Diskless Nodes HOW-TO document for Linux
Robert Nemkin
[email protected] , Al Dev (Alavoor
Vasudevan) - Maintainer of this HOWTO
[email protected] ,
Markus Gutschke
[email protected] , Ken Yap
[email protected] , Zur�ck zu Gero
[email protected]
v1.0, 13 May 1999
This document describes how to set up a diskless Linux box. As tech�
nology is advancing rapidly, networkcards are becoming cheaper and
much faster - 100 MBits ethernet is standard now and in about 1 to 2
years 1000 MBits i.e. 1GigBits ethernet cards will become a industry
standard. With high-speed network cards, remote access will become as
fast as the local disk access which will make diskless nodes a viable
alternative to workstations in local LAN. Also diskless nodes elimi�
nates the cost of software upgrades and system administration costs
like backup, recovery which will be centralized on the server side.
Diskless nodes also enable "sharing/optimization" of centralised
server CPU, memory, hard-disk, tape and cdrom resources. Diskless
nodes provides mobility for the users i.e., users can log on from any
one of diskless nodes and are not tied to one workstation. Diskless
Linux box completely eliminates the need for local floppy disk, cdrom
drive, tape drive and hard-disk. Diskless nodes JUST has a network
card, 8MB RAM, a low-end cpu and a very simple mother-board which does
not have any interface sockets/slots for harddisks, modem, cdrom,
floppy etc.. With Diskless linux nodes you can run programs on remote
Linux 64 CPU SMP box or even on Linux super-computer! Diskless nodes
lowers the "Total Cost of Ownership" of the computer system. This
document is copy�righted by Robert Nemkin and other authors as listed
above. Copyright policy is GPL. Thanks to Bela Kis bkis@car�
tan.math.klte.hu for translating this initial document v0.0.3 (which
was a mini-howto) to English.
______________________________________________________________________
Table of Contents
1. Other Formats of this Document
2. Introduction to Network Booting and Etherboot
2.1 What is Network booting?
2.2 How does it work
2.3 Netbooting in Practice
2.4 Uses of Network booting
2.5 For more information
3. Begin setup
3.1 Document Changes
3.2 How to set up a diskless Linux box
3.3 Related documents
3.4 How does it work?
3.5 Hardware
4. Fundamental ideas
4.1 Setting up the PC
4.2 Setting up a bootpd on the server
4.3 Configure the bootpd on the server
4.4 Understanding tftp
4.5 Kernel Image
4.6 Setting up a minimal Linux configuration on the remote server
4.7 Configuring the tftp server
4.8 Final work
4.9 Net Loader
4.10 RH5 configuration
4.11 Gotchas and caveats
4.12 X-terminal
5. Trouble shooting
5.1 Memory and diskspace requirements; speed
5.2 Possible errors
5.3 Errors and possible further expansions of this document
6. EEPROM Burners and Memory chips
6.1 List of EEPROM Burner manufacturers
6.2 Non-Volatile Memory chips
7. Etherboot
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 What hardware is supported?
7.1.2 Availability of this document
7.1.3 Getting help
7.2 Unpacking, compiling and testing the package
7.2.1 Unpacking the distribution
7.2.2 Compiling the ROM images
7.2.3 Testing the ROM images
7.3 Setting up a diskless boot
7.3.1 Making a tagged image
7.3.2 Compiling a custom kernel
7.3.3 Setting up a bootp daemon
7.3.4 Setting up a DHCP daemon
7.3.5 Setting up a tftp daemon
7.4 Testing the network booting
7.4.1 Setting up a NFS root filesystem
7.4.2 Swap over NFS
7.5 Booting DOS
7.6 Making an Etherboot EPROM or EEPROM
7.6.1 Choosing the EPROM
7.6.2 Enabling the EPROM
7.6.3 Size and speed of the EPROM
7.7 Troubleshooting tips
7.8 Acknowledgements
7.9 Copyright
8. Netboot
8.1 Introduction
8.2 README
8.2.1 Copyright Notice, Acknowledgements
8.2.2 Overview
8.2.3 Features
8.2.4 Installation
8.2.5 Mailing list
8.2.6 Disclaimer
8.3 Download Netboot
8.4 Netboot useful links
8.5 RFC 951
8.6 RFC 1533
8.7 RFC 1350
8.8 Install Instructions
8.9 Troubleshoot Problems
______________________________________________________________________
1. Other Formats of this Document
This document is published in 10 different formats namely - DVI,
Postscript, Latex, LyX, GNU-info, HTML, RTF(Rich Text Format), Plain-
text, Unix man pages and SGML.
� You can get this HOWTO document as a single file tar ball in HTML,
DVI, Postscript or SGML formats from -
<
ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/other-formats/>
� Plain text format is in:
<
ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO>
� Translations to other languages like French, German, Spanish,
Chinese, Japanese are in
<
ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO> Any help from you to
translate to other languages is welcome.
The document is written using a tool called "SGML tool" which can
be got from - <
http://www.xs4all.nl/~cg/sgmltools/> Compiling the
source you will get the following commands like
� sgml2html databasehowto.sgml (to generate html file)
� sgml2rtf databasehowto.sgml (to generate RTF file)
� sgml2latex databasehowto.sgml (to generate latex file)
This document is located at -
� <
http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP/HOWTO/Diskless-HOWTO.html>
Also you can find this document at the following mirrors sites -
� <
http://www.caldera.com/LDP/HOWTO/Diskless-HOWTO.html>
� <
http://www.WGS.com/LDP/HOWTO/Diskless-HOWTO.html>
� <
http://www.cc.gatech.edu/linux/LDP/HOWTO/Diskless-HOWTO.html>
� <
http://www.redhat.com/linux-info/ldp/HOWTO/Diskless-HOWTO.html>
� Other mirror sites near you (network-address-wise) can be found at
<
http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP/hmirrors.html> select a site and go to
directory /LDP/HOWTO/Diskless-HOWTO.html
In order to view the document in dvi format, use the xdvi program. The
xdvi program is located in tetex-xdvi*.rpm package in Redhat Linux
which can be located through ControlPanel | Applications | Publishing
| TeX menu buttons.
To read dvi document give the command -
xdvi -geometry 80x90 howto.dvi
And resize the window with mouse. See man page on xdvi.
To navigate use Arrow keys, Page Up, Page Down keys, also
you can use 'f', 'd', 'u', 'c', 'l', 'r', 'p', 'n' letter
keys to move up, down, center, next page, previous page etc.
To turn off expert menu press 'x'.
You can read postscript file using the program 'gv' (ghostview) or The
ghostscript program is in ghostscript*.rpm package and gv program is
in gv*.rpm package in Redhat Linux which can be located through Con�
trolPanel | Applications | Graphics menu buttons. The gv program is
much more user friendly than ghostscript. Also ghostscript and gv are
available on other platforms like OS/2, Windows 95 and NT, you view
this document even on those platforms.
To read postscript document give the command -
gv howto.ps
To use ghostscript give -
ghostscript howto.ps
2. Introduction to Network Booting and Etherboot
This chapter is written by Ken Yap and explains how to bootstrap your
computer from a program stored in non-volatile memory without
accessing your hard disk. It is an ideal technique for maintaining and
configure a farm of linux boxes
2.1. What is Network booting?
Network booting is an old idea. The central idea is that the computer
has some bootstrap code in non-volatile memory, e.g. a ROM chip, that
will allow it to contact a server and obtain system files over a
network link. One goal is to avoid the use of a hard disk for booting.
There are various reasons for doing this. One is to reduce the cost of
maintaining software on many different machines. With network booting
the files are held at a central server and can be updated at one
location. Another goal is to use computers in locations where hard
disks are not robust enough. For example this might be a computer on a
factory floor where a hard disk might be too fragile. Finally another
goal is to have a system that can be switched between different
operating systems without having to reload the software. Network
booting often co-exists with disk booting. For example, a system could
run Windows from disk but sometimes boot Linux from the network. There
are some interesting applications of this technique. For example: a
friend of mine uses this to reload Windows over the network. When a
Windows installation becomes corrupted, as it often does, the sysadmin
can reload a fresh installation by booting Linux over the network and
letting the automatic script format the disk and copy a fresh Windows
installation onto it.
2.2. How does it work
In order to boot over the network, the computer must get 1. an
identity, 2. an operating system image and 3. usually, a working
filesystem.
Consider a diskless computer (DC) that has a network boot ROM. It may
be one of several identical DCs. How can we distinguish this computer
from others? There is one piece of information that is unique to that
computer (actually its network adapter) and that is its Ethernet
address. Every Ethernet adapter in the world has a unique 48 bit
Ethernet address because every Ethernet hardware manufacturer has been
assigned blocks of addresses. By convention these addresses are
written as hex digits with colons separating each group of two digits,
for example: 00:60:08:C7:A3:D8.
The protocols used for obtaining an IP address, given an Ethernet
address, are called Boot Protocol (BOOTP) and Dynamic Host
Configuration Protocol (DHCP). DHCP is an evolution of BOOTP. In our
discussion, unless otherwise stated, anything that applies to BOOTP
also applies to DHCP. (Actually it's a small lie that BOOTP and DHCP
only translate Ethernet addresses. In their foresight, the designers
made provision for BOOTP and DHCP to work with any kind of hardware
address. But Ethernet is what most people will be using.)
An example of a BOOTP exchange goes like this:
DC: Hello, my hardware address is 00:60:08:C7:A3:D8, please give me my
IP address.
BOOTP server: (Looks up address in database.) Your name is aldebaran,
your IP address is 192.168.1.100, your server is 192.168.1.1, the file
you are supposed to boot from is /tftpboot/vmlinux.nb (and a few other
pieces of information).
You may wonder how the DC found the address of the BOOTP server in the
first place. The answer is that it didn't. The BOOTP request was
broadcast on the local network and any BOOTP server that can answer
the request will.
After obtaining an IP address, the DC must download an operating
system image and execute it. Another Internet protocol is used here,
called Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP). TFTP is like a cut-down
version of FTP---there is no authentication, and it runs over User
Datagram Protocol (UDP) instead of Transmission Control Protocol
(TCP). UDP was chosen instead of TCP for simplicity. The
implementation of UDP on the DC can be small so the code is easy to
fit on a ROM. Because UDP is a block oriented, as opposed to a stream
oriented, protocol, the transfer goes block by block, like this:
DC: Give me block 1 of /tftpboot/vmlinux.nb.
TFTP server: Here it is.
DC: Give me block 2.
and so on, until the whole file is transferred. Handshaking is a
simple acknowledge each block scheme, and packet loss is handled by
retransmit on timeout. When all blocks have been received, the network
boot ROM hands control to the operating system image at the entry
point.
Finally, in order to run an operating system, a root filesystem must
be provided. The protocol used by Linux and other Unixes is normally
Network File System (NFS), although other choices are possible. In
this case the code does not have to reside in the ROM but can be part
of the operating system we just downloaded. However the operating
system must be capable of running with a root filesystem that is a
NFS, instead of a real disk. Linux has the required configuration
variables to build a version that can do so.
2.3. Netbooting in Practice
Besides commercial boot ROMs, there are two sources for free packages
for network booting. They are Etherboot and Netboot. Both can be found
through the Etherboot home page. First you have to ascertain that your
network card is supported by Etherboot or Netboot. Eventually you have
to find a person who is willing to put the code on an EPROM (Erasable
Programmable Read Only Memory) for you but in the beginning you can do
network booting from a floppy.
To create a boot floppy, a special boot block is provided in the
distribution. This small 512 byte program loads the disk blocks
following it on the floppy into memory and starts execution. Thus to
make a boot floppy, one has only to concatenate the boot block with
the Etherboot binary containing the driver for one's network card like
this:
cat floppyload.bin 3c509.lzrom > /dev/fd0
Before you put in the network boot floppy, you have to set up three
services on Linux: BOOTP (or DHCP), TFTP and NFS. You don't have to
set up all three at once, you can do them step by step, making sure
each step works before going on to the next.
I assume you have installed the bootpd server from a distribution or
by compiling from source. You then have to ensure that this server is
waiting for bootp requests. There are two ways to do this: one is to
start bootpd as a network service that is always listening when the
computer is up, and the other is to start it from inetd. For the
latter, /etc/inetd.conf should contain a line like this:
bootps dgram udp wait root /usr/sbin/tcpd bootpd
If you had to modify /etc/inetd.conf, then you need to restart inetd
by sending the process a HUP signal.
Next, you need to give bootp a database to map Ethernet addresses to
IP addresses. This database is in /etc/bootptab. It contains lines of
the following form:
aldebaran.foo.com:ha=006008C7A3D8:ip=192.168.1.100:bf=/tftpboot/vmlinuz.nb
Other information can be specified but we will start simple.
Now boot the DC with the floppy and it should detect your Ethernet
card and broadcast a BOOTP request. If all goes well, the server
should respond to the DC with the information required. Since
/tftpboot/vmlinux.nb doesn't exist yet, it will fail when it tries to
load the file. Now you need to compile a special kernel, one that has
the option for mounting the root filesystem from NFS turned on. You
also need to enable the option to get the IP address of the kernel
from the original BOOTP reply. You also need to compile the Linux
driver for your network adapter into the kernel instead of loading it
as a module. It is possible to download an initial ramdisk so that
module loading works but this is something you can do later.
You cannot install the zImage resulting from the kernel compilation
directly. It has to be turned into a tagged image. A tagged image is a
normal kernel image with a special header that tells the network
bootloader where the bytes go in memory and at what address to start
the program. You use a program called mknbi-linux to create this
tagged image. This utility can be found in the Etherboot distribution.
After you have generated the image, put it in the /tftpboot directory
under the name specified in /etc/bootptab. Make sure to make this file
world readable because the tftp server does not have special
privileges.
For TFTP, I assume that you installed tftpd from a distribution or by
compiling from source. Tftpd is normally started up from inetd with a
line like this in /etc/inetd.conf.
tftp dgram udp wait root /usr/sbin/tcpd in.tftpd -s /tftpboot
Again, restart inetd with a HUP signal and you can retry the boot and
this time it should download the kernel image and start it. You will
find that the boot will continue until the point where it tries to
mount a root filesystem. At this point you must configure and export
NFS partitions to proceed.
For various reasons, it's not a good idea to use the root filesystem
of the server as the root filesystem of the DCs. One is simply that
there are various configuration files there and the DC will get the
wrong information that way. Another is security. It's dangerous to
allow write access (and write access is needed for the root
filesystem, for various reasons) to your server's root. However the
good news is that a root filesystem for the DC is not very large, only
about 30 MB and a lot of this can be shared between multiple DCs.
Ideally, to construct a root filesystem, you have to know what files
your operating system distribution is expecting to see there. Critical
to booting are device files, files in /sbin and /etc. You can bypass a
lot of the hard work by making a copy of an existing root filesystem
and modifying some files for the DC. In the Etherboot distribution,
there is a tutorial and links to a couple of shell scripts that will
create such a DC root filesystem from an existing server root
filesystem. There are also troubleshooting tips in the Etherboot
documentation as this is often the trickiest part of the setup.
The customised Linux kernel for the DC expects to see the root
filesystem at /tftpboot/(IP address of the DC), for example:
/tftpboot/192.168.1.100 in the case above. This can be changed when
configuring the kernel, if desired.
Now create or edit /etc/exports on the server and put in a line of the
following form:
/tftpboot/192.168.1.100 aldebaran.foo.com(rw,no_root_squash)
The rw access is needed for various system services. The
no_root_squash attribute prevents the NFS system from mapping root's
ID to another one. If this is not specified, then various daemons and
loggers will be unhappy.
Start or restart the NFS services (rpc.portmap and rpc.mountd) and
retry the diskless boot. If you are successful, the kernel should be
able to mount a root filesystem and boot all the way to a login
prompt. Most likely, you will find several things misconfigured. Most
Linux distributions are oriented towards disked operation and require
a little modification to suit diskless booting. The most common
failing is reliance on files under /usr during the boot process, which
is normally imported from a server late in the boot process. Two
possible solutions are: 1. Provide the few required files under a
small /usr directory on the root filesystem, which will then be
overlaid when /usr is imported, and 2. Modify the paths to look for
the files in the root filesystem. The files to edit are under
/tftpboot/192.168.1.100 (remember, this is the root directory of the
DC).
You may wish to mount other directories from the server, such as /usr
(which can be exported read-only).
When you are satisfied that you can boot over the network without any
problems, you may wish to put the code on an EPROM. An EPROM
programmer starts at around $100 US, and is not a cost effective
investment for a hobbyist who uses it sporadically. Occasionally one
will appear on the used market at a bargain price, the main caveat
being to ensure that the software to drive it is available. A
proficient electronics hobbyist could build one using one of the
several free designs published on the Internet, but for the majority
of readers, the best solution is to make the acquaintance of someone
who has access to one, perhaps someone in an electronics hobbyist
group or working in the electronics industry.
A short note on EPROM technology: The bits of an EPROM are programmed
by injecting electrons with an elevated voltage into the floating gate
of a field-effect transistor where a 0 bit is desired. The electrons
trapped there cause that transistor to conduct, reading as 0. To erase
the EPROM, the trapped electrons are given enough energy to escape the
floating gate by bombarding the chip with ultraviolet radiation
through the quartz window. To prevent slow erasure over a period of
years from sunlight and fluorescent lights, this quartz window is
covered with an opaque label in normal use.
There is another technology, called EEPROM or Electrically Erasable
PROM, sometimes called Flash PROM. Here the bits are cleared by an
electrical signal. This obviates the need for an ultraviolet eraser if
the EPROM is to be reused, but requires additional circuitry to
support the erase phase. If one is handy with electronics, there is a
contributed circuit design and driver software for an EEPROM board in
the Etherboot distribution. The board is plugged into any spare ISA
bus slot on a PC and boots a network card plugged into some other
slot.
2.4. Uses of Network booting
X-terminals are one natural use of network booting. The lack of a disk
in the terminal makes it quieter and contributes to a pleasant working
environment. The machine should ideally have 16MB of memory or more
and the best video card you can find for it. This is an ideal use for
a high-end 486 or low-end Pentium that has been obsoleted by hardware
advances. Other people have used network booting for clusters of
machines where the usage is light on the DC and does not warrant a
disk, e.g. a cluster of classroom machines.
2.5. For more information
Your first stop should be the Etherboot home page:
<
http://www.slug.org.au/etherboot/>
There you will find links to other resources, including a mailing list
you can subscribe to, where problems and solutions are discussed.
3. Begin setup
3.1. Document Changes
Following are the history of changes to this document:
� v0.0.3 12 Sep 1996: Some minor error fixes
� v1.0.0 13 May 1999: Added some useful URLs. Changed this HOWTO to
main HOWTO from mini-howto. Also rewrote this HOWTO using SGML
tool. Added more chapters written by Ken Yap, Robert Nemkin.
3.2. How to set up a diskless Linux box
This document is about setting up a diskless Linux box. Sometimes it
might be necessary to run Linux on PC's which have neither hard disks
nor floppy drives. If a network, another Unix system with bootp, tftp,
an NFS server, and an eprom burner is available then it is possible to
set up and operate Linux without hard/floppy disks.
3.3. Related documents
� NFS-root Mini Howto
� Linux NET-2/3-HOWTO by Terry Dawson,
[email protected]
� /usr/src/linux/README about configuring and compiling new kernels
3.4. How does it work?
� 1.Diskless computer (DC) broadcasts MAC address with bootp: Who am
I?
� 2.Bootp or DHCP server on S looks up DB: Your IP address is
X.X.X.X, your server is S, your boot file is vmlinuz.myname, etc.
� 3.DC asks to load file from TFTP server on S: Please give me
vmlinuz.myname
� 4.S: Here you are (/tftpboot/vmlinuz.myname)
DC thinks a while (booting Linux).
� 5.DC: Please let me mount / with NFS
� 6.S: Here is your root FS (/tftpboot/IPnumber). (In 2.2 kernels,
/tftpboot/domainname.)
� 7.DC: Please let me mount other NFSes (/usr, /home/, etc)
� 8.S: Here you are
� 9.DC: Runs intended application
Network boot ROM contains code to do 1 and 3.
3.5. Hardware
Whatever is described here was checked on the following configuration
� Sun-OS 4.1.3 as boot server
� Slackware 2.3 + Linux 1.2.8 + wd 8013 ethercard.
� Working Ethernet lan
4. Fundamental ideas
The fundamental idea is as follows: the PC will get its IP address
from the boot server via the bootp protocol, using 0.0.0.0 as the
initial IP address and its kernel via the tftp protocol. (-- Booting
across segments (via router) not a simple question, so either put both
the server and the diskless boxes on the same lan segment or configure
an UDP helper address in your router to the address of the server.
Refer to your router product manual for further info.--)
For this follow the steps below.
4.1. Setting up the PC
Get the nfsboot package (the package is available from your favourite
linux mirror site in the /pub/Linux/system/Linux-boot directory). It
contains a booteprom image for the wd8013 card which can be directly
burned in.
There are alternative ways to prepare the PC:
� If your machine is not quite diskless, then you may use the little
DOS program, or
� The binary floppy image contained in the same package. If you
choose the latter option you must write the image onto a floppy by
the dd command.
These images contain a bootp and tftp client. You need to prepare a
linux kernel too, which contains the nfs-root option.
� If you are using the latest stable kernel, linux-1.2.13, then you
need to patch the kernel with the patchfile included in the nfsboot
package (-- Refer to patch(1)--)
� If you try to use the latest, but unstable kernel from the
linux-1.3.x series, then you have to configure in the nfs-root
option.
You may or may not configure block device (floppy or hard disk)
support, but you must configure tcp/ip support, wd ethernet card
support, nfs filesystem support. Then recompile the kernel as
usual.
4.2. Setting up a bootpd on the server
It can be found in package bootpd-2.4.tar.gz (which can be found on
your favourite linux mirror site in the
/pub/Linux/system/Network/boot.net directory). Get the package,
compile and install it. If your other Unix box happens to be a
Slackware Linux then you may skip this step for the standard
distributions contain a bootpd. The daemon can be run either directly
by issuing command
______________________________________________________________________
bootpd -s
______________________________________________________________________
or by using inetd. In this case you need to edit:
� /etc/inetd.conf to remove the hashmark from the start of these
lines:
______________________________________________________________________
# tftp dgram udp wait root /usr/sbin/in.tftpd tftpd /export
# bootps dgram udp wait root /usr/sbin/in.bootpd bootpd
______________________________________________________________________
� insert or uncomment the following two lines in /etc/services:
______________________________________________________________________
bootps 67/tcp # BOOTP server
tftp 69/udp # TFTP server
______________________________________________________________________
� restart inetd by
______________________________________________________________________
kill -HUP <process id of inetd>.
______________________________________________________________________
4.3. Configure the bootpd on the server
First of all, bootpd have a config file called bootptab which usually
resides in /etc. You must modify it by inserting the IP addresses of
your gateway, dns server, and the ethernet address(es) of your
diskless machine(s). An example /etc/bootptab:
______________________________________________________________________
global.prof:\
:sm=255.255.255.0:\
:ds=192.168.1.5:\
:gw=192.168.1.19:\
:ht=ethernet:\
:bf=linux:
machine1:hd=/export/root/machine1:tc=global.prof:ha=0000c0863d7a:ip=192.168.1.140:
machine2:hd=/export/root/machine2:tc=global.prof:ha=0800110244e1:ip=192.168.1.141:
machine3:hd=/export/root/machine3:tc=global.prof:ha=0800110244de:ip=192.168.1.142:
______________________________________________________________________
global.prof is a general template for host entries, where
� sm field contains the subnet mask
� ds field contains the address of the Domain Name Server
� gw field contains the default gateway address
� ht field contains the lan media hardware type
� bf field contains the name of the boot file
After this, every machine must have a line:
� the first field contains the host name,
� hd field contains the directory of the bootfile,
� the global template can be included with the tc field,
� ha field contains the hardvare address of the ethernet card,
� ip field contains the assigned ip address.
