� argeas.hellug.gr) ��
�� , ��
��, �� , ��
�� greeklish:

ayta edv, as poume, einai greeklish.

�� list-news gateway �� linux.greek.users �� :
news://edessa.topo.auth.gr/local.linux.greek.users �� gateway
��
�� . �� , ��
��. �� META FAQ �� http://linux.forth�
net.gr/~stsimb/linux/meta-faq.html.

�� linux-greek-users, �� linux-howto
(�� linux ��
�� ) �� hellug (��
�� ).

� ��
http://lists.hellug.gr/,

8.2. IRC

IRC channel, �� , ��
#linux-gr. � �� http://www.co.umist.ac.uk/~vp/irc/
�� , ��
�� linux-greek-users.

8.3. Fidonet

�� Fidonet, �� "gr.unix", ��
�� postings �� Linux. �� , ��
�� , �� BBS �� Fidonet (��.
http://www.fidonet.gr) ��
737 �� /�� flames.

�� fido-news gateway: news://news.fidonet.gr/fido.gr.unix
�� news://edessa.topo.auth.gr/fido.gr.unix

8.4. �� Linux

� �� HELLUG �� de facto � ��
�� Linux. ��
�� compulink: http://www.compulink.gr/linux/.

�� (TheLUG)
�� (PLUG). ��
�� Linux.

�� LUG �� ,
�� : http://www.ntlug.org/archive/lug-
howto/index.html.

8.4.1. HELLUG

� �� Linux HELLUG ��
��, ��
1998. �� Linux �� , ��
�� . � ��
�� Linux, ��
�� Linux ��
�� .

�� : http://www.hellug.gr

8.4.2. PLUG

�� , �� /� �� , �� PLUG
(Patras Linux Users Group).
http://students.ceid.upatras.gr/~glavas/linux/

8.4.3. TheLUG

�� , �� TheLUG, �� ...��. ��
�� http://hal.csd.auth.gr/thelug/

8.5. ��

��' �� , ��
�� . ��
��, �� .

�� :

� Lexis, �� (��, ��
�� )

� �� HOWTOs, FAQs ��

� �� KDE, GNOME

� �� NLS

� �� , �� . �� Suse
�� .

�� http://server.hellug.gr/LUGistics/el/pub/PRJ_main.php3
�� . ��
�� , �� .

��
�� (� �� ), ��
�� , � ��
�� magaz � �� HOWTO ��
�� Hellug, ��
�� .

�� (� 8bit patch),
�� , � �� compiled
�� ftp server �� Hellug. ��
��
�� .

8.6. Internet Sites

8.6.1. WWW

� http://www.linux.gr

� http://www.hellug.gr

� http://magaz.hellug.gr

8.6.2. FTP

�� FTP site �� Linux
ftp://argeas.hellug.gr/pub/unix/linux/GREEK/

�� Linux ��:

� FTP.LINUX.GR - /pub/

� NTUA - /pub/linux

� Forthnet - /pub/linux

� Compulink /pub/linux

8.6.3. �� :-)

� http://metalab.unc.edu/LDP/ �� Linux Documentation
Project, �� Linux

� http://www.linux.org/ �� linux.org. ��
�� , ��
�� . �� site.

� http://www.linux.eu.org/ �� .

� http://www.li.org/ �� Linux International, ��
�� (��) ��

� http://www.linuxnow.com/ � ��
��. �� SOFTWARE, HOWTOs, FAQs, ��.

� http://www.ssc.com/lj/ � �� Linux Journal, ��
�� Linux

� http://www.ssc.com/lg/ � �� Linux Gazette, ��
�� Linux

� http://www.linuxmall.com/ ��
�� Linux.

� Yahoo.com->computers->operating_systems->Linux � ��
�� Yahoo �� Linux. �� .

