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From: [email protected] (Peter Prymmer)
Newsgroups: comp.lang.perl.tk,comp.lang.perl.announce,comp.answers,news.answers
Subject: comp.lang.perl.tk FAQ part0 of 5
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Date: Mon, 09 Dec 1996 00:26:28 GMT
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Summary: comp.lang.perl.tk Frequently Asked Questions.
Archive-name: perl-faq/ptk-faq/part0
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Perl/Tk FAQ part 0 of 5 - Introduction
**************************************
***********



The Perl/Tk extension to the Perl programming language is copyrighted
by its author Nick Ing-Simmons <[email protected]> whose
Tk400.200/COPYING file reads as follows:

Copyright (c) 1995-1996 Nick Ing-Simmons. All rights reserved.
This package is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
modify it under the same terms as Perl itself, with the exception
of the files in the pTk sub-directory which have separate terms
derived from those of the orignal Tk4.0 sources and/or Tix.

IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR DISTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE TO ANY PARTY
FOR DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, ITS DOCUMENTATION, OR ANY
DERIVATIVES THEREOF, EVEN IF THE AUTHORS HAVE BEEN ADVISED OF THE
POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

THE AUTHORS AND DISTRIBUTORS SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIM ANY WARRANTIES,
INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, AND NON-INFRINGEMENT.  THIS SOFTWARE
IS PROVIDED ON AN "AS IS" BASIS, AND THE AUTHORS AND DISTRIBUTORS HAVE
NO OBLIGATION TO PROVIDE MAINTENANCE, SUPPORT, UPDATES, ENHANCEMENTS, OR
MODIFICATIONS.

See pTk/license.terms for details of this Tk license,
and pTk/Tix.license for the Tix license.



This compilation of Frequently Asked Questions & answers (FAQ) is
intended to answer several of the first (and mostly more basic) questions
posted to the comp.lang.perl.tk newsgroup and the ptk mailing list.

This document concerns itself with the Perl/Tk programming language
(or, if you prefer, the Tk extension to Perl). Please beware that this is not
the Perl FAQ, this is not the Tcl FAQ, nor is this the Tcl/Tk FAQ. Each
of those other documents are useful sources of information for Perl/Tk
programmers but are completely different from this one.

This is a dynamic document and contributions, clarifications, and
corrections are most welcome! Please send e-mail to
<[email protected]>. With your help this document will get
better (-:

perl/Tk FAQ

 1. What is perl/Tk?
 2. What is the difference between perl/Tk and Tkperl?
 3. Where is it?
 4. What/Where is CPAN?
 5. How do I build it?
 6. Where is the Documentation?
 7. How do I write scripts in perl/Tk?
 8. What widget types are available under perl/Tk?
 9. How do I get widget X to do Y ?
    1. How do I get a Button to call a Perl subroutine?
    2. How do I get a Button to actively change under my mouse
      pointer?
    3. How do I arrange the layout of my widgets?
    4. How do I get a Popup to popup?
    5. How do I bind keyboard keys?
    6. How do I add bindings?
    7. How do I bind the action of a slider (sic) to ... ?
    8. How do I configure a Scrollbar to scroll multiple
      widgets?
    9. How do I display a bitmap?
    10. How do I display an image?
    11. What Image types are available?
    12. Is there any way to have more than one Listbox contain
      a selection?
    13. How do I select a range of tags in a Text widget?
    14. How do I group Radiobuttons together?
    15. How do I specify fonts?
    16. How do I get the entry in an Entry?
    17. How do I hide a password Entry?
    18. How do I limit an Entry's insertion width?
    19. How do I obtain Menus that do not tear off?
 10. How do I get a Canvas to ... ?
    1. Display a bitmap?
    2. Erase a display?
    3. Display an Image?
    4. What things can be created on a Canvas?
    5. How do I redraw a line on a Canvas?
    6. How do I use the Canvas as a geometry manager?
    7. How do I get a Canvas to output PostScript(c)?
    8. How do I get a PostScript(c) output of a Canvas w/
      widgets?
    9. How do I get the size of a Canvas? After a re-size?
    10. How do I bind different actions to different areas of the
      same Canvas?
 11. Common Problems.
    1. What do the ->, => and :: symbols mean?
    2. What happened to the ampersands &?
    3. What happened to the quotation marks?
    4. Must I use "my" on all my variables?
    5. Is there a way to find out what is in my perl/Tk "PATH"?
    6. What is the difference between use and require?
    7. How do I change the cursor/color?
    8. How do I ring the bell?
    9. How do I determine the version of perl/Tk that I am
      running?
    10. How do I call perl from C?
    11. How do I call Tcl code from perl/Tk?
 12. What are some of the primary differences between Tcl/Tk and
   Perl/Tk?
 13. How do I install new scripts | modules | extensions?
 14. How do I write new modules?
 15. Composite Widgets.
    1. How do I get a Dialog box?
    2. Is there a file selector?
    3. Is there a color editor?
    4. Is there a round Scale?
    5. Is there something equivalent to tkerror?
    6. Are there Tables?
 16. Programming/development tools.
    1. Is there a Tcl/Tk to perl/Tk translator?
    2. Is there something equivalent to wish in perl/Tk?
    3. Is there a debugger specifically for perl/Tk?
    4. Is there a GUI builder in perl/Tk?
 17. Processes & Inter-Process Communication under Perl/Tk.
    1. How does one get Perl/Tk to act on events that are not
      coming from X?
    2. Is there a send and do I need xauth?
    3. How can I do animations using after?
    4. How do I update widgets while waiting for other
      processes to complete?
    5. How do you fork on System V (HP)?
 18. How do I "clear the screen"?
 19. Are there any international font packages for perl/Tk?
 20. Are there any other ways to create X interfaces from perl?
 21. Where can I get more information on graphics [modules|scripts]?
 22. Are there any major applications written in perl/Tk?
 23. What is the history of pTk and perl/Tk?
 24. What can we expect the future to hold?
 25. How do I obtain the latest version of this FAQ?
 26. Acknowledgements & maintainer.

______________________________________________________________________


1. What is perl/Tk?

Perl/Tk (also known as pTk or ptk) is a collection of modules and code
that attempts to wed the easily configured Tk 4 widget toolkit to the
powerful lexigraphic, dynamic memory, I/O, and object-oriented
capabilities of Perl 5. In other words, it is an interpreted scripting
language for making widgets and programs with Graphical User
Interfaces (GUI). (Examples of widget programs [not necessarily written
in perl/Tk] include xterm, xclock, most web-browsers, etc.. They are
programs with "GUI" interfaces of one sort or another and are subject to
the effects of your window manager.)

The current release of Perl/Tk is based on "Tk 4.0p3" the widget Toolkit
originally associated with the Tcl (Tool command language) scripting
language. However, Perl/Tk does not require any of the lexical
features/idiosynchrocies of Tcl. Perl/Tk uses perl 5 syntax, grammar, and
data structures.

Like perl, wish, and even tclsh; perl/Tk is most easily used on a Unix
computer platform running X. Having said that, it is worth noting that
things like Linux, OS/2, and FreeBSD mean that the micro-computer
hardware crowd too can have access to the wonders of perl/Tk. Perl and
Tcl/Tk have also been ported to many non Unix operating systems, and
perl/Tk has been ported to OS/2, hence there are plenty of reasons to
believe that the perl/Tk code will be more widely ported in the near
future (such work has already started).

The ``Tk400.200'' package is the production release of perl/Tk
(corresponding to Tcl/Tk-4.0p3) and was written primarily by Nick
Ing-Simmons <[email protected]> at Texas Instruments
in Northampton, England, to work with the latest version of Larry Wall's
``perl''. Nick Ing-Simmons is currently busy converting the Tcl/Tk-4.1
code to perl callable code as well.

The pTk code proper is an externally callable Tk toolkit (i.e. a re-write
of the Tk 4.0 code that allows easier external linking & calling, especially
by perl). Ptk can then be called from Perl 5 via the Tk.pm et al perl glue
modules. Hence "ptk" does not necessarily refer to Perl Tk but could be
taken to mean portable Tk - given a glue package to another language.
The stated goal of the pTk code is to have its library usable from perl,
Tcl, LISP, C++, python, etc.. It just so happens that present work is
concentrating on perl.