4.4. Understanding tftp
TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol) is a file transfer protocol,
such as ftp, but it's much simpler to help coding it in EPROMs. TFTP
can be used in two ways:
� simple tftp: means that the client can acces to your whole file
system. It's simpler but it's a big security hole (anyone can get
your password file via tftp).
� secure tftp: the tftp server uses a chroot.2 system call to change
it's own root directory. Anything outside the new root directory
will be completelly inaccessible. Because of the chroot dir becomes
the new root dir, the hd filed in the bootptab must reflect the new
situation. For example: when using insecure tftp, the hd field
contains the full path to the boot directory:
/export/root/machine1. When using secure tftp whith /export as
root dir, then /export becomes / and the hd field must be
/root/machine1.
Almost every Unix implementation contains tfpt server, probably you
don't need to install your own one.
Install tftpd, make sure it's active in /etc/inetd.conf, typical line
tftp dgram udp wait root /usr/sbin/tcpd in.tftpd /tftpboot
4.5. Kernel Image
You must compile a kernel for the DC that includes NFS support and NIC
driver compiled in (not modules). Answer yes to Root file system on
NFS? and BOOTP support?
After building the kernel, run mknbi-linux from the Etherboot
distribution on it. Install this tagged image as /tftpboot/(bf
attribute in bootptab).
4.6. Setting up a minimal Linux configuration on the remote server
This may contain packages a, ap, n, and x of the Slackware
distribution. To install more is OK; however the above packages
suffice for the purposes of a diskless X terminal. For the
installation you need a working Linux system. Find some disk space on
the remote machine and export it read-write. Mount the exported
directory onto somewhere (e.g. /mnt) on the file system of the Linux
box. Start Linux setup and change the root option in the setup from /
to /mnt. Then setup the above packages as usual. If you want to run no
more than one diskless Linux then no changes are needed. On the other
hand, if you plan to use more than one diskless machine then the above
setup will not work because some files and directories must be private
to the machines. The problem can be bypassed by moving the /usr (it
contains no private data) and then create a separate subdir for each
diskless machine. For example, if /export/linux/machine1 were mounted
to /mnt then the directory structure after the initial setup will look
like
______________________________________________________________________
/export/linux/machine1/bin
/export/linux/machine1/sbin
/export/linux/machine1/lib
/export/linux/machine1/etc
/export/linux/machine1/var
/export/linux/machine1/usr
______________________________________________________________________
After the changes you will have
______________________________________________________________________
/export/linux/machine1/bin
/export/linux/machine1/sbin
/export/linux/machine1/lib
/export/linux/machine1/etc
/export/linux/machine1/var
/export/linux/usr
______________________________________________________________________
Now create the subdirectories for the other machines. Assume for now
that your diskless machines are called machine1, machine2, machine3,
etc.; then you may use the following bash script to setup the other
directories
______________________________________________________________________
cd /export/linux
for x in machine2 machine3 ; do
mkdir $x; cd $x
(cd ../machine1; tar cf - *) | tar xvf -
done
______________________________________________________________________
Then do the following export:
� /export/linux/usr readonly for everyone.
� /export/liunx/machine1 only to machine1 with rw,root rights.
� /export/liunx/machine2 only to machine2 with rw,root rights.
� /export/liunx/machine3 only to machine3 with rw,root rights.
as follows (-- the format of this example follows the SunOs 4.1.3
exports file syntax--) :
______________________________________________________________________
# This file is /etc/export
# for remote linux X terminals by Buci
# this line is only once
/export/root/usr -access=linuxnet
# these lines once for every host
/export/root/machine1 rw=machine1,root=machine1
/export/root/machine2 rw=machine2,root=machine2
/export/root/machine3 rw=machine3,root=machine3
______________________________________________________________________
Don't forget to run exportfs -a.
4.7. Configuring the tftp server
Now it is time to configure the tftp server. If you do not need secure
tftp then everything is quite simple for your clients can be booted
from the /export directory.
If a secure tftp is used then you can either make a full /export/linux
directory structure under /tftpboot (with a single real kernel and
symbolic links for the other machines), or let the /export directory
be the boot directory of the secure tftpd. Or, if you have a separate
tftpboot directory then, similarly, you need only the original
directory structure with a single kernel and symbolic links for the
others. You can achieve this setup by typing the following:
______________________________________________________________________
mkdir -p /tftpboot/export/linux/machine1
cd /tftpboot/export/linux/machine1
cp /export/linux/machine1/<name of the kernel> .
______________________________________________________________________
Then type the following:
______________________________________________________________________
mkdir -p /tftpboot/export/linux/machine2
cd ../machine2
ln -s ../machine2/<name of the kernel>
______________________________________________________________________
4.8. Final work
Finally, you must insert
______________________________________________________________________
/sbin/mount nfs_server:/export/linux/usr /usr
______________________________________________________________________
as the first line of
______________________________________________________________________
/export/linux/<machinex>/etc/rc.d/rc.S
______________________________________________________________________
where <machinex> stands for machine1, machine2, etc.
4.9. Net Loader
A small program that runs as a BIOS extension, usually on an EPROM on
the NIC. It handles the BOOTP query and TFTP loading and then
transfers control to the loaded image.
It uses TCP/IP protocols but the loaded image doesn't have to be
Linux. The loaded image can be anything, even DOG.
There are two free implementations of TCP/IP net loaders: Etherboot
<
http://www.slug.org.au/etherboot/> and Netboot
<
http://www.han.de/~gero/netboot.html> : Etherboot uses built-in
drivers while Netboot uses Packet drivers.
They can also be loaded from a floppy for testing and for temporary
setups.
4.10. RH5 configuration
The DC requests to mount /tftpboot/(IP address of DC) (in 2.1 and
above: /tftpboot/(name of DC in bootptab) ) as its / by NFS from
server. You must export this from the server (rw, no_root_squash)
because the DC wants to write on it (log files, etc).
The / must contain /sbin, /bin, /lib, /etc, /var, /tmp, /root, /dev
and /proc.
/sbin, /bin, /lib/ can be a copy of an existing RH5 system. They can
be shared between all DCs. But hard links only. BTW, don't link to
server originals.
/etc, /var and /dev should be non-sharable copies. Customise
/etc/sysconfig/network, /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0,
/etc/fstab, /etc/conf.modules, and others. Turn off all network
services you don't need. Remove all stuff you don't need from /var,
e.g. RPM db, lpd files.
/root and /proc should just exist. /tmp should exist and be mode 1777.
You probably want to create /usr and /home mount points. /usr can be
mounted ro.
About 10 MB per DC plus about 15 MB of shared files should be
sufficient. BTW: if your DCs are quite similar, the kernel image can
also be shared.
Here is an illustrative script to create the first root filesystem.
#!/bin/sh
if [ $# != 1 ]
then
echo Usage: $0 client-IP-addr
exit 1
fi
cd /
umask 022
mkdir -p /tftpboot/$1
# just make these ones
for d in home mnt proc tmp usr
do
mkdir /tftpboot/$1/$d
done
chmod 1777 /tftpboot/$1/tmp
touch /tftpboot/$1/fastboot
chattr +i /tftpboot/$1/fastboot
# copy these ones
cp -a bin lib sbin dev etc root var /tftpboot/$1
cat <<EOF
Now, in /tftpboot/$1/etc, edit
sysconfig/network
sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0
fstab
conf.modules
and configure
rc.d/rc3.d
EOF
Here is an illustrative script to duplicate the root filesystem
#!/bin/sh
if [ $# != 2 ]
then
echo Usage: $0 olddir newdir
exit 1
fi
cd /tftpboot
if [ ! -d $1 ]
then
echo $1 is not a directory
exit 1
fi
umask 022
mkdir -p $2
# just make these ones
for d in home mnt proc tmp usr
do
mkdir $2/$d
done
chmod 1777 $2/tmp
touch $2/fastboot
chattr +i $2/fastboot
# link these ones
for d in bin lib sbin
do
(cd $1; find $d -print | cpio -pl ../$2)
done
# copy these ones
for d in dev etc root var
do
cp -a $1/$d $2
done
cat <<EOF
Now, in /tftpboot/$2/etc, edit
sysconfig/network
sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0
fstab (maybe)
conf.modules (maybe)
and configure
rc.d/rc3.d
EOF
4.11. Gotchas and caveats
RH5 wants to fsck the root FS. I stopped this with a /fastboot. But
init script wants to delete it, so I did chattr +i /fastboot
/etc/localtime is a link to TZ file in /usr/share/... I made it a
copy.
Turn off /etc/rc.d/rc6.d/K97network or it will disable the network
before root FS is done with.
X server wants to write into /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/xkb/compiled. I made
this a link to /etc/X11/kbd/compiled
Remember your DC will keep appending to log files so have logrotate or
something deal with them at regular intervals.
4.12. X-terminal
On the server, make sure the DC is matched by a clause in
/etc/X11/xdm/Xaccess and comment out the :0 in /etc/X11/xdm/Xservers.
Then make sure that xdm is run from the init scripts.
On the client, run X -query server
You will get the xdm login box and then all your X clients will run on
the server.
For other applications use - you could use diskless technique for
netboot routers, print servers (but should not be spooling print
server), standalone apps, etc.
5. Trouble shooting
5.1. Memory and diskspace requirements; speed
� I tested this for only Slackware 2.3; for other
distributions/versions the following numbers may vary.
� Diskspace: 28MB + 6.5MB/machine
� RAM: I am using X on 8 MB. For only 4MB swap is needed, I guess,
which can be created -- separately for each machine -- in /tmp. Do
not forget to run mkswap.
� Speed: I had no problems on a 486 DX2/66 with 8 Megs.
5.2. Possible errors
� I found a strange error: in the /dev subdirectory SunOS corrupted
the device entries so I needed to rerun MAKEDEV by mounting the
subdirectory onto a disk based Linux box. (The reason was the
differences between the linux nfs and the SunOs nfs: both use 32
bit for the Major and Minor device number, but linux uses 16 bit
wide fields for both, SunOs uses 14 bit wide field for Major and 18
bit wide filed for Minor device number.)
� When the diskless linux gets booted, there is only one route
included in the routing table to the tftp server, so you need to
set up correct routing tables. You have two choices here:
� Configure every rc.S for every machine by hand
� Use a bootp client package and write a generalized setup script
5.3. Errors and possible further expansions of this document
� Correct citation of related documents.
� SunOs is BSD based. Need to include SVR4 (e.g. Solaris) based
server configuration.
� Although Linux is quite similar to SunOs as bootp/tftp server, a
linux based server example might be usefull.
� Update this document to the current etherboot package.
� Show the differences between the nfs root patched kernel version
1.2.13 and the newest 1.3.x kernel, which contains the nfs-root
patch.
� Need to try other ethercards than wd8013
� Include configuration information for bootpc, a bootp client for
linux to set up the correct rooting tables.
� Typos and other errors: please, report to
[email protected] Thank
you.
6. EEPROM Burners and Memory chips
6.1. List of EEPROM Burner manufacturers
For a list of EPROM burner manufacturers visit the Yahoo site and go
to economy->company->Hardware->Peripherals->Device programmers. Click
on this site
� Yahoo URL for EPROMs at
<
http://dir.yahoo.com/Business_and_Economy/Companies/Computers/Hardware/Peripherals/Device_Programmers/>
� Advanced Research Technology B.V <
http://www.artbv.nl/ > -
development, production and sales of electronic programmer
equipment; development of hard- and software.
� Advin Systems Inc. <
http://www.advin.com > - PC-based device
programmers that support the latest in package types and device
technologies.
� Andromeda Research Labs <
http://www.arlabs.com > - manufactures a
portable eprom and device programming system.
� B and C Microsystems, Inc <
http://www.bcmicro.com/> - offers test
and duplication/programming equipment for PCMCIA (PC) Cards,
ISA/PCI Cards, SIMMs, Memory Devices (including FLASH), PLDs.
� BP Microsystems <
http://www.bpmicro.com/ > - Device Programmers.
� Bytek <
http://www.bytek.com > - designs, develops, manufactures and
markets micro-processor-based, modular electronic systems used to
program and test semiconductor devices. Product line includes the
ChipBurner.
� Concentrated Programming Ltd <
http://www.logicaldevices.com/ > -
offers a full range of device programming solutions.
� Dataman Programmmers Ltd. <
http://www.dataman.com/ > - manufacture
of hand-help EPROM programmer/emulator. Also sell PC-based
programmers, and Gang-Pro programmers.
� General Device Instruments <
http://www.generaldevice.com/ > - IC
Device programmers. Universal and Gang programmers for Pld, Flash,
microcontrollers, Proms, EEproms, Memory, Epld, Mach and many other
ic devices.
� HI-LO System Research Co., Ltd. <
http://hilosystems.com.tw > -
manufacturer of universal and gang device programmers.
� ICE Technology <
http://www.icetech.com/ > - EPROM and universal
device programmers which support memories, microcontrollers, and
programmable logic devices.
� Iceprom <
http://www.inabyte.com/iceprom.html > - in-circuit
erasable programmable read-only memory.
� Incept Ltd. <
http://www.incept.ie >
� International Microsystems Inc <
http://www.imtest.com > - High
speed reliable gang programmer. (PROM, FLASH, Microcontroller,
PCMCIA memory card).
� JED Microprocessors Pty. Ltd. <
http://www.jedmicro.com.au > - plugs
into a PC printer port D25 connector, and programs any 28-pin or
32-pin EPROM and FLASH device.
� Logical Devices, Inc <
http://www.logicaldevices.com > - device
programming for PLDs, FPGAs, PROMs, microcontrollers. Producers of
CUPL compiler for programmable logic and the ALLPRO and Chipmaster
device programmer.
� MCL Systems <
http://www.mcl.dk > - new method not only for
programming but also for developing your new hardware with
Integrated Controller Unit. And you don't need to be an expert.
� MQP Electronics <
http://www.mqp.com > - manufacturer of universal
device programmers, gang programmers, production software, and
package converters. High thoughput and reliability.
� Needham's Electronics <
http://www.quiknet.com/~needhams/ > -
manufacturer of device programmers.
� NP Programming Services <
http://www.npps.com/ > - provides
programming for memory and logic parts.
� Program Automation, Inc. <
http://www.progauto.com > - independent
service company specializing in high volume PROM programming,
including flash I/Cs.
� Stag Programmers Inc <
http://www.stagusa.com > - manufacturer of
prom and logic programmers, production handling equipment and UV
erasers.
� Sunrise Electronics <
http://www.sunriseelectronics.com > -
universal device programmers, gang and in-circuit programmers with
life time support.
� System General Co. <
http://www.sg.com.tw > - Device Programmer,
EPROM Writer and IC Tester
� Tribal Microsystems <
http://www.tribalmicro.com > - universal and
gang device programmers, 8051 and EPROM emulators, test and burn-in
sockets and production sockets.
� Universal Device Programmers <
http://www.xeltek.com/ >
6.2. Non-Volatile Memory chips
This chapter gives brief descriptions of memory chips.
� PROM: Pronounced prom, an acronym for programmable read-only
memory. A PROM is a memory chip on which data can be written only
once. Once a program has been written onto a PROM, it remains there
forever. Unlike RAM, PROMs retain their contents when the computer
is turned off. The difference between a PROM and a ROM (read-only
memory) is that a PROM is manufactured as blank memory, whereas a
ROM is programmed during the manufacturing process. To write data
onto a PROM chip, you need a special device called a PROM
programmer or PROM burner. The process of programming a PROM is
sometimes called burning the PROM. An EPROM (erasable programmable
read-only memory) is a special type of PROM that can be erased by
exposing it to ultraviolet light. Once it is erased, it can be
reprogrammed. An EEPROM is similar to a PROM, but requires only
electricity to be erased.
� EPROM: Acronym for erasable programmable read-only memory, and
pronounced ee-prom, EPROM is a special type of memory that retains
its contents until it is exposed to ultraviolet light. The
ultraviolet light clears its contents, making it possible to
reprogram the memory. To write to and erase an EPROM, you need a
special device called a PROM programmer or PROM burner. An EPROM
differs from a PROM in that a PROM can be written to only once and
cannot be erased. EPROMs are used widely in personal computers
because they enable the manufacturer to change the contents of the
PROM before the computer is actually shipped. This means that bugs
can be removed and new versions installed shortly before delivery.
� EEPROM: Acronym for electrically erasable programmable read-only
memory. Pronounced double-e-prom or e-e-prom, an EEPROM is a
special type of PROM that can be erased by exposing it to an
electrical charge. Like other types of PROM, EEPROM retains its
contents even when the power is turned off. Also like other types
of ROM, EEPROM is not as fast as RAM. EEPROM is similar to flash
memory (sometimes called flash EEPROM). The principal difference is
that EEPROM requires data to be written or erased one byte at a
time whereas flash memory allows data to be written or erased in
blocks. This makes flash memory faster.
� FRAM: Short for Ferroelectric Random Access Memory, a type of non-
volatile memory developed by Ramtron International Corporation.
FRAM combines the access speed of DRAM and SRAM with the non-
volatility of ROM. Because of its high speed, it is replacing
EEPROM in many devices. The term FRAM itself is a trademark of
Ramtron.
� NVRAM: Abbreviation of Non-Volatile Random Access Memory, a type of
memory that retains its contents when power is turned off. One type
of NVRAM is SRAM that is made non-volatile by connecting it to a
constant power source such as a battery. Another type of NVRAM uses
EEPROM chips to save its contents when power is turned off. In this
case, NVRAM is composed of a combination of SRAM and EEPROM chips.
� Bubble Memory: A type of non-volatile memory composed of a thin
layer of material that can be easily magnetized in only one
direction. When a magnetic field is applied to circular area of
this substance that is not magnetized in the same direction, the
area is reduced to a smaller circle, or bubble. It was once widely
believed that bubble memory would become one of the leading memory
technologies, but these promises have not been fulfilled. Other
non-volatile memory types, such as EEPROM, are both faster and less
expensive than bubble memory.
� Flash Memory: A special type of EEPROM that can be erased and
reprogrammed in blocks instead of one byte at a time. Many modern
PCs have their BIOS stored on a flash memory chip so that it can
easily be updated if necessary. Such a BIOS is sometimes called a
flash BIOS. Flash memory is also popular in modems because it
enables the modem manufacturer to support new protocols as they
become standardized.
7. Etherboot
7.1. Introduction
This is the README file for the Etherboot package. This document
explains how to install, configure and use the Etherboot package. The
instructions here apply to version 4.0 of Etherboot.
Etherboot is a package for creating ROM images that can download code
over the network to be executed on an x86 computer. Typically the
computer is diskless and the code is Linux, but these are not the only
possibilities. The code uses the bootp, tftp and NFS Internet
Protocols.
7.1.1. What hardware is supported?
Etherboot supports the following network hardware (in no particular
order): 3c503, 3c507, 3c509, 3c905b, NE1000, NE2000 (also the PCI
cards, with the nepci driver), WD8003, WD8013, SMC8216/8416, Lance
based cards such as the NE2100 and NI6510 (also the PCI Lance cards),
Crystal CS89x0, Intel EtherExpress Pro, SMC 83c170 EPIC/100, SMC9000,
Realtek 8139, NI5210, Schneider and Koch G16, and Tiara (Fujitsu
Lancard). All Etherboot drivers are autoprobing, which means they
attempt to detect the hardware addresses at which the card is
installed. It's fairly easy to write a driver if you are familiar with
Ethernet hardware interfacing. Please contact me
<mailto:
[email protected]> for more information if you are interested in
doing so or are interested in having a driver written.
7.1.2. Availability of this document
This document and related documents are also kept online at the
Etherboot Home Page <
http://www.slug.org.au/etherboot/>. This will in
general have the latest distributions and documentation.
For a talk/tutorial type introduction to what Etherboot does and how
to set it up, see my SLUG talk <diskless.html>. You may wish to review
this before reading further.
An older version of this README, which is now out of date, can be
accessed via this link <old-README.html>.
7.1.3. Getting help
There is a mailing list for all netbooting related issues. To
subscribe follow the instructions on the Etherboot home page
<
http://www.slug.org.au/etherboot/>.
With the exception of the following section, the information on
diskless booting is not specific to Etherboot but can be used for the
Netboot package also.
7.2. Unpacking, compiling and testing the package
This section is Etherboot specific.
7.2.1. Unpacking the distribution
Unpack the distribution using gunzip and tar, using either of the
following commands:
______________________________________________________________________
tar zxvf etherboot-4.0.tar.gz
gunzip < etherboot-4.0.tar.gz | tar xvf -
______________________________________________________________________
7.2.2. Compiling the ROM images
Precompiled ROM images are provided in the bin/ directory but you may
wish to review the options compiled in and make your own versions. For
the 32 bit version you need a recent release of gcc and the binutils
tools. This package was compiled with the tools from a RedHat 5.2
distribution but it should work with any recent Linux distribution.
For the 16 bit version you need the bcc tools from the Embedded Linux
Kernel Subset (ELKS) project, for more details see the notes on 16 bit
Etherboot <16.html>. You need the 16 bit version only if you intend to
run Etherboot on a 286 or 086/088 PC.
Assuming you have decided to make the 32 bit version, you only have to
go to src-32/, edit the options in Config and say make. This will
create all the ROM images available. The .lzrom images are the same as
the .rom images. Since the .lzrom images are smaller and work exactly
the same, there is no real reason to use .rom images any more, unless
you are nervous about compression algorithm patents. We believe the
algorithm used does not infringe patents, having been in public use
for some time, but we do not know all the legal ramifications. See
here <COPYING_compressor.html> for more details.
Here is a brief description of the options available:
______________________________________________________________________
Basic options:
-DDHCP_SUPPORT - Use DHCP instead of BOOTP (default on)
-DIMAGE_MENU - Allow to interactively chose between different
bootimages; read vendortags.html for further
information.
-DMOTD - Display message of the day; read vendortags.html
for further information.
-DANSIESC - evaluate a subset of common ANSI escape sequences
when displaying the message of the day; this
probably does not make sense unless you also
define -DMOTD or at least -DIMAGE_MENU.
Combining this option with -DSERIAL_CONSOLE
is a waste of EPROM space.
-DGFX - support extensions to the ANSI escape sequences for
displaying graphics (icons or logos); this
requires -DANSIESC
-DASK_BOOT=n - Ask "Boot from Network or from Local? " at startup,
timeout after n seconds (0 = no timeout); this
can be done in a more generic way by using the
IMAGE_MENU, but it requires that the "bootp"
server is accessible, even when booting locally.
-DANS_DEFAULT=ANS_NETWORK
- Assume Network to previous question
(alternative: ANS_LOCAL) on timeout or Return key
See etherboot.h for prompt and answer strings.