8.7. �� CD

�� Linux ��
��, �� "��" (distributions), ��
��
��:

� Slackware �� . � ��
(5/99) �� 3.6, �� http://www.slackware.org

� Redhat ��
��. �� DOS,
�� REDHAT. �� RPM ��
�� (��)�� . �� http://www.redhat.com

� Debian �� GNU/Linux ��
�� GNU. ��: http://www.debian.org

� Hellenic �� , �� Synaptic Ltd "Software
Development & Trade". � ��
�� .

� OpenLinux �� Caldera, ��
�� . ��
http://www.calderasystems.com/products/openlinux

� Yggdrasil �� plug-n-play Linux. ��:
http://www.yggdrasil.com

� Suse � �� . �� ,
��, ��, �� distribution. ��: http://www.suse.de/e
�� 6.0 �� ,
�� .

�� CD:

� Walnut Creek (http://www.cdrom.com) �� Slackware.

� Redhat (http://www.redhat.com) �� . ��
�� 6.0

� SuSe (http://www.suse.com) �� . ��
�� 6.3 (�� 1999)

� Infomagic http://www.infomagic.com �� , �� Debian ��
�� metalab.unc.edu �� tsx-11.mit.edu. ��
"Linux Developer's Resource" �� 6 CD.
8.8. �� CD

�� Linux �� CD �� :

��:

� STEP, �� 36, ��18536, ��, 4181239, ��
Suse Linux (http://www.step.gr)

� �� .�., �� 3, ��10682, ��, 3809821, 3848254
(http://www.papasotiriou.gr)

� �� .�., �� 10, ��. �� ,
6231854

� �� , �� 37, ��10682, ��, 3829629,
3841021, 3300104 (http://www.klidarithmos.gr)

� Vertigo ��, �� 6, ��10682, ��, 3824536, 3806801 (+FAX)

��:

� Informatics Services Application, �� 61, ��55131,
��, 031-424512, (http://www.suse.gr)

� �� , �� 9 (http://www.malliaris.gr)

� �� .�., ��. �� 40, 243660

��:

� �� .�., �� 58, �� 26221, 061-624918, 061-624917

� �� . ��
�� , ��
�� .

9. FAQ

9.1. �� Linux;

�� Linux �� ,
�� 1990 �� Linus Torvalds, ��
�� 386. ��
��...

9.2. �� Linux;

�� , �� , ��
��
�� , �� Linux �� . ��
?.000�� 6 CD, �� , �
��
�� .

�� Linux �� 32bit �� , ��
�� (multitasking) ��. ��
��, �� , ��
�� "��" � ��. �� Linux ��:

� �� DOS, Win 3.x

� �� multitasking �� Windows 95,

� �� Windows NT,

� �� OS/2.

�� Linux �� Unix, �� TCP/IP, ��
�� Internet. �� ,
�� proxy. ��
POSIX compliance �� TCP/IP & SPX/IPX, SNMP & RIP, NCP,
SMB. �� server �� :
file server, printer server, web server, ftp server, news server,
mail (pop) server. �� Windows
NT � Novell Netware �� clients. �� Linux ��
�� GNU project �� Free Software Foundation (FSF).
To GNU �� , ��
�� . ��
�� , �� . ��
�� CD, �� .

9.3. �� Linux;

�� , �� , ��
��, �� :
http://basiclinux.hypermart.net/basic/index.html#lessons.

9.4. ��;

��' �� Linux �� fileystems ��
(FAT, VFAT, FAT32, NTFS, HPFS, HFS, ISO9660, Rock-Ridge, Joliet, UFS
��).

� �� DOSEMU �� DOS ��
�� (vm86). ��
�� Linux.

� �� WABI �� 16bit �� WIN3.11,
�� 199$

� �� WINE �� , �� .
�� (1999) �� .

� �� Executor �� Macintosh.

�� doc
�� Office �� StarOffice
5.1, �� Word 97 ��. ��
�� (txt, dbf, html, rtf),
�� , ��
��...

