NAME
Aspect - Aspect-Oriented Programming (AOP) for Perl
SYNOPSIS
use Aspect;
# Run some code "Advice" before a particular function
before {
print "About to call create\n";
} call 'Person::create';
# Run Advice after several methods and hijack their return values
after {
print "Called getter/setter " . $_->sub_name . "\n";
$_->return_value(undef);
} call qr/^Person::[gs]et_/;
# Run Advice conditionally based on multiple factors
before {
print "Calling a get method in void context within Tester::run_tests";
} wantvoid
& ( call qr/^Person::get_/ & ! call 'Person::get_not_trapped' )
& cflow 'Tester::run_tests';
# Context-aware runtime hijacking of a method if certain condition is true
around {
if ( $_->self->customer_name eq 'Adam Kennedy' ) {
# Ensure I always have cash
$_->return_value('One meeeelion dollars');
} else {
# Take a dollar off everyone else
$_->proceed;
$_->return_value( $_->return_value - 1 );
}
} call 'Bank::Account::balance';
# Catch and handle unexpected exceptions in a function into a formal object
after {
$_->exception(
Exception::Unexpected->new($_->exception)
);
} throwing()
& ! throwing('Exception::Expected')
& ! throwing('Exception::Unexpected');
# Run Advice only on the outmost of a recursive series of calls
around {
print "Starting recursive child search\n";
$_->proceed;
print "Finished recursive child search\n";
} call 'Person::find_child' & highest;
# Run Advice only during the current lexical scope
SCOPE: {
my $hook = before {
print "About to call create\n";
} call 'Person::create';
Person->create('Bob'); # Advice will run
}
Person->create('Tom'); # Advice won't run
# Use a pre-packaged collection "Aspect" of Advice rules to change a class
aspect Singleton => 'Foo::new';
# Define debugger breakpoints with high precision and conditionality
aspect Breakpoint => call qr/^Foo::.+::Bar::when_/ & wantscalar & highest;
DESCRIPTION
What is Aspect-Oriented Programming?
Aspect-Oriented Programming (AOP) is a programming paradigm which aims
to increase modularity by allowing the separation of "cross-cutting
"concerns.
It includes programming methods and tools that support the
modularization of concerns at the level of the source code, while
"aspect-oriented software development" refers to a whole engineering
discipline.
Aspect-Oriented Programming (AOP) allows you to modularise code for
issues that would otherwise be spread across many parts of a program and
be problematic to both implement and maintain.
Logging exemplifies a crosscutting concern because a logging strategy
necessarily affects every logged part of the system. Logging thereby
"crosscuts" all logged classes and methods.
Typically, an aspect is scattered or tangled as code, making it harder
to understand and maintain. It is scattered by virtue of the function
(such as logging) being spread over a number of unrelated functions that
might use its function, possibly in entirely unrelated systems
That means to change logging can require modifying all affected modules.
Aspects become tangled not only with the mainline function of the
systems in which they are expressed but also with each other. That means
changing one concern entails understanding all the tangled concerns or
having some means by which the effect of changes can be inferred.
Because Aspect-Oritented Programming moves this scattered code into a
single module which is loaded as a single unit, another major benefit of
this method is conditional compilation.
Features implemented via Aspects can be compiled and added to you
program only in certain situations, and because of this Aspects are
useful when debugging or testing large or complex programs.
Aspects can implement features necessary for correctness of programs
such as reactivity or synchronisation, and can be used to add checking
assertions to your or other people's modules.
They can cause code to emit useful side effects not considered by the
original author of a module, without changing the original function of
the module.
And, if necessary (although not recommended), they can do various types
of "Monkey Patching", hijacking the functionality of some other module
in an unexpected (by the original author) way so that the module acts
differently when used in your program, when those changes might
otherwise be dangerous or if encountered by other programs.
Aspects can be used to implement space or time optimisations. One
popular use case of AOP is to add caching to a module or function that
does not natively implement caching itself.
For more details on Aspect-Oriented Programming in general,
<
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspect-oriented_programming> and
<
http://www.aosd.net>.
About This Implementation
The Perl Aspect module tries to closely follow the terminology of the
basic Java AspectJ project wherever possible and reasonable
(<
http://eclipse.org/aspectj>).
However due to the dynamic nature of the Perl language, several
"AspectJ" features are useless for us: exception softening, mixin
support, out-of-class method declarations, annotations, and others.