-DEMERGENCYDISKBOOT
- if no BOOTP server can be found, then boot from
local disk. The accessibility of the TFTP server
has no effect, though! So configure your BOOTP
server properly.
Basic options only on Etherboot/32:
-DPASSWD - enable password protection for boot images; this
requires -DIMAGE_MENU
-DUSRPARMS - allow the user to interactively edit parameters
that are passed to the booted kernel; you should
probably enable -DPASSWD as well; this feature
requires -DIMAGE_MENU
-DFLOPPY - boot from floppy/hd if bootimage matches the
pattern "/dev/[fh]d*"; if you do not have
enough space in the EPROM, then disable this
feature and use "mknbi-blkdev" for booting
from a local blockdevice.
-DCONFIG_PCI_DIRECT
- define this for PCI BIOSes that do not implement
BIOS32 or not correctly
These options should normally not need to be touched:
-DNOINT19H - Take control as soon as BIOS detects the ROM
Normally hooks onto INT19H
-DMOVEROM - if your motherboard does not cache adapter memory
space, then this option can speed up loading of
compressed BOOT-Prom images. It has no effect on
uncompressed images. Unless you are very tight on
free space, you will usually want to define this
option.
-DDELIMITERLINES - print a line of = characters at the start
and also just before starting an image.
-DSIZEINDICATOR - update a running total of the amount of code
loaded so far, in kilobytes
-DT509HACK - send two bootp packets before waiting for a
reply to the first. Makes a 3c509 do bootp
quicker
-DT503_AUI - Use AUI by default on 3c503 cards.
These options are only for a serial console for Etherboot/32:
-DSERIAL_CONSOLE- use a serial line for input and output
-DCOMPORT - 0x0 for COM1, 0x1 for COM2 etc
-DCOMPARM - configuration for COMPORT, save values:
0xe3 == 9600/8n1, 0xa3 == 2400/8n1
______________________________________________________________________
7.2.3. Testing the ROM images
You can test the image with a floppy before burning an EPROM. On Linux
just put a blank floppy in fd0 and say make card.fd0 where card is the
name of your network card and it will copy a bootable image onto the
floppy. If you wish to do this by hand, it's easy, just prepend
floppyload.bin to card.rom (or card.lzrom) and write this combined
binary to the floppy raw, i.e. starting at the boot block. Like this:
______________________________________________________________________
cat floppyload.bin 3c509.lzrom > /dev/fd0
______________________________________________________________________
When you boot with this floppy it will load the Etherboot ROM image
from floppy and execute it. It should be able to detect your card. To
get the bootrom to acquire an IP address and load the intended code,
you need to set up bootp, tftp and NFS services, which we will discuss
next.
We suggest you continue to use floppy booting until you have completed
the setup of the server and are satisfied that diskless booting works.
7.3. Setting up a diskless boot
In this section I assume you want to boot a Linux kernel. Booting a
DOS kernel is similar, the main differences being in the way you set
up the tagged image.
7.3.1. Making a tagged image
Etherboot expects to download a tagged image <spec.html> containing
the code to be executed. Briefly explained, a tagged image is a
wrapper around the pieces of code or data that need to be put in
various places in the computer's memory. It contains a directory
telling how large the pieces are and where they go in memory. It also
says where to start execution.
A tagged image is created using a utility program. The utility program
is specific to the kernel you want to load. The version for Linux is
called mknbi-linux and that for DOS is mknbi-dos. These utilities are
found in the netboot-<version> directory of the distribution.
7.3.2. Compiling a custom kernel
You will probably have to compile a custom kernel because the kernel
needs to have the "Root file system on NFS" option compiled in. You
should also select "BOOTP support". "RARP support" is not needed. In
2.2 kernels you have to enable the "Kernel Autoconfig" option to
access the BOOTP support question. And unless you are using an initrd
(initial ramdisk) you will probably have to compile in the driver for
your network card too. For details, see the file
/usr/src/linux/Documentation/nfsroot.txt in a Linux kernel source
distribution.
After you have compiled the custom kernel, make the tagged image,
typically like this:
______________________________________________________________________
mknbi -x -k zImage -o /tftpboot/vmlinuz.xterm
______________________________________________________________________
Then put the tagged image in where the tftp daemon expects to find it,
typically /tftpboot. Make sure it is world-readable because typically
the tftp daemon runs as an unprivileged user.
7.3.3. Setting up a bootp daemon
Now set up a bootp daemon. In RedHat 5.2 this means installing the
bootp RPM package, making sure that the bootps service is active in
/etc/inetd.conf, and editing /etc/bootptab. The essential pieces of
information you need to put in bootptab are:
1. The domain name of the machine.
2. The Ethernet (MAC) address of the network card, which you generally
obtain from a sticker on the card, a configuration program for the
card, or in the last resort, from watching the output of Etherboot
or from the packets sent from the card when trying to boot, using
the debug option of bootpd.
3. The name of the tagged image file, relative to the tftpboot
directory.
4. The IP address you intend to give it.
5. The IP addresses of various servers. You will need at least the
tftp server's address.
Here is an example of a /etc/bootptab for the bootpd supplied with
RedHat Linux 5.2 and probably many versions of Unix:
______________________________________________________________________
.default:\
:ht=ethernet:\
:hd=/tftpboot:bf=null:\
:ds=nameserver:\
:hn:to=36000:
xterm.ken.net.au:tc=.default:ha=08002BB7F380:ip=192.168.26.100:bf=vmlinuz.xterm
______________________________________________________________________
The first entry sets up some common defaults which applies to all
succeeding entries which can be "included" using the tc=.default
attribute. The first field is the domain name of the machine. The ha
attribute is the Ethernet address. The ip attribute is self-
explanatory. The bf field specifies the tagged image filename. For
more details, consult the bootptab man page.
Please note that if you use the ef (extension file) attribute to be
able to send more configuration data to the diskless machine, you must
run bootpef everytime bootptab is modified.
If you are on a local network that is not directly connected to the
Internet, you can use the "private" IP addresses 192.168.x.y (or in
the other ranges mentioned in RFC1918
<
http://ds.internic.net/rfc/rfc1918.txt>). Otherwise please ask either
your network administrator or your Internet service provider for your
own IP address(es).
7.3.4. Setting up a DHCP daemon
As an alternative to bootp, you could set up a DHCP server which has
the advantage of automating the handing out of IP addresses. However
the kernel may still do a bootp request to find the IP address for
mounting the NFS filesystem. You may then wish to investigate the
option in mknbi-linux which tells the kernel to take the address from
the initial DHCP reply.
More information about DHCP can be found at the DHCP FAQ Web Page
<
http://web.syr.edu/~jmwobus/comfaqs/dhcp.faq.html>.
7.3.5. Setting up a tftp daemon
Now set up a tftp daemon. In RedHat 5.2 this means installing the tftp
RPM package and making sure that the tftp service is active in
/etc/inetd.conf. You probably want to use the secure (-s) option so
that files can only be fetched from /tftpboot or people may be able to
fetch arbitrary files from your server.
7.4. Testing the network booting
Now when you start up Etherboot, it should obtain an IP address and
print out what it received. If you do not get this to work, turn on
debugging in bootpd and see if any query was received. If not, check
your network hardware (cables, etc). If a query was received, check if
bootpd was able to give an answer. If not, then the Ethernet address
was not found in /etc/bootptab. If a reply was sent, then only faulty
hardware or a bug in Etherboot would prevent it being received by
Etherboot.
Assuming an IP address was received, the next thing Etherboot tries to
do is load a file using tftp. Check your system logs to see if a tftp
daemon was started up and a file requested. Generally if you run tftpd
under tcpwrapper security, a log entry will be generated. If not, it
could be a path problem or file permission problem (the file needs to
be readable by tftpd). Fix the problem.
After the tagged image is loaded, Etherboot will jump to it. If it
crashes here, check that the image is a tagged image. If it executes
and stops at the point where it's trying to mount the NFS root, then
you need to check that you have the "root on NFS" option compiled in
and that you have compiled in the network card driver.
7.4.1. Setting up a NFS root filesystem
Now you need to set up a NFS root filesystem for the diskless
computer. Typically this is under /tftpboot/<ip address of computer>.
(In 2.1 and presumably future kernels, this should be /tftpboot/<name
of computer in bootptab>). This needs to contain a complete root
filesystem that will make the kernel boot happily. This means, for
most kernels, it should contain /dev, /proc, /etc, /sbin, /bin, /tmp
and /var. The details vary from distribution to distribution. Being
lazy I just make a copy of the necessary files from an existing RedHat
5.2 filesystem and modify some key files appropriately. You can find a
description in my tutorial <diskless.html> and some shell scripts to
copy the files. Since the amount of disk space needed is relatively
small in these days of large disks, I don't bother to throw out things
that may not be needed.
Warning: Do not attempt to reuse the root filesystem of your server,
whether by exporting it directly or by making hard links (symbolic
links will not work). First of all, the configuration files will
contain information pertaining to the server, not the client, so your
client will get the wrong information. Secondly, this is a security
risk. NFS is already not totally safe, but this way you are directly
exposing your server root to clients. Even if you make hard links, the
clients could (maliciously or accidentally) overwrite key binaries,
making the server unusable. Don't try to save a few megabytes of disk
space this way. You can however share some directories between
clients, typically /sbin, /bin and /lib. The sample scripts in the
tutorial show you how.
The root filesystem should be exported rw and no_root_squash because
the various processes need to be root and need to write to log files
in the root partition. You may wish to export /usr and /home
filesystems to the diskless computer also. These do not need
no_root_squash permission. Be aware that the RedHat 5.2 distribution
has a few "bugs" relating to symlinks and so forth for diskless
booting. These are mentioned in the tutorial. Other distributions may
have similar problems.
7.4.2. Swap over NFS
Swap over NFS can be arranged but you have to patch the kernel source.
There is a patch for kernels in the contrib/ directory for 2.0.x
kernels. Hopefully this will make it into future kernels. Be aware
that opinions are divided on NFS swap. Some people think it's a bad
thing because it just kills the network if you have lots of diskless
computers and that you shouldn't be running into a swap regime on a
diskless computer anyway. Some other people like having a bit of
insurance.
There are patches in the contrib directory for NFS swap but for up to
date patches, try here <
http://www.math1.rwth-aachen.de/~heine/nfs-
swap/>.
Also have a look at the NBD
<
http://atrey.karlin.mff.cuni.cz/~pavel/nbd/nbd.html> Network Block
Device web page for swapping over that. This requires a 2.1 or 2.2
kernel.
7.5. Booting DOS
What about DOS? The deal with DOS is that one is loading a virtual
floppy called A: into extended memory and then booting from this
floppy. So you have to capture an image of a bootable DOS floppy
first. Some more details can be found in the mknbi-dos directory.
I have booted DOS (both M$ and DR versions) diskless this way. Note
that extended memory is used so that rules out 086/088 computers but
286s are ok. See this document <atnetboot.html> for more details.
If you were thinking of booting a Windows machine via the network, it
seems (I'm not masochistic enough to do this) the problem is not the
network booting but the mounting of a file system over NetBIOS
(Windows does not do remote mounts of root filesystems over NetBIOS on
TCP). So that rules out a Samba server. It appears to be possible over
a Netware server, for which Linux has workalikes. But then what do you
do about the networking stack? This situation may change with with
future Samba developments. But you will still have problems with
pathnames and the usual Windows hassles. Do you really want to do
this? In the Web page for Etherboot
<
http://www.slug.org.au/etherboot/>, there is a link to someone's Web
page explaining how this was done with a commercial TCP/IP boot ROM.
7.6. Making an Etherboot EPROM or EEPROM
Assuming you have satisfactorily set up your server environment, you
may now wish to put the Etherboot onto an EPROM or EEPROM. Naturally
this assumes access to hardware to burn (and possibly erase) EPROMs.
An alternative is to use an EEPROM card. There is a schematic and PCB
artwork for such a card in the distribution. This EEPROM card plugs
onto the ISA bus and can be reprogrammed with software.
7.6.1. Choosing the EPROM
Most network cards come with a blank (E)EPROM socket even though it is
seldom used. When it is used, it is typically filled with a
proprietary EPROM from the network card manufacturer. You can put an
Etherboot EPROM there instead.
7.6.2. Enabling the EPROM
First you must discover how to enable the EPROM socket on your card.
Typically the EPROM is not enabled at the factory and a jumper or a
soft configuration is used to turn it on.
7.6.3. Size and speed of the EPROM
Secondly, you must discover what size and speed of EPROM is needed.
This can be difficult as network card manufacturers often neglect to
provide this information.
The smallest EPROM that is accepted by network cards is an 8K EPROM
(2764). Some cards will even go up to 64KB EPROMs (27512). You want to
use the smallest EPROM you can so that you don't take up more of the
upper memory area than needed as other extensions BIOSes may need the
space. However you also want to get a good price for the EPROM.
Currently the 32KB and 64KB EPROMs (27256 and 27512) seem to be the
cheapest per unit. Smaller EPROMs appear to be more expensive because
they are out of mainstream production.
If you cannot find out from the documentation what capacity of EPROM
your card takes, you could do it by trial and error. Take an ROM with
some data on it (say a character generator ROM) and plug it into the
socket. Be careful not to use an extension BIOS for this test because
it may be detected and activated and prevent you from booting your
computer. Using the debug program under DOS, dump various regions of
the memory space. Say you discover that you can see the data in a
memory window from CC00:0 to CC00:3FFF (= 4000 hex = 16384 decimal
locations). This indicates that a 16 KB EPROM is needed. However if
you see an alias in parts of the memory space, say the region from
CC00:0 to CC00:1FFF is duplicated in CC00:2000 to CC00:3FFF, then you
have put an 8 KB EPROM into a 16 KB slot and you need to try a larger
EPROM.
Note that because pinouts for 28 pin EPROMs are upward compatible
after a fashion, you can probably use a larger capacity EPROM in a
slot intended for a smaller one. The higher address lines will
probably be held high so you will need to burn the image in the upper
half or upper quarter of the larger EPROM, as the case may be. However
you should double check the voltages on the pins armed with data sheet
and a meter because CMOS EPROMs don't like floating pins.
The speed of the EPROM needed depends on how it is connected to the
computer bus. If the EPROM is directly connected to the computer bus,
as in the case of many cheap NE2000 clones, then you will probably
have to get an EPROM that is at least as fast as the ROMs used for the
main BIOS. This is typically 150 ns. Some network cards mediate access
to the EPROM via an ASIC and this ASIC may insert wait states so that
slower EPROMs can be used. Incidentally the slowness of the EPROM
doesn't affect Etherboot execution speed much because Etherboot copies
itself to RAM before executing. I'm told Netboot does the same thing.
7.7. Troubleshooting tips
� Floppy boot doesn't work. Have you copied the ROM image (with the
floppyloader prepended) to the floppy raw? Is that size of floppy
bootable by your computer? Are you trying to run a 32 bit Etherboot
on a 16 bit machine (286, 086/088)? Have you selected too many
compile time options? The real limit on Etherboot is not the size
of the EPROM but the fact that it executes in the 32 KB region
between 0x98000 and 0xA0000. If the sum of code, stack and bss is
greater than 32 KB, then Etherboot might crash at unexpected
places. You could increase the memory to 48 KB by lowering the
RELOCADDR in the Makefile but this is outside the specifications.
Definitely do not lower RELOCADDR below 0x94000 because various
pieces of booting information are stored from 0x90000 upwards.
� Floppy version works but EPROM version doesn't work. There is a
program called rom-scan (Linux and DOS versions) in the directory
contrib/rom-scan which will help detect problems.
� If the EPROM is not detected at all then the contents of the EPROM
are not visible to the BIOS. Check that you have enabled the EPROM
with any jumpers or soft configuration settings. Check that you do
not have any conflicts in the memory address of the EPROM and any
other hardware. Perhaps you have to prevent it from being mapped
out by your BIOS settings. Or perhaps you have to shadow it with
RAM. Maybe you put the code in the wrong half or wrong quarter of
the EPROM. Maybe the access time of the EPROM is not low enough.
You can also use the debug program under BIOS to examine the memory
area in question.
� If rom-scan says the EPROM is present but not active, then
something prevented the BIOS from seeing it as a valid extension
BIOS. This could be truncation of the EPROM window, maybe you have
a larger EPROM in a slot meant for a smaller one. Maybe there is a
checksum error in the EPROM due to some bits not properly
programmed or the EPROM not being fast enough. In one case that we
know of, the 3c503 network card, the ASIC actually returns 2 bytes
of 80 80 in the end locations of the EPROM space. This apparently
is a kind of signature. The makerom program in Etherboot
compensates for this, but if the pattern is not 80 80, then the
code needs to be modified.
� If rom-scan says the EPROM is present and active, but BIOS does not
see it, then perhaps the EPROM is located in an area that the BIOS
does not scan. The range scanned is supposed to be 0xC0000 to
0xEF800 in increments of 2 KB but I have seen some BIOSes that
continue the scan into the 0xF0000 page.
Note that rom-scan will also detect other extension BIOSes mounted
on your computer, for example VGA BIOSes and SCSI adapter BIOSes.
This is normal.
� Etherboot does not detect card. Are you using the right ROM image?
Is the card properly seated in the computer? Can you see the card
with other software? Are there any address conflicts with other
hardware? Is the PCI id of the card one that is not known to
Etherboot yet? In this case and where you think there is a bug in
Etherboot, please contact the author with all details.
� Etherboot detects card but hangs computer after detection. Some
cards are booby traps while they are enabled. The typical offenders
are NE2000s which will hang the bus if any access is made to the
reset addresses while interrupts are active. You may need to do a
hard reset of the computer, i.e. power down and up again before
running Etherboot.
� Etherboot detects card but does nothing after saying Searching for
server. Check your network hardware. Did you select the right
hardware interface (AUI, BNC, RJ45)? Is the cabling ok? If you have
a Unix computer on the network and have root privileges, you could
run tcpdump looking for broadcast packets on the bootps port. If
the requests are getting sent out but no replies are getting back,
check your bootpd setup. Also check if the server has a route to
the client.
� Etherboot obtains IP address but fails to load file. Check the tftp
server. Is the tagged image file installed? Is the file world
readable? Did you put the right home directory and boot filename in
bootptab?
� Etherboot loads file via tftp but Linux fails to boot. This is a
large category. Here are some suggestions:
� You do not have a private copy of the /, /etc, /var, ...
directories
� Your /dev directory is missing entries for /dev/zero and/or
/dev/null or is sharing device entries from a server that uses
different major and minor numbers (i.e. a server that is not
running Linux).
� Your /lib directory is missing libraries (most notably libc* and/or
libm*) or does not have the loader files ld*.so*
� You neglected to run ldconfig to update /etc/ldconfig.cache or you
do not have a configuration file for ldconfig.
� Your /etc/inittab and/or /etc/rc.d/* files have not been customized
for the clients.
� Your kernel is missing some crucial compile-time feature (such as
NFS filesystem support, booting from the net, transname (optional),
ELF file support, networking support, driver for your ethernet
card).
� Missing init executable (in one of the directories known by the
kernel: /etc, /sbin, ?). Remember /sbin/init must be a real file,
not a symlink.
� Missing /etc/inittab
� Missing /dev/tty?
� Missing /bin/sh
� System programs that insist on creating/writing to files outside of
/var (mount and /etc/mtab* is the canonical example)
The essence is that you must provide whatever is needed in the NFS
root filesystem that your kernel needs to boot. This is somewhat
distribution dependent. In the discussion above I solved the
problem by making a copy of an existing root filesystem and
modifying a few bits. Be aware that some, if not all,
distributions contain bugs in their layout that hinder diskless
mounting so you will have to fix any problems that arise. An
example was a directory in /usr/X11R6/lib that needed to be
writable, preventing /usr from being mounted ro.
� Etherboot works fine and kernel starts but network interface
doesn't work. Check your network configuration in the OS.
Etherboot uses polled I/O and not interrupt I/O to fetch the
images. So the IRQ line doesn't get exercised. This manifested
itself in one case with a NIC that could netboot but network
programs run afterwards couldn't receive any packets. It seemed to
be a combination of a weak NIC IRQ line and a fussy motherboard.
But the same thing could happen if say the IRQ is not set to where
the software is expecting it. The image will load fine with the
wrong IRQ but the software will not run properly. This is more of
an issue with say DOS packet drivers, where the user has to specify
the IRQ line than with Linux, which autoprobes.
7.8. Acknowledgements
The following people have contributed substantially to Etherboot. If
you feel your name has been left out, just let me know and I will fix
it up.
Markus Gutschke
Co-author of Etherboot. He was the person who ported the Netboot
suite from FreeBSD. He has enhanced Etherboot with many
features, one new driver and has contributed various utilities
and addons.
Gero Kuhlmann
The mknbi utilities used by Etherboot are from Netboot. He has
also clarified the original specification by Jamie Honan.
Jamie Honan
Jamie started Netboot off by writing the first version that used
code from a packet driver.
Martin Renters et. al
The original authors of Netboot on FreeBSD.
Bruce Evans
Created bcc compiler used by Etherboot/16.
Rob de Bath
Current maintainer of bcc and associated tools like as86.
Gerd Knorr
Contributed MASQ for making a boot floppy without DOS.
Adam Richter
Contributed comboot for making a boot floppy without DOS.
Claus-Justus Heine
Contributed patch for serial console and NFS swapping. See the
contrib/nfs-swap directory for his Web page.
Dickon Reed
Contributed display of loading status and a hack for the 3c509
card.
David Munro
Contributed PCI detection code originally from Linux sources.
Charlie Brady
Donated NE2100 card so that a driver could be written, and
helped test the LancePCI driver. Spotted bug with 4.1 header
code.
Rogier Wolff
Created Intel EtherExpressPro 100 driver and binary to hex
converter.
Vlag Lungu
Contributed patches to work with DHCP. Also contributed a fix to
match the received XID against the transmitted one, important in
a network with many requesters.
William Arbaugh
Patches for eepro to work with 3.2.
Jean Marc Lacroix
Contributed an improved bin2intelhex.
Jim Hague
Contributed fixes to 3c503 driver for PIO mode, fix to makerom
for presetting EPROM bytes, and various endian fixes.
Andrew Coulthurst
Contributed patch for making Intel eepro work in 4.0.
Doug Ambrisko
Contributed patches to start32.S from FreeBSD version to make it
boot Windoze after answering N to Boot from Network question.
Alex Harin
Contributed patches for prepended loaders and makerom to make
bootrom PnP and PCI compatible.
Peter Dobcsanyi
Contributed vendor and device IDs for the Netvin NE2000/PCI
clone.
[email protected]
Contributed RARP code as alternative to BOOTP/DHCP. Activated by
RARP_NOT_BOOTP define.
Daniel Engstrom
Contributed a SMC9000 driver.
Didier Poirot
Contributed an Etherpower II (EPIC 100) driver.
Martin Atkins
Contributed mntnbi for mounting DOS NBIs.
Atilla Bogar
Contributed a bug fix to the bootmenu code and a patch to main.c
to remove looping menus on failure. Also code for ARP replies
and TFTP retransmit (#ifdefed). Cleanup of tftp and tftpd.
Nathan R. Neulinger
Found bug due to tu_block being declared signed short in
arpa/tftp.h on many platforms when it should be unsigned short.
David Sharp
Contributed a FreeBSD driver for Tulip based cards. Ken Yap
ported it to Etherboot. Not tested because code needs to be
written for all the variants of the Tulip and also because no
hardware available to me.