9.5. �� SOFTWARE ��;

�� , ��
�� : ��
�� .

�� metalab �� ' ��
�� , ��
http://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/

�� Linux Software Map (LSM) �� . ��
�� .
http://www.boutell.com/lsm/

�� Bill Latura:
http://www.xnet.com/~blatura/linapps.shtml

9.6. �� compile �� ;

�� Linux �� , ��
�� compile. ��
�� , ��
�� , ��
��. � ��
�� .

�� compile �� (�� # ��
��):

cd /usr/src/linux
make config # � make menuconfig � make xconfig, �� help.
make dep
make clean
make zImage # �� , �� /usr/src/linux/arch/i386/boot/zImage
make modules # �� modules ��
make modules_install # �� modules �� /lib
make install # �� /etc/lilo.conf

� �� (��
/vmlinuz), �� boot loader LILO. �� reboot, ��
�� ... (��
�� reboot �� linux).

9.7. �� SIG11;

�� SIG11 �� (Protection Fault).
��
�� - ��: ��
SIG11 �� ,��
��, �� . �� , ��:
http://www.bitwizard.nl/sig11/

9.8. �� Unix;

�� Unix �� :

� Linux

� GNU Hurd

� FreeBSD

� NetBSD

� OpenBSD

�� FreeBSD �� , ��
��
�� (� ftp.cdrom.com). �� ' ��
�� Linux, �� .
��, �� Linux �� .
�� BSD UNIX, ��
�� .

9.9. ��

i18n
I{-- 18 letters --}n = Internationalization

e13n
Europeanization

l10n
Localization

ANSI
American National Standards Institute, the US member of ISO

ASCII
American Standard Code of Information Interchange

CP Code Page

CP850
Code Page 850, the most widely used MS DOS code page

CR Carriage Return

CTAN server
Comprehensive TeX Archive Network, the world's largest
repository for TeX related material. It consists of three sites
mirrowing each other: ftp.shsu.edu, ftp.tex.ac.uk, ftp.dante.de.
The current configuration, including known mirrows, can be
obtained by fingering [email protected]

DEC
Digital Equipment Corp.

DIN
Deutsche Industrie Norm (German Industry Norm)

DOS
Disk Operating System

EBCDIC
Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code ---a proprietary
IBM character set used on mainframes

ECMA
European Computer Manufacturer's Association

emacs
Editing Macros, a family of popular text editors

Esperanto
A synthetic, universal language developed by Dr. Zamenhof in
1887.

FSF
Free Software Foundation

FTP
File Transmission Protocol

GNU
GNU's not Unix, an FSF project

GPL
General Public License
IBM
International Business Machines Corp.

IP Internet Protocol

ISO
International Standards Organization

KOI8
???---a popular encoding for Cyrillic on UNIX workstations

LaTeX
A macro package for TeX

MCS
DEC's Multilingual Character Set---the ISO 8859--1 draft
standard

MIME
Multi-Purpose Internet Mail Extension

OS Operating System

POSIX
Portable Operating System Interface (an IEEE UNIX standard)

PS PostScript, Adobe's printer language

RFC
Request for Comment, an Internet standard

sed
stream editor, a UNIX file manipulation utility

TCP
Transmission Control Protocol

TeX
Donald Knuth's typesetting program

URL
a WWW Uniform Resource Locator

US-ASCII
the US national variant of ISO 646, see ASCII

VMS
Virtual Memory System---DEC's proprietary OS

WWW
World Wide Web

X11
X Window System

10. �� , character sets

� �/� �� 1byte=8bit,
�� 2^8=256 �� . � �� ASCII (American
Standard Code for Information Interchange) ��
�� 128 �� (7bit). ��
�� .
��, �� ' ��
�� 8bit. � ��
�� .