Currently the Perl Aspect module is focused exclusively on subroutine
matching and wrapping.
It allows you to select collections of subroutines and conditions using
a flexible pointcut language, and modify their behavior in any way you
want.
In this regard it provides a similar set of functionality to the
venerable Hook::LexWrap, but with much more precision and with much more
control and maintainability as the complexity of the problems you are
solving increases.
In addition, where the Java implementation of Aspect-Oriented
Programming is limited to concepts expressable at compile time, the more
fluid nature of Perl means that the Aspect module can weave in aspect
code at run-time. Pointcuts in Perl can also take advantage of run-time
information and Perl-specific features like closures to implement more
sophisticated pointcuts than are possible in Java.
This allows the Perl implementation of Aspect-Oriented Programming to be
stateful and adaptive in a way that Java cannot (although the added
power can come with a significant speed cost if not used carefully).
Terminology
One of the more opaque aspects (no pun intended) of Aspect-Oriented
programming is that it has an entire unique set of terms that can be
confusing for people learning to use the Aspect module.
In this section, we will attempt to define all the major terms in a way
that will hopefully make sense to Perl programmers.
What is an Aspect?
An *Aspect* is a modular unit of cross-cutting implementation,
consisting of "Advice" on "Pointcuts" (we'll define those two shortly,
don't worry if they don't make sense for now).
In Perl, this would typically mean a package or module containing
declarations of where to inject code, the code to run at these points,
and any variables or support functions needed by the injected
functionality.
The most critical point here is that the Aspect represents a collection
of many different injection points which collectively implement a single
function or feature and which should be enabled on an all or nothing
basis.
For example, you might implement the Aspect My::SecurityMonitor as a
module which will inject hooks into a dozen different strategic places
in your program to watch for valid-but-suspicious values and report
these values to an external network server.
Aspects can often written to be highly reusable, and be released via the
CPAN. When these generic aspects are written in the special namespace
Aspect::Library they can be called using the following special
shorthand.
use Aspect;
# Load and enable the Aspect::Library::NYTProf aspect to constrain profiling
# to only the object constructors for each class in your program.
aspect NYTProf => call qr/^MyProgram\b.*::new$/;
What is a Pointcut?
A *Join Point* is a well-defined location at a point in the execution of
a program at which Perl can inject functionality, in effect joining two
different bits of code together.
In the Perl Aspect implementation, this consists only of the execution
of named subroutines on the symbol table such as
"Foo::Bar::function_name".
In other languages, additional join points can exist such as the
instantiation or destruction of an object or the static initialisation
of a class.
A *Pointcut* is a well-defined set of join points, and any conditions
that must be true when at these join points.
Example include "All public methods in class "Foo::Bar"" or "Any
non-recursive call to the function "Some::recursive_search"".
We will discuss each of the available pointcut types later in this
document.
In addition to the default pointcut types it is possible to write your
own specialised pointcut types, although this is challenging due to the
complex API they follow to allow aggressive multi-pass optimisation.
See Aspect::Pointcut for more information.
What is Advice?
*Advice* is code designed to run automatically at all of the join points
in a particular pointcut. Advice comes in several types, instructing
that the code be run "before", "after" or "around" (in place of) the
different join points in the pointcut.
Advice code is introduced lexically to the target join points. That is,
the new functionality is injected in place to the existing program
rather the class being extended into some new version.
For example, function "Foo::expensive_calculation" may not support
caching because it is unsafe to do so in the general case. But you know
that in the case of your program, the reasons it is unsafe in the
general case don't apply.
So for your program you might use the Aspect::Library::Memoise aspect to
"Weave" Advice code into the "Foo" class which adds caching to the
function by integrating it with Memoise.
Each of the different advice types needs to be used slightly
differently, and are best employed for different types of jobs. We will
discuss the use of each of the different advice types later in this
document.
But in general, the more specific advice type you use, the more
optimisation can be applied to your advice declaration, and the less
impact the advice will have on the speed of your program.
In addition to the default pointcut types, it is (theoretically)
possible to write your own specialised Advice types, although this would
be extremely difficult and probably involve some form of XS programming.
For the brave, see Aspect::Advice and the source for the different
advice classes for more information.
What is Weaving?
*Weaving* is the installation of advice code to the subs that match a
pointcut, or might potentially match depending on certain run-time
conditions.
