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cambus.net.atom.xml (234551B) |
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1 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> |
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2 <feed xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"> |
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3 <title><![CDATA[Atom Feed - Cambus.net]]></title> |
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4 <subtitle><![CDATA[Personal site and technical blog of Frederic … |
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5 |
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6 <link href="https://www.cambus.net/atom.xml" rel="self" /> |
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7 <link href="https://www.cambus.net/" /> |
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8 |
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9 <updated>2021-10-01T23:39:34Z</updated> |
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10 <id>https://www.cambus.net/</id> |
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11 |
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12 <author> |
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13 <name><![CDATA[Frederic Cambus]]></name> |
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14 </author> |
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15 |
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16 <generator uri="https://github.com/fcambus/motyl">Motyl</generat… |
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17 |
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18 <entry> |
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19 <title><![CDATA[Toolchains adventures - Q3 2021]]></title> |
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20 <link href="https://www.cambus.net/toolchains-adventures… |
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21 <id>https://www.cambus.net/toolchains-adventures-q3-2021… |
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22 <published>2021-10-01T23:16:00Z</published> |
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23 <updated>2021-10-01T23:16:00Z</updated> |
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24 <content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>I've been keeping mysel… |
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25 article at the beginning of June, so here is an update detailing what I'… |
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26 been up to during the past couple of months.</p> |
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27 |
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28 <p>At the end of June, I went through the FSF copyright assignment proce… |
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29 both <strong>Binutils</strong> and <strong>GDB</strong>, which now allow… |
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30 changes to these codebases. I thus updated the <a href="https://sourcewa… |
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31 in GDB, and added support to readelf for <a href="https://sourceware.org… |
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32 |
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33 <p>In Pkgsrc land, I packaged and imported <a href="https://github.com/r… |
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34 optimized for modern multi-core machines, and updated our binutils packa… |
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35 to the latest version.</p> |
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36 |
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37 <p>At the end of August, I attended the <strong>OpenBSD k2k21 hackathon<… |
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38 the goals I had was to get <a href="https://clang.llvm.org/docs/SourceBa… |
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39 The first part of this was to find how to allow the compiler driver to |
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40 link against the <strong>libclang_rt.profile</strong> library when passi… |
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41 <strong>-fprofile-instr-generate</strong> and <strong>-fcoverage-mapping… |
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42 Once I figured the <a href="https://www.freshbsd.org/openbsd/src/commit/… |
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43 and <a href="https://reviews.llvm.org/D109244">sent it upstream</a> wher… |
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44 LLVM 13 branch. With this part sorted, the next step was to build and sh… |
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45 the library in the base system. I added <a href="https://www.freshbsd.or… |
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46 library in base, and <a href="https://www.freshbsd.org/openbsd/src/commi… |
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47 architectures where Clang is built.</p> |
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48 |
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49 <p>To illustrate what we can do with the source-based code coverage, let… |
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50 take the following C program:</p> |
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51 |
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52 <div class="language-c highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre cl… |
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53 </span> |
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54 <span class="kt">int</span> |
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55 <span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">()</span> |
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56 <span class="p">{</span> |
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57 <span class="n">printf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class… |
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58 <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span cla… |
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59 |
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60 <span class="n">printf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class… |
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61 <span class="p">}</span> |
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62 </code></pre></div></div> |
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63 |
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64 <p>Let's build and instrument it to emit profile data:</p> |
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65 |
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66 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
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67 </code></pre></div></div> |
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68 |
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69 <p>And we can now run it to collect and process profile data:</p> |
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70 |
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71 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
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72 llvm-profdata merge <span class="nt">-sparse</span> ducks.profraw <span … |
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73 llvm-cov show ./ducks <span class="nt">-instr-profile</span><span class=… |
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74 </code></pre></div></div> |
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75 |
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76 <p>We can see that no ducks were harmed during this experiment:</p> |
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77 |
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78 <p><img src="/content/2021/10/ducks.png" alt="Ducks profile" title="Duck… |
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79 |
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80 <p>Coverage reports can also be created by llvm-cov:</p> |