�� , ��
�� RFC 1947, "Greek Character Encoding for Electronic Mail
Messages". ��
http://andrew2.andrew.cmu.edu/rfc/rfc1947.html

10.1. ��

�� . ��
�� , �� 737 �� 928. ��
�� . �� 737 �� DOS, ��
928 �� UNIX �� Windows (�� ). �� Linux ��
�� 928. ��
�� , ��, �� , ��
�� , �� .

�� Oracle �� Linux ��
server, ��
�� (��
�� /�) �� (�� ;) �� :

� EL8ISO8859P7, ��. �� ISO8859-7 �� UNIX & Internet. ��
�� 928 & Latin7.

� EL8MSWIN1253, �� Windows ��

� EL8PC737, �� DOS ��

� EL8MACGREEK, � Macintosh �� -823 (IBM 851).

� EL8MACGREEKS

� EL8PC437S

� EEC8EUROPA3

� EL8EBCDIC875, IBM mainframes greek character set

� EL8DEC, �� DEC, VAX/VMS ��. (��
��???)

��, �� OS/2 �� 869 �� 851 ��
��.

10.2. 737

�� 737 �� 437G (=437Greek), ��
�� 437. �� 737 ��
�� EPROM �� MDA �� Hercules �� PC,
�� HARDWARE. ��
DOS, ��
�� 737. �� 737 �� DOS, ��
�� 737 �� 928, ��. ``''. ��
Linux, � �� 737 ��
(text-mode), �� X-Windows.

10.2.1. �� 737

�� , �� "�" (�� ) ��
��
�� 128+ESC (128+27=155=asc("�")). ��
/usr/src/linux/drivers/char/console.c, �� :
&& (c != 127 || disp_ctrl)
&& (c != 128+27);
��
&& (c != 127 || disp_ctrl)
/* && (c != 128+27)*/;

�� compile �� .

10.2.2. 737 �� X-windows

�� 737 �� fixed ��
�� : ``''.

[[email protected]]'s report for names (from xlsfonts):
-misc-grfixed-medium-r-normal--0-0-75-75-c-0-grpc-737
-misc-grfixed-medium-r-normal--0-0-85-85-m-0-grpc-737
-misc-grfixed-medium-r-normal--14-110-75-75-c-75-grpc-737
-misc-grfixed-medium-r-normal--16-120-75-75-c-75-grpc-737
-misc-grfixed-medium-r-normal--23-179-85-85-m-120-grpc-737
-misc-grfixed-medium-r-semicondensed--0-0-75-75-c-0-grpc-737
-misc-grfixed-medium-r-semicondensed--10-100-75-75-c-60-grpc-737
-misc-grfixed-medium-r-semicondensed--13-120-75-75-c-60-grpc-737
-misc-grvga-medium-r-normal--0-0-75-75-c-0-grpc-737
-misc-grvga-medium-r-normal--13-120-75-75-c-60-grpc-737
(nomizw kapoia exoyn bugs kai exw skopo na ta diorthwsw se next release).

10.3. 928

�� 928 ��
�� . ��
ISO �� ISO-Latin-8859-7, � �� Latin7, �� UNICODE ��
�� . �� 928 ��
�� UNIX, �� Internet ��
�� Linux. �� 928 ��, �� (text-
mode), �� (X-Windows).

10.3.1. Windows-1253

� �� Windows �� (Windows-1253) ��
�� 928, �� "�", (� ��) �� 928 �
�� Windows �� Paragraph mark. �� Windows-1253
�� , �� << �� >>.
��
�� MS-Windows, �� wintel
�� , �� < � �� >
�� e-mails, postings, ��. ��
�� '� ( ' = SHIFT+" ) ��
�� '� �� '�. �� , ��
928: ��.