In the Perl Aspect module, weaving happens on the declaration of each
advice block. Unweaving happens when a lexically-created advice variable
goes out of scope.
Unfortunately, due to the nature of the mechanism Aspect uses to hook
into function calls, unweaving can never be guarenteed to be round-trip
clean.
While the pointcut matching logic and advice code will never be run for
unwoven advice, it may be necessary to leave the underlying hooking
artifact in place on the join point indefinitely (imposing a small
performance penalty and preventing clean up of the relevant advice
closure from memory).
Programs that repeatedly weave and unweave during execution will thus
gradually slow down and leak memory, and so is discouraged despite being
permitted.
If advice needs to be repeatedly enabled and disabled you should instead
consider using the "true" pointcut and a variable in the aspect package
or a closure to introduce a remote "on/off" switch for the aspect.
into the advice code.
package My::Aspect;
my $switch = 1;
before {
print "Calling Foo::bar\n";
} call 'Foo::bar' & true { $switch };
sub enable {
$switch = 1;
}
sub disable {
$switch = 0;
}
1;
Under the covers weaving is done using a mechanism that is very similar
to the venerable Hook::LexWrap, although in some areas Aspect will try
to make use of faster mechanisms if it knows these are safe.
Feature Summary
* Create permanent pointcuts, advice, and aspects at compile time or
run-time.
* Flexible pointcut language: select subs to match using string
equality, regexp, or "CODE" ref. Match currently running sub, a sub
in the call flow, calls in particular void, scalar, or array
contexts, or only the highest call in a set of recursive calls.
* Build pointcuts composed of a logical expression of other pointcuts,
using conjunction, disjunction, and negation.
* In advice code, you can modify parameter list for matched sub,
modify return value, throw or supress exceptions, decide whether or
not to proceed to matched sub, access a "CODE" ref for matched sub,
and access the context of any call flow pointcuts that were matched,
if they exist.
* Add/remove advice and entire aspects lexically during run-time. The
scope of advice and aspect objects, is the scope of their effect
(This does, however, come with some caveats).
* A basic library of reusable aspects. A base class makes it easy to
create your own reusable aspects. The Aspect::Library::Memoize
aspect is an example of how to interface with AOP-like modules from
CPAN.
Using Aspect.pm
The Aspect package allows you to create pointcuts, advice, and aspects
in a simple declarative fashion. This declarative form is a simple
facade on top of the Perl AOP framework, which you can also use directly
if you need the increased level of control or you feel the declarative
form is not clear enough.
For example, the following two examples are equivalent.
use Aspect;
# Declarative advice creation
before {
print "Calling " . $_->sub_name . "\n";
} call 'Function::one'
| call 'Function::two';
# Longhand advice creation
Aspect::Advice::Before->new(
Aspect::Pointcut::Or->new(
Aspect::Pointcut::Call->new('Function::one'),
Aspect::Pointcut::Call->new('Function::two'),
),
sub {
print "Calling " . $_->sub_name . "\n";
},
);
You will be mostly working with this package (Aspect) and the
Aspect::Point package, which provides the methods for getting
information about the call to the join point within advice code.
When you "use Aspect;" you will import a family of around fifteen
functions. These are all factories that allow you to create pointcuts,
advice, and aspects.
Back Compatibility
The various APIs in Aspect have changed a few times between older
versions and the current implementation.
By default, none of these changes are available in the current version
of the Aspect module. They can, however, be accessed by providing one of
two flags when loading Aspect.
# Support for pre-1.00 Aspect usage
use Aspect ':deprecated';
The ":deprecated" flag loads in all alternative and deprecated function
and method names, and exports the deprecated "after_returning",
"after_throwing" advice constructors, and the deprecated "if_true" alias
for the "true" pointcut.
# Support for pre-2010 Aspect usage (both usages are equivalent)
use Aspect ':legacy';
use Aspect::Legacy;
The ":legacy" flag loads in all alternative and deprecated functions as
per the ":deprecated" flag.
Instead of exporting all available functions and pointcut declarators it
exports "only" the set of functions that were available in Aspect 0.12.
Finally, it changes the behaviour of the exported version of "after" to
add an implicit "& returning" to all pointcuts, as the original
implementation did not trap exceptions.
FUNCTIONS
The following functions are exported by default (and are documented as
such) but are also available directly in Aspect:: namespace as well if
needed.