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81 |
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82 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
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83 |
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84 Filename Regions Missed Regions Cover Func… |
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85 <span class="nt">-------------------------------------------------------… |
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86 /home/f/ducks/ducks.c 2 1 50.00% … |
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87 <span class="nt">-------------------------------------------------------… |
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88 TOTAL 2 1 50.00% … |
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89 </code></pre></div></div> |
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90 |
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91 <p>Using the <strong>LLVM_PROFILE_FILE</strong> environment variable, it… |
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92 do several runs with different options and/or input files and get a new |
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93 <strong>.profraw</strong> file each time. All those files can then be me… |
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94 <strong>llvm-profdata</strong>, which is pretty useful for doing coverag… |
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95 unit tests.</p> |
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96 |
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97 <p>On top of the OpenBSD related changes I've been contributing upstream… |
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98 LLVM, I've been continuing my experiments with the build system. I've al… |
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99 been reading documentation about various parts of the toolchain, sending |
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100 diffs when encountering mistakes or things which could be improved.</p> |
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101 |
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102 <p>binutils and GDB commits:</p> |
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103 |
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104 <ul> |
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105 <li>2021-09-11 - <a href="https://sourceware.org/git/?p=binutils-gdb.g… |
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106 <li>2021-07-14 - <a href="https://sourceware.org/git/?p=binutils-gdb.g… |
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107 </ul> |
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108 |
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109 <p>Pkgsrc toolchains related commits:</p> |
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110 |
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111 <ul> |
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112 <li>2021-09-27 - <a href="https://github.com/NetBSD/pkgsrc/commit/6567… |
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113 <li>2021-09-11 - <a href="https://github.com/NetBSD/pkgsrc/commit/871f… |
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114 <li>2021-09-11 - <a href="https://github.com/NetBSD/pkgsrc/commit/053d… |
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115 <li>2021-07-29 - <a href="https://github.com/NetBSD/pkgsrc/commit/1b5d… |
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116 </ul> |
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117 |
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118 <p>LLVM commits:</p> |
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119 |
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120 <ul> |
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121 <li>2021-09-30 - <a href="https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/commit/… |
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122 <li>2021-09-30 - <a href="https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/commit/… |
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123 <li>2021-09-29 - <a href="https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/commit/… |
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124 <li>2021-09-28 - <a href="https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/commit/… |
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125 <li>2021-09-24 - <a href="https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/commit/… |
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126 <li>2021-09-24 - <a href="https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/commit/… |
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127 <li>2021-09-23 - <a href="https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/commit/… |
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128 <li>2021-09-17 - <a href="https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/commit/… |
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129 <li>2021-09-07 - <a href="https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/commit/… |
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130 <li>2021-09-03 - <a href="https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/commit/… |
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131 <li>2021-07-27 - <a href="https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/commit/… |
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132 <li>2021-07-23 - <a href="https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/commit/… |
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133 </ul> |
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134 |
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135 ]]></content> |
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136 <summary type="html"> |
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137 <![CDATA[My continuous journey into toolchains, … |
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138 </summary> |
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139 |
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140 <category term="Toolchains" scheme="https://www.cambus.n… |
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141 </entry> |
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142 <entry> |
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143 <title><![CDATA[OpenBSD on the Vortex86DX CPU]]></title> |
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144 <link href="https://www.cambus.net/openbsd-on-the-vortex… |
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145 <id>https://www.cambus.net/openbsd-on-the-vortex86dx-cpu… |
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146 <published>2021-09-24T13:12:00Z</published> |
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147 <updated>2021-09-24T13:12:00Z</updated> |
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148 <content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>This is the OpenBSD cou… |
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149 the Vortex86DX CPU</a>, and its purpose is mostly to archive a <strong>d… |
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150 entry and various benchmarks for this machine. I should note that with |
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151 only 256MB of RAM, the machine is too constrained to do kernel and |
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152 libraries relinking in a timely manner, due to swapping.</p> |
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153 |
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154 <p>For more information and background about the hardware, please refer … |
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155 my other article.</p> |
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156 |
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157 <p>Here is the result of a quick <strong>md5 -t</strong> benchmark:</p> |