Greg Beeley
Contributed a 3c905b driver. Be sure to read the release notes
in 3c905b.txt before using.
Alex Nemirovsky
Contributed patches to use BIOS call to size memory otherwise
Etherboot was trampling on top of 640kB area, which is used by
some extended BIOSes. Also contributed patches to pci.c to
implement PCI bus support on BIOSes that do not implement
BIOS32, or incorrectly.
Guenter Knauf
Suggested making the ASK_BOOT prompts more generic and clearer.
(Why doesn't SGML-Tools accept üaut;?) Also contributed a
DOS utility for extracting the identifier string and PCI IDs, if
any, out of the boot ROM.
Klaus Espenlaub
Contributed various cleanup patches to the code especially in
the bootmenu area, as well as a completely revamped start32.S.
Also introduced Rainer Bawidamann's code, see next paragraph.
Rainer Bawidamann
Contributed a Realtek 8139 driver.
Georg Baum
contributed a Schneider & Koch G16 driver.
[email protected]
sent in a fix for the WD/SMC8013 which I finally verified.
7.9. Copyright
The boot code from FreeBSD is under the BSD license. The netboot code
is under the GPL. This is not a problem really: the GPL states that
mere aggregation of another work with a GPL'ed work on a storage
medium, e.g. an archive file, does not put the other work under the
GPL.
Send changes to this document to Ken Yap (
[email protected]).
8. Netboot
This chapter was written by Zur�ck zu Gero. The main site is at
<
http://www.han.de/~gero/netboot.html>.
8.1. Introduction
What do I need it for? The following list shows just a few examples of
what Netboot can be used for:
� Printer spooler
� Terminal server
� X11 terminal
� Data logging system
� Network-Computer (NC)
� Some more ....
Basically Netboot can be used for any cases in which a computer should
be utilized without having a hard disk. But also for computers with a
hard disk Netboot can be used if you want to hold just one operating
system on your disk and additionally want to be able to boot a
different system over the network.
What operating systems are supported? Presently Netboot can boot Linux
and MS-DOS. Since Windows-95 is also based on MS-DOS that can be used
as well. In the future support is also planned for OS/2 and Free-BSD.
However, Windows-NT will never be supported. The utility programs,
which come with Netboot should run on an UNIX like system.
What do I need in order to work with netboot? Obviously first of all
you need one (or more) computers which should get bootet. Those are
called clients. Netboot itself should be able to run on almost any PC
compatible system, even with the oldest 8088 and 80286 processors.
However, it has been optimized to run on 386 and up. Of course this
system also needs a network card. Since Netboot uses standard DOS
packet drivers, all network cards can be used for which packet drivers
exist, even PCI and 100MBps cards. In case no such driver has been
delivered with a network card it can usually be downloaded from an FTP
server of the manufacturer, such as 3Com
<
ftp://ftp.3com.com/PUB/NETWORK-INTERFACE-CARDS/LATEST-DRIVERS>, SMC
<
ftp://ftp.smc.com/pub/nics> or Intel
<
ftp://ftp.intel.com/pub/support/enduser_reseller/etherexpress_lan_adapters>.
In addition there are packet drivers for many popular network cards
available for free from the Crynwr packet driver collection
<
ftp://ftp.crynwr.com/drivers>. Next you need a system which acts as
the server. Because Netboot uses the BOOTP and TFTP standard protocols
this server has to be able to understand those. It doesn�t matter if
the server runs a UNIX like operating system or Windows-NT.
What does it cost? Nothing! Netboot is given away for free and covered
by the GNU General Public Licence
<
http://www.han.de/~gero/netboot/english/COPYING.html>.
How does it work? In order to boot a computer without a hard disk a
bootrom is necessary, which gets plugged into a socket on the network
card. Netboot contains the full source code and executable binaries
for such a bootrom. After poweron this bootrom queries a BOOTP server
for the system�s network name and boot image file name, which then
gets loaded using the TFTP protocol. This boot image file contains the
operating system which get executed by the bootrom after loading.
Netboot contains all necessary utilities to build such a boot image
file for Linux and MS-DOS.
8.2. README
8.2.1. Copyright Notice, Acknowledgements
You are allowed to modify and redistribute this code under the terms
of the GNU General License. By making use of this software in any way
you are automatically agreeing to these terms. My special thanks go
to Jamie Honan for defining the initial bootrom specifications, to
Markus Gutschke for enhancing mknbi-linux, and to Jens-Uwe Mager for
explaining to me the basics of the NFS networking system and sometimes
helping me out with his wealth of knowledge and experience.
8.2.2. Overview
Booting a computer without a hard disk usually requires a floppy disk
drive or a network connection in order to get the operating system
into the RAM and up running. This package allows a diskless PC to boot
an operating system using an IP based ethernet network. This is done
in the following steps:
� First the operating system has to be loaded into system memory.
This can be done using a bootrom, which loads the operating system
image over the network. The bootrom code found in this package can
be burned into a real EPROM, or just copied onto a floppy and then
started from it upon bootup. Please note that the term bootrom in
all documentation texts in this package refers to the real EPROM
version as well as the version copied onto and started from a
floppy disk. For the bootrom to find the kernel image it uses the
BOOTP protocol as defined in ``'' and ``'' to get the necessary
boot information, and then loads the actual image using the TFTP
protocol as defined in ``''.
� When the operating system starts running, it has to setup it's
memory layout using a special boot loader, which is included into
the boot image. Then it has to mount it's root filesystem. This can
either be done using NFS over the network, or using a ramdisk.
The exact specifications for this netboot process can be found here
<
http://www.han.de/~gero/netboot/english/spec.html>.
8.2.3. Features
Booting a diskless client either from an EPROM or from a floppy
without additional utility tools The Bootrom code can use many
standard DOS packet drivers and therefore supports almost any PC
network card. Easy configuration of the bootrom under UNIX. The
bootrom can load a BOOTP vendor extension file in order to support
more space for tags according to ``''. Using the bootrom menu support
it's possible to optionally boot different operating systems. Even if
there is a hard disk installed in the client computer, the bootrom can
be used as a boot manager, since it also allows booting from any
partition. Cross-gateway booting Bootrom runs on any 80x86 processor
but is optimized for the 386+. Able to boot different operating
system. Currently supported are Linux and MS-DOS.
8.2.4. Installation
See the file ``'' for installation instructions. If you have any
problems installing or running the programs see the file ``''.
8.2.5. Mailing list
There exists a mailing list devoted to network booting. To subscribe
simply send a mail with the line
subscribe netboot
in it's body to
[email protected]
The subject in the mail header doesn't matter. This mailing list is
intended to be a general discussion forum about any aspect of network
booting. Any new versions of this Netboot package will also get
announced on that mailing list. After subscribing to it, you can send
messages into the list by writing a mail to
[email protected].
8.2.6. Disclaimer
The software in this package heavily interacts with hardware and
software not only on the local system, but also on the boot server.
Use it at your own risk. I cannot be held responsible for any damage
done by this software.
8.3. Download Netboot
You can download netboot version 0.9 from
<
http://www.han.de/~gero/netboot/files/netboot-0.9.0e.tar.gz> and
netboot version 0.8.1 from
<
http://www.han.de/~gero/netboot/english/download.html>
8.4. Netboot useful links
Netboot mailing list archive is at
<
http://www.han.de/~gero/netboot/archive/maillist.html>
� 3com drivers at <
http://support.3com.com/infodeli/tools/nic>
� Accton drivers at here
<
http://www.accton.com/accton/drivers/adapter.html>
� Artisoft <
http://www.artisoft.com>
� CNET <
http://www.cnet.com.tw>
� Compaq <
http://www.compaq.com/support/networking>
� D-Link <
http://www.dlink.com>
� Microdyne <
http://www.mcdy.com/marketin/prodman/prodcat.htm>
� Many NE2000 PCI cards are based on Realtek chipsets. Get drivers
here <
http://www.realtek.com.tw/cn/driver/driver.htm>
� Standard Microsystems Corp <
http://www.smc.com/support.html>
� Surecom <
http://www.sure-com.net>
� Thomas Conrad corp
<
http://www.compaq.com/support/networking/OutOfProduction.html>
� Winbond <
http://www.winbond.com.tw>
� Xircom <
http://www.xircom.com>
� Webopaedia page <
http://www.sandybay.com/pc-
web/network_interface_card_NIC.htm> on network cards
� Jargon's driver page
<
http://www.evitech.fi/~jarnomn/files/drivers/net_d.html> with many
drivers for older network cards.
� Etherboot <
http://www.slug.org.au/etherboot/> This is a project
similar to Netbot but based on the BSD bootrom code.
� How to make an X Window Terminal
<
http://www.menet.umn.edu/~kaszeta/unix/xterminal/index.html> out
of your old or outdated PC.
� List of jumper settings <
http://www.slug.org.au/NIC/index.html> for
various network cards. This page also contains many other good
links.
� Freefire <
http://sites.inka.de/lina/freefire-l/tools.html> is the
home page of the Freefire project, which lists many resources for
network security issues.
8.5. RFC 951
Network Working Group Bill Croft (Stanford University)
Request for Comments: 951 John Gilmore (Sun Microsystems)
September 1985
BOOTSTRAP PROTOCOL (BOOTP)
1. Status of this Memo
This RFC suggests a proposed protocol for the ARPA-Internet
community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements.
Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
2. Overview
This RFC describes an IP/UDP bootstrap protocol (BOOTP) which allows
a diskless client machine to discover its own IP address, the address
of a server host, and the name of a file to be loaded into memory and
executed. The bootstrap operation can be thought of as consisting of
TWO PHASES. This RFC describes the first phase, which could be
labeled 'address determination and bootfile selection'. After this
address and filename information is obtained, control passes to the
second phase of the bootstrap where a file transfer occurs. The file
transfer will typically use the TFTP protocol [9], since it is
intended that both phases reside in PROM on the client. However
BOOTP could also work with other protocols such as SFTP [3] or
FTP [6].
We suggest that the client's PROM software provide a way to do a
complete bootstrap without 'user' interaction. This is the type of
boot that would occur during an unattended power-up. A mechanism
should be provided for the user to manually supply the necessary
address and filename information to bypass the BOOTP protocol and
enter the file transfer phase directly. If non-volatile storage is
available, we suggest keeping default settings there and bypassing
the BOOTP protocol unless these settings cause the file transfer
phase to fail. If the cached information fails, the bootstrap should
fall back to phase 1 and use BOOTP.
Here is a brief outline of the protocol:
1. A single packet exchange is performed. Timeouts are used to
retransmit until a reply is received. The same packet field
layout is used in both directions. Fixed length fields of maximum
reasonable length are used to simplify structure definition and
parsing.
2. An 'opcode' field exists with two values. The client
broadcasts a 'bootrequest' packet. The server then answers with a
'bootreply' packet. The bootrequest contains the client's
hardware address and its IP address, if known.
Croft & Gilmore [Page 1]
RFC 951 September 1985
Bootstrap Protocol
3. The request can optionally contain the name of the server the
client wishes to respond. This is so the client can force the
boot to occur from a specific host (e.g. if multiple versions of
the same bootfile exist or if the server is in a far distant
net/domain). The client does not have to deal with name / domain
services; instead this function is pushed off to the BOOTP server.
4. The request can optionally contain the 'generic' filename to be
booted. For example 'unix' or 'ethertip'. When the server sends
the bootreply, it replaces this field with the fully qualified
path name of the appropriate boot file. In determining this name,
the server may consult his own database correlating the client's
address and filename request, with a particular boot file
customized for that client. If the bootrequest filename is a null
string, then the server returns a filename field indicating the
'default' file to be loaded for that client.
5. In the case of clients who do not know their IP addresses, the
server must also have a database relating hardware address to IP
address. This client IP address is then placed into a field in
the bootreply.
6. Certain network topologies (such as Stanford's) may be such
that a given physical cable does not have a TFTP server directly
attached to it (e.g. all the gateways and hosts on a certain cable
may be diskless). With the cooperation of neighboring gateways,
BOOTP can allow clients to boot off of servers several hops away,
through these gateways. See the section 'Booting Through
Gateways' below. This part of the protocol requires no special
action on the part of the client. Implementation is optional and
requires a small amount of additional code in gateways and
servers.
3. Packet Format
All numbers shown are decimal, unless indicated otherwise. The BOOTP
packet is enclosed in a standard IP [8] UDP [7] datagram. For
simplicity it is assumed that the BOOTP packet is never fragmented.
Any numeric fields shown are packed in 'standard network byte order',
i.e. high order bits are sent first.
In the IP header of a bootrequest, the client fills in its own IP
source address if known, otherwise zero. When the server address is
unknown, the IP destination address will be the 'broadcast address'
255.255.255.255. This address means 'broadcast on the local cable,
(I don't know my net number)' [4].
Croft & Gilmore [Page 2]
RFC 951 September 1985
Bootstrap Protocol
The UDP header contains source and destination port numbers. The
BOOTP protocol uses two reserved port numbers, 'BOOTP client' (68)
and 'BOOTP server' (67). The client sends requests using 'BOOTP
server' as the destination port; this is usually a broadcast. The
server sends replies using 'BOOTP client' as the destination port;
depending on the kernel or driver facilities in the server, this may
or may not be a broadcast (this is explained further in the section
titled 'Chicken/Egg issues' below). The reason TWO reserved ports
are used, is to avoid 'waking up' and scheduling the BOOTP server
daemons, when a bootreply must be broadcast to a client. Since the
server and other hosts won't be listening on the 'BOOTP client' port,
any such incoming broadcasts will be filtered out at the kernel
level. We could not simply allow the client to pick a 'random' port
number for the UDP source port field; since the server reply may be
broadcast, a randomly chosen port number could confuse other hosts
that happened to be listening on that port.
The UDP length field is set to the length of the UDP plus BOOTP
portions of the packet. The UDP checksum field can be set to zero by
the client (or server) if desired, to avoid this extra overhead in a
PROM implementation. In the 'Packet Processing' section below the
phrase '[UDP checksum.]' is used whenever the checksum might be
verified/computed.
FIELD BYTES DESCRIPTION
----- ----- -----------
op 1 packet op code / message type.
1 = BOOTREQUEST, 2 = BOOTREPLY
htype 1 hardware address type,
see ARP section in "Assigned Numbers" RFC.
'1' = 10mb ethernet
hlen 1 hardware address length
(eg '6' for 10mb ethernet).
hops 1 client sets to zero,
optionally used by gateways
in cross-gateway booting.
xid 4 transaction ID, a random number,
used to match this boot request with the
responses it generates.
secs 2 filled in by client, seconds elapsed since
client started trying to boot.
Croft & Gilmore [Page 3]
RFC 951 September 1985
Bootstrap Protocol
-- 2 unused
ciaddr 4 client IP address;
filled in by client in bootrequest if known.
yiaddr 4 'your' (client) IP address;
filled by server if client doesn't
know its own address (ciaddr was 0).
siaddr 4 server IP address;
returned in bootreply by server.
giaddr 4 gateway IP address,
used in optional cross-gateway booting.
chaddr 16 client hardware address,
filled in by client.
sname 64 optional server host name,
null terminated string.
file 128 boot file name, null terminated string;
'generic' name or null in bootrequest,
fully qualified directory-path
name in bootreply.
vend 64 optional vendor-specific area,
e.g. could be hardware type/serial on request,
or 'capability' / remote file system handle
on reply. This info may be set aside for use
by a third phase bootstrap or kernel.
4. Chicken / Egg Issues
How can the server send an IP datagram to the client, if the client
doesnt know its own IP address (yet)? Whenever a bootreply is being
sent, the transmitting machine performs the following operations:
1. If the client knows its own IP address ('ciaddr' field is
nonzero), then the IP can be sent 'as normal', since the client
will respond to ARPs [5].
2. If the client does not yet know its IP address (ciaddr zero),
then the client cannot respond to ARPs sent by the transmitter of
the bootreply. There are two options:
a. If the transmitter has the necessary kernel or driver hooks
Croft & Gilmore [Page 4]
RFC 951 September 1985
Bootstrap Protocol
to 'manually' construct an ARP address cache entry, then it can
fill in an entry using the 'chaddr' and 'yiaddr' fields. Of
course, this entry should have a timeout on it, just like any
other entry made by the normal ARP code itself. The
transmitter of the bootreply can then simply send the bootreply
to the client's IP address. UNIX (4.2 BSD) has this
capability.
b. If the transmitter lacks these kernel hooks, it can simply
send the bootreply to the IP broadcast address on the
appropriate interface. This is only one additional broadcast
over the previous case.
5. Client Use of ARP
The client PROM must contain a simple implementation of ARP, e.g. the
address cache could be just one entry in size. This will allow a
second-phase-only boot (TFTP) to be performed when the client knows
the IP addresses and bootfile name.
Any time the client is expecting to receive a TFTP or BOOTP reply, it
should be prepared to answer an ARP request for its own IP to
hardware address mapping (if known).
Since the bootreply will contain (in the hardware encapsulation) the
hardware source address of the server/gateway, the client MAY be able
to avoid sending an ARP request for the server/gateway IP address to
be used in the following TFTP phase. However this should be treated
only as a special case, since it is desirable to still allow a
second-phase-only boot as described above.
6. Comparison to RARP
An earlier protocol, Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) [1]
was proposed to allow a client to determine its IP address, given
that it knew its hardware address. However RARP had the disadvantage
that it was a hardware link level protocol (not IP/UDP based). This
means that RARP could only be implemented on hosts containing special
kernel or driver modifications to access these 'raw' packets. Since
there are many network kernels existent now, with each source
maintained by different organizations, a boot protocol that does not
require kernel modifications is a decided advantage.
BOOTP provides this hardware to IP address lookup function, in
addition to the other useful features described in the sections
above.
Croft & Gilmore [Page 5]
RFC 951 September 1985
Bootstrap Protocol
7. Packet Processing
7.1. Client Transmission
Before setting up the packet for the first time, it is a good idea
to clear the entire packet buffer to all zeros; this will place
all fields in their default state. The client then creates a
packet with the following fields.
The IP destination address is set to 255.255.255.255. (the
broadcast address) or to the server's IP address (if known). The
IP source address and 'ciaddr' are set to the client's IP address
if known, else 0. The UDP header is set with the proper length;
source port = 'BOOTP client' port destination port = 'BOOTP
server' port.
'op' is set to '1', BOOTREQUEST. 'htype' is set to the hardware
address type as assigned in the ARP section of the "Assigned
Numbers" RFC. 'hlen' is set to the length of the hardware address,
e.g. '6' for 10mb ethernet.
'xid' is set to a 'random' transaction id. 'secs' is set to the
number of seconds that have elapsed since the client has started
booting. This will let the servers know how long a client has
been trying. As the number gets larger, certain servers may feel
more 'sympathetic' towards a client they don't normally service.
If a client lacks a suitable clock, it could construct a rough
estimate using a loop timer. Or it could choose to simply send
this field as always a fixed value, say 100 seconds.
If the client knows its IP address, 'ciaddr' (and the IP source
address) are set to this value. 'chaddr' is filled in with the
client's hardware address.
If the client wishes to restrict booting to a particular server
name, it may place a null-terminated string in 'sname'. The name
used should be any of the allowable names or nicknames of the
desired host.
The client has several options for filling the 'file' name field.
If left null, the meaning is 'I want to boot the default file for
my machine'. A null file name can also mean 'I am only interested
in finding out client/server/gateway IP addresses, I dont care
about file names'.
The field can also be a 'generic' name such as 'unix' or
Croft & Gilmore [Page 6]
RFC 951 September 1985
Bootstrap Protocol
'gateway'; this means 'boot the named program configured for my
machine'. Finally the field can be a fully directory qualified
path name.
The 'vend' field can be filled in by the client with
vendor-specific strings or structures. For example the machine
hardware type or serial number may be placed here. However the
operation of the BOOTP server should not DEPEND on this
information existing.
If the 'vend' field is used, it is recommended that a 4 byte
'magic number' be the first item within 'vend'. This lets a
server determine what kind of information it is seeing in this
field. Numbers can be assigned by the usual 'magic number'
process --you pick one and it's magic. A different magic number
could be used for bootreply's than bootrequest's to allow the
client to take special action with the reply information.
[UDP checksum.]
7.2. Client Retransmission Strategy
If no reply is received for a certain length of time, the client
should retransmit the request. The time interval must be chosen
carefully so as not to flood the network. Consider the case of a
cable containing 100 machines that are just coming up after a
power failure. Simply retransmitting the request every four
seconds will inundate the net.
As a possible strategy, you might consider backing off
exponentially, similar to the way ethernet backs off on a
collision. So for example if the first packet is at time 0:00,
the second would be at :04, then :08, then :16, then :32, then
:64. You should also randomize each time; this would be done
similar to the ethernet specification by starting with a mask and
'and'ing that with with a random number to get the first backoff.
On each succeeding backoff, the mask is increased in length by one
bit. This doubles the average delay on each backoff.
After the 'average' backoff reaches about 60 seconds, it should be
increased no further, but still randomized.
Before each retransmission, the client should update the 'secs'
field. [UDP checksum.]
Croft & Gilmore [Page 7]
RFC 951 September 1985
Bootstrap Protocol
7.3. Server Receives BOOTREQUEST
[UDP checksum.] If the UDP destination port does not match the
'BOOTP server' port, discard the packet.
If the server name field (sname) is null (no particular server
specified), or sname is specified and matches our name or
nickname, then continue with packet processing.
If the sname field is specified, but does not match 'us', then
there are several options:
1. You may choose to simply discard this packet.
2. If a name lookup on sname shows it to be on this same cable,
discard the packet.
3. If sname is on a different net, you may choose to forward
the packet to that address. If so, check the 'giaddr' (gateway
address) field. If 'giaddr' is zero, fill it in with my
address or the address of a gateway that can be used to get to
that net. Then forward the packet.
If the client IP address (ciaddr) is zero, then the client does
not know its own IP address. Attempt to lookup the client
hardware address (chaddr, hlen, htype) in our database. If no
match is found, discard the packet. Otherwise we now have an IP
address for this client; fill it into the 'yiaddr' (your IP
address) field.
We now check the boot file name field (file). The field will be
null if the client is not interested in filenames, or wants the
default bootfile. If the field is non-null, it is used as a
lookup key in a database, along with the client's IP address. If
there is a default file or generic file (possibly indexed by the
client address) or a fully-specified path name that matches, then
replace the 'file' field with the fully-specified path name of the
selected boot file. If the field is non-null and no match was
found, then the client is asking for a file we dont have; discard
the packet, perhaps some other BOOTP server will have it.
The 'vend' vendor-specific data field should now be checked and if
a recognized type of data is provided, client-specific actions
should be taken, and a response placed in the 'vend' data field of
the reply packet. For example, a workstation client could provide
Croft & Gilmore [Page 8]
RFC 951 September 1985
Bootstrap Protocol
an authentication key and receive from the server a capability for
remote file access, or a set of configuration options, which can
be passed to the operating system that will shortly be booted in.
Place my (server) IP address in the 'siaddr' field. Set the 'op'
field to BOOTREPLY. The UDP destination port is set to 'BOOTP
client'. If the client address 'ciaddr' is nonzero, send the
packet there; else if the gateway address 'giaddr' is nonzero, set
the UDP destination port to 'BOOTP server' and send the packet to
'giaddr'; else the client is on one of our cables but it doesnt
know its own IP address yet --use a method described in the 'Egg'
section above to send it to the client. If 'Egg' is used and we
have multiple interfaces on this host, use the 'yiaddr' (your IP
address) field to figure out which net (cable/interface) to send
the packet to. [UDP checksum.]