They are documented in order from the simplest and and most common
pointcut declarator to the highest level declarator for enabling
complete aspect classes.
call
my $single = call 'Person::get_address';
my $multiple = call qr/^Person::get_/;
my $complex = call sub { lc($_[0]) eq 'person::get_address' };
my $object = Aspect::Pointcut::Call->new('Person::get_address');
The most common pointcut is "call". All three of the examples will match
the calling of "Person::get_address()" as defined in the symbol table at
the time an advice is declared.
The "call" declarator takes a single parameter which is the pointcut
spec, and can be provided in three different forms.
string
Select only the specific full resolved subroutine whose name is equal to
the specification string.
For example "call 'Person::get'" will only match the plain "get" method
and will not match the longer "get_address" method.
regexp
Select all subroutines whose name matches the regular expression.
The following will match all the subs defined on the "Person" class, but
not on the "Person::Address" or any other child classes.
$p = call qr/^Person::\w+$/;
CODE
Select all subroutines where the supplied code returns true when passed
a full resolved subroutine name as the only parameter.
The following will match all calls to subroutines whose names are a key
in the hash %subs_to_match:
$p = call sub {
exists $subs_to_match{$_[0]};
}
For more information on the "call" pointcut see Aspect::Pointcut::Call.
cflow
before {
print "Called My::foo somewhere within My::bar\n";
} call 'My::foo'
& cflow 'My::bar';
The "cflow" declarator is used to specify that the join point must be
somewhere within the control flow of the "My::bar" function. That is, at
the time "My::foo" is being called somewhere up the call stack is
"My::bar".
The parameters to "cflow" are identical to the parameters to "call".
Due to an idiosyncracy in the way "cflow" is implemented, they do not
always parse properly well when joined with an operator. In general, you
should use any "cflow" operator last in your pointcut specification, or
use explicit braces for it.
# This works fine
my $x = call 'My::foo' & cflow 'My::bar';
# This will error
my $y = cflow 'My::bar' & call 'My::foo';
# Use explicit braces if you can't have the flow last
my $z = cflow('My::bar') & call 'My::foo';
For more information on the "cflow" pointcut, see
Aspect::Pointcut::Cflow.
wantlist
my $pointcut = call 'Foo::bar' & wantlist;
The "wantlist" pointcut traps a condition based on Perl "wantarray"
context, when a function is called in list context. When used with
"call", this pointcut can be used to trap list-context calls to one or
more functions, while letting void or scalar context calls continue as
normal.
For more information on the "wantlist" pointcut see
Aspect::Pointcut::Wantarray.
wantscalar
my $pointcut = call 'Foo::bar' & wantscalar;
The "wantscalar" pointcut traps a condition based on Perl "wantarray"
context, when a function is called in scalar context. When used with
"call", this pointcut can be used to trap scalar-context calls to one or
more functions, while letting void or list context calls continue as
normal.
For more information on the "wantscalar" pointcut see
Aspect::Pointcut::Wantarray.
wantvoid
my $bug = call 'Foo::get_value' & wantvoid;
The "wantvoid" pointcut traps a condition based on Perl "wantarray"
context, when a function is called in void context. When used with
"call", this pointcut can be used to trap void-context calls to one or
more functions, while letting scalar or list context calls continue as
normal.
This is particularly useful for methods which make no sense to call in
void context, such as getters or other methods calculating and returning
a useful result.
For more information on the "wantvoid" pointcut see
Aspect::Pointcut::Wantarray.
highest
my $entry = call 'Foo::recurse' & highest;
The "highest" pointcut is used to trap the first time a particular
function is encountered, while ignoring any subsequent recursive calls
into the same pointcut.
It is unusual in that unlike all other types of pointcuts it is
stateful, and so some detailed explaination is needed to understand how
it will behave.
Pointcut declarators follow normal Perl precedence and shortcutting in
the same way that a typical set of "foo() and bar()" might do for
regular code.
When the "highest" is evaluated for the first time it returns true and a
counter is to track the depth of the call stack. This counter is bound
to the join point itself, and will decrement back again once we exit the
advice code.
If we encounter another function that is potentially contained in the
same pointcut, then "highest" will always return false.
In this manner, you can trigger functionality to run only at the
outermost call into a recursive series of functions, or you can negate
the pointcut with "! highest" and look for recursive calls into a
function when there shouldn't be any recursion.
In the current implementation, the semantics and behaviour of pointcuts
containing multiple highest declarators is not defined (and the current
implementation is also not amenable to supporting it).