10.4. Unicode

�� UNICODE (ISO 10646) �� 16bit (��. 65536 ��) ��
�� , �� , ��
offset #370 �� offset #1F00. ��
�� (��) �� ! ��
Linux �� UNICODE, ��
�� , ��
��. �� : http://linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/Unicode-
HOWTO.html

====================================================================
Vasilis Vasaitis <[email protected]>:
�� , ��
�� . ��, �� :

�� , �� , �� Unicode fixed font
�� X windows. �� , ��
�� . � ��
Unicode, �� 38000 ��, ��
�� /��/��, ��
�� 6x13 �� fixed �� . �� 2800 �� (�
�� ) �� , ��,
��, ��, �� , ��
�� . � ��
��
�� , �� . � ��
�� , �� , ��:

http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/

�� :

� �� Unicode �� , �� UTF8
(�� , �� UTF8 �� UniCode ��
�� , �� 128 ��
�� ASCII). ��
VGA �� (256,
512 �� ).

�� X:

� �� , ��
�� . ��, �� X
server �� TrueType fonts (�� font server),
�� TrueType �� . �� , ��
XFree86 4.0 �� TrueType. � Microsoft
(�� ) �� Windows
Glyph List 4 (WGL4), �� ISO 10646-1 (��
�� ).

��:

�� . ��
�� /�� UTF8, �� yudit �� Netscape ��
�� Unicode, ��
�� . �� fonts, ��
�� .

---------------

Report apo Panagioti Vrioni:

Gnwrizw oti o Giannis Gyftomitros <[email protected]> exei hdh arxisei
na asxoleitai me thn dunatothta dhmiourgias Unicode grammatoseirwn
pou na periexoun kai ta ellhhnika (Project Grafis, bl. GRArial k.l.),
isws na exei proxwrhsei kai parapera...

Apo thn ekdosh 6.0, o XFS pou periexetai sto Red Hat exei patch wste
na mporei na emfanisei Trye Type Fonts. Bl. sxetiko "White Paper" stho
"support" ths http://www.redhat.com/ . An balete Unicode TTFonts
(px. ths M$) auta paizoun, me thn ennoia oti fainontai dia8esima
ta fonts me xilia-duo diaforetika encodings. Den kserw omws an paizoun
kai san unicode grammatoseira, px. gia na dei kapoios ena keimeno
me ellhnika, agglika kai kinezika tautoxrona sto Netscape.

=====================================================================
10.4.1. Unicode Links

�� fixed �� Xwindows, �� :
http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/ucs-fonts.html

�� text editor �� Unicode, �� Yudit,
ftp://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/apps/editors/X/yudit-1.1.tar.gz

�� UTF-8 �� standard �� Internet, ��
RFC: http://andrew2.andrew.cmu.edu/rfc/rfc2279.html

�� Unicode ��:
http://charts.unicode.org/Unicode.charts/normal/U0370.html

10.5. ��

10.5.1. gr2gr

� �� <[email protected]> �� :
ftp://ftp.hri.org/pub/greek/programs/gr2gr.prl �� perl (5 � 4).
�� perl
(unix, dos, win32, os2, mac, vms ...).

�� , ��:

� 928: ELOT 928

� 437: IBM 437 (*default* input)

� lat: latin greek form, aka greeklish (*default* output)

� 437b: IBM 437b

� win: Windows

� mac: Macintosh

� 851: 851

� 869: 869

� quad: quadtek

� sym: standard Symbol font codes (English garbled)

� wgr: WinGreek (Windows shareware prg) encoding

� troff: troff symbol font escape sequences, no diacritics
(dialytika)

� kdtex: Dryllerakis TeX (only conversions _to_ kdtex work)

� ibytex: ibygrk TeX (only conversions _to_ ibygrk work)

10.5.2. grfilter

�� grfilter:
ftp://ftp.cti.gr/pub/src/grfilter.tar

10.5.3. greek2lat

�� directory ftp://corfu.forthnet.gr/pub/greek2lat ��
�� 928 �� greeklish, �� WEB sites.

10.5.4. trans120.tar.gz

� �� , < [email protected] > ��
��, �� , ��
��: http://www.kostis.net/freeware/trans120.tar.gz

10.5.5. gkconv

�� , �� 437, Win95,
X win. � �� .