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158 |
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159 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
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160 Digest <span class="o">=</span> 52e5f9c9e6f656f3e1800dfa5579d089 |
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161 Time <span class="o">=</span> 2.398437 seconds |
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162 Speed <span class="o">=</span> 41693819.766790 bytes/second |
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163 </code></pre></div></div> |
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164 |
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165 <p>Here is the result of the <strong>sha1 -t</strong> benchmark:</p> |
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166 |
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167 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
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168 Digest <span class="o">=</span> 74a57b897cc581defa5b3a359fa762a1b83a60e8 |
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169 Time <span class="o">=</span> 5.648437 seconds |
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170 Speed <span class="o">=</span> 17704012.632167 bytes/second |
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171 </code></pre></div></div> |
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172 |
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173 <p>For the record, LibreSSL speed benchmark results are available <a hre… |
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174 |
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175 <p>System message buffer (dmesg output):</p> |
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176 |
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177 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
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178 [email protected]:/usr/src/sys/arch/i386/compile/GENERIC |
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179 real mem <span class="o">=</span> 267927552 <span class="o">(</span>255… |
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180 avail mem <span class="o">=</span> 246661120 <span class="o">(</span>235… |
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181 random: good seed from bootblocks |
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182 mpath0 at root |
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183 scsibus0 at mpath0: 256 targets |
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184 mainbus0 at root |
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185 bios0 at mainbus0: <span class="nb">date </span>10/29/10, BIOS32 rev. 0 … |
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186 pcibios0 at bios0: rev 3.0 @ 0xf0000/0x10000 |
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187 pcibios0: PCI IRQ Routing Table rev 1.0 @ 0xf3a80/224 <span class="o">(<… |
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188 pcibios0: no compatible PCI ICU found: ICU vendor 0x17f3 product 0x6031 |
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189 pcibios0: Warning, unable to fix up PCI interrupt routing |
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190 pcibios0: PCI bus <span class="c">#0 is the last bus</span> |
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191 bios0: ROM list: 0xc0000/0x8000 0xe9400/0x200! |
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192 cpu0 at mainbus0: <span class="o">(</span>uniprocessor<span class="o">)<… |
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193 cpu0: Vortex86 SoC <span class="o">(</span>586-class<span class="o">)</… |
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194 cpu0: FPU,TSC,CX8 |
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195 pci0 at mainbus0 bus 0: configuration mode 1 <span class="o">(</span>no … |
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196 pchb0 at pci0 dev 0 <span class="k">function </span>0 <span class="s2">"… |
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197 vga1 at pci0 dev 3 <span class="k">function </span>0 <span class="s2">"X… |
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198 wsdisplay0 at vga1 mux 1: console <span class="o">(</span>80x25, vt100 e… |
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199 wsdisplay0: screen 1-5 added <span class="o">(</span>80x25, vt100 emulat… |
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200 pcib0 at pci0 dev 7 <span class="k">function </span>0 <span class="s2">"… |
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201 vte0 at pci0 dev 8 <span class="k">function </span>0 <span class="s2">"R… |
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202 rdcphy0 at vte0 phy 1: R6040 10/100 PHY, rev. 1 |
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203 ohci0 at pci0 dev 10 <span class="k">function </span>0 <span class="s2">… |
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204 ehci0 at pci0 dev 10 <span class="k">function </span>1 <span class="s2">… |
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205 usb0 at ehci0: USB revision 2.0 |
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206 uhub0 at usb0 configuration 1 interface 0 <span class="s2">"RDC EHCI roo… |
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207 ohci1 at pci0 dev 11 <span class="k">function </span>0 <span class="s2">… |
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208 ehci1 at pci0 dev 11 <span class="k">function </span>1 <span class="s2">… |
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209 usb1 at ehci1: USB revision 2.0 |
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210 uhub1 at usb1 configuration 1 interface 0 <span class="s2">"RDC EHCI roo… |
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211 pciide0 at pci0 dev 12 <span class="k">function </span>0 <span class="s2… |
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212 pciide0: channel 0 ignored <span class="o">(</span>not responding<span c… |
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213 pciide0: channel 1 ignored <span class="o">(</span>not responding<span c… |
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214 isa0 at pcib0 |
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215 isadma0 at isa0 |
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216 pckbc0 at isa0 port 0x60/5 irq 1 irq 12 |
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217 pckbd0 at pckbc0 <span class="o">(</span>kbd slot<span class="o">)</span> |
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218 wskbd0 at pckbd0: console keyboard, using wsdisplay0 |
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219 pcppi0 at isa0 port 0x61 |
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220 spkr0 at pcppi0 |
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221 npx0 at isa0 port 0xf0/16: reported by CPUID<span class="p">;</span> usi… |
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222 usb2 at ohci0: USB revision 1.0 |
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223 uhub2 at usb2 configuration 1 interface 0 <span class="s2">"RDC OHCI roo… |
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224 usb3 at ohci1: USB revision 1.0 |
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225 uhub3 at usb3 configuration 1 interface 0 <span class="s2">"RDC OHCI roo… |
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226 dt: 445 probes |
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227 umass0 at uhub1 port 2 configuration 1 interface 0 <span class="s2">"San… |
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228 umass0: using SCSI over Bulk-Only |
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229 scsibus1 at umass0: 2 targets, initiator 0 |
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230 sd0 at scsibus1 targ 1 lun 0: <SanDisk, Cruzer Switch, 1.27> remov… |
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231 sd0: 7633MB, 512 bytes/sector, 15633408 sectors |