7.4. Server/Gateway Receives BOOTREPLY
[UDP checksum.] If 'yiaddr' (your [the client's] IP address)
refers to one of our cables, use one of the 'Egg' methods above to
forward it to the client. Be sure to send it to the 'BOOTP
client' UDP destination port.
7.5. Client Reception
Don't forget to process ARP requests for my own IP address (if I
know it). [UDP checksum.] The client should discard incoming
packets that: are not IP/UDPs addressed to the boot port; are not
BOOTREPLYs; do not match my IP address (if I know it) or my
hardware address; do not match my transaction id. Otherwise we
have received a successful reply. 'yiaddr' will contain my IP
address, if I didnt know it before. 'file' is the name of the
file name to TFTP 'read request'. The server address is in
'siaddr'. If 'giaddr' (gateway address) is nonzero, then the
packets should be forwarded there first, in order to get to the
server.
8. Booting Through Gateways
This part of the protocol is optional and requires some additional
code in cooperating gateways and servers, but it allows cross-gateway
booting. This is mainly useful when gateways are diskless machines.
Gateways containing disks (e.g. a UNIX machine acting as a gateway),
might as well run their own BOOTP/TFTP servers.
Gateways listening to broadcast BOOTREQUESTs may decide to forward or
rebroadcast these requests 'when appropriate'. For example, the
Croft & Gilmore [Page 9]
RFC 951 September 1985
Bootstrap Protocol
gateway could have, as part of his configuration tables, a list of
other networks or hosts to receive a copy of any broadcast
BOOTREQUESTs. Even though a 'hops' field exists, it is a poor idea
to simply globally rebroadcast the requests, since broadcast loops
will almost certainly occur.
The forwarding could begin immediately, or wait until the 'secs'
(seconds client has been trying) field passes a certain threshold.
If a gateway does decide to forward the request, it should look at
the 'giaddr' (gateway IP address) field. If zero, it should plug its
own IP address (on the receiving cable) into this field. It may also
use the 'hops' field to optionally control how far the packet is
reforwarded. Hops should be incremented on each forwarding. For
example, if hops passes '3', the packet should probably be discarded.
[UDP checksum.]
Here we have recommended placing this special forwarding function in
the gateways. But that does not have to be the case. As long as
some 'BOOTP forwarding agent' exists on the net with the booting
client, the agent can do the forwarding when appropriate. Thus this
service may or may not be co-located with the gateway.
In the case of a forwarding agent not located in the gateway, the
agent could save himself some work by plugging the broadcast address
of the interface receiving the bootrequest into the 'giaddr' field.
Thus the reply would get forwarded using normal gateways, not
involving the forwarding agent. Of course the disadvantage here is
that you lose the ability to use the 'Egg' non-broadcast method of
sending the reply, causing extra overhead for every host on the
client cable.
9. Sample BOOTP Server Database
As a suggestion, we show a sample text file database that the BOOTP
server program might use. The database has two sections, delimited
by a line containing an percent in column 1. The first section
contains a 'default directory' and mappings from generic names to
directory/pathnames. The first generic name in this section is the
'default file' you get when the bootrequest contains a null 'file'
string.
The second section maps hardware addresstype/address into an
ipaddress. Optionally you can also overide the default generic name
by supplying a ipaddress specific genericname. A 'suffix' item is
also an option; if supplied, any generic names specified by the
client will be accessed by first appending 'suffix' to the 'pathname'
Croft & Gilmore [Page 10]
RFC 951 September 1985
Bootstrap Protocol
appropriate to that generic name. If that file is not found, then
the plain 'pathname' will be tried. This 'suffix' option allows a
whole set of custom generics to be setup without a lot of effort.
Below is shown the general format; fields are delimited by one or
more spaces or tabs; trailing empty fields may be omitted; blank
lines and lines beginning with '#' are ignored.
# comment line
homedirectory
genericname1 pathname1
genericname2 pathname2
...
% end of generic names, start of address mappings
hostname1 hardwaretype hardwareaddr1 ipaddr1 genericname suffix
hostname2 hardwaretype hardwareaddr2 ipaddr2 genericname suffix
...
Here is a specific example. Note the 'hardwaretype' number is the
same as that shown in the ARP section of the 'Assigned Numbers' RFC.
The 'hardwaretype' and 'ipaddr' numbers are in decimal;
'hardwareaddr' is in hex.
# last updated by smith
/usr/boot
vmunix vmunix
tip ethertip
watch /usr/diag/etherwatch
gate gate.
% end of generic names, start of address mappings
hamilton 1 02.60.8c.06.34.98 36.19.0.5
burr 1 02.60.8c.34.11.78 36.44.0.12
101-gateway 1 02.60.8c.23.ab.35 36.44.0.32 gate 101
mjh-gateway 1 02.60.8c.12.32.bc 36.42.0.64 gate mjh
welch-tipa 1 02.60.8c.22.65.32 36.47.0.14 tip
welch-tipb 1 02.60.8c.12.15.c8 36.46.0.12 tip
In the example above, if 'mjh-gateway' does a default boot, it will
get the file '/usr/boot/gate.mjh'.
Croft & Gilmore [Page 11]
RFC 951 September 1985
Bootstrap Protocol
10. Acknowledgements
Ross Finlayson (et. al.) produced two earlier RFC's discussing TFTP
bootstraping [2] using RARP [1].
We would also like to acknowledge the previous work and comments of
Noel Chiappa, Bob Lyon, Jeff Mogul, Mark Lewis, and David Plummer.
REFERENCES
1. Ross Finlayson, Timothy Mann, Jeffrey Mogul, Marvin Theimer. A
Reverse Address Resolution Protocol. RFC 903, NIC, June, 1984.
2. Ross Finlayson. Bootstrap Loading using TFTP. RFC 906, NIC,
June, 1984.
3. Mark Lottor. Simple File Transfer Protocol. RFC 913, NIC,
September, 1984.
4. Jeffrey Mogul. Broadcasting Internet Packets. RFC 919, NIC,
October, 1984.
5. David Plummer. An Ethernet Address Resolution Protocol. RFC
826, NIC, September, 1982.
6. Jon Postel. File Transfer Protocol. RFC 765, NIC, June, 1980.
7. Jon Postel. User Datagram Protocol. RFC 768, NIC, August, 1980.
8. Jon Postel. Internet Protocol. RFC 791, NIC, September, 1981.
9. K. R. Sollins, Noel Chiappa. The TFTP Protocol. RFC 783, NIC,
June, 1981.
Croft & Gilmore [Page 12]
8.6. RFC 1533
Network Working Group S. Alexander
Request for Comments: 1533 Lachman Technology, Inc.
Obsoletes: 1497, 1395, 1084, 1048 R. Droms
Category: Standards Track Bucknell University
October 1993
DHCP Options and BOOTP Vendor Extensions
Status of this Memo
This RFC specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
Official Protocol Standards" for the standardization state and status
of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
Abstract
The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) [1] provides a
framework for passing configuration information to hosts on a TCP/IP
network. Configuration parameters and other control information are
carried in tagged data items that are stored in the "options" field
of the DHCP message. The data items themselves are also called
"options."
This document specifies the current set of DHCP options. This
document will be periodically updated as new options are defined.
Each superseding document will include the entire current list of
valid options.
All of the vendor information extensions defined in RFC 1497 [2] may
be used as DHCP options. The definitions given in RFC 1497 are
included in this document, which supersedes RFC 1497. All of the
DHCP options defined in this document, except for those specific to
DHCP as defined in section 9, may be used as BOOTP vendor information
extensions.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction .............................................. 2
2. BOOTP Extension/DHCP Option Field Format .................. 2
3. RFC 1497 Vendor Extensions ................................ 3
4. IP Layer Parameters per Host .............................. 10
5. IP Layer Parameters per Interface ........................ 13
6. Link Layer Parameters per Interface ....................... 16
7. TCP Parameters ............................................ 17
8. Application and Service Parameters ........................ 18
Alexander & Droms [Page 1]
RFC 1533 DHCP Options and BOOTP Vendor Extensions October 1993
9. DHCP Extensions ........................................... 23
10. Extensions ................................................ 27
11. Acknowledgements .......................................... 28
12. References ................................................ 28
13. Security Considerations ................................... 19
14. Authors' Addresses ........................................ 30
1. Introduction
This document specifies options for use with both the Dynamic Host
Configuration Protocol and the Bootstrap Protocol.
The full description of DHCP packet formats may be found in the DHCP
specification document [1], and the full description of BOOTP packet
formats may be found in the BOOTP specification document [3]. This
document defines the format of information in the last field of DHCP
packets ('options') and of BOOTP packets ('vend'). The remainder of
this section defines a generalized use of this area for giving
information useful to a wide class of machines, operating systems and
configurations. Sites with a single DHCP or BOOTP server that is
shared among heterogeneous clients may choose to define other, site-
specific formats for the use of the 'options' field.
Section 2 of this memo describes the formats of DHCP options and
BOOTP vendor extensions. Section 3 describes options defined in
previous documents for use with BOOTP (all may also be used with
DHCP). Sections 4-8 define new options intended for use with both
DHCP and BOOTP. Section 9 defines options used only in DHCP.
References further describing most of the options defined in sections
2-6 can be found in section 12. The use of the options defined in
section 9 is described in the DHCP specification [1].
Information on registering new options is contained in section 10.
2. BOOTP Extension/DHCP Option Field Format
DHCP options have the same format as the BOOTP "vendor extensions"
defined in RFC 1497 [2]. Options may be fixed length or variable
length. All options begin with a tag octet, which uniquely
identifies the option. Fixed-length options without data consist of
only a tag octet. Only options 0 and 255 are fixed length. All
other options are variable-length with a length octet following the
tag octet. The value of the length octet does not include the two
octets specifying the tag and length. The length octet is followed
by "length" octets of data. In the case of some variable-length
options the length field is a constant but must still be specified.
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RFC 1533 DHCP Options and BOOTP Vendor Extensions October 1993
Any options defined subsequent to this document should contain a
length octet even if the length is fixed or zero.
All multi-octet quantities are in network byte-order.
When used with BOOTP, the first four octets of the vendor information
field have been assigned to the "magic cookie" (as suggested in RFC
951). This field identifies the mode in which the succeeding data is
to be interpreted. The value of the magic cookie is the 4 octet
dotted decimal 99.130.83.99 (or hexadecimal number 63.82.53.63) in
network byte order.
All of the "vendor extensions" defined in RFC 1497 are also DHCP
options.
Option codes 128 to 254 (decimal) are reserved for site-specific
options.
Except for the options in section 9, all options may be used with
either DHCP or BOOTP.
Many of these options have their default values specified in other
documents. In particular, RFC 1122 [4] specifies default values for
most IP and TCP configuration parameters.
3. RFC 1497 Vendor Extensions
This section lists the vendor extensions as defined in RFC 1497.
They are defined here for completeness.
3.1. Pad Option
The pad option can be used to cause subsequent fields to align on
word boundaries.
The code for the pad option is 0, and its length is 1 octet.
Code
+-----+
| 0 |
+-----+
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RFC 1533 DHCP Options and BOOTP Vendor Extensions October 1993
3.2. End Option
The end option marks the end of valid information in the vendor
field. Subsequent octets should be filled with pad options.
The code for the end option is 255, and its length is 1 octet.
Code
+-----+
| 255 |
+-----+
3.3. Subnet Mask
The subnet mask option specifies the client's subnet mask as per RFC
950 [5].
If both the subnet mask and the router option are specified in a DHCP
reply, the subnet mask option MUST be first.
The code for the subnet mask option is 1, and its length is 4 octets.
Code Len Subnet Mask
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| 1 | 4 | m1 | m2 | m3 | m4 |
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
3.4. Time Offset
The time offset field specifies the offset of the client's subnet in
seconds from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). The offset is
expressed as a signed 32-bit integer.
The code for the time offset option is 2, and its length is 4 octets.
Code Len Time Offset
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| 2 | 4 | n1 | n2 | n3 | n4 |
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
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RFC 1533 DHCP Options and BOOTP Vendor Extensions October 1993
3.5. Router Option
The router option specifies a list of IP addresses for routers on the
client's subnet. Routers SHOULD be listed in order of preference.
The code for the router option is 3. The minimum length for the
router option is 4 octets, and the length MUST always be a multiple
of 4.
Code Len Address 1 Address 2
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+--
| 3 | n | a1 | a2 | a3 | a4 | a1 | a2 | ...
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+--
3.6. Time Server Option
The time server option specifies a list of RFC 868 [6] time servers
available to the client. Servers SHOULD be listed in order of
preference.
The code for the time server option is 4. The minimum length for
this option is 4 octets, and the length MUST always be a multiple of
4.
Code Len Address 1 Address 2
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+--
| 4 | n | a1 | a2 | a3 | a4 | a1 | a2 | ...
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+--
3.7. Name Server Option
The name server option specifies a list of IEN 116 [7] name servers
available to the client. Servers SHOULD be listed in order of
preference.
The code for the name server option is 5. The minimum length for
this option is 4 octets, and the length MUST always be a multiple of
4.
Code Len Address 1 Address 2
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+--
| 5 | n | a1 | a2 | a3 | a4 | a1 | a2 | ...
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+--
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RFC 1533 DHCP Options and BOOTP Vendor Extensions October 1993
3.8. Domain Name Server Option
The domain name server option specifies a list of Domain Name System
(STD 13, RFC 1035 [8]) name servers available to the client. Servers
SHOULD be listed in order of preference.
The code for the domain name server option is 6. The minimum length
for this option is 4 octets, and the length MUST always be a multiple
of 4.
Code Len Address 1 Address 2
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+--
| 6 | n | a1 | a2 | a3 | a4 | a1 | a2 | ...
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+--
3.9. Log Server Option
The log server option specifies a list of MIT-LCS UDP log servers
available to the client. Servers SHOULD be listed in order of
preference.
The code for the log server option is 7. The minimum length for this
option is 4 octets, and the length MUST always be a multiple of 4.
Code Len Address 1 Address 2
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+--
| 7 | n | a1 | a2 | a3 | a4 | a1 | a2 | ...
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+--
3.10. Cookie Server Option
The cookie server option specifies a list of RFC 865 [9] cookie
servers available to the client. Servers SHOULD be listed in order
of preference.
The code for the log server option is 8. The minimum length for this
option is 4 octets, and the length MUST always be a multiple of 4.
Code Len Address 1 Address 2
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+--
| 8 | n | a1 | a2 | a3 | a4 | a1 | a2 | ...
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+--
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RFC 1533 DHCP Options and BOOTP Vendor Extensions October 1993
3.11. LPR Server Option
The LPR server option specifies a list of RFC 1179 [10] line printer
servers available to the client. Servers SHOULD be listed in order
of preference.
The code for the LPR server option is 9. The minimum length for this
option is 4 octets, and the length MUST always be a multiple of 4.
Code Len Address 1 Address 2
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+--
| 9 | n | a1 | a2 | a3 | a4 | a1 | a2 | ...
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+--
3.12. Impress Server Option
The Impress server option specifies a list of Imagen Impress servers
available to the client. Servers SHOULD be listed in order of
preference.
The code for the Impress server option is 10. The minimum length for
this option is 4 octets, and the length MUST always be a multiple of
4.
Code Len Address 1 Address 2
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+--
| 10 | n | a1 | a2 | a3 | a4 | a1 | a2 | ...
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+--
3.13. Resource Location Server Option
This option specifies a list of RFC 887 [11] Resource Location
servers available to the client. Servers SHOULD be listed in order
of preference.
The code for this option is 11. The minimum length for this option
is 4 octets, and the length MUST always be a multiple of 4.
Code Len Address 1 Address 2
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+--
| 11 | n | a1 | a2 | a3 | a4 | a1 | a2 | ...
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+--
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RFC 1533 DHCP Options and BOOTP Vendor Extensions October 1993
3.14. Host Name Option
This option specifies the name of the client. The name may or may
not be qualified with the local domain name (see section 3.17 for the
preferred way to retrieve the domain name). See RFC 1035 for
character set restrictions.
The code for this option is 12, and its minimum length is 1.
Code Len Host Name
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+--
| 12 | n | h1 | h2 | h3 | h4 | h5 | h6 | ...
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+--
3.15. Boot File Size Option
This option specifies the length in 512-octet blocks of the default
boot image for the client. The file length is specified as an
unsigned 16-bit integer.
The code for this option is 13, and its length is 2.
Code Len File Size
+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| 13 | 2 | l1 | l2 |
+-----+-----+-----+-----+
3.16. Merit Dump File
This option specifies the path-name of a file to which the client's
core image should be dumped in the event the client crashes. The
path is formatted as a character string consisting of characters from
the NVT ASCII character set.
The code for this option is 14. Its minimum length is 1.
Code Len Dump File Pathname
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+---
| 14 | n | n1 | n2 | n3 | n4 | ...
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+---
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RFC 1533 DHCP Options and BOOTP Vendor Extensions October 1993
3.17. Domain Name
This option specifies the domain name that client should use when
resolving hostnames via the Domain Name System.
The code for this option is 15. Its minimum length is 1.
Code Len Domain Name
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+--
| 15 | n | d1 | d2 | d3 | d4 | ...
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+--
3.18. Swap Server
This specifies the IP address of the client's swap server.
The code for this option is 16 and its length is 4.
Code Len Swap Server Address
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| 16 | n | a1 | a2 | a3 | a4 |
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
3.19. Root Path
This option specifies the path-name that contains the client's root
disk. The path is formatted as a character string consisting of
characters from the NVT ASCII character set.
The code for this option is 17. Its minimum length is 1.
Code Len Root Disk Pathname
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+---
| 17 | n | n1 | n2 | n3 | n4 | ...
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+---
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RFC 1533 DHCP Options and BOOTP Vendor Extensions October 1993
3.20. Extensions Path
A string to specify a file, retrievable via TFTP, which contains
information which can be interpreted in the same way as the 64-octet
vendor-extension field within the BOOTP response, with the following
exceptions:
- the length of the file is unconstrained;
- all references to Tag 18 (i.e., instances of the
BOOTP Extensions Path field) within the file are
ignored.
The code for this option is 18. Its minimum length is 1.
Code Len Extensions Pathname
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+---
| 18 | n | n1 | n2 | n3 | n4 | ...
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+---
4. IP Layer Parameters per Host
This section details the options that affect the operation of the IP
layer on a per-host basis.
4.1. IP Forwarding Enable/Disable Option
This option specifies whether the client should configure its IP
layer for packet forwarding. A value of 0 means disable IP
forwarding, and a value of 1 means enable IP forwarding.
The code for this option is 19, and its length is 1.
Code Len Value
+-----+-----+-----+
| 19 | 1 | 0/1 |
+-----+-----+-----+
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RFC 1533 DHCP Options and BOOTP Vendor Extensions October 1993
4.2. Non-Local Source Routing Enable/Disable Option
This option specifies whether the client should configure its IP
layer to allow forwarding of datagrams with non-local source routes
(see Section 3.3.5 of [4] for a discussion of this topic). A value
of 0 means disallow forwarding of such datagrams, and a value of 1
means allow forwarding.
The code for this option is 20, and its length is 1.
Code Len Value
+-----+-----+-----+
| 20 | 1 | 0/1 |
+-----+-----+-----+
4.3. Policy Filter Option
This option specifies policy filters for non-local source routing.
The filters consist of a list of IP addresses and masks which specify
destination/mask pairs with which to filter incoming source routes.
Any source routed datagram whose next-hop address does not match one
of the filters should be discarded by the client.
See [4] for further information.
The code for this option is 21. The minimum length of this option is
8, and the length MUST be a multiple of 8.
Code Len Address 1 Mask 1
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| 21 | n | a1 | a2 | a3 | a4 | m1 | m2 | m3 | m4 |
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Address 2 Mask 2
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+---
| a1 | a2 | a3 | a4 | m1 | m2 | m3 | m4 | ...
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+---
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RFC 1533 DHCP Options and BOOTP Vendor Extensions October 1993
4.4. Maximum Datagram Reassembly Size
This option specifies the maximum size datagram that the client
should be prepared to reassemble. The size is specified as a 16-bit
unsigned integer. The minimum value legal value is 576.
The code for this option is 22, and its length is 2.
Code Len Size
+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| 22 | 2 | s1 | s2 |
+-----+-----+-----+-----+
4.5. Default IP Time-to-live
This option specifies the default time-to-live that the client should
use on outgoing datagrams. The TTL is specified as an octet with a
value between 1 and 255.
The code for this option is 23, and its length is 1.
Code Len TTL
+-----+-----+-----+
| 23 | 1 | ttl |
+-----+-----+-----+
4.6. Path MTU Aging Timeout Option
This option specifies the timeout (in seconds) to use when aging Path
MTU values discovered by the mechanism defined in RFC 1191 [12]. The
timeout is specified as a 32-bit unsigned integer.
The code for this option is 24, and its length is 4.
Code Len Timeout
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| 24 | 4 | t1 | t2 | t3 | t4 |
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
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RFC 1533 DHCP Options and BOOTP Vendor Extensions October 1993
4.7. Path MTU Plateau Table Option
This option specifies a table of MTU sizes to use when performing
Path MTU Discovery as defined in RFC 1191. The table is formatted as
a list of 16-bit unsigned integers, ordered from smallest to largest.
The minimum MTU value cannot be smaller than 68.
The code for this option is 25. Its minimum length is 2, and the
length MUST be a multiple of 2.
Code Len Size 1 Size 2
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+---
| 25 | n | s1 | s2 | s1 | s2 | ...
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+---
5. IP Layer Parameters per Interface
This section details the options that affect the operation of the IP
layer on a per-interface basis. It is expected that a client can
issue multiple requests, one per interface, in order to configure
interfaces with their specific parameters.
5.1. Interface MTU Option
This option specifies the MTU to use on this interface. The MTU is
specified as a 16-bit unsigned integer. The minimum legal value for
the MTU is 68.
The code for this option is 26, and its length is 2.
Code Len MTU
+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| 26 | 2 | m1 | m2 |
+-----+-----+-----+-----+
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RFC 1533 DHCP Options and BOOTP Vendor Extensions October 1993
5.2. All Subnets are Local Option
This option specifies whether or not the client may assume that all
subnets of the IP network to which the client is connected use the
same MTU as the subnet of that network to which the client is
directly connected. A value of 1 indicates that all subnets share
the same MTU. A value of 0 means that the client should assume that
some subnets of the directly connected network may have smaller MTUs.
The code for this option is 27, and its length is 1.
Code Len Value
+-----+-----+-----+
| 27 | 1 | 0/1 |
+-----+-----+-----+
5.3. Broadcast Address Option
This option specifies the broadcast address in use on the client's
subnet. Legal values for broadcast addresses are specified in
section 3.2.1.3 of [4].
The code for this option is 28, and its length is 4.
Code Len Broadcast Address
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| 28 | 4 | b1 | b2 | b3 | b4 |
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
5.4. Perform Mask Discovery Option
This option specifies whether or not the client should perform subnet
mask discovery using ICMP. A value of 0 indicates that the client
should not perform mask discovery. A value of 1 means that the
client should perform mask discovery.