For these reasons, the usage of multiple highest declarators such as in
the following example is not support, and so the following will throw an
exception.
before {
print "This advice will not compile\n";
} wantscalar & (
(call 'My::foo' & highest)
|
(call 'My::bar' & highest)
);
This limitation may change in future releases. Feedback welcome.
For more information on the "highest" pointcut see
Aspect::Pointcut::Highest.
throwing
my $string = throwing qr/does not exist/;
my $object = throwing 'Exception::Class';
The "throwing" pointcut is used with the "after" to restrict the
pointcut so advice code is only fired for a specific die message or a
particular exception class (or subclass).
The "throwing" declarator takes a single parameter which is the pointcut
spec, and can be provided in two different forms.
regexp
If a regular expression is passed to "throwing" it will be matched
against the exception if and only if the exception is a plain string.
Thus, the regexp form can be used to trap unstructured errors emitted by
"die" or "croak" while NOT trapping any formal exception objects of any
kind.
string
If a string is passed to "throwing" it will be treated as a class name
and will be matched against the exception via an "isa" method call if
and only if the exception is an object.
Thus, the string form can be used to trap and handle specific types of
exceptions while allowing other types of exceptions or raw string errors
to pass through.
For more information on the "throwing" pointcut see
Aspect::Pointcut::Throwing.
returning
after {
print "No exception\n";
} call 'Foo::bar' & returning;
The "returning" pointcut is used with "after" advice types to indicate
the join point should only occur when a function is returning without
throwing an exception.
true
# Intercept an adjustable random percentage of calls to a function
our $RATE = 0.01;
before {
print "The few, the brave, the 1%\n";
} call 'My::foo'
& true {
rand() < $RATE
};
Because of the lengths that Aspect goes to internally to optimise the
selection and interception of calls, writing your own custom pointcuts
can be very difficult.
When a custom or unusual pattern of interception is needed, often all
that is desired is to extend a relatively normal pointcut with an extra
caveat.
To allow for this scenario, Aspect provides the "true" pointcut.
This pointcut allows you to specify any arbitrary code to match on. This
code will be executed at run-time if the join point matches all previous
conditions.
The join point matches if the function or closure returns true, and does
not match if the code returns false or nothing at all.
before
before {
# Don't call the function, return instead
$_->return_value(1);
} call 'My::foo';
The before advice declaration is used to defined advice code that will
be run instead of the code originally at the join points, but continuing
on to the real function if no action is taken to say otherwise.
When called in void context, as shown above, "before" will install the
advice permanently into your program.
When called in scalar context, as shown below, "before" will return a
guard object and enable the advice for as long as that guard object
continues to remain in scope or otherwise avoid being destroyed.
SCOPE: {
my $guard = before {
print "Hello World!\n";
} call 'My::foo';
# This will print
My::foo();
}
# This will NOT print
My::foo();
Because the end result of the code at the join points is irrelevant to
this type of advice and the Aspect system does not need to hang around
and maintain control during the join point, the underlying
implementation is done in a way that is by far the fastest and with the
least impact (essentially none) on the execution of your program.
You are strongly encouraged to use "before" advice wherever possible for
the current implementation, resorting to the other advice types when you
truly need to be there are the end of the join point execution (or on
both sides of it).
For more information, see Aspect::Advice::Before.
after
# Confuse a program by bizarely swapping return values and exceptions
after {
if ( $_->exception ) {
$_->return_value($_->exception);
} else {
$_->exception($_->return_value);
}
} call 'My::foo' & wantscalar;
The "after" declarator is used to create advice in which the advice code
will be run after the join point has run, regardless of whether the
function return correctly or throws an exception.
For more information, see Aspect::Advice::After.
around
# Trace execution time for a function
around {
my @start = Time::HiRes::gettimeofday();
$_->proceed;
my @stop = Time::HiRes::gettimeofday();
my $elapsed = Time::HiRes::tv_interval( \@start, \@stop );
print "My::foo executed in $elapsed seconds\n";
} call 'My::foo';
The "around" declarator is used to create the most general form of
advice, and can be used to implement the most high level functionality.
It allows you to make changes to the calling parameters, to change the
result of the function, to subvert or prevent the calling altogether,
and to do so while storing extra lexical state of your own across the
join point.
For example, the code shown above tracks the time at which a single
function is called and returned, and then uses the two pieces of
information to track the execution time of the call.