10.5.6. recode

�� GNU project, ��
�� (��
��). ��
�� . ��
http://www.delorie.com/gnu/docs/recode/recode_toc.html

10.6. ��

.txt, .doc
�� , �� ``''

.dbf
�� 737, �� , ��
�� guru.

.diz,
�� 737, �� ``''

.html,
�� 928, �� .

.mov, .avi
�� , �� :-)

.exe, .com
��

10.7. �� Internet �� ;

�� :

� �� Fortune: http://kronos.eng.auth.gr/~arvan/fortunes/

� Virgo help on greek: http://www.virgo.gr/baza/greek.html

� Hellenic Resources Institute (HRI): http://www.hri.org

� Font �� HRI: http://www.hri.org/fonts/unix/pinakec.html

� fonts@argeas: ftp://argeas.hellug.gr/pub/unix/linux/GREEK/fonts/

� fonts@HRI: ftp://ftp.hri.org/pub/greek/fonts/x-win/

� �� :
http://users.hol.gr/~vrypan/cactus/grfonts-1.html

� Unix Greek Language Software (old):
http://www.cs.columbia.edu/~akonstan/en/greek/software.html

� Unicode Organization: http://www.unicode.org

� I18N FAQ: http://www.vlsivie.tuwien.ac.at/mike/i18n.html

� ISO fonts: ftp://ftp.vlsivie.tuwien.ac.at/pub/8bit/ISO-fonts

� International fonts: ftp://ftp.vlsivie.tuwien.ac.at/pub/8bit/i18n-
fonts

� Using 8 bit characters: ftp://ftp.ulg.ac.be/pub/docs/iso8859/

� ISO-8859 sets: http://wwwwbs.cs.tu-berlin.de/~czyborra/charsets/

� Much charactersets info (kermit?):
ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/charsets/

� http://www.ora.com/homepages/comp.fonts/

�� search engine:
http://www.google.org

11. TODO

��
��
�� HOWTO. �� , ��
�� , �� , ��
��.

11.1. sgmlutils

To sgml2html htan ok. A na po oti ekana mia allagh sthn consola gia
ta ellhnika (to paketo me to chcp enos apo thn patra) kai ka8e fora
pou trexo thn perl mou bgazei: perl: warning: Setting locale failed.
perl: warning: Please check that your locale settings: LC_ALL =
(unset), LC_CTYPE = "iso_8859_7", LANG = (unset) are supported and
installed on your system. perl: warning: Falling back to the standard
locale ("C"). --------- Prepei na dwseis sgml2txt --charset=latin.
Panayotis.

11.2. groff

�� magaz:
http://magaz.hellug.gr/09/03_groff.html

=====================================================================
[...]
H alln lusn (pio hackeradikn) eivai va kaveis to GROFF sou (to basiko
ergaleio pou xrnsimopoieitai apo to sgml2txt) va katalabaivei OLOUS
tous 8-bit characters, pairvovtas to SHAR pou stelvw parakatw kai
kavovtas oti leei to README tou.
Giorgos.

--- cut here : shell archive follows ---
#!/bin/sh
[...]
exit 0
=====================================================================

The GNU replacement for nroff, groff, has an option to generate ISO
8859-1 coded output, instead of plain ASCII. Thus, you can preview
nroff documents with correctly displayed accented characters. Invoke
groff with the "groff -Tlatin1" option to achieve this.

Groff is free software. It is available from URL
<htmlurl url="ftp://prep.ai.mit.edu/pub/gnu" name="ftp://prep.ai.mit.edu/pub/gnu">
and many other GNU archives around the world.

11.3. KDE

� �� <[email protected]> ��
�� KDE, �� Linux/Unix.
�� : http://users.hol.gr/~vrypan/cactus/kde.html, � ��
�� KDE ��
�� , ��
�� , �� drag'n'drop, ��
utilities �� (copy-paste), �� .