The code for this option is 29, and its length is 1.
Code Len Value
+-----+-----+-----+
| 29 | 1 | 0/1 |
+-----+-----+-----+
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RFC 1533 DHCP Options and BOOTP Vendor Extensions October 1993
5.5. Mask Supplier Option
This option specifies whether or not the client should respond to
subnet mask requests using ICMP. A value of 0 indicates that the
client should not respond. A value of 1 means that the client should
respond.
The code for this option is 30, and its length is 1.
Code Len Value
+-----+-----+-----+
| 30 | 1 | 0/1 |
+-----+-----+-----+
5.6. Perform Router Discovery Option
This option specifies whether or not the client should solicit
routers using the Router Discovery mechanism defined in RFC 1256
[13]. A value of 0 indicates that the client should not perform
router discovery. A value of 1 means that the client should perform
router discovery.
The code for this option is 31, and its length is 1.
Code Len Value
+-----+-----+-----+
| 31 | 1 | 0/1 |
+-----+-----+-----+
5.7. Router Solicitation Address Option
This option specifies the address to which the client should transmit
router solicitation requests.
The code for this option is 32, and its length is 4.
Code Len Address
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| 32 | 4 | a1 | a2 | a3 | a4 |
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
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RFC 1533 DHCP Options and BOOTP Vendor Extensions October 1993
5.8. Static Route Option
This option specifies a list of static routes that the client should
install in its routing cache. If multiple routes to the same
destination are specified, they are listed in descending order of
priority.
The routes consist of a list of IP address pairs. The first address
is the destination address, and the second address is the router for
the destination.
The default route (0.0.0.0) is an illegal destination for a static
route. See section 3.5 for information about the router option.
The code for this option is 33. The minimum length of this option is
8, and the length MUST be a multiple of 8.
Code Len Destination 1 Router 1
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| 33 | n | d1 | d2 | d3 | d4 | r1 | r2 | r3 | r4 |
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Destination 2 Router 2
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+---
| d1 | d2 | d3 | d4 | r1 | r2 | r3 | r4 | ...
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+---
6. Link Layer Parameters per Interface
This section lists the options that affect the operation of the data
link layer on a per-interface basis.
6.1. Trailer Encapsulation Option
This option specifies whether or not the client should negotiate the
use of trailers (RFC 893 [14]) when using the ARP protocol. A value
of 0 indicates that the client should not attempt to use trailers. A
value of 1 means that the client should attempt to use trailers.
The code for this option is 34, and its length is 1.
Code Len Value
+-----+-----+-----+
| 34 | 1 | 0/1 |
+-----+-----+-----+
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RFC 1533 DHCP Options and BOOTP Vendor Extensions October 1993
6.2. ARP Cache Timeout Option
This option specifies the timeout in seconds for ARP cache entries.
The time is specified as a 32-bit unsigned integer.
The code for this option is 35, and its length is 4.
Code Len Time
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| 35 | 4 | t1 | t2 | t3 | t4 |
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
6.3. Ethernet Encapsulation Option
This option specifies whether or not the client should use Ethernet
Version 2 (RFC 894 [15]) or IEEE 802.3 (RFC 1042 [16]) encapsulation
if the interface is an Ethernet. A value of 0 indicates that the
client should use RFC 894 encapsulation. A value of 1 means that the
client should use RFC 1042 encapsulation.
The code for this option is 36, and its length is 1.
Code Len Value
+-----+-----+-----+
| 36 | 1 | 0/1 |
+-----+-----+-----+
7. TCP Parameters
This section lists the options that affect the operation of the TCP
layer on a per-interface basis.
7.1. TCP Default TTL Option
This option specifies the default TTL that the client should use when
sending TCP segments. The value is represented as an 8-bit unsigned
integer. The minimum value is 1.
The code for this option is 37, and its length is 1.
Code Len TTL
+-----+-----+-----+
| 37 | 1 | n |
+-----+-----+-----+
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RFC 1533 DHCP Options and BOOTP Vendor Extensions October 1993
7.2. TCP Keepalive Interval Option
This option specifies the interval (in seconds) that the client TCP
should wait before sending a keepalive message on a TCP connection.
The time is specified as a 32-bit unsigned integer. A value of zero
indicates that the client should not generate keepalive messages on
connections unless specifically requested by an application.
The code for this option is 38, and its length is 4.
Code Len Time
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| 38 | 4 | t1 | t2 | t3 | t4 |
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
7.3. TCP Keepalive Garbage Option
This option specifies the whether or not the client should send TCP
keepalive messages with a octet of garbage for compatibility with
older implementations. A value of 0 indicates that a garbage octet
should not be sent. A value of 1 indicates that a garbage octet
should be sent.
The code for this option is 39, and its length is 1.
Code Len Value
+-----+-----+-----+
| 39 | 1 | 0/1 |
+-----+-----+-----+
8. Application and Service Parameters
This section details some miscellaneous options used to configure
miscellaneous applications and services.
8.1. Network Information Service Domain Option
This option specifies the name of the client's NIS [17] domain. The
domain is formatted as a character string consisting of characters
from the NVT ASCII character set.
The code for this option is 40. Its minimum length is 1.
Code Len NIS Domain Name
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+---
| 40 | n | n1 | n2 | n3 | n4 | ...
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+---
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8.2. Network Information Servers Option
This option specifies a list of IP addresses indicating NIS servers
available to the client. Servers SHOULD be listed in order of
preference.
The code for this option is 41. Its minimum length is 4, and the
length MUST be a multiple of 4.
Code Len Address 1 Address 2
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+--
| 41 | n | a1 | a2 | a3 | a4 | a1 | a2 | ...
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+--
8.3. Network Time Protocol Servers Option
This option specifies a list of IP addresses indicating NTP [18]
servers available to the client. Servers SHOULD be listed in order
of preference.
The code for this option is 42. Its minimum length is 4, and the
length MUST be a multiple of 4.
Code Len Address 1 Address 2
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+--
| 42 | n | a1 | a2 | a3 | a4 | a1 | a2 | ...
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+--
8.4. Vendor Specific Information
This option is used by clients and servers to exchange vendor-
specific information. The information is an opaque object of n
octets, presumably interpreted by vendor-specific code on the clients
and servers. The definition of this information is vendor specific.
The vendor is indicated in the class-identifier option. Servers not
equipped to interpret the vendor-specific information sent by a
client MUST ignore it (although it may be reported). Clients which
do not receive desired vendor-specific information SHOULD make an
attempt to operate without it, although they may do so (and announce
they are doing so) in a degraded mode.
If a vendor potentially encodes more than one item of information in
this option, then the vendor SHOULD encode the option using
"Encapsulated vendor-specific options" as described below:
The Encapsulated vendor-specific options field SHOULD be encoded as a
sequence of code/length/value fields of identical syntax to the DHCP
options field with the following exceptions:
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RFC 1533 DHCP Options and BOOTP Vendor Extensions October 1993
1) There SHOULD NOT be a "magic cookie" field in the encapsulated
vendor-specific extensions field.
2) Codes other than 0 or 255 MAY be redefined by the vendor within
the encapsulated vendor-specific extensions field, but SHOULD
conform to the tag-length-value syntax defined in section 2.
3) Code 255 (END), if present, signifies the end of the
encapsulated vendor extensions, not the end of the vendor
extensions field. If no code 255 is present, then the end of
the enclosing vendor-specific information field is taken as the
end of the encapsulated vendor-specific extensions field.
The code for this option is 43 and its minimum length is 1.
Code Len Vendor-specific information
+-----+-----+-----+-----+---
| 43 | n | i1 | i2 | ...
+-----+-----+-----+-----+---
When encapsulated vendor-specific extensions are used, the
information bytes 1-n have the following format:
Code Len Data item Code Len Data item Code
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| T1 | n | d1 | d2 | ... | T2 | n | D1 | D2 | ... | ... |
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
8.5. NetBIOS over TCP/IP Name Server Option
The NetBIOS name server (NBNS) option specifies a list of RFC
1001/1002 [19] [20] NBNS name servers listed in order of preference.
The code for this option is 44. The minimum length of the option is
4 octets, and the length must always be a multiple of 4.
Code Len Address 1 Address 2
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+----
| 44 | n | a1 | a2 | a3 | a4 | b1 | b2 | b3 | b4 | ...
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+----
Alexander & Droms [Page 20]
RFC 1533 DHCP Options and BOOTP Vendor Extensions October 1993
8.6. NetBIOS over TCP/IP Datagram Distribution Server Option
The NetBIOS datagram distribution server (NBDD) option specifies a
list of RFC 1001/1002 NBDD servers listed in order of preference. The
code for this option is 45. The minimum length of the option is 4
octets, and the length must always be a multiple of 4.
Code Len Address 1 Address 2
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+----
| 45 | n | a1 | a2 | a3 | a4 | b1 | b2 | b3 | b4 | ...
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+----
8.7. NetBIOS over TCP/IP Node Type Option
The NetBIOS node type option allows NetBIOS over TCP/IP clients which
are configurable to be configured as described in RFC 1001/1002. The
value is specified as a single octet which identifies the client type
as follows:
Value Node Type
----- ---------
0x1 B-node
0x2 P-node
0x4 M-node
0x8 H-node
In the above chart, the notation '0x' indicates a number in base-16
(hexadecimal).
The code for this option is 46. The length of this option is always
1.
Code Len Node Type
+-----+-----+-----------+
| 46 | 1 | see above |
+-----+-----+-----------+
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RFC 1533 DHCP Options and BOOTP Vendor Extensions October 1993
8.8. NetBIOS over TCP/IP Scope Option
The NetBIOS scope option specifies the NetBIOS over TCP/IP scope
parameter for the client as specified in RFC 1001/1002. See [19],
[20], and [8] for character-set restrictions.
The code for this option is 47. The minimum length of this option is
1.
Code Len NetBIOS Scope
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+----
| 47 | n | s1 | s2 | s3 | s4 | ...
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+----
8.9. X Window System Font Server Option
This option specifies a list of X Window System [21] Font servers
available to the client. Servers SHOULD be listed in order of
preference.
The code for this option is 48. The minimum length of this option is
4 octets, and the length MUST be a multiple of 4.
Code Len Address 1 Address 2
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+---
| 48 | n | a1 | a2 | a3 | a4 | a1 | a2 | ...
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+---
8.10. X Window System Display Manager Option
This option specifies a list of IP addresses of systems that are
running the X Window System Display Manager and are available to the
client.
Addresses SHOULD be listed in order of preference.
The code for the this option is 49. The minimum length of this option
is 4, and the length MUST be a multiple of 4.
Code Len Address 1 Address 2
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+---
| 49 | n | a1 | a2 | a3 | a4 | a1 | a2 | ...
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+---
Alexander & Droms [Page 22]
RFC 1533 DHCP Options and BOOTP Vendor Extensions October 1993
9. DHCP Extensions
This section details the options that are specific to DHCP.
9.1. Requested IP Address
This option is used in a client request (DHCPDISCOVER) to allow the
client to request that a particular IP address be assigned.
The code for this option is 50, and its length is 4.
Code Len Address
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| 50 | 4 | a1 | a2 | a3 | a4 |
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
9.2. IP Address Lease Time
This option is used in a client request (DHCPDISCOVER or DHCPREQUEST)
to allow the client to request a lease time for the IP address. In a
server reply (DHCPOFFER), a DHCP server uses this option to specify
the lease time it is willing to offer.
The time is in units of seconds, and is specified as a 32-bit
unsigned integer.
The code for this option is 51, and its length is 4.
Code Len Lease Time
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| 51 | 4 | t1 | t2 | t3 | t4 |
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
9.3. Option Overload
This option is used to indicate that the DHCP "sname" or "file"
fields are being overloaded by using them to carry DHCP options. A
DHCP server inserts this option if the returned parameters will
exceed the usual space allotted for options.
If this option is present, the client interprets the specified
additional fields after it concludes interpretation of the standard
option fields.
The code for this option is 52, and its length is 1. Legal values
for this option are:
Alexander & Droms [Page 23]
RFC 1533 DHCP Options and BOOTP Vendor Extensions October 1993
Value Meaning
----- --------
1 the "file" field is used to hold options
2 the "sname" field is used to hold options
3 both fields are used to hold options
Code Len Value
+-----+-----+-----+
| 52 | 1 |1/2/3|
+-----+-----+-----+
9.4. DHCP Message Type
This option is used to convey the type of the DHCP message. The code
for this option is 53, and its length is 1. Legal values for this
option are:
Value Message Type
----- ------------
1 DHCPDISCOVER
2 DHCPOFFER
3 DHCPREQUEST
4 DHCPDECLINE
5 DHCPACK
6 DHCPNAK
7 DHCPRELEASE
Code Len Type
+-----+-----+-----+
| 53 | 1 | 1-7 |
+-----+-----+-----+
9.5. Server Identifier
This option is used in DHCPOFFER and DHCPREQUEST messages, and may
optionally be included in the DHCPACK and DHCPNAK messages. DHCP
servers include this option in the DHCPOFFER in order to allow the
client to distinguish between lease offers. DHCP clients indicate
which of several lease offers is being accepted by including this
option in a DHCPREQUEST message.
The identifier is the IP address of the selected server.
Alexander & Droms [Page 24]
RFC 1533 DHCP Options and BOOTP Vendor Extensions October 1993
The code for this option is 54, and its length is 4.
Code Len Address
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| 54 | 4 | a1 | a2 | a3 | a4 |
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
9.6. Parameter Request List
This option is used by a DHCP client to request values for specified
configuration parameters. The list of requested parameters is
specified as n octets, where each octet is a valid DHCP option code
as defined in this document.
The client MAY list the options in order of preference. The DHCP
server is not required to return the options in the requested order,
but MUST try to insert the requested options in the order requested
by the client.
The code for this option is 55. Its minimum length is 1.
Code Len Option Codes
+-----+-----+-----+-----+---
| 55 | n | c1 | c2 | ...
+-----+-----+-----+-----+---
9.7. Message
This option is used by a DHCP server to provide an error message to a
DHCP client in a DHCPNAK message in the event of a failure. A client
may use this option in a DHCPDECLINE message to indicate the why the
client declined the offered parameters. The message consists of n
octets of NVT ASCII text, which the client may display on an
available output device.
The code for this option is 56 and its minimum length is 1.
Code Len Text
+-----+-----+-----+-----+---
| 56 | n | c1 | c2 | ...
+-----+-----+-----+-----+---
Alexander & Droms [Page 25]
RFC 1533 DHCP Options and BOOTP Vendor Extensions October 1993
9.8. Maximum DHCP Message Size
This option specifies the maximum length DHCP message that it is
willing to accept. The length is specified as an unsigned 16-bit
integer. A client may use the maximum DHCP message size option in
DHCPDISCOVER or DHCPREQUEST messages, but should not use the option
in DHCPDECLINE messages.
The code for this option is 57, and its length is 2. The minimum
legal value is 576 octets.
Code Len Length
+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| 57 | 2 | l1 | l2 |
+-----+-----+-----+-----+
9.9. Renewal (T1) Time Value
This option specifies the time interval from address assignment until
the client transitions to the RENEWING state.
The value is in units of seconds, and is specified as a 32-bit
unsigned integer.
The code for this option is 58, and its length is 4.
Code Len T1 Interval
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| 58 | 4 | t1 | t2 | t3 | t4 |
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
9.10. Rebinding (T2) Time Value
This option specifies the time interval from address assignment until
the client transitions to the REBINDING state.
The value is in units of seconds, and is specified as a 32-bit
unsigned integer.
The code for this option is 59, and its length is 4.
Code Len T2 Interval
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| 59 | 4 | t1 | t2 | t3 | t4 |
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Alexander & Droms [Page 26]
RFC 1533 DHCP Options and BOOTP Vendor Extensions October 1993
9.11. Class-identifier
This option is used by DHCP clients to optionally identify the type
and configuration of a DHCP client. The information is a string of n
octets, interpreted by servers. Vendors and sites may choose to
define specific class identifiers to convey particular configuration
or other identification information about a client. For example, the
identifier may encode the client's hardware configuration. Servers
not equipped to interpret the class-specific information sent by a
client MUST ignore it (although it may be reported).
The code for this option is 60, and its minimum length is 1.
Code Len Class-Identifier
+-----+-----+-----+-----+---
| 60 | n | i1 | i2 | ...
+-----+-----+-----+-----+---
9.12. Client-identifier
This option is used by DHCP clients to specify their unique
identifier. DHCP servers use this value to index their database of
address bindings. This value is expected to be unique for all
clients in an administrative domain.
Identifiers consist of a type-value pair, similar to the
It is expected that this field will typically contain a hardware type
and hardware address, but this is not required. Current legal values
for hardware types are defined in [22].
The code for this option is 61, and its minimum length is 2.
Code Len Type Client-Identifier
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+---
| 61 | n | t1 | i1 | i2 | ...
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+---
10. Extensions
Additional generic data fields may be registered by contacting:
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)
USC/Information Sciences Institute
4676 Admiralty Way
Marina del Rey, California 90292-6695
or by email as:
[email protected]
Alexander & Droms [Page 27]
RFC 1533 DHCP Options and BOOTP Vendor Extensions October 1993
Implementation specific use of undefined generic types (those in the
range 61-127) may conflict with other implementations, and
registration is required.
11. Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Philip Almquist for his feedback on
this document. The comments of the DHCP Working Group are also
gratefully acknowledged. In particular, Mike Carney and Jon Dreyer
from SunSelect suggested the current format of the Vendor-specific
Information option.
RFC 1497 is based on earlier work by Philip Prindeville, with help
from Drew Perkins, Bill Croft, and Steve Deering.
12. References
[1] Droms, R., "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol", RFC 1531,
Bucknell University, October 1993.
[2] Reynolds, J., "BOOTP Vendor Information Extensions", RFC 1497,
USC/Information Sciences Institute, August 1993.
[3] Croft, W., and J. Gilmore, "Bootstrap Protocol", RFC 951,
Stanford University and Sun Microsystems, September 1985.
[4] Braden, R., Editor, "Requirements for Internet Hosts -
Communication Layers", STD 3, RFC 1122, USC/Information Sciences
Institute, October 1989.
[5] Mogul, J., and J. Postel, "Internet Standard Subnetting
Procedure", STD 5, RFC 950, USC/Information Sciences Institute,
August 1985.
[6] Postel, J., and K. Harrenstien, "Time Protocol", STD 26, RFC
868, USC/Information Sciences Institute, SRI, May 1983.
[7] Postel, J., "Name Server", IEN 116, USC/Information Sciences
Institute, August 1979.
[8] Mockapetris, P., "Domain Names - Implementation and
Specification", STD 13, RFC 1035, USC/Information Sciences
Institute, November 1987.
[9] Postel, J., "Quote of the Day Protocol", STD 23, RFC 865,
USC/Information Sciences Institute, May 1983.
Alexander & Droms [Page 28]
RFC 1533 DHCP Options and BOOTP Vendor Extensions October 1993
[10] McLaughlin, L., "Line Printer Daemon Protocol", RFC 1179, The
Wollongong Group, August 1990.
[11] Accetta, M., "Resource Location Protocol", RFC 887, CMU,
December 1983.
[12] Mogul, J. and S. Deering, "Path MTU Discovery", RFC 1191,
DECWRL, Stanford University, November 1990.
[13] Deering, S., "ICMP Router Discovery Messages", RFC 1256,
Xerox PARC, September 1991.
[14] Leffler, S. and M. Karels, "Trailer Encapsulations", RFC 893,
U. C. Berkeley, April 1984.
[15] Hornig, C., "Standard for the Transmission of IP Datagrams over
Ethernet Networks", RFC 894, Symbolics, April 1984.
[16] Postel, J. and J. Reynolds, "Standard for the Transmission of
IP Datagrams Over IEEE 802 Networks", RFC 1042, USC/Information
Sciences Institute, February 1988.
[17] Sun Microsystems, "System and Network Administration", March
1990.
[18] Mills, D., "Internet Time Synchronization: The Network Time
Protocol", RFC 1305, UDEL, March 1992.
[19] NetBIOS Working Group, "Protocol Standard for a NetBIOS Service
on a TCP/UDP transport: Concepts and Methods", STD 19, RFC 1001,
March 1987.
[20] NetBIOS Working Group, "Protocol Standard for a NetBIOS Service
on a TCP/UDP transport: Detailed Specifications", STD 19, RFC
1002, March 1987.
[21] Scheifler, R., "FYI On the X Window System", FYI 6, RFC 1198,
MIT Laboratory for Computer Science, January 1991.
[22] Reynolds, J., and J. Postel, "Assigned Numbers", STD 2, RFC 1340,
USC/Information Sciences Institute, July 1992.
13. Security Considerations
Security issues are not discussed in this memo.
Alexander & Droms [Page 29]
RFC 1533 DHCP Options and BOOTP Vendor Extensions October 1993
14. Authors' Addresses
Steve Alexander
Lachman Technology, Inc.
1901 North Naper Boulevard
Naperville, IL 60563-8895
Phone: (708) 505-9555 x256
EMail:
[email protected]
Ralph Droms
Computer Science Department
323 Dana Engineering
Bucknell University
Lewisburg, PA 17837
Phone: (717) 524-1145
EMail:
[email protected]
Alexander & Droms [Page 30]
8.7. RFC 1350
Network Working Group K. Sollins
Request For Comments: 1350 MIT
STD: 33 July 1992
Obsoletes: RFC 783
THE TFTP PROTOCOL (REVISION 2)
Status of this Memo
This RFC specifies an IAB standards track protocol for the Internet
community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements.
Please refer to the current edition of the "IAB Official Protocol
Standards" for the standardization state and status of this protocol.
Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
Summary
TFTP is a very simple protocol used to transfer files. It is from
this that its name comes, Trivial File Transfer Protocol or TFTP.
Each nonterminal packet is acknowledged separately. This document
describes the protocol and its types of packets. The document also
explains the reasons behind some of the design decisions.
Acknowlegements
The protocol was originally designed by Noel Chiappa, and was
redesigned by him, Bob Baldwin and Dave Clark, with comments from
Steve Szymanski. The current revision of the document includes
modifications stemming from discussions with and suggestions from
Larry Allen, Noel Chiappa, Dave Clark, Geoff Cooper, Mike Greenwald,
Liza Martin, David Reed, Craig Milo Rogers (of USC-ISI), Kathy
Yellick, and the author. The acknowledgement and retransmission
scheme was inspired by TCP, and the error mechanism was suggested by
PARC's EFTP abort message.
The May, 1992 revision to fix the "Sorcerer's Apprentice" protocol
bug [4] and other minor document problems was done by Noel Chiappa.
This research was supported by the Advanced Research Projects Agency
of the Department of Defense and was monitored by the Office of Naval
Research under contract number N00014-75-C-0661.
1. Purpose
TFTP is a simple protocol to transfer files, and therefore was named
the Trivial File Transfer Protocol or TFTP. It has been implemented
on top of the Internet User Datagram protocol (UDP or Datagram) [2]
Sollins [Page 1]
RFC 1350 TFTP Revision 2 July 1992
so it may be used to move files between machines on different
networks implementing UDP. (This should not exclude the possibility
of implementing TFTP on top of other datagram protocols.) It is
designed to be small and easy to implement. Therefore, it lacks most
of the features of a regular FTP. The only thing it can do is read
and write files (or mail) from/to a remote server. It cannot list
directories, and currently has no provisions for user authentication.