Similar functionality to the above is used to implement the CPAN modules
Aspect::Library::Timer and the more complex Aspect::Library::ZoneTimer.
Within the "around" advice code, the "$_->proceed" method is used to
call the original function with whatever the current parameter context
is, storing the result (whether return values or an exception) in the
context as well.
Alternatively, you can use the "original" method to get access to a
reference to the original function and call it directly without using
context parameters and without storing the function results.
around {
$_->original->('alternative param');
$_->return_value('fake result');
} call 'My::foo';
The above example calls the original function directly with an
alternative parameter in void context (regardless of the original
"wantarray" context) ignoring any return values. It then sets an
entirely made up return value of it's own.
Although it is the most powerful advice type, "around" is also the
slowest advice type with the highest memory cost per join point. Where
possible, you should try to use a more specific advice type.
For more information, see Aspect::Advice::Around.
aspect
aspect Singleton => 'Foo::new';
The "aspect" declarator is used to enable complete reusable aspects.
The first parameter to "aspect" identifies the aspect library class. If
the parameter is a fully resolved class name (i.e. it contains double
colons like Foo::Bar) the value it will be used directly. If it is a
simple "Identifier" without colons then it will be interpreted as
"Aspect::Library::Identifier".
If the aspect class is not loaded, it will be loaded for you and
validated as being a subclass of "Aspect::Library".
And further parameters will be passed on to the constructor for that
class. See the documentation for each class for more information on the
appropriate parameters for that class.
As with each individual advice type complete aspects can be defined
globally by using "aspect" in void context, or lexically via a guard
object by calling "aspect" in scalar context.
# Break on the topmost call to function for a limited time
SCOPE: {
my $break = aspect Breakpoint => call 'My::foo' & highest;
do_something();
}
For more information on writing reusable aspects, see Aspect::Library.
OPERATORS
&
Overloading of bitwise "&" for pointcut declarations allows a natural
looking boolean "and" logic for pointcuts. When using the "&" operator
the combined pointcut expression will match if all pointcut
subexpressions match.
In the original Java AspectJ framework, the subexpressions are
considered to be a union without an inherent order at all. In Perl you
may treat them as ordered since they are ordered internally, but since
all subexpressions run anyway you should probably not do anything that
relies on this order. The optimiser may do interesting things with order
in future, or we may move to an unordered implementation.
For more information, see Aspect::Pointcut::And.
|
Overloading of bitwise "|" for pointcut declarations allows a natural
looking boolean "or" logic for pointcuts. When using the "|" operator
the combined pointcut expression will match if either pointcut
subexpressions match.
The subexpressions are ostensibly considered without any inherent order,
and you should treat them that way when you can. However, they are
internally ordered and shortcutting will be applied as per normal Perl
expressions. So for speed reasons, you may with to put cheap pointcut
declarators before expensive ones where you can.
The optimiser may do interesting things with order in future, or we may
move to an unordered implementation. So as a general rule, avoid things
that require order while using order to optimise where you can.
For more information, see Aspect::Pointcut::Or.
!
Overload of negation "!" for pointcut declarations allows a natural
looking boolean "not" logic for pointcuts. When using the "!" operator
the resulting pointcut expression will match if the single subexpression
does not match.
For more information, see Aspect::Pointcut::Not.
METHODS
A range of different methods are available within each type of advice
code.
The are summarised below, and described in more detail in Aspect::Point.
type
The "type" method is a convenience provided in the situation advice code
is used in more than one type of advice, and wants to know the advice
declarator is was made form.
Returns "before", "after" or "around".
pointcut
my $pointcut = $_->pointcut;
The "pointcut" method provides access to the original join point
specification (as a tree of Aspect::Pointcut objects) that the current
join point matched against.
original
$_->original->( 1, 2, 3 );
In a pointcut, the "original" method returns a "CODE" reference to the
original function before it was hooked by the Aspect weaving process.