Historical note: "ptk" was known as "ntk" before about 11:30 EST 4 May
1995.

The perl/Tk language is itself further extensible via the standard perl 5
module mechanism. A number of composite widget and special
character extensions to the language have been written using perl
modules.

______________________________________________________________________



2. What is the difference between perl/Tk and Tkperl?

TkPerl was originally the name of a (now unsupported) perl 4 package
that Malcolm Beattie <[email protected]> at Oxford University
called his code to wed the Tk X toolkit with Perl. (He has referred to this
code as a different "kettle of fish" from perl/Tk.)

Since that beginning Malcolm has also come up with a Tcl module for
perl 5 that has a Tcl::Tk module extension. That module allows the use of
Tcl within a Perl script (i.e. you must know both languages to get your
widgets to work.) If you are interested in that package instead, see the
necessary kits for Malcolm Beattie's Tcl/Tk extensions to Perl, which
have been distrubuted as Tcl-b#.tar.gz and TclTk-b#.tar.gz files
in the authors/id/MICB/ directory at CPAN sites (locations given in
a separate question in this FAQ).

The name "tkperl" is sometimes applied to the "perl/Tk" or "ptk"
package that is the subject of this FAQ. Nick Ing-Simmons prefers
"perl/Tk" as the name of the package, with "pTk" or "ptk" as
contractions of that name as well as referring to something technically
distinct: given the extensibility of the pTk code the "p" could also be
taken to mean 'portable' or 'pure' (not to be confused with either the
Helsinki University of Technology portTk, nor with Brian Warkentine's
Rivet). In this document the code of interest is either referred to as
"perl/Tk", "pTk", or "ptk" though the primary focus is on perl/Tk.

Warning: do not attempt to install both perl/Tk and Tcl/Tkperl in the
same perl installation. The names in the respective modules overlap. In
particular the Tcl::Tk module is declared in a Tk.pm file - so a statement
like:

    use Tk;

will probably confuse your perl. If you cannot live without either module
then install make & maintain separate perls for each and arrange your
script writing accordingly (this will not be easy).

A more extensive comparison of the differences between the Tkperl and
the perl/Tk code is given in the Tcl-perl.pod file that is distributed
with perl/Tk (see below for locations).

Lastly, it should be mentioned that if you build your perl/Tk statically
rather than dynamically it will make a new perl interpreter called
tkperl (confusing isn't it? :-).

______________________________________________________________________



3. Where is it?

Source code
-----------

Tk400.200 (the latest) is available from the authors/id/NI-S/
directory on CPAN. You will need a made and installed perl (any version
from Perl 5.002 up through Perl 5.003_04 with Perl 5.003 being an
excellent choice), a recent MakeMaker and the Tk400.200 kit. To
obtain all of these (as well as several other modules that sophisticated Tk
programs now rely on) visit a CPAN ftp site. CPAN (the Comprehensive
Perl Archive Network) and what you need to get from it, is discussed in
fuller detail in the next question.

(This question remains for historical reasons as well as to discuss things
that have not quite made it to CPAN.)

The Tk kits used to be available from

    ftp://ftp.wpi.edu/perl5/          130.215.24.209

[ However, visiting the CPAN sites (discussed in the next question)
should provide you with all that you need (including other perl
modules).]

Please note that if you will be attempting to build with the old Tk-b9.01
then you will probably also want Nick's document patch to go with that
older kit, it is available from:

    http://w4.lns.cornell.edu/~pvhp/ptk/etc/ptkpod-b9.01.patch

To construct Perl 5.003++ go to a CPAN site and pick up the full kit (it
will have some mysterious name like perl5.003.tar.gz or something).

As of November 1995 Tk kits (various versions) are being distributed at
CPAN ftp sites (see later question in this FAQ) in the
authors/id/NI-S/ directory.