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232 uhidev0 at uhub2 port 1 configuration 1 interface 0 <span class="s2">"Le… |
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233 uhidev0: iclass 3/1 |
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234 ukbd0 at uhidev0: 8 variable keys, 6 key codes |
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235 wskbd1 at ukbd0 mux 1 |
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236 wskbd1: connecting to wsdisplay0 |
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237 uhidev1 at uhub2 port 1 configuration 1 interface 1 <span class="s2">"Le… |
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238 uhidev1: iclass 3/1, 22 report ids |
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239 ums0 at uhidev1 reportid 1: 5 buttons, Z and W <span class="nb">dir |
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240 </span>wsmouse0 at ums0 mux 0 |
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241 ucc0 at uhidev1 reportid 16: 573 usages, 18 keys, array |
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242 wskbd2 at ucc0 mux 1 |
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243 wskbd2: connecting to wsdisplay0 |
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244 uhid0 at uhidev1 reportid 17: <span class="nv">input</span><span class="… |
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245 uhid1 at uhidev1 reportid 19: <span class="nv">input</span><span class="… |
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246 uhid2 at uhidev1 reportid 21: <span class="nv">input</span><span class="… |
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247 uhid3 at uhidev1 reportid 22: <span class="nv">input</span><span class="… |
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248 uaudio0 at uhub2 port 2 configuration 1 interface 1 <span class="s2">"AB… |
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249 uaudio0: class v1, full-speed, <span class="nb">sync</span>, channels: 2… |
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250 audio0 at uaudio0 |
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251 uhidev2 at uhub2 port 2 configuration 1 interface 3 <span class="s2">"AB… |
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252 uhidev2: iclass 3/0 |
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253 ucc1 at uhidev2: 11 usages, 3 keys, enum |
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254 wskbd3 at ucc1 mux 1 |
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255 wskbd3: connecting to wsdisplay0 |
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256 vscsi0 at root |
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257 scsibus2 at vscsi0: 256 targets |
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258 softraid0 at root |
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259 scsibus3 at softraid0: 256 targets |
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260 root on sd0a <span class="o">(</span>779fe8066eed6ce5.a<span class="o">)… |
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261 </code></pre></div></div> |
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262 |
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263 <p>There are no sensors available on this machine.</p> |
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264 |
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265 <p>PCI device data:</p> |
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266 |
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267 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
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268 Domain /dev/pci0: |
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269 0:0:0: RDC R6021 Host |
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270 0:3:0: XGI Technology Volari Z7 |
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271 0:7:0: RDC R6031 ISA |
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272 0:8:0: RDC R6040 Ethernet |
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273 0:10:0: RDC R6060 USB |
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274 0:10:1: RDC R6061 USB2 |
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275 0:11:0: RDC R6060 USB |
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276 0:11:1: RDC R6061 USB2 |
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277 0:12:0: RDC R1011 IDE |
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278 </code></pre></div></div> |
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279 |
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280 ]]></content> |
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281 <summary type="html"> |
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282 <![CDATA[Running OpenBSD on the DMP EBOX 3300A-H… |
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283 </summary> |
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284 |
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285 <category term="OpenBSD" scheme="https://www.cambus.net/… |
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286 </entry> |
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287 <entry> |
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288 <title><![CDATA[Diving into toolchains]]></title> |
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289 <link href="https://www.cambus.net/diving-into-toolchain… |
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290 <id>https://www.cambus.net/diving-into-toolchains/</id> |
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291 <published>2021-06-08T13:37:00Z</published> |
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292 <updated>2021-06-08T13:37:00Z</updated> |
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293 <content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>I've been wanting to le… |
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294 for a while now. In June 2016, I asked about <a href="https://twitter.co… |
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295 and parsers</a> on Twitter. However, I have to confess that I didn't go |
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296 forward with reading the Dragon Book.</p> |
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297 |
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298 <p>Instead, I got involved as a developer in the <a href="https://www.op… |
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299 projects, and witnessing the evolution of toolchains within those systems |
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300 played a big role in maintaining my interest and fascination in the topi… |
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301 In retrospect, it now becomes apparent that the work I did on porting |
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302 and packaging software for those systems really helped to put in perspec… |
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303 how the different parts of the toolchains interact together to produce |
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304 binaries.</p> |
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305 |
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306 <p>Approximately one year ago, I asked again on Twitter whether I knew <… |
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307 having worked on compilers and toolchains professionally</a> to get real |
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308 world advice on how to gain expertise in the field. I got several intere… |
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309 answers and started to collect and read more resources on the topic. |
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310 Some of the links I collected ended up on <a href="https://www.toolchain… |
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311 of toolchain resources which I put online in February.</p> |
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312 |
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313 <p>But the answer that resonate the most with me was <a href="https://tw… |