In common with other Internet protocols, it passes 8 bit bytes of
data.
Three modes of transfer are currently supported: netascii (This is
ascii as defined in "USA Standard Code for Information Interchange"
[1] with the modifications specified in "Telnet Protocol
Specification" [3].) Note that it is 8 bit ascii. The term
"netascii" will be used throughout this document to mean this
particular version of ascii.); octet (This replaces the "binary" mode
of previous versions of this document.) raw 8 bit bytes; mail,
netascii characters sent to a user rather than a file. (The mail
mode is obsolete and should not be implemented or used.) Additional
modes can be defined by pairs of cooperating hosts.
Reference [4] (section 4.2) should be consulted for further valuable
directives and suggestions on TFTP.
2. Overview of the Protocol
Any transfer begins with a request to read or write a file, which
also serves to request a connection. If the server grants the
request, the connection is opened and the file is sent in fixed
length blocks of 512 bytes. Each data packet contains one block of
data, and must be acknowledged by an acknowledgment packet before the
next packet can be sent. A data packet of less than 512 bytes
signals termination of a transfer. If a packet gets lost in the
network, the intended recipient will timeout and may retransmit his
last packet (which may be data or an acknowledgment), thus causing
the sender of the lost packet to retransmit that lost packet. The
sender has to keep just one packet on hand for retransmission, since
the lock step acknowledgment guarantees that all older packets have
been received. Notice that both machines involved in a transfer are
considered senders and receivers. One sends data and receives
acknowledgments, the other sends acknowledgments and receives data.
Most errors cause termination of the connection. An error is
signalled by sending an error packet. This packet is not
acknowledged, and not retransmitted (i.e., a TFTP server or user may
terminate after sending an error message), so the other end of the
connection may not get it. Therefore timeouts are used to detect
such a termination when the error packet has been lost. Errors are
Sollins [Page 2]
RFC 1350 TFTP Revision 2 July 1992
caused by three types of events: not being able to satisfy the
request (e.g., file not found, access violation, or no such user),
receiving a packet which cannot be explained by a delay or
duplication in the network (e.g., an incorrectly formed packet), and
losing access to a necessary resource (e.g., disk full or access
denied during a transfer).
TFTP recognizes only one error condition that does not cause
termination, the source port of a received packet being incorrect.
In this case, an error packet is sent to the originating host.
This protocol is very restrictive, in order to simplify
implementation. For example, the fixed length blocks make allocation
straight forward, and the lock step acknowledgement provides flow
control and eliminates the need to reorder incoming data packets.
3. Relation to other Protocols
As mentioned TFTP is designed to be implemented on top of the
Datagram protocol (UDP). Since Datagram is implemented on the
Internet protocol, packets will have an Internet header, a Datagram
header, and a TFTP header. Additionally, the packets may have a
header (LNI, ARPA header, etc.) to allow them through the local
transport medium. As shown in Figure 3-1, the order of the contents
of a packet will be: local medium header, if used, Internet header,
Datagram header, TFTP header, followed by the remainder of the TFTP
packet. (This may or may not be data depending on the type of packet
as specified in the TFTP header.) TFTP does not specify any of the
values in the Internet header. On the other hand, the source and
destination port fields of the Datagram header (its format is given
in the appendix) are used by TFTP and the length field reflects the
size of the TFTP packet. The transfer identifiers (TID's) used by
TFTP are passed to the Datagram layer to be used as ports; therefore
they must be between 0 and 65,535. The initialization of TID's is
discussed in the section on initial connection protocol.
The TFTP header consists of a 2 byte opcode field which indicates
the packet's type (e.g., DATA, ERROR, etc.) These opcodes and the
formats of the various types of packets are discussed further in the
section on TFTP packets.
Sollins [Page 3]
RFC 1350 TFTP Revision 2 July 1992
---------------------------------------------------
| Local Medium | Internet | Datagram | TFTP |
---------------------------------------------------
Figure 3-1: Order of Headers
4. Initial Connection Protocol
A transfer is established by sending a request (WRQ to write onto a
foreign file system, or RRQ to read from it), and receiving a
positive reply, an acknowledgment packet for write, or the first data
packet for read. In general an acknowledgment packet will contain
the block number of the data packet being acknowledged. Each data
packet has associated with it a block number; block numbers are
consecutive and begin with one. Since the positive response to a
write request is an acknowledgment packet, in this special case the
block number will be zero. (Normally, since an acknowledgment packet
is acknowledging a data packet, the acknowledgment packet will
contain the block number of the data packet being acknowledged.) If
the reply is an error packet, then the request has been denied.
In order to create a connection, each end of the connection chooses a
TID for itself, to be used for the duration of that connection. The
TID's chosen for a connection should be randomly chosen, so that the
probability that the same number is chosen twice in immediate
succession is very low. Every packet has associated with it the two
TID's of the ends of the connection, the source TID and the
destination TID. These TID's are handed to the supporting UDP (or
other datagram protocol) as the source and destination ports. A
requesting host chooses its source TID as described above, and sends
its initial request to the known TID 69 decimal (105 octal) on the
serving host. The response to the request, under normal operation,
uses a TID chosen by the server as its source TID and the TID chosen
for the previous message by the requestor as its destination TID.
The two chosen TID's are then used for the remainder of the transfer.
As an example, the following shows the steps used to establish a
connection to write a file. Note that WRQ, ACK, and DATA are the
names of the write request, acknowledgment, and data types of packets
respectively. The appendix contains a similar example for reading a
file.
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RFC 1350 TFTP Revision 2 July 1992
1. Host A sends a "WRQ" to host B with source= A's TID,
destination= 69.
2. Host B sends a "ACK" (with block number= 0) to host A with
source= B's TID, destination= A's TID.
At this point the connection has been established and the first data
packet can be sent by Host A with a sequence number of 1. In the
next step, and in all succeeding steps, the hosts should make sure
that the source TID matches the value that was agreed on in steps 1
and 2. If a source TID does not match, the packet should be
discarded as erroneously sent from somewhere else. An error packet
should be sent to the source of the incorrect packet, while not
disturbing the transfer. This can be done only if the TFTP in fact
receives a packet with an incorrect TID. If the supporting protocols
do not allow it, this particular error condition will not arise.
The following example demonstrates a correct operation of the
protocol in which the above situation can occur. Host A sends a
request to host B. Somewhere in the network, the request packet is
duplicated, and as a result two acknowledgments are returned to host
A, with different TID's chosen on host B in response to the two
requests. When the first response arrives, host A continues the
connection. When the second response to the request arrives, it
should be rejected, but there is no reason to terminate the first
connection. Therefore, if different TID's are chosen for the two
connections on host B and host A checks the source TID's of the
messages it receives, the first connection can be maintained while
the second is rejected by returning an error packet.
5. TFTP Packets
TFTP supports five types of packets, all of which have been mentioned
above:
opcode operation
1 Read request (RRQ)
2 Write request (WRQ)
3 Data (DATA)
4 Acknowledgment (ACK)
5 Error (ERROR)
The TFTP header of a packet contains the opcode associated with
that packet.
Sollins [Page 5]
RFC 1350 TFTP Revision 2 July 1992
2 bytes string 1 byte string 1 byte
------------------------------------------------
| Opcode | Filename | 0 | Mode | 0 |
------------------------------------------------
Figure 5-1: RRQ/WRQ packet
RRQ and WRQ packets (opcodes 1 and 2 respectively) have the format
shown in Figure 5-1. The file name is a sequence of bytes in
netascii terminated by a zero byte. The mode field contains the
string "netascii", "octet", or "mail" (or any combination of upper
and lower case, such as "NETASCII", NetAscii", etc.) in netascii
indicating the three modes defined in the protocol. A host which
receives netascii mode data must translate the data to its own
format. Octet mode is used to transfer a file that is in the 8-bit
format of the machine from which the file is being transferred. It
is assumed that each type of machine has a single 8-bit format that
is more common, and that that format is chosen. For example, on a
DEC-20, a 36 bit machine, this is four 8-bit bytes to a word with
four bits of breakage. If a host receives a octet file and then
returns it, the returned file must be identical to the original.
Mail mode uses the name of a mail recipient in place of a file and
must begin with a WRQ. Otherwise it is identical to netascii mode.
The mail recipient string should be of the form "username" or
"username@hostname". If the second form is used, it allows the
option of mail forwarding by a relay computer.
The discussion above assumes that both the sender and recipient are
operating in the same mode, but there is no reason that this has to
be the case. For example, one might build a storage server. There
is no reason that such a machine needs to translate netascii into its
own form of text. Rather, the sender might send files in netascii,
but the storage server might simply store them without translation in
8-bit format. Another such situation is a problem that currently
exists on DEC-20 systems. Neither netascii nor octet accesses all
the bits in a word. One might create a special mode for such a
machine which read all the bits in a word, but in which the receiver
stored the information in 8-bit format. When such a file is
retrieved from the storage site, it must be restored to its original
form to be useful, so the reverse mode must also be implemented. The
user site will have to remember some information to achieve this. In
both of these examples, the request packets would specify octet mode
to the foreign host, but the local host would be in some other mode.
No such machine or application specific modes have been specified in
TFTP, but one would be compatible with this specification.
It is also possible to define other modes for cooperating pairs of
Sollins [Page 6]
RFC 1350 TFTP Revision 2 July 1992
hosts, although this must be done with care. There is no requirement
that any other hosts implement these. There is no central authority
that will define these modes or assign them names.
2 bytes 2 bytes n bytes
----------------------------------
| Opcode | Block # | Data |
----------------------------------
Figure 5-2: DATA packet
Data is actually transferred in DATA packets depicted in Figure 5-2.
DATA packets (opcode = 3) have a block number and data field. The
block numbers on data packets begin with one and increase by one for
each new block of data. This restriction allows the program to use a
single number to discriminate between new packets and duplicates.
The data field is from zero to 512 bytes long. If it is 512 bytes
long, the block is not the last block of data; if it is from zero to
511 bytes long, it signals the end of the transfer. (See the section
on Normal Termination for details.)
All packets other than duplicate ACK's and those used for
termination are acknowledged unless a timeout occurs [4]. Sending a
DATA packet is an acknowledgment for the first ACK packet of the
previous DATA packet. The WRQ and DATA packets are acknowledged by
ACK or ERROR packets, while RRQ
2 bytes 2 bytes
---------------------
| Opcode | Block # |
---------------------
Figure 5-3: ACK packet
and ACK packets are acknowledged by DATA or ERROR packets. Figure
5-3 depicts an ACK packet; the opcode is 4. The block number in
an ACK echoes the block number of the DATA packet being
acknowledged. A WRQ is acknowledged with an ACK packet having a
block number of zero.
Sollins [Page 7]
RFC 1350 TFTP Revision 2 July 1992
2 bytes 2 bytes string 1 byte
-----------------------------------------
| Opcode | ErrorCode | ErrMsg | 0 |
-----------------------------------------
Figure 5-4: ERROR packet
An ERROR packet (opcode 5) takes the form depicted in Figure 5-4. An
ERROR packet can be the acknowledgment of any other type of packet.
The error code is an integer indicating the nature of the error. A
table of values and meanings is given in the appendix. (Note that
several error codes have been added to this version of this
document.) The error message is intended for human consumption, and
should be in netascii. Like all other strings, it is terminated with
a zero byte.
6. Normal Termination
The end of a transfer is marked by a DATA packet that contains
between 0 and 511 bytes of data (i.e., Datagram length < 516). This
packet is acknowledged by an ACK packet like all other DATA packets.
The host acknowledging the final DATA packet may terminate its side
of the connection on sending the final ACK. On the other hand,
dallying is encouraged. This means that the host sending the final
ACK will wait for a while before terminating in order to retransmit
the final ACK if it has been lost. The acknowledger will know that
the ACK has been lost if it receives the final DATA packet again.
The host sending the last DATA must retransmit it until the packet is
acknowledged or the sending host times out. If the response is an
ACK, the transmission was completed successfully. If the sender of
the data times out and is not prepared to retransmit any more, the
transfer may still have been completed successfully, after which the
acknowledger or network may have experienced a problem. It is also
possible in this case that the transfer was unsuccessful. In any
case, the connection has been closed.
7. Premature Termination
If a request can not be granted, or some error occurs during the
transfer, then an ERROR packet (opcode 5) is sent. This is only a
courtesy since it will not be retransmitted or acknowledged, so it
may never be received. Timeouts must also be used to detect errors.
Sollins [Page 8]
RFC 1350 TFTP Revision 2 July 1992
I. Appendix
Order of Headers
2 bytes
----------------------------------------------------------
| Local Medium | Internet | Datagram | TFTP Opcode |
----------------------------------------------------------
TFTP Formats
Type Op # Format without header
2 bytes string 1 byte string 1 byte
-----------------------------------------------
RRQ/ | 01/02 | Filename | 0 | Mode | 0 |
WRQ -----------------------------------------------
2 bytes 2 bytes n bytes
---------------------------------
DATA | 03 | Block # | Data |
---------------------------------
2 bytes 2 bytes
-------------------
ACK | 04 | Block # |
--------------------
2 bytes 2 bytes string 1 byte
----------------------------------------
ERROR | 05 | ErrorCode | ErrMsg | 0 |
----------------------------------------
Initial Connection Protocol for reading a file
1. Host A sends a "RRQ" to host B with source= A's TID,
destination= 69.
2. Host B sends a "DATA" (with block number= 1) to host A with
source= B's TID, destination= A's TID.
Sollins [Page 9]
RFC 1350 TFTP Revision 2 July 1992
Error Codes
Value Meaning
0 Not defined, see error message (if any).
1 File not found.
2 Access violation.
3 Disk full or allocation exceeded.
4 Illegal TFTP operation.
5 Unknown transfer ID.
6 File already exists.
7 No such user.
Internet User Datagram Header [2]
(This has been included only for convenience. TFTP need not be
implemented on top of the Internet User Datagram Protocol.)
Format
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Source Port | Destination Port |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Length | Checksum |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Values of Fields
Source Port Picked by originator of packet.
Dest. Port Picked by destination machine (69 for RRQ or WRQ).
Length Number of bytes in UDP packet, including UDP header.
Checksum Reference 2 describes rules for computing checksum.
(The implementor of this should be sure that the
correct algorithm is used here.)
Field contains zero if unused.
Note: TFTP passes transfer identifiers (TID's) to the Internet User
Datagram protocol to be used as the source and destination ports.
Sollins [Page 10]
RFC 1350 TFTP Revision 2 July 1992
References
[1] USA Standard Code for Information Interchange, USASI X3.4-1968.
[2] Postel, J., "User Datagram Protocol," RFC 768, USC/Information
Sciences Institute, 28 August 1980.
[3] Postel, J., "Telnet Protocol Specification," RFC 764,
USC/Information Sciences Institute, June, 1980.
[4] Braden, R., Editor, "Requirements for Internet Hosts --
Application and Support", RFC 1123, USC/Information Sciences
Institute, October 1989.
Security Considerations
Since TFTP includes no login or access control mechanisms, care must
be taken in the rights granted to a TFTP server process so as not to
violate the security of the server hosts file system. TFTP is often
installed with controls such that only files that have public read
access are available via TFTP and writing files via TFTP is
disallowed.
Author's Address
Karen R. Sollins
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Laboratory for Computer Science
545 Technology Square
Cambridge, MA 02139-1986
Phone: (617) 253-6006
EMail:
[email protected]
Sollins [Page 11]
8.8. Install Instructions
I N S T A L L A T I O N
Overview of the installation process
====================================
Due to it's nature this package requires at least two computer systems. One
acts as a server, and at least one other will be setup as a diskless client.
Therefore this installation guide is divided into four sections:
1.) Compilation and installation of utility programs on the server
2.) Create a netbootable image of the target operating system
3.) Setup of the server
4.) Setup of the client including building the bootrom
The server has to support TCP/IP and certain protocols based on this network
standard. Most likely this will be a Unix-type server. Though it's probably
possible to also use servers running OS/2 or Windows-NT, for example, all
server related programs in this package can currently only be compiled on
a Unix-type host. This requirement is independed of the operating system
which is later booted on the diskless client. Therefore even if you want
to boot MS-DOS on your client(s) you need at least one Unix-type computer
for program compilation and generation of all boot files. Lateron when all
necessary files are built you can use any server you want.
This package contains two main parts:
1.) The bootrom source and binaries. This part gets installed on
the diskless client. All binaries except for utility programs
are already precompiled. There are no further user changeable
or adjustable options in the sources so you don't have to have
access to the 16 bit development tools in order to use the boot-
rom. You can just use the binaries provided.
In order for the bootrom to access the network card in your
diskless client you need a driver. Currently the bootrom only
supports so called packet drivers, which are normally used on
MS-DOS systems to interface a network stack with the hardware.
With this package only the packet driver binaries are required,
so you don't need to recompile anything here as well. You can
find precompiled packet drivers for many popular network cards
on any SimTel FTP mirror (it's called Crynwr packet driver col-
lection), and for those of you without internet access some of
those packet driver binaries are included with this package.
Another good source for a packet driver for your network card
might be it's manufacturer. At least the well known manufacturers
(3Com and SMC for example) provide packet drivers for their
complete product line. Those manufacturer provided packet drivers
are usually faster and easier to install than those from the
Crynwr collection, and can sometimes determine the hardware
configuration at runtime, which the Crynwr drivers can't. However,
there is a limitation in that you can only use packet drivers
which are COM-type executables. EXE-type programs are not
supported yet.
2.) A set of programs to generate netbootable images on the server.
These programs are called mknbi-<os>, where <os> identifies the
operating system which is lateron running on the diskless client.
Currently only Linux and MS-DOS are supported.
There is another requirement which should not leave unnoted. Although you
can build a bootrom with slightly limited functionality which is less than
16kB in size, the usual size for a bootrom will be between 16kB and 32kB.
Therefore when you go shopping for a network card you should try to get
one which is able to support 32kB EPROM's. This is standard on almost all
cards from major manufacturers, but most cheap NE2000 are known to allow
only a maximum of 16kB. Also note that some network cards from 3Com and SMC
allow you to select ROM sizes of 32kB and more with their configuration
programs, but can physically support only 16kB!
Compilation and installation of utility programs on the server
==============================================================
This package uses GNU's autoconf to configure the compilation process
of the utility programs. You shouldn't have any problems to compile
these programs on any Unix-type system.
1.) Cd into the netboot directory and run ./configure. It's
a configuration script generated by autoconf and checks
for header files and system specific details. The mknbi
utility programs contain some Intel assembler modules which
lateron run on the diskless client. If you want to assemble
these modules you need as86 and ld86, which you can get for
free for Unix systems. However, there are preassembled files
available so you actually don't need these two programs.
configure checks for their existence and creates the Makefiles
accordingly.
For an explanation of the switches available to configure
just run it with the --help option. Some additional switches
are available:
--disable-mknbi-linux
--disable-mknbi-dos
Choose these options if you don't want to create any of the
corresponding mknbi utility programs. There is also another
configure option:
--enable-bootrom
Use this option only if you want to recompile the bootrom
itself. If you want to use the precompiled binaries, you don't
need to specify this switch. See the file INSTALL.bootrom
about how to recompile the bootrom.
2.) Check that all generated Makefiles and the config.h are correct
for your system.
3.) Compile all programs with
make clean
make
This will compile all programs without those which you disabled
during the configuration stage. IMPORTANT NOTE: Some Makefiles
use ifdef, which not every make program understands. If you
get an error from make (usually in the form: "missing delimiter")
then get and install GNU make on your system! Especially System V
systems are known to have this deficiency.
4.) If you want to permanently install the utility programs on
your server you can run
make install
This will also install the corresponding man pages for later
reference. However, it's perfectly ok to skip this step and
run the mknbi program from their source directories. But please
note that they are just called "mknbi" within their source
directories. Therefore if you read further down to run mknbi-dos,
you have to use "./mknbi-dos/mknbi" instead if you didn't install
the programs using 'make install'.
Create a netbootable image of the target operating system
=========================================================
This step of the installation process depends on which operating you
want to boot on your diskless clients. Everything described in this
chapter does not depend on working on a Linux system. You can use any
UNIX type system to create the netbootable images.
Linux: With Linux you have far too many options to list them all in
this text. Please refer to the mknbi-linux man page for all
details. I will only describe the most common ways to setup a
diskless Linux client here.
First you have to decide where the Linux client is going to
mount it's root filesystem from. This can either be a directory
on an NFS server or a ram disk. Setup your Linux kernel accordingly.
To use a root filesystem on an NFS server you should include TCP/IP
network support into the kernel together with support for NFS file-
systems. You cannot load this NFS support using a module as it has
to be available at bootup. Additionally you also have to select
NFSROOT support during kernel configuration. However, you don't
need BOOTP or RARP support. Accordingly if you want to use ramdisk
support the filesystem type you are going to use on the ramdisk has
to be permanently compiled into the kernel. Also initrd has to be
included in that case.
1.) Configuring for NFS root filesystem.
Next copy your Linux kernel into the current directory and run
mknbi-linux:
mknbi-linux -d rom -i rom -k zImage -o bootImage
This supposes that your kernel image is called zImage, and gives
you a netbootable image named bootImage.
2.) Configuring for root filesystem on ramdisk
If you want to use a ramdisk as a root device you have to create
a ramdisk image first. Probably the easiest way to setup such an
image is to use a floppy, though you can also use the loopback
device if you are working on a Linux host. First format the floppy
and make a filesystem on it. Next copy all programs and files onto
it which you want to have on the root filesystem of the diskless
client lateron. You should then test your root floppy. To do this
copy your kernel onto another floppy with dd and set it's root device
to floppy using rdev:
dd if=zImage of=/dev/fd0
rdev /dev/fd0 /dev/fd0
Now boot your diskless client using this boot disk. After the kernel
started up, it will ask you to insert the root floppy and to press
enter. Your root floppy will be mounted.
If everything works as you intended, you can now create a netbootable
image. Re-insert the root floppy into your server system (or whereever
this netboot directory is located), and type:
dd if=/dev/fd0 of=ramImage
gzip -9 ramImage
mknbi-linux -d ram -i rom -r ramImage.gz -k zImage -o bootImage
Like above this will now give you a file bootImage with the netbootable
Linux kernel image in it.
MS-DOS: To boot DOS on your diskless client you have to have MS-DOS Version
5.0 or higher. Windows-95 has an internal DOS called version 7.0, so
it should be no problem to use it as well. Older MS-DOS versions
will definitely not work. I haven't had a chance to test any other
DOS like Novell-DOS or DR-DOS. Give them a try, and tell me.
First you have to create a directory which contains all the files
the client will see on it's boot drive (either A: or C:). This
can either be the root directory on a DOS floppy or any directory
on the system on which you installed mknbi-dos. In the first case
it has to be a floppy which contains a bootable DOS system, i.e.
which has been created with
format a: /s
on a DOS system. If the directory resides on a UNIX system, you
have to copy the two system files msdos.sys and io.sys, which are
part of MS-DOS, into it by yourself. To do this I recommend using
mread of the MTools, which are freely available for almost every
UNIX system.