Tk-b8: For this older version you must have Perl (5.001m) (not n) and
the ptk kit. The Tk-b8 kit is at CPAN sites, as well as from:

USA
    ftp://ftp.wpi.edu/perl5/Tk-b8.tar.gz              130.215.24.209
    ftp://ftp.perl.com/pub/perl/ext/tk/               199.45.129.30
    http://www.freebsd.org/ports/programming.html (pick up "pTk-b8")
    http://www.metronet.com/perlinfo/perl5/extensions/Tk-b8.tar.gz
UK
    ftp://ftp.ox.ac.uk/pub/perl/Tk-b8.tar.gz          163.1.2.4
Australia (please be patient and only try during off hours)
    ftp://ftp.syd.dit.csiro.au/pub/perl5/ftp.wpi.edu  130.155.20.5

Perl 5.001m is available from one of the CPAN ftp sites in the
src/5.0/ directory as file perl5.001m.tar.gz.

Binaries
--------

A pre-compiled binary distribution of Perl5.001m with Tk-b8 for Linux
is available from:

Australia (please be patient and only try during off hours)
    ftp://syd.dit.csiro.au/pub/perl5/local/perl5.001m+Tk-b8-Linux-ELF.tar.gz

It unpacks into /usr/local. You need to have ELF running and to have
the ELF X11 libraries (please be patient and only try during off hours).

Binaries for the old Perl 5 & Tk-b6 are available for a number of UNIX
platforms courtesy of Thomas Schlagel and Alan Stange of Brookhaven
Lab at:

USA
    http://pubweb.bnl.gov/~ptk/

Thomas and Alan have recently (winter 1995-1996) announced that
they will update the Tk module version number of the many binaries
they distribute.

Physical media (mostly source code)
-----------------------------------

With traffic jams on today's information superhighway more and more
common it is often convenient to be able to snail mail a CD rather than
suffer with .tar.gz files that are corrupted by network spottiness. Here
is a very brief list of some folks who distribute perl (and hopefully Tk
too!) on physical media. This list is not intended to be complete, nor an
endorsement of any vendor (I personally do not have the time to check
out any of these but have seen that some tend to be out of date by a few
months with respect to CPAN so please be careful). See the hypertext
version of this document for hyperlinks to the following vendors:

Walnut Creek Perl CD
   This CD dates from April 1996 - hence it is a bit out of date.
   $39.95
Cosmos Engineering Company
   Offers Linux plus perl for sale on a 1 Gigabyte IDE hard drive for
   PC-like computers. $279.00 (Fall 1996)
Unix Review System Administration
   A CD that contains "Perl 5.0" (and much other stuff including
   Tcl/Tk and Expect) for $49.95. Telephone: (800) 444-4881.
InfoMagic Mother of Perl
   This 2 CD set contains perl 5.001 and sells for $35.00
Ready to Run
   Perl (unknown version) available for sale for many types of Unix
   and other operating systems.

______________________________________________________________________



4. What/Where is CPAN?

"CPAN" = Comprehensive Perl Archive Network a worldwide collection
of anonymous ftp sites for Perl et al (not to be confused with CTAN
which is for TeX). The files of particular interest to a perl/Tk
programmer would include:

 o The latest Tk release should be in the authors/id/NI-S/
   directory at any CPAN ftp site (listed below).
 o The latest official Perl release should be in the src/ directory in
   a file called latest.tar.gz at any CPAN ftp site (listed below).
 o If you need something older or newer than the "latest supported
   release" try the src/5.0/ directory (for perl5.002_*.tar.gz
   e.g.) at any CPAN ftp site (listed below).
 o Alan Scheinine's SelFile.pm is in the authors/id/ALSCH/
   directory at any CPAN ftp site (listed below).
 o Guy Decoux's BLT_Table geometry manager is in the
   authors/id/GUYDX/ directory at any CPAN ftp site (listed
   below).
 o Ilya Zakharevich's eText plug in replacement for the Text widget
   is in the authors/id/ILYAZ/etext/ directory at any CPAN
   ftp site (listed below).
 o Brent B. Powers' Tk-FileDialog and Tk-WaitBox are available
   from the authors/id/BPOWERS/ directory at any CPAN ftp
   site (listed below).
 o The latest version of MakeMaker (the perl equivalent to
   imake/xmkmf) is available from the authors/id/ANDK/
   directory at any CPAN ftp site (listed below).
 o To run the ptknews script you will need Mail/Internet.pm
   from the Mailtools module kit, available from the
   authors/id/GBARR/ directory at any CPAN ftp site (listed
   below). While there pick up the latest libnet-* module bundle
   too.
 o The build of Tk-b10(++) requires URI::URL and HTML::Parse
   these are part of the libwww-perl-*.tar.gz kit, available
   from the authors/id/GAAS/ directory at any site listed below.
   libwww-perl-*.tar.gz in turn requires libnet-*.tar.gz
   bundle (or the separate Net-FTP-*.tar.gz), with older
   versions available directly from the authors/id/GBARR/
   directory and newer versions distributed in the
   libnet-*.tar.gz archive in the same directory at any CPAN
   ftp site (listed below).
 o Assorted documentation for perl is in the doc/ directory at any
   CPAN ftp site (listed below).
 o Fairly up-to-date versions of some Perl/Tk external
   documentation (such as this FAQ) is in the
   authors/id/PVHP/ directory at any CPAN ftp site (listed
   below).
   (for Perl/Tk official documentation check the Tk/doc/*.htm files
   that are built with Nick's Tk kit.)
 o Most things perl/Tk (with certain exceptions) are also linked to a
   modules/by-module/Tk/ directory at any CPAN ftp site
   (listed below).

Here are the 52 CPAN sites/directories (with dotted quads [IP numbers]
given on the right for those without name-servers):