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314 learn by doing</a>. Because I seem to be the kind of person who need to |
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315 see some concrete results in order to keep motivated, that's exactly what |
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316 I decided to do.</p> |
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317 |
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318 <p>I started by doing some cleanups in the <a href="https://www.gnu.org/… |
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319 pkgsrc, which resulted in a <a href="https://www.freshbsd.org/?q=binutil… |
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320 |
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321 <ul> |
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322 <li>2020-12-20 - <a href="https://github.com/NetBSD/pkgsrc/commit/ca38… |
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323 <li>2020-12-15 - <a href="https://github.com/NetBSD/pkgsrc/commit/7263… |
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324 <li>2020-12-14 - <a href="https://github.com/NetBSD/pkgsrc/commit/b163… |
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325 <li>2020-12-13 - <a href="https://github.com/NetBSD/pkgsrc/commit/146d… |
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326 <li>2020-12-12 - <a href="https://github.com/NetBSD/pkgsrc/commit/6b34… |
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327 <li>2020-12-11 - <a href="https://github.com/NetBSD/pkgsrc/commit/f53b… |
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328 <li>2020-12-10 - <a href="https://github.com/NetBSD/pkgsrc/commit/b037… |
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329 <li>2020-12-03 - <a href="https://github.com/NetBSD/pkgsrc/commit/75d0… |
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330 <li>2020-12-03 - <a href="https://github.com/NetBSD/pkgsrc/commit/adfe… |
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331 </ul> |
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332 |
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333 <p>Meanwhile, I also got the opportunity to update our package and apply |
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334 security fixes:</p> |
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335 |
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336 <ul> |
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337 <li>2021-02-11 - <a href="https://github.com/NetBSD/pkgsrc/commit/761e… |
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338 <li>2021-01-27 - <a href="https://github.com/NetBSD/pkgsrc/commit/ba98… |
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339 <li>2021-01-07 - <a href="https://github.com/NetBSD/pkgsrc/commit/7aef… |
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340 <li>2020-12-06 - <a href="https://github.com/NetBSD/pkgsrc/commit/99fd… |
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341 </ul> |
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342 |
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343 <p>I eventually took <a href="https://github.com/NetBSD/pkgsrc/commit/d7… |
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344 |
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345 <p>Building it repeatedly with different compilers exposed different war… |
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346 and I've also run builds through Clang's static analyzer.</p> |
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347 |
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348 <p>All of this resulted in the opportunity to contribute to <a href="htt… |
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349 |
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350 <ul> |
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351 <li>2021-04-14 - <a href="https://sourceware.org/git/?p=binutils-gdb.g… |
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352 <li>2021-04-12 - <a href="https://sourceware.org/git/?p=binutils-gdb.g… |
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353 <li>2021-03-12 - <a href="https://sourceware.org/git/?p=binutils-gdb.g… |
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354 <li>2021-01-26 - <a href="https://sourceware.org/git/?p=binutils-gdb.g… |
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355 </ul> |
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356 |
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357 <p>Most recently, I also wrote a couple of blog posts on the topic:</p> |
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358 |
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359 <ul> |
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360 <li><a href="https://www.cambus.net/the-state-of-toolchains-in-netbsd/… |
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361 <li><a href="https://www.cambus.net/speedbuilding-llvm-clang-in-5-minu… |
|
362 <li><a href="https://www.cambus.net/speedbuilding-llvm-clang-in-2-minu… |
|
363 <li><a href="https://www.cambus.net/the-state-of-toolchains-in-openbsd… |
|
364 <li><a href="https://www.cambus.net/playing-with-djgpp-and-gcc-10-on-d… |
|
365 </ul> |
|
366 |
|
367 <p>And the journey continues. I'm following a different path from tradit… |
|
368 compiler courses starting with lexers and parsers, and doing the opposite |
|
369 curriculum somehow, starting from binaries instead. I will be focusing o… |
|
370 final stages of the pipeline for now: compiling assembly to machine code |
|
371 and producing binaries.</p> |
|
372 |
|
373 <p>My next steps are to read the full <a href="https://refspecs.linuxfou… |
|
374 the <a href="https://linker.iecc.com">Linkers and Loader</a> book, and t… |
|
375 favorite course at university was the computer architecture one and |
|
376 especially its MIPS assembly part, so I'm looking to revisit the subject |
|
377 but with ARM64 assembly this time.</p> |
|
378 |
|
379 ]]></content> |
|
380 <summary type="html"> |
|
381 <![CDATA[My journey into toolchains, through rea… |
|
382 </summary> |
|
383 |
|
384 <category term="Toolchains" scheme="https://www.cambus.n… |
|
385 </entry> |
|
386 <entry> |
|
387 <title><![CDATA[NetBSD on the Vortex86DX CPU]]></title> |
|
388 <link href="https://www.cambus.net/netbsd-on-the-vortex8… |
|
389 <id>https://www.cambus.net/netbsd-on-the-vortex86dx-cpu/… |
|
390 <published>2021-06-03T18:40:00Z</published> |
|
391 <updated>2021-06-03T18:40:00Z</updated> |
|
392 <content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>I'm not exactly sure ho… |
|
393 it was either when seeing the demonstration video on <a href="https://ko… |
|
394 site showcasing the system running on a <strong>DMP EBOX</strong> machin… |
|
395 <strong>NetBSD</strong>'s <a href="https://github.com/NetBSD/src/blob/tr… |
|
396 me to check if the CPU would be correctly probed by the NetBSD's kernel?… |
|
397 |
|
398 <p>For those interested, Wikipedia has an article retracing the <a href=… |
|
399 Vortex86</a> from its birth at <strong>Rise</strong> to our days.</p> |
|
400 |
|
401 <p>Several <strong>DMP EBOX</strong> machines are available for sale at … |
|
402 vendors, but new devices cost several hundreds of dollars which is prohi… |
|
403 for such low spec systems. However, I was recently able to acquire a box… |
|
404 older model on a local auction site for about $25: the <strong>EBOX 3300… |
|
405 a 1GHz CPU and 256MB of RAM, no less.</p> |
|
406 |
|
407 <p>As I already mentioned, those machines are quite slow but they still … |
|
408 a few things going for them:</p> |
|
409 |
|
410 <ul> |
|
411 <li>They are totally <strong>fanless</strong>, and the metal case fini… |
|
412 <li>They are very <strong>low-power x86</strong> embedded devices, and… |
|
413 </ul> |
|
414 |
|
415 <p>I used a power meter to do measurements, and an idle system consumes … |
|
416 Power consumption peaked at 6.4W when running the OpenSSL speed benchmar… |
|
417 |
|
418 <p>There is space for a 2.5" hard drive in the enclosure, but I don't ha… |
|