# Prints "Full::Function::name"
before {
print $_->sub_name . "\n";
} call 'Full::Function::name';
The "sub_name" method returns a string with the full resolved function
name at the join point the advice code is running at.
package_name
# Prints "Just::Package"
before {
print $_->package_name . "\n";
} call 'Just::Package::name';
The "package_name" parameter is a convenience wrapper around the
"sub_name" method. Where "sub_name" will return the fully resolved
function name, the "package_name" method will return just the namespace
of the package of the join point.
short_name
# Prints "name"
before {
print $_->short_name . "\n";
} call 'Just::Package::name';
The "short_name" parameter is a convenience wrapper around the
"sub_name" method. Where "sub_name" will return the fully resolved
function name, the "short_name" method will return just the name of the
function.
args
# Get the parameters as a list
my @list = $_->args;
# Set the parameters
$_->args( 1, 2, 3 );
# Append a parameter
$_->args( $_->args, 'more' );
The "args" method allows you to get or set the list of parameters to a
function. It is the method equivalent of manipulating the @_ array.
self
after {
$_->self->save;
} My::Foo::set;
The "self" method is a convenience provided for when you are writing
advice that will be working with object-oriented Perl code. It returns
the first parameter to the method (which should be object), which you
can then call methods on.
wantarray
# Return differently depending on the calling context
if ( $_->wantarray ) {
$_->return_value(5);
} else {
$_->return_value(1, 2, 3, 4, 5);
}
The "wantarray" method returns the "wantarray" in perlfunc context of
the call to the function for the current join point.
As with the core Perl "wantarray" function, returns true if the function
is being called in list context, false if the function is being called
in scalar context, or "undef" if the function is being called in void
context.
exception
unless ( $_->exception ) {
$_->exception('Kaboom');
}
The "exception" method is used to get the current die message or
exception object, or to set the die message or exception object.
return_value
# Add an extra value to the returned list
$_->return_value( $_->return_value, 'thing' );
# Return null (equivalent to "return;")
$_->return_value;
The "return_value" method is used to get or set the return value for the
join point function, in a similar way to the normal Perl "return"
keyword.
proceed
around {
my $before = time;
$_->proceed;
my $elapsed = time - $before;
print "Call to " . $_->sub_name . " took $elapsed seconds\n";
} call 'My::function';
Available only in "around" advice, the "proceed" method is used to run
the join point function with the current join point context (parameters,
scalar vs list call, etc) and store the result of the original call in
the join point context (return values, exceptions etc).
LIBRARY
The main Aspect distribution ships with the following set of libraries.
These are not necesarily recommended or the best on offer. The are
shipped with Aspect for convenience, because they have no additional
CPAN dependencies.
Their purpose is summarised below, but see their own documentation for
more information.
Aspect::Library::Singleton
Aspect::Library::Singleton can be used to convert an existing class to
function as a singleton and return the same object for every constructor
call.
Aspect::Library::Breakpoint
Aspect::Library::Breakpoint allows you to inject debugging breakpoints
into a program using the full power and complexity of the "Aspect"
pointcuts.
Aspect::Library::Wormhole
Aspect::Library::Wormhole is a tool for passing objects down a call
flow, without adding extra arguments to the frames between the source
and the target, letting a function implicit context.
Aspect::Library::Listenable
Aspect::Library::Listenable assysts in the implementation of the
"Listenable" design pattern. It lets you define a function as emitting
events that can be registed for by subscribers, and then add/remove
subscribers for these events over time.
When the functions that are listenable are called, registered
subscribers will be notified. This lets you build a general event
subscription system for your program. This could be as part of a plugin
API or just for your own convenience.
INTERNALS
Due to the dynamic nature of Perl, there is no need for processing of
source or byte code, as required in the Java and .NET worlds.
The implementation is conceptually very simple: when you create advice,
its pointcut is matched to find every sub defined in the symbol table
that might match against the pointcut (potentially subject to further
runtime conditions).
Those that match, will get a special wrapper installed. The wrapper only
executes if, during run-time, a compiled context test for the pointcut
returns true.
The wrapper code creates an advice context, and gives it to the advice
code.
Most of the complexity comes from the extensive optimisation that is
used to reduce the impact of both weaving of the advice and the run-time
costs of the wrappers added to your code.
Some pointcuts like "call" are static and their full effect is known at
weave time, so the compiled run-time function can be optimised away
entirely.
Some pointcuts like "cflow" are dynamic, so they are not used to select
the functions to hook, but impose a run-time cost to determine whether
or not they match.
To make this process faster, when the advice is installed, the pointcut
will not use itself directly for the compiled run-time function but will
additionally generate a "curried" (optimised) version of itself.
This curried version uses the fact that the run-time check will only be
called if it matches the "call" pointcut pattern, and so no "call"
pointcuts needed to be tested at run-time unless they are in deep and
complex nested coolean logic. It also handles collapsing any boolean
logic impacted by the safe removal of the "call" pointcuts.