Updated: Sun Dec 8 17:12:55 EST 1996

Africa
  South Africa
    ftp://ftp.is.co.za/programming/perl/CPAN/           196.4.160.12
Asia
  Hong Kong
    ftp://ftp.hkstar.com/pub/CPAN/                      202.82.7.4
  Japan
    ftp://ftp.jaist.ac.jp/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/           150.65.7.5
    ftp://ftp.lab.kdd.co.jp/lang/perl/CPAN/             192.26.91.6
  South Korea
    ftp://ftp.nuri.net/pub/CPAN/                        203.255.112.6
  Taiwan
    ftp://dongpo.math.ncu.edu.tw/perl/CPAN/             140.115.25.3
Australasia
  Australia
    ftp://coombs.anu.edu.au/pub/perl/CPAN/              150.203.76.2
    ftp://ftp.mame.mu.oz.au/pub/perl/CPAN/              128.250.209.2
  New Zealand
    ftp://ftp.tekotago.ac.nz/pub/perl/CPAN/             202.49.6.24
Europe
  Austria
    ftp://ftp.tuwien.ac.at/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/     128.130.34.160
  Belgium
    ftp://ftp.kulnet.kuleuven.ac.be/pub/mirror/CPAN/    134.58.127.2
  Czech Republic
    ftp://sunsite.mff.cuni.cz/Languages/Perl/CPAN/      194.50.23.220
  Denmark
    ftp://sunsite.auc.dk/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/       130.225.51.30
  Finland
    ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/         128.214.248.6
  France
    ftp://ftp.pasteur.fr/pub/computing/unix/perl/CPAN/  157.99.64.12
  Germany
    ftp://ftp.leo.org/pub/comp/programming/languages/perl/CPAN/  131.159.0.252
    ftp://ftp.rz.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/pub/CPAN/           134.147.32.42
    ftp://ftp.uni-hamburg.de/pub/soft/lang/perl/CPAN/   134.100.32.54
  Greece
    ftp://ftp.ntua.gr/pub/lang/perl/
  Hungary
    ftp://ftp.kfki.hu/pub/packages/perl/CPAN/           148.6.0.5
  Italy
    ftp://cis.utovrm.it/CPAN/                           160.80.22.17
  the Netherlands
    ftp://ftp.cs.ruu.nl/pub/PERL/CPAN/                  131.211.80.17
    ftp://ftp.EU.net/packages/cpan/                     134.222.91.7
  Norway
    ftp://ftp.uit.no/pub/languages/perl/cpan/           129.242.4.34
  Poland
    ftp://ftp.pk.edu.pl/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/             149.156.132.152
    ftp://sunsite.icm.edu.pl/pub/CPAN/                  148.81.209.3
  Portugal
    ftp://ftp.ci.uminho.pt/pub/lang/perl/               193.136.16.247
    ftp://ftp.telepac.pt/pub/CPAN/                      194.65.5.98
  Russia
    ftp://ftp.sai.msu.su/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/            158.250.29.1
  Slovenia
    ftp://ftp.arnes.si/software/perl/CPAN/              193.2.1.72
  Spain
    ftp://ftp.etse.urv.es/pub/mirror/perl/              193.144.20.6
    ftp://ftp.rediris.es/mirror/CPAN/                   130.206.1.2
  Sweden
    ftp://ftp.sunet.se/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/              130.238.253.4
  Switzerland
    ftp://sunsite.cnlab-switch.ch/mirror/CPAN/          193.5.24.1
  UK
    ftp://ftp.demon.co.uk/pub/mirrors/perl/CPAN/        158.152.1.44
    ftp://sunsite.doc.ic.ac.uk/packages/CPAN/           193.63.255.1
    ftp://unix.hensa.ac.uk/mirrors/perl-CPAN/           129.12.200.129
North America
  Ontario
    ftp://ftp.utilis.com/public/CPAN/                   207.34.209.49
    ftp://enterprise.ic.gc.ca/pub/perl/CPAN/            192.197.182.100
  California
    ftp://ftp.digital.com/pub/plan/perl/CPAN/           204.123.2.4
    ftp://ftp.cdrom.com/pub/perl/CPAN/                  165.113.58.253
  Colorado
    ftp://ftp.cs.colorado.edu/pub/perl/CPAN/            128.138.243.20
  Florida
    ftp://ftp.cis.ufl.edu/pub/perl/CPAN/                128.227.205.206
  Illinois
    ftp://uiarchive.cso.uiuc.edu/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/    128.174.5.14
  Massachusetts
    ftp://ftp.iguide.com/pub/mirrors/packages/perl/CPAN/  206.15.105.99
  New York
    ftp://ftp.rge.com/pub/languages/perl/               157.225.178.12
  North Carolina
    ftp://ftp.duke.edu/pub/perl/                        152.3.233.7
  Oklahoma
    ftp://ftp.ou.edu/mirrors/CPAN/                      129.15.2.40
  Oregon
    ftp://ftp.orst.edu/pub/packages/CPAN/               128.193.4.12
  Texas
    ftp://ftp.sedl.org/pub/mirrors/CPAN/                198.213.9.194
    ftp://ftp.metronet.com/pub/perl/                    192.245.137.6
South America
  Chile
    ftp://sunsite.dcc.uchile.cl/pub/Lang/perl/CPAN/     146.83.5.204

For those equipped with multi-protocol browsers you might pay a visit to
Tom Christiansen's CPAN multiplexer whose relevant Tk URLs are
(the second one is not active since it violates the HTML-2.0 spec
according to nsgmls):

    http://perl.com/cgi-bin/cpan_mod?module=Tk
    http://perl.com/cgi-bin/cpan_mod?module=Tk&readme=1

According to Stephen P. Potter some of the CPAN sites have
decompression on the fly for people who do not have programs like
gunzip. For example, at the ufl site (Florida USA) type this into your
ftp session to download a gunzipped version of Tk:

    ftp> get Tk400.200.tar.gz Tk400.200.tar

If you have the appropriate CPAN and FTP modules already installed
you can retrieve a module from CPAN and carry out a complete
installation with a perl one-liner like this:

    perl -MCPAN -e 'install "Tk"'

For more information on CPAN you can send e-mail to the CPAN
administrators, <[email protected]>. If you know of some Perl
resources that seem not to be in the CPAN (you did check the contents
listings in indices/, didn't you?) please tell the CPAN administrators.
If you have some modules/scripts/documentation yourself that you would
like to contribute to CPAN, please read the file
authors/00upload.howto and let the CPAN administrators know
about it.

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