419 IDE drives anymore so I opted to use old CompactFlash cards I had laying |
|
420 around. As a side note, it's actually exquisite to use those cards like |
|
421 glorified floppies :-)</p> |
|
422 |
|
423 <p>For this post, I used a <strong>1GB CompactFlash</strong> card and se… |
|
424 installation in <strong>sysinst</strong>.</p> |
|
425 |
|
426 <p>The installed system takes 212M:</p> |
|
427 |
|
428 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
429 /dev/wd0a 919M 212M 661M 24% / |
|
430 kernfs 1.0K 1.0K 0B 100% /kern |
|
431 ptyfs 1.0K 1.0K 0B 100% /dev/pts |
|
432 procfs 4.0K 4.0K 0B 100% /proc |
|
433 tmpfs 64M 0B 64M 0% /var/shm |
|
434 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
435 |
|
436 <p>On a freshly booted system, 15 processes are running and 26M of RAM a… |
|
437 |
|
438 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
439 16 processes: 15 sleeping, 1 on CPU |
|
440 CPU states: 0.0% user, 0.0% <span class="nb">nice</span>, 0.0% system… |
|
441 Memory: 26M Act, 6460K Exec, 12M File, 195M Free |
|
442 Swap: |
|
443 |
|
444 PID USERNAME PRI NICE SIZE RES STATE TIME WCPU CPU COMMA… |
|
445 0 root 96 0 0K 26M usbevt 0:01 0.00% 0.00% <span… |
|
446 795 root 43 0 6160K 1628K CPU 0:00 0.00% 0.00% top |
|
447 555 root 85 0 12M 3472K <span class="nb">wait </span>… |
|
448 630 postfix 85 0 13M 3220K kqueue 0:00 0.00% 0.00% qmgr |
|
449 599 postfix 85 0 12M 3172K kqueue 0:00 0.00% 0.00% pickup |
|
450 575 root 85 0 13M 2304K kqueue 0:00 0.00% 0.00% master |
|
451 196 root 85 0 9780K 1960K kqueue 0:00 0.00% 0.00% syslo… |
|
452 583 root 85 0 6788K 1824K <span class="nb">wait </span>… |
|
453 710 root 85 0 6276K 1448K nanoslp 0:00 0.00% 0.00% cron |
|
454 733 root 85 0 6108K 1396K ttyraw 0:00 0.00% 0.00% getty |
|
455 730 root 85 0 5720K 1392K ttyraw 0:00 0.00% 0.00% getty |
|
456 633 root 85 0 6104K 1388K ttyraw 0:00 0.00% 0.00% getty |
|
457 211 root 85 0 7316K 1360K kqueue 0:00 0.00% 0.00% dhcpcd |
|
458 1 root 85 0 6600K 1340K <span class="nb">wait </span>… |
|
459 689 root 85 0 5700K 1184K kqueue 0:00 0.00% 0.00% inetd |
|
460 402 root 84 0 5920K 1140K kqueue 0:00 0.00% 0.00% powerd |
|
461 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
462 |
|
463 <p>Here is the result of running <strong>cat /proc/cpuinfo</strong> on t… |
|
464 |
|
465 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
466 vendor_id : Vortex86 SoC |
|
467 cpu family : 5 |
|
468 model : 2 |
|
469 model name : Vortex86DX |
|
470 stepping : 2 |
|
471 cpu MHz : 1000.05 |
|
472 apicid : 0 |
|
473 initial apicid : 0 |
|
474 fdiv_bug : no |
|
475 fpu : <span class="nb">yes |
|
476 </span>fpu_exception : <span class="nb">yes |
|
477 </span>cpuid level : 1 |
|
478 wp : <span class="nb">yes |
|
479 </span>flags : fpu tsc cx8 |
|
480 clflush size : 0 |
|
481 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
482 |
|
483 <p>For the record, OpenSSL speed benchmark results are available <a href… |
|
484 |
|
485 <p>System message buffer (dmesg output):</p> |
|
486 |
|
487 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
488 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010,… |
|
489 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] 2018, 2019, 2020 The NetBSD F… |
|
490 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] Copyright <span class="o">(</span… |
|
491 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] The Regents of the University… |
|
492 |
|
493 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] NetBSD 9.2 <span class="o">(</spa… |
|
494 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] [email protected]… |
|
495 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] total memory <span class="o">=</s… |
|
496 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] avail memory <span class="o">=</s… |
|
497 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] rnd: seeded with 66 bits |
|
498 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] timecounter: Timecounters tick ev… |
|
499 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] Kernelized RAIDframe activated |
|
500 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] running cgd selftest aes-xts-256 … |
|
501 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] timecounter: Timecounter <span cl… |
|
502 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] Generic PC |
|
503 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] mainbus0 <span class="o">(</span>… |
|
504 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] Firmware Error <span class="o">(<… |
|
505 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] autoconfiguration error: acpi_pro… |
|
506 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] ACPI Error: Could not remove SCI … |
|
507 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] cpu0 at mainbus0 |
|
508 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] cpu0: Vortex86DX, <span class="nb… |
|
509 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] cpu0: package 0, core 0, smt 0 |
|
510 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] pci0 at mainbus0 bus 0: configura… |
|
511 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] pci0: i/o space, memory space ena… |
|
512 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] pchb0 at pci0 dev 0 <span class="… |
|
513 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] vga0 at pci0 dev 3 <span class="k… |
|
514 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] wsdisplay0 at vga0 kbdmux 1: cons… |
|
515 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] wsmux1: connecting to wsdisplay0 |
|
516 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] drm at vga0 not configured |
|
517 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] rdcpcib0 at pci0 dev 7 <span clas… |
|
518 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] rdcpcib0: watchdog timer configur… |
|
519 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] vte0 at pci0 dev 8 <span class="k… |
|
520 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] vte0: Ethernet address 00:1b:eb:2… |
|
521 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] vte0: interrupting at irq 10 |
|
522 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] rdcphy0 at vte0 phy 1: R6040 10/1… |
|
523 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] rdcphy0: 10baseT, 10baseT-FDX, 10… |
|
524 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] ohci0 at pci0 dev 10 <span class=… |
|
525 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] ohci0: interrupting at irq 11 |
|
526 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] ohci0: OHCI version 1.0, legacy s… |
|
527 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] usb0 at ohci0: USB revision 1.0 |
|
528 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] ehci0 at pci0 dev 10 <span class=… |
|
529 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] ehci0: interrupting at irq 11 |
|
530 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] ehci0: BIOS has given up ownership |
|
531 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] ehci0: EHCI version 1.0 |
|
532 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] ehci0: 1 companion controller, 2 … |
|
533 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] usb1 at ehci0: USB revision 2.0 |
|
534 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] ohci1 at pci0 dev 11 <span class=… |
|
535 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] ohci1: interrupting at irq 11 |
|
536 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] ohci1: OHCI version 1.0, legacy s… |
|
537 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] usb2 at ohci1: USB revision 1.0 |
|
538 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] ehci1 at pci0 dev 11 <span class=… |
|
539 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] ehci1: interrupting at irq 11 |
|
540 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] ehci1: BIOS has given up ownership |
|
541 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] ehci1: EHCI version 1.0 |
|
542 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] ehci1: 1 companion controller, 2 … |
|