Further, where possible the pointcuts will be expressed as Perl source
(including logic operators) and compiled into a single Perl expression.
This not only massively reduces the number of functions to be called,
but allows further optimisation of the pointcut by the opcode optimiser
in perl itself.
If you use only "call" pointcuts (alone or in boolean combinations) the
currying results in a null test (the pointcut is optimised away
entirely) and so the need to make a run-time point test will be removed
altogether from the generated advice hooks, reducing call overheads
significantly.
If your pointcut does not have any static conditions (i.e. "call") then
the wrapper code will need to be installed into every function on the
symbol table. This is highly discouraged and liable to result in hooks
on unusual functions and unwanted side effects, potentially breaking
your program.
LIMITATIONS
Inheritance Support
Support for inheritance is lacking. Consider the following two classes:
package Automobile;
sub compute_mileage {
# ...
}
package Van;
use base 'Automobile';
And the following two advice:
before {
print "Automobile!\n";
} call 'Automobile::compute_mileage';
before {
print "Van!\n";
} call 'Van::compute_mileage';
Some join points one would expect to be matched by the call pointcuts
above, do not:
$automobile = Automobile->new;
$van = Van->new;
$automobile->compute_mileage; # Automobile!
$van->compute_mileage; # Automobile!, should also print Van!
"Van!" will never be printed. This happens because Aspect installs
advice code on symbol table entries. "Van::compute_mileage" does not
have one, so nothing happens. Until this is solved, you have to do the
thinking about inheritance yourself.
Performance
You may find it very easy to shoot yourself in the foot with this
module. Consider this advice:
# Do not do this!
before {
print $_->sub_name;
} cflow 'MyApp::Company::make_report';
The advice code will be installed on every sub loaded. The advice code
will only run when in the specified call flow, which is the correct
behavior, but it will be *installed* on every sub in the system. This
can be extremely slow because the run-time cost of checking "cflow" will
occur on every single function called in your program.
It happens because the "cflow" pointcut matches *all* subs during
weave-time. It matches the correct sub during run-time. The solution is
to narrow the pointcut:
# Much better
before {
print $_->sub_name;
} call qr/^MyApp::/
& cflow 'MyApp::Company::make_report';
TO DO
There are a many things that could be added, if people have an interest
in contributing to the project.
Documentation
* cookbook
* tutorial
* example of refactoring a useful CPAN module using aspects
Pointcuts
* New pointcuts: execution, cflowbelow, within, advice, calledby. Sure
you can implement them today with Perl treachery, but it is too much
work.
* We need a way to match subs with an attribute, attributes::get() will
currently not work.
* isa() support for method pointcuts as Gaal Yahas suggested: match
methods on class hierarchies without callbacks
* Perl join points: phasic- BEGIN/INIT/CHECK/END
Weaving
* The current optimation has gone as far as it can, next we need to look
into XS acceleration and byte code manipulation with B:: modules.
* A debug flag to print out subs that were matched during weaving
* Warnings when over 1000 methods wrapped
* Allow finer control of advice execution order
* Centralised hooking in wrappers so that each successive advice won't
need to wrap around the previous one.
* Allow lexical aspects to be safely removed completely, rather than
being left in place and disabled as in the current implementation.
SUPPORT
Please report any bugs or feature requests through the web interface at
<
http://rt.cpan.org/Public/Dist/Display.html?Name=Aspect>.
INSTALLATION
See perlmodinstall for information and options on installing Perl
modules.
AVAILABILITY
The latest version of this module is available from the Comprehensive
Perl Archive Network (CPAN). Visit <
http://www.perl.com/CPAN/> to find a
CPAN site near you. Or see <
http://search.cpan.org/perldoc?Aspect>.
AUTHORS
Adam Kennedy <
[email protected]>
Marcel Gr�nauer <
[email protected]>
Ran Eilam <
[email protected]>
SEE ALSO
You can find AOP examples in the "examples/" directory of the
distribution.
Aspect::Library::Memoize
Aspect::Library::Profiler
Aspect::Library::Trace
COPYRIGHT
Copyright 2001 by Marcel Gr�nauer
Some parts copyright 2009 - 2011 Adam Kennedy.
Parts of the initial introduction courtesy Wikipedia.
This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
under the same terms as Perl itself.