After you created the directory or floppy which lateron becomes
the clients boot drive, you should copy all other necessary files
into it. This will probably include programs to setup a network
environment on the client. When editing text files for the client
please note that they usually have to be in MS-DOS format with
lines ending in Carriage-Return/Linefeed instead of just Linefeed
as it is common on UNIX systems. When you are finished setting up
the clients boot directory, first get a copy of the floppy disk
image, and then run mknbi-dos to create a netbootable image:
dd if=/dev/fd0 of=fdImage
mknbi-dos -r fdImage -o bootImage
This assumes that you inserted the boot floppy into the fd0 drive
of your UNIX system, and will create a file named bootImage. If you
used a UNIX directory, substitute fdImage with it's name. mknbi-dos
will automatically detect wether it is a directory, an ordinary
file or a block device.
By default mknbi-dos creates a netbootable image, which lateron
mounts the ram disk as the A: drive on your client. If you want
to mount the ram disk as C: instead, you should include the '-c'
switch to the call of mknbi-dos.
The difference between mounting the ram disk as a floppy (A:) or
hard disk (C:) is, that with the floppy option the ram disk can
be removed lateron, maybe after a network redirector has been
loaded, which makes the ram disk obsolete. This is not possible
with a virtual hard disk drive. On the other hand side, when using
the ram disk as C: you can specify a different ramdisk size with
the '-s' option. Please refer to the man page for mknbi-dos for
further information.
Setup of the server
===================
Setup of the server depends on the kind of server you are using. There-
fore all further explanations in this chapter can only serve as a general
guide. You should consult your server's documentation as the final autho-
rity.
When the bootrom starts on the client it first tries to query a bootp
server for information like IP numbers and the name of the boot image
file. Such a bootp server program is usually called bootpd. Most sun
servers use a program called bootparamd instead. Note that you _cannot_
use bootparamd as a substitute for bootpd as both programs use different
protocols. Install a publicly available bootpd instead on your sun.
Next you should copy the bootImage file, which you have created in the
previous step above, into a publicly accessible directory (called /boot
for example). If you want to boot more than one diskless client you can
use the same bootImage file for every client. However, if you configured
for a ramdisk (with Linux or DOS) and the ramdisk image contains different
files or information for every client, you will obviously also need a
different bootImage file for each client.
Then you need to setup a boot description file for bootpd, which is
usually called /etc/bootptab. Consult your server's documentation for
further information. However, the entries in this file will usually
look something like this for every diskless client:
client1:hd=/boot:vm=auto:ip=192.109.225.66:\
:ht=ethernet:ha=004001417173:\
:bf=bootImage-client1:rp=/boot/client1/root
which you created in the previous step. Therefore the full pathname for
the bootImage file for the diskless system called "client1" will be
/boot/bootImage-client1
with this sample entry. The 'ip' tag specifies the IP address of the client,
ware address. The 'vm=auto' tag tells bootpd to use the same vendor encoding
as the bootrom. If your diskless client is going to use it's root filesystem
via NFS you should also specify the directory on the server which gets mounted
lateron with the 'rp' tag. However, if your diskless client uses a ramdisk,
you can omit 'rp'. When you choose to use the standard bootrom with ANSI
display driver (see below for further information) you could also setup
a menu for letting the user select different boot image files. See the
additional file INSTALL.menu about how to use this feature. But I recommend
to first use the standard way of setting up the bootptab file as described
above. You can always add a user menu lateron.
Of course you should also remember to get bootpd running on the server,
either on bootup from /etc/rc or some similar mechanism, or from inetd.
Again, see your server's documentation about how to do this.
The next step preformed by the bootrom after querying the bootp server is
to load in the boot image file specified by the 'hd' and 'bf' tags in
/etc/bootptab. To do this a protocol named tftp is used. Therefore you
will next have to setup a daemon process for this protocol on your server.
Such a daemon is usually called tftpd, and you should again remember to
get tftpd running, usually via inetd. Since the TFTP protocol is very
insecure access to the tftpd server is usually restricted, either within
tftpd itself, or with a TCP/IP wrapper like tcpd. tcpd for example uses
host access control tables which are stored in /etc/hosts.allow and
/etc/hosts.deny. See tftpd(8), tcpd(8) and hosts_access(5) as well as
your server's documentation for further information.
If you selected a ramdisk for the diskless client's root directory you are
now finished with the server setup. But if your client is going to use NFS
(either directly like with booting Linux, or by using programs included on
the ram disk) you should now setup everything which is necessary for moun-
ting an NFS directory on the server. This usually involves running several
programs: portmap, mountd, nfsd and optionally ugidd. portmap usually doesn't
require editing any configuration files. But for mountd and nfsd you need
to specify the permissions which allow the client to access the required
directories on the server. These permissions are usually set with a file
called /etc/exports. Typically it looks like this for our sample client:
#
# Export directories for client1 (diskless workstation)
#
/boot/client1/root client1(rw,link_absolute)
/boot/client1/usr client1(rw,link_absolute)
If you use 'map-daemon' to map UID and GID numbers on the server you
should remember to also configure and run ugidd on the server. Please
consult your server's documentation for further information regarding
setup of NFS exports. You might also want to check out the portmap(8),
nfsd(8), mountd(8) and ugidd(8) man pages. Also remember that access
to any of these services might be restricted with tcpd on your server.
Another important step is to fill up the root directory for the disk-
less client. It has to contain all files necessary for the client to
startup and mount further directories via NFS (like a /usr filesystem
as specified in the /etc/exports example above). How to setup this
root directory is far beyond the scope of this documentation. Just one
hint: if your server is _not_ running Linux, you should be aware of
major/minor number assignments in the /boot/client1/root/dev directory.
For example, simply using mknod on an AIX server will eventually give
you wrong major/minor number when the directory is later exported to
a Linux diskless client. With some configurations AIX will add a certain
offset to all major numbers which makes them unusable for Linux. Refer
to your server's manuals for further information. You might also find
some useful hints in the file Documentation/nfsroot.txt in the Linux
source tree, if your diskless client is booting Linux.
Setup of the client including building the bootrom
==================================================
Until now you only had to work on the server (with the exception of maybe
booting your diskless client from a diskette to check the correctness of
the root filesystem). As the last step we can now go on and setup the
diskless client itself.
The first step is to configure the network card in the diskless client. For
this refer to the manual which came with the network card. Some cards require
setting of jumpers. Others have setup programs which have to be run. After
configuring the network interface write down all necessary hardware parameters
like I/O addresses, memory addresses, interrupt line number or DMA channel
numbers, as you might need this information lateron in the configuration
process.
Next change into the netboot directory on your UNIX system (where this
documentation file is in) and type
make bootrom
This will compile all necessary utility programs and then run the
configuration program. It will first ask you which bootrom kernel you
want to use. The minimal kernel is necessary for network cards which
only allow up to 16 kB ROM size, and kernel86 can be used to boot on
16-bit systems (older than 386), for example for booting MS-DOS. Unless
you have any special requirements you should choose the standard kernel.
Then you have to specify the packet driver to use for your network card.
You can either choose one of the supplied drivers, or provide your own.
If you want to provide your own driver you have to give the full path
name of the packet driver binary on your server, and also specify all
necessary options to run it. Don't specify any options here which switch
the packet driver into windows mode or which allow it to work for disk-
less systems. Those options are for Novell network bootroms only, and
are not necessary for this bootrom.
If you use one of the drivers in the list shown, the configuration
program will ask you about all necessary hardware information to run
the packet driver which you selected. This usually includes the I/O
address of the network card, it's interrupt number and a DMA channel
number. Note that only that information is requested which is really
necessary. You should have your network card information handy when
entering this information. Some packet drivers are able to determine
hardware related information at runtime and therefore don't require
any further information.
If you did not select the minimal kernel, the configuration program
is next going to ask you wether you want to include some additional
drivers. First it lets you select the ANSI display driver. This will
allow you to draw nice menus on the screen with the standard bootrom
kernel. You can then select the packet driver debugging program. It's
an additional module to trace network problems and is usually not re-
quired. It shows you the first couple bytes of all packets (where
the UDP/IP headers are encoded) going through the packet driver
during boot time of the diskless client. Only select this debugging
module if you run into problems during the initial network boot process
of the bootrom _and_ you know how to decode the UDP/IP header infor-
mation. The configuration program will also ask you about any additional
modules you want to install into the bootrom. These modules have to
be standard DOS COM-type programs, and can, for example, preset
the network card to a special state before the packet driver starts,
or setup a serial line to support booting over a PPP or SLIP connec-
tion (the Crynwr packet driver collection also contains a SLIP packet
driver which is not provided in this package). However note that the
total size of the resulting bootrom image can't be larger than 64kB.
After you answered all questions the configuration program is creating
the bootrom according to your specifications. It first combines the
bootrom kernel with all selected modules, then compresses the resulting
file and adds the bootrom startup code. When the configuration program
has finished you will find two new files in the current directory:
image.flo - this file can be written onto a floppy using dd
image.rom - image to be burned into an EPROM
You should now copy image.flo onto a floppy using
dd if=image.flo of=/dev/fd0
and then boot your diskless client using this floppy. If you have setup
everything (including your network card) you will see the bootrom code
starting, querying the bootp server and loading the boot image file. When
everything works as required you can then go on and burn the file image.rom
into an EPROM. Please consult the manual of your EPROM burner how to do
this. It usually requires converting the image file into a special format
(Intel or Motorola hex format for example). Insert the EPROM into the
socket on your network card and turn on the diskless system. You should
now see the bootrom coming up.
Another way of getting the bootrom code into your client is using the
Flash-EPROM card (called FlashCard), for which you can find a schematic
and PCB layout in this package. You can use image.rom directly to burn
it into FlashCard - there is no hex conversion necessary. About how to
use and program the FlashCard see the documentation in the FlashCard
directory.
In case you want to create new bootroms without always having the sources
around, you can now install the binaries created during the configuration
step with the command
make bootrom_install
This will copy all necessary binaries for creating new bootroms into the
directory $prefix/lib/netboot where $prefix is either /usr/local or the
prefix you specified with running GNU configure. The typical path would
be /usr/local/lib/netboot. It will also install the makerom script into
$prefix/bin, so you just have to type makerom to create a new bootrom.
Appendix: Recompiling the bootrom
========
If you want to recompile the bootrom for some reason, checkout the file
INSTALL.bootrom for further information. However, you don't need to re-
compile the bootrom in order to just use it!
8.9. Troubleshoot Problems
T R O U B L E S H O O T I N G
If you run into any problem during installation or when using this
package, please first read the following text and all other relevant
documentation. Especially you should consult your server's documen-
tation if you run into problems setting up your server. Also refer
to your network card's user manual or the documentation for the
operating systems of the diskless clients accordingly. However, if
you still can't solve the problem on your own, you can send me an
email to
[email protected]
Users able to speak German can send me the mail in german. Otherwise
please write in english. I already received some emails in so poor
english that I haven't been able to even understand the problem. I
can't help you in that case. And please excuse me that I can't answer
questions sent to me by standard mail or telephone calls. I just don't
have the time for dealing with that.
If you decided to send me an email please describe your problem as
exactly as possible. It usually helps to send me relevant portions
of configuration files (I have to pay for my internet access by myself
so please keep quotings as short as possible). Especially with problems
with the bootrom it usually helps to _exactly_ write down the screen
output, not only but including any error messages. Also state as exact
as possible how you created the problem so that I can try to simulate
it on my own hardware.
Additionally please note that I can't help you with every problem with
your server, as there are so many different systems on the market. The
same is true for problems with network cards. I just don't have the
financial capabilities to buy any card on the market for testing. Per-
sonally I'm using NE2000 and WD8013 cards, so I can probably help you
with those.
If you find a problem which looks like a bug in the code I really
appreciate a short notice from you. And if you have a fix for the bug
I would even more appreciate your message.
Besides contacting me directly there also exists a mailing list related
to network booting which you can subscribe to. Write a mail with the
message 'subscribe netboot' in it's body to
[email protected]
(the subject of the mail doesn't matter). The readers of the mailing
list should also be able to help you with any problem you might have
while setting up a diskless client. And besides that I'm also going
to announce any new version of this netboot package to the mailing
list.
Problem: My operating system OS/XY is not supported by netboot
I would gladly provide support for every operating system on the
market, but I don't have the resources for doing this. However,
if you want a particular operating system to be supported, you
should get in contact with me. In any case you will have to provide
me with a valid and licensed copy of that operating system. You are
also invited to write your own boot loader, and send it to me for
inclusion into netboot under the terms of the GNU GPL.
Problem: While trying to build a bootrom I get a compiler error
The installation scripts require to compile a couple of utility
programs which are only required during building the bootrom.
They should compile on any Unix-type system, so if you get an
error please report it to me, even when you are able to fix it
yourself, so that I can include a patch for future releases.
Problem: I get a an error from make saying something like "missing delimiter"
Some of the Makefiles use ifdef's, which older make programs don't
understand. Even some more "modern" systems like SCO Open-Server 5
have this problem. In that case you will have to get and install GNU
make on your system (which is the better choice anyway).
Problem: The bootrom doesn't startup at all
Either you have a floppy in your diskette drive or you have
a hard disk installed with a partition marked as active, and the
bootrom has been built so that it lets the BIOS look for active
partitions first. Both conditions let the system boot from the
bootable media instead of using the bootrom. Just remove the
floppy or use fdisk to mark all partitions as unbootable (e.g.
inactive). Alternatively you can also build the bootrom so that
it does not allow the BIOS to look for bootable partitions. The
program which actually creates the bootrom ('makerom', it gets
called when you run 'make bootrom') will ask you about this right
after selecting the bootrom kernel image.
Problem: The bootrom behaves strange during startup, and may even hangup
the whole system
If you compiled the mknbi programs on a system with big endian
byte order (like Motorola or PPC systems) this might indicate
that the configuration program couldn't find the correct byte
order. It might also be that there is a bug in the byte ordering
code. Some systems like SPARCs also do not allow data accesses at
misaligned addresses. 'configure' should usually find out about
these conditions. In any case, if 'configure' is not able to pro-
perly detect what kind of system you are using, edit the file
config.h by hand and try it again. Please report this condition,
and also note which system you used for installation.
Problem: The packet driver is not able to start properly
First check what error message the packet driver prints. Usually
this problem is a result of an incorrect setup of the network
card, so check that it uses an I/O address, interrupt line and DMA
channel (if applicable) of it's own, and that the packet driver
uses the correct values. Another common problem with ethernet
cards which use shared memory (like WD80?3 cards) is an overlap-
ping of this shared memory with the rom area used by the bootrom.
Select a different shared memory address in that case. If that's
ok you should next check that you configured the packet driver
correctly with the bootrom configuration program. Usually the
packet driver prints out what it expects the hardware to look
like so you can use this information to check up your setup.
Problem: The bootrom tells me that there is not enough memory but I have
xx megabytes installed
This problem is a result of the fact that the BIOS starts the
bootrom in the processor's real mode. The bootrom is therefore
only able to access the lower 1 megabyte of memory, regardless
of how much you installed. And 384kB of this is reserved for
ROM's and the video memory, so there is only 640kB left. Unfor-
tunately some systems even reserve memory from these lower 640kB
for internal BIOS data. This is called extended BIOS data area,
and known to be used on most PS/2 systems. But also some other
BIOSes use such an extended BIOS data area, which is usually
selectable in the system's setup. Therefore you should try to
deselect such a feature. If that's not possible you are out
of luck - sorry.
Problem: The bootrom doesn't receive a bootp answer and just hangs printing
dots
First you should check if bootpd runs on your server or is started
properly from inetd. Then check that the server's /etc/bootptab is
setup correctly. Especially the hardware address and the client's
IP address and name have to be correct.
Most bootp servers have the ability to write debugging information
into a log file. Use that feature to verify that your server really
receives bootp requests from the client's bootrom and sends out a
valid answer. Also check for error messages in the log file. Even
if your bootpd doesn't write into a seperate log file it might use
syslog on your system, so find the log file name from your syslogd
configuration file and check for errors.
If you are able to use a network tracing program like tcpdump you
can check if the bootrom sends out correct requests and that the
server is answering correctly. In that case it is more likely to
be a problem in the bootrom, so you should create a new bootrom
image with the packet driver debugging module included. You should
then see the bootrom's request packets going out, and the server's
answers coming in. If there are no packets coming in although you
verified that the server is sending out correct replies there might
be a problem with your network card. Did you set it up correctly,
is a cable connected (no kidding, those things really happen)?
If everything fails try to boot the diskless client with the
intended operating system and try to access the network card
using that operating system's tools.
If the server is not sending out answer packets, but the bootpd
logfiles indicates correct answers, it might be a problem with
the arp setup on your server. Normally arp shouldn't be a concern
for you. However, some older versions of bootpd for Linux had
problems here, which could be solved by setting the kernel arp
table manually.
Problem: The bootrom did get a bootp answer but is not able to load the
bootimage file
This is likely to be a problem with the tftpd setup on the server.
Does tftpd run when you startup the bootrom code? If not check
that inetd is configured correctly. Also there might be a TCP/IP
wrapper running on your server which might prohibit access to
the tftp service (which is known to be very insecure and therefore
a candidate for getting started by an internet security wrapper
like tcpd). Check any access configuration files for tcpd.
Furthermore tftpd has to be able to access the bootimage file. It
usually runs as a user with very low priviliges because of security
reasons and might not be allowed to read the bootimage file, so
you should check and set the bootimage file's permissions correctly.
Problem: The boot image loader reports an error
Congratulations! You just discovered a bug in the boot loader.
Please report it to me.
Problem: When I'm using the bootrom menu to load a Unix system off the local
hard disk, it reports some weird error messages to me (especially,
SCO Unix says that it's not able to open boot device). However,
booting without the bootrom works without a problem.
Some operating systems, especially Unix like systems, read the
partition table after booting and try to find their own boot par-
tition. When using the bootrom, it's not necessary to mark the
Unix partition as bootable, so the Unix startup loader fails.
To solve this problem, mark the Unix partition active with some
fdisk program. To avoid that it starts running instead of the
bootrom, create the bootrom so that it does not allow the BIOS
to search for boot partitions on the installed hard disks (the
'makerom' program, which gets run when you do a 'make bootrom',
will ask you about this right after selecting a kernel image).
Problem: I'm loading Linux onto my diskless client and the kernel tells
me to insert a root floppy and press enter
First you should check that you built your kernel correctly. It
should have support for the root filesystem built in. If you want
to use an NFS mounted directory as root the kernel should have
TCP/IP support installed. Also it has to have a driver for your
network card built in, and NFS and NFSROOT have to be both speci-
fied. When using a ramdisk it's support has to be compiled in
as well as support for the filesystem with which you formatted
the ramdisk image. Please note that the loaded kernel is not
able to use modules at bootup time (only _after_ the root file-
system has been mounted, but not before), so everything has to
be compiled in.
If the kernel is not able mount it's root via NFS, this might
have many different reasons. It requires all addresses in the
/etc/bootptab file to be correct, and the access rights on the
server have to be set correctly - not only in /etc/exports but
also the permissions for the directory to get mounted. If that's
correct check that a portmapper is running on the server, and
that it registered the mountd and nfsd services correctly. You
can usually do this by running the command
rpcinfo -p
Note that services are only listed here if their associated server
process is really running. The rpcinfo output should then look
something like this:
program vers proto port
100000 2 tcp 111 portmapper
100000 2 udp 111 portmapper
100003 2 udp 2049 nfs
100003 2 tcp 2049 nfs
100005 1 udp 663 mountd
100005 1 tcp 665 mountd
However, the port numbers might be different.
When the kernel starts mounting the NFS root directory it prints
out the name of that directory on the server. It should be the
same as the one configured in /etc/bootptab. Check that it's
correct. If not you can try to use the -d option with mknbi-linux
to specify the name explicitely.
If the kernel gets an error from the server's nfsd, it prints
a number which is defined according to the NFS protocol. The
most commonly occurring numbers are:
1 - permission denied to access directory
2 - directory doesn't exist
5 - I/O error on server filesystem
13 - nfsd is unable to access directory
20 - path name is not a directory
63 - path name is too long
Note that some nfsd and mountd programs only read /etc/exports
on startup. If you changed this file afterwards, you will have
to restart both daemons. Additionally, with nfsd versions for
Linux earlier than 2.1 you will have problems with special files
like UNIX domain sockets or block/character special files on
your NFS partitions. You should therefore use the latest avai-
lable versions.
Problem: The Linux kernel mounts it's root correctly but doesn't give me
a login prompt.
1.) This might be the result of an incorrect setup of the root file-
system (see No. 2 below). However, it's also possible that your
server reported the wrong major/minor numbers for the console device
even though you specified them correctly in the NFS mounted root
directory. I know of this problem with AIX and HP-UX servers,
but there might exist others as well which don't transfer special
devices via NFS as Linux requires it. One solution to solve this
problem is to boot the diskless client with a ramdisk image as
it's root, and then mount the should-be-root directory on the
server using NFS. Then you can create the special files in the
dev directory using Linux's mknod program, and use the NFS root
mounting bootimage again.
Another way is to try to find out, how the server operating system
encodes major/minor numbers on it's own filesystem. For example,
HP-UX uses a 32 bit device number, with the 8 highest bits being
the major number, and the lower 24 bits being the minor device
number:
major << 24 | minor ==> aaaaaaaabbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb
In this representation (a) means a bit of the major number, and
(b) means a bit of the minor number. Linux uses the following
scheme instead:
major << 8 | minor ==> 0000000000000000aaaaaaaabbbbbbbb
The NFS protocol now transfers these 32 bits just as they are,
without any further interpretation regarding major/minor numbers.
That means, that all relevant bits in the Linux representation
fit into the minor number on HP-UX. Therefore, if you create a
device on the HP-UX server, you have to alway give it a major
number of zero and compute the minor number the way mentioned
above for Linux. For example, to let Linux see a device 5/2 in
it's NFS-mounted /dev directory, you can compute the minor device
number on HP-UX as
5 << 8 | 2 ==> 1282
So the device to create on the HP-UX server is 0/1282. This will
let Linux see 5/2 after the filesystem is mounted with NFS.
2.) Another reason for this problem might be that the init process
doesn't get started at all. This can be a result of incorrect
shared libraries, which the client might see but without a proper
ld.so.cache file. Or the shared libraries are not reachable by
the client at all. Bruce Janson and Markus Gutschke collected a
good list of possibilities, which you should check out:
- you do not have a private copy of the /, /etc, /var, ...
directories
- your /dev directory is missing entries for /dev/zero and/or
/dev/null or is sharing device entries from a server that uses
different major and minor numbers (i.e. a server that is not
running Linux - see above).
- your /lib directory is missing libraries (most notably libc*
and/or libm*) or does not have the loader files ld*.so*
- you neglected to run ldconfig to update /etc/ldconfig.cache
or you do not have a configuration file for ldconfig.
- your /etc/inittab and/or /etc/rc.d/* files have not been
customized for the clients.
- your kernel is missing some crucial compile-time feature
(such as NFS filesystem support, booting from the net, trans-
name (optional), ELF file support, networking support, driver
for your ethernet card).
- missing init executable (in one of the directories
known by the kernel: /etc, /sbin, ?)
- missing /etc/inittab
- missing /dev/tty?
- missing /bin/sh
- system programs that insist on creating/writing to files
outside of /var (mount and /etc/mtab* is the canonical
example)
Problem: Can't compile the bootrom
Please get in touch with me if you encounter any problems
while recompiling the bootrom.