543 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] usb3 at ehci1: USB revision 2.0 |
|
544 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] rdcide0 at pci0 dev 12 <span clas… |
|
545 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] rdcide0: bus-master DMA support p… |
|
546 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] rdcide0: primary channel configur… |
|
547 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] rdcide0: primary channel interrup… |
|
548 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] atabus0 at rdcide0 channel 0 |
|
549 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] rdcide0: secondary channel config… |
|
550 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] rdcide0: secondary channel interr… |
|
551 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] atabus1 at rdcide0 channel 1 |
|
552 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] isa0 at rdcpcib0 |
|
553 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] pckbc0 at isa0 port 0x60-0x64 |
|
554 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] attimer0 at isa0 port 0x40-0x43 |
|
555 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] pcppi0 at isa0 port 0x61 |
|
556 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] midi0 at pcppi0: PC speaker |
|
557 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] sysbeep0 at pcppi0 |
|
558 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] isapnp0 at isa0 port 0x279 |
|
559 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] attimer0: attached to pcppi0 |
|
560 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] isapnp0: no ISA Plug <span class=… |
|
561 [ 1.000003] timecounter: Timecounter "clockinterrupt" frequency 100 … |
|
562 [ 1.064509] uhub0 at usb1: NetBSD (0000) EHCI root hub (0000), class… |
|
563 [ 1.064509] uhub0: 2 ports with 2 removable, self powered |
|
564 [ 1.064509] uhub1 at usb2: NetBSD (0000) OHCI root hub (0000), class… |
|
565 [ 1.064509] uhub1: 2 ports with 2 removable, self powered |
|
566 [ 1.064509] uhub2 at usb3: NetBSD (0000) EHCI root hub (0000), class… |
|
567 [ 1.064509] uhub2: 2 ports with 2 removable, self powered |
|
568 [ 1.064509] uhub3 at usb0: NetBSD (0000) OHCI root hub (0000), class… |
|
569 [ 1.064509] uhub3: 2 ports with 2 removable, self powered |
|
570 [ 1.064509] IPsec: Initialized Security Association Processing. |
|
571 [ 3.914550] uaudio0 at uhub3 port 2 configuration 1 interface 0 |
|
572 [ 3.914550] uaudio0: vendor 0d8c (0xd8c) C-Media USB Audio Device (0… |
|
573 [ 3.934546] uaudio0: audio rev 1.00 |
|
574 [ 3.934546] audio0 at uaudio0: playback, capture, full duplex, indep… |
|
575 [ 3.934546] audio0: slinear_le:16 2ch 48000Hz, blk 11520 bytes (60ms… |
|
576 [ 3.934546] audio0: slinear_le:16 1ch 48000Hz, blk 6000 bytes (62.5m… |
|
577 [ 3.934546] uhidev0 at uhub3 port 2 configuration 1 interface 3 |
|
578 [ 3.934546] uhidev0: vendor 0d8c (0xd8c) C-Media USB Audio Device (0… |
|
579 [ 3.944550] uhid0 at uhidev0: input=4, output=4, feature=0 |
|
580 [ 4.054550] wd0 at atabus1 drive 0 |
|
581 [ 4.054550] wd0: <Hitachi XX.V.3.5.0.0> |
|
582 [ 4.054550] wd0: drive supports 1-sector PIO transfers, LBA addressi… |
|
583 [ 4.054550] wd0: 977 MB, 1987 cyl, 16 head, 63 sec, 512 bytes/sect x… |
|
584 [ 4.064551] wd0: 32-bit data port |
|
585 [ 4.064551] wd0: drive supports PIO mode 4 |
|
586 [ 4.064551] wd0(rdcide0:1:0): using PIO mode 4 |
|
587 [ 4.084559] WARNING: 1 error while detecting hardware; check system … |
|
588 [ 4.084559] boot device: wd0 |
|
589 [ 4.084559] root on wd0a dumps on wd0b |
|
590 [ 4.094550] root file system type: ffs |
|
591 [ 4.094550] kern.module.path=/stand/i386/9.2/modules |
|
592 [ 20.764808] wsdisplay0: screen 1 added (80x25, vt100 emulation) |
|
593 [ 20.784809] wsdisplay0: screen 2 added (80x25, vt100 emulation) |
|
594 [ 20.794810] wsdisplay0: screen 3 added (80x25, vt100 emulation) |
|
595 [ 20.804812] wsdisplay0: screen 4 added (80x25, vt100 emulation) |
|
596 </span></code></pre></div></div> |
|
597 |
|
598 ]]></content> |
|
599 <summary type="html"> |
|
600 <![CDATA[Running NetBSD on the DMP EBOX 3300A-H … |
|
601 </summary> |
|
602 |
|
603 <category term="NetBSD" scheme="https://www.cambus.net/c… |
|
604 </entry> |
|
605 <entry> |
|
606 <title><![CDATA[Character and color cycling effect in C on DOS]]… |
|
607 <link href="https://www.cambus.net/character-and-color-c… |
|
608 <id>https://www.cambus.net/character-and-color-cycling-e… |
|
609 <published>2021-05-27T23:21:00Z</published> |
|
610 <updated>2021-05-27T23:21:00Z</updated> |
|
611 <content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>As mentioned in my prev… |
|
612 mode. The original version in JavaScript can be seen <a href="https://ww… |
|
613 |
|
614 <p><img src="/content/2021/05/cycling-effect.png" alt="Cycling effect" /… |
|
615 |
|
616 <p>To understand why we can't access video memory directly and need to u… |
|
617 DPMI service to create a selector to access the required real-mode segme… |
|
618 address, please refer to <a href="https://www.delorie.com/djgpp/v2faq/fa… |
|
619 |
|
620 <p>The effect can be downloaded <a href="/content/2021/05/cycling.exe">h… |
|
621 large (104K stripped!), and it requires <a href="https://sandmann.dotste… |
|
622 |
|
623 <p>Here is the code:</p> |
|
624 |
|
625 <div class="language-c highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre cl… |
|
626 #include <dpmi.h> |
|
627 #include <go32.h> |
|
628 #include <pc.h> |
|
629 </span> |
|
630 <span class="kt">void</span> |
|
631 <span class="nf">wait_vbl</span><span class="p">()</span> |
|
632 <span class="p">{</span> |
|
633 <span class="k">while</span><span class="p">(</span><span class=… |
|
634 <span class="k">while</span><span class="p">(</span><span class=… |
|
635 <span class="p">}</span> |
|
636 |
|
637 <span class="kt">int</span> |
|
638 <span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">()</span> |
|
639 <span class="p">{</span> |
|
640 <span class="kt">short</span> <span class="n">video</span> <span… |
|
641 <span class="kt">unsigned</span> <span class="kt">char</span> <s… |
|
642 |
|
643 <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">character</span> <sp… |
|
644 |
|
645 <span class="cm">/* Define character and color arrays */</span> |
|
646 <span class="kt">char</span> <span class="n">characters</span><s… |
|
647 <span class="kt">char</span> <span class="n">colors</span><span … |
|
648 |
|
649 <span class="k">while</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class… |
|
650 <span class="k">for</span> <span class="p">(</span><span… |
|
651 <span class="cm">/* Write character and color da… |
|
652 <span class="n">buffer</span><span class="p">[</… |
|
653 <span class="n">buffer</span><span class="p">[</… |
|
654 |
|
655 <span class="cm">/* Increment the color index */… |
|
656 <span class="n">color</span> <span class="o">=</… |
|
657 <span class="p">}</span> |
|
658 |
|
659 <span class="cm">/* Increment the character index */</sp… |
|
660 <span class="n">character</span> <span class="o">=</span… |
|
661 <span class="n">character</span> <span class="o">+</… |
|
662 |
|
663 <span class="cm">/* Copy the buffer into text mode video… |
|
664 <span class="n">movedata</span><span class="p">(</span><… |
|
665 |
|
666 <span class="cm">/* Wait for VBL */</span> |
|
667 <span class="n">wait_vbl</span><span class="p">();</span> |
|
668 <span class="n">wait_vbl</span><span class="p">();</span> |
|
669 <span class="n">wait_vbl</span><span class="p">();</span> |
|
670 <span class="n">wait_vbl</span><span class="p">();</span> |
|
671 <span class="n">wait_vbl</span><span class="p">();</span> |
|
672 <span class="p">}</span> |
|
673 <span class="p">}</span> |
|
674 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
675 |
|
676 ]]></content> |
|
677 <summary type="html"> |
|
678 <![CDATA[Oldschool demoscene effect in C on DOS:… |
|
679 </summary> |
|
680 |
|
681 <category term="C" scheme="https://www.cambus.net/catego… |
|
682 <category term="DOS" scheme="https://www.cambus.net/cate… |
|
683 </entry> |
|
684 <entry> |
|