11.4. vim,viH

Den doyleyoyn oloi oi vi 8-bit, oyte deixnoyn ta ellhnika svsta:
Yparxei enas (toylaxisto) vi clone poy legetai vim (vi improved)

http://www.math.fu-berlin.de/~guckes/vim/
ftp://ftp.oce.nl/pub/misc/vim

Aytos ektos apo alla kaloydia, einai 8-bit clean kai exei kai ena
language feature, to opoio energopoieitai dior8vnontas to arxeio
src/feature.h

Ekei poy leei:
#if 0
# define HAVE_LANGMAP
#endif
to kanoyme bebaia
#if 1
# define HAVE_LANGMAP
#endif

Meta bazoyme sto ~/.vimrc to parakatv:
----- .vimrc CUT -----
version 4.6
set langmap=AAAAA?CEEEEIIII?NOOOOO?OUaaaaa?ceeeeiiii?nooooo?ou;ABGDEZHUIKLMNJOPRWSTYFXCVabgdezhuiklmnjoprwstyfxcv
----- END OF .vimrc CUT-----
kai meta oi entoles poy dinoyme sto vi mporei na einai kai me ellhnika grammata.
(kserete ti spasimo einai na exeis to plhktrologio gyrismeno sta ellhnika
kai na mhn dexetai entoles).

11.5. nn

(???)
=====================================================================
Add the line ----------------- set data-bits 8 ----------------- to
your /.nn/init (or the global configuration file) in order for nn to
be able to process 8 bit characters
=====================================================================

11.6. tin

(???)

11.7. mtools

Deixnoyn, ypoti8etai, ellhnikoys xarakthres an baloyme to
parakatv sto ~/.mtoolsrc h sto /etc/mtools.conf:

country="30,737,/dosfs/c/win/command/country.sys"

Mallon 8a yparxei mperdema me ta ellhnika (737 h 928?)
Den to exv dokimasei.

11.8. jove

�� new JOVE 4.16 if compiled with CTYPE enabled ( -DUSE_CTYPE
-UNO_SETLOCALE) kanei mia xara ellhnika. Prepei omvs na exeis
swsto 8859-7 locale ellhnikvn sto systhma
Mexri kai svsto Upper kai lower casing kanei ! dokimaste to
[From: Angelos Karageorgiou <[email protected]>]

11.9. pcal

{
Ftiaxnei Postscript calendars se 7 diaforetikes glwsses. To
internationalisation toy pcal egine apo ton A.Haritsis
<<htmlurl url="mailto:[email protected]" name="[email protected]">>
kai erxetai me sxedon plhres ellhniko eortologio (me kinhtes kai
akintes eortes aytomata topothetoymenes).
Ta hmerologia poy paragontai einai highly customisable (mporei kaneis
eykola na balei proswpikes hmeromhnies).
Yparxei kai ena WWW front-end sto:
http://www-asds.doc.ic.ac.uk/cgi-bin/grcal
Ta latest sources toy pcal einai sto:
http://uptown.turnpike.net/~rogers/
}

11.10. kermit

(???)
=====================================================================
kermit : This is as close as I can get, but not completely satisfying
yet: Put the following in your /.kermrc file

set terminal bytesize 8
set command bytesize 8
set file bytesize 8
set language danish
set file character-set latin1-iso
set transfer character-set latin1-iso
set terminal character-set latin1-iso

I think there are more variables to set, but they are hiding. You
would have to modify these settings if the remote system is DOS or
OS/2 based.
=====================================================================

11.11. SHMEIWSEIS

{tty -s}
------------
"language"_"country"."character_encoding"
el_GR.8859-7

It looks as if "language" is the two-letter code for the language from
ISO 639, and "country" is the two-letter code for the country from ISO
3166, but I don't know of any standard specifying "character_encoding".
------------

�� ...