685 <title><![CDATA[Playing with DJGPP and GCC 10 on DOS]]></title> |
|
686 <link href="https://www.cambus.net/playing-with-djgpp-an… |
|
687 <id>https://www.cambus.net/playing-with-djgpp-and-gcc-10… |
|
688 <published>2021-05-23T00:36:00Z</published> |
|
689 <updated>2021-05-23T00:36:00Z</updated> |
|
690 <content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>I was recently amazed t… |
|
691 and had very recent versions of GCC and binutils available. I have not b… |
|
692 doing any C programming on DOS in a very long time now, so I think the t… |
|
693 is right.</p> |
|
694 |
|
695 <p>There is an installation program with an interface very similar to th… |
|
696 old <strong>Turbo Vision</strong>, which could be helpful in case one wa… |
|
697 full environment.</p> |
|
698 |
|
699 <p><img src="https://www.cambus.net/content/2021/05/djgpp-01.png" alt="D… |
|
700 |
|
701 <p><img src="https://www.cambus.net/content/2021/05/djgpp-02.png" alt="D… |
|
702 |
|
703 <p>I'm only interested in using the <strong>C</strong> frontend for now,… |
|
704 manual installation.</p> |
|
705 |
|
706 <p>We need the following components:</p> |
|
707 |
|
708 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
709 bnu2351b.zip B 6,230,009 2021-01-16 GNU Binutils 2.35.1 binaries … |
|
710 gcc1030b.zip B 42,027,946 2021-04-18 GNU GCC C compiler 10.3.0 <sp… |
|
711 csdpmi7b.zip B 71,339 2010-01-29 CS<span class="s1">'s DPMI Pr… |
|
712 </span></code></pre></div></div> |
|
713 |
|
714 <p>The development environment can be bootstrapped as follows:</p> |
|
715 |
|
716 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
717 <span class="nb">cd</span> ~/dos/djgpp |
|
718 wget https://www.delorie.com/pub/djgpp/current/v2/djdev205.zip |
|
719 wget https://www.delorie.com/pub/djgpp/current/v2gnu/bnu2351b.zip |
|
720 wget https://www.delorie.com/pub/djgpp/current/v2gnu/gcc1030b.zip |
|
721 wget https://www.delorie.com/pub/djgpp/current/v2misc/csdpmi7b.zip |
|
722 unzip djdev205.zip |
|
723 unzip bnu2351b.zip |
|
724 unzip gcc1030b.zip |
|
725 unzip csdpmi7b.zip |
|
726 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
727 |
|
728 <p>When using <strong>FreeDOS</strong>, we need to add the following in … |
|
729 |
|
730 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
731 <span class="nb">set </span><span class="nv">PATH</span><span class="o">… |
|
732 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
733 |
|
734 <p>Alternatively, when using <strong>DOSBox</strong> instead, we need th… |
|
735 <em>dosbox.conf</em>:</p> |
|
736 |
|
737 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
738 mount c ~/dos |
|
739 <span class="nv">path</span><span class="o">=</span>c:<span class="se">\… |
|
740 </span><span class="nb">set </span><span class="nv">DJGPP</span><span cl… |
|
741 c: |
|
742 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
743 |
|
744 <p>Once we are done installing, this gives us GCC 10.3.0 and ld 2.35.1:<… |
|
745 |
|
746 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
747 gcc.exe <span class="o">(</span>GCC<span class="o">)</span> 10.3.0 |
|
748 Copyright <span class="o">(</span>C<span class="o">)</span> 2020 Free So… |
|
749 This is free software<span class="p">;</span> see the <span class="nb">s… |
|
750 warranty<span class="p">;</span> not even <span class="k">for </span>MER… |
|
751 |
|
752 C:<span class="se">\></span>ld <span class="nt">--version</span> |
|
753 GNU ld <span class="o">(</span>GNU Binutils<span class="o">)</span> 2.35… |
|
754 Copyright <span class="o">(</span>C<span class="o">)</span> 2020 Free So… |
|
755 This program is free software<span class="p">;</span> you may redistribu… |
|
756 the GNU General Public License version 3 or <span class="o">(</span>at y… |
|
757 This program has absolutely no warranty. |
|
758 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
759 |
|
760 <p>To verify things are working properly, let's create a simple test pro… |
|
761 |
|
762 <div class="language-c highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre cl… |
|
763 </span> |
|
764 <span class="kt">int</span> |
|
765 <span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">()</span> |
|
766 <span class="p">{</span> |
|
767 <span class="n">puts</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="… |
|
768 |
|
769 <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span cla… |
|
770 <span class="p">}</span> |
|
771 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
772 |
|
773 <p>We then build and run it:</p> |
|
774 |
|
775 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
776 |
|
777 C:<span class="se">\></span>hello |
|
778 Hello World! |
|
779 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
780 |
|
781 <p>Here is the output of running <strong>file</strong> on the executable… |
|
782 |
|
783 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
784 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
785 |
|
786 <p>Let's build only an object file:</p> |
|
787 |
|
788 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
789 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
790 |
|
791 <p>We can run <strong>nm</strong> on it to list symbols:</p> |
|
792 |
|
793 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
794 00000000 b .bss |
|
795 00000000 N .comment |
|
796 00000000 d .data |
|
797 00000000 t .text |
|
798 0000000d T _main |
|
799 U _puts |
|
800 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
801 |
|
802 <p>And run <strong>objdump</strong> to display its content:</p> |
|
803 |
|
804 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
805 |
|
806 HELLO.o: file format coff-go32 |
|
807 |
|
808 Contents of section .text: |
|
809 0000 48656c6c 6f20576f 726c6421 008d4c24 Hello World!..L<span class="e… |
|
810 0010 0483e4f0 ff71fc55 89e55183 ec0483ec .....q.U..Q..... |
|
811 0020 0c680000 0000e8d5 ffffff83 c410b800 .h.............. |
|
812 0030 0000008b 4dfc89ec 5d8d61fc c3909090 ....M...].a..... |
|
813 Contents of section .comment: |
|
814 0000 4743433a 2028474e 55292031 302e332e GCC: <span class="o">(</span>… |
|
815 0010 30000000 0... |
|
816 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
817 |
|
818 <p>We can also use <strong>objdump</strong> to disassemble the object fi… |
|
819 |
|
820 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
821 |
|
822 HELLO.o: file format coff-go32 |
|
823 |
|
824 Disassembly of section .text: |
|
825 |
|
826 00000000 <.text>: |
|
827 0: 48 dec %eax |
|
828 1: 65 6c gs insb <span class="o">(</span>%dx… |
|
829 3: 6c insb <span class="o">(</span>%dx<… |
|
830 4: 6f outsl %ds:<span class="o">(</span>… |
|
831 5: 20 57 6f and %dl,0x6f<span class="o">(</s… |
|
832 8: 72 6c jb 76 <_main+0x69> |
|
833 a: 64 21 00 and %eax,%fs:<span class="o">(</… |
|
834 |
|
835 0000000d <_main>: |
|
836 d: 8d 4c 24 04 lea 0x4<span class="o">(</span>%… |
|
837 11: 83 e4 f0 and <span class="nv">$0xfffffff0… |
|
838 14: ff 71 <span class="nb">fc </span>pushl <spa… |
|
839 17: 55 push %ebp |
|
840 18: 89 e5 mov %esp,%ebp |
|
841 1a: 51 push %ecx |
|
842 1b: 83 ec 04 sub <span class="nv">$0x4</span>… |
|
843 1e: 83 ec 0c sub <span class="nv">$0xc</span>… |
|
844 21: 68 00 00 00 00 push <span class="nv">$0x0</span> |
|
845 26: e8 d5 ff ff ff call 0 <.text> |
|
846 2b: 83 c4 10 add <span class="nv">$0x10</span… |
|
847 2e: b8 00 00 00 00 mov <span class="nv">$0x0</span>… |
|
848 33: 8b 4d <span class="nb">fc </span>mov <spa… |
|
849 36: 89 ec mov %ebp,%esp |
|
850 38: 5d pop %ebp |
|
851 39: 8d 61 <span class="nb">fc </span>lea <spa… |
|
852 3c: c3 ret |
|
853 3d: 90 nop |
|
854 3e: 90 nop |
|
855 3f: 90 nop |
|
856 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
857 |
|
858 <p>Besides the C frontend, the <strong>Ada</strong>, <strong>C++</strong… |
|
859 and <strong>Pascal</strong> frontends are also available. While I used D… |
|
860 development environment and prepare this article, I've since moved to Fr… |
|
861 which I'm running natively on my ASUS Eee PC. I'm currently having a lot… |
|
862 fun redoing some small character and color cycling effects in text mode.… |
|
863 |
|
864 ]]></content> |
|
865 <summary type="html"> |
|
866 <![CDATA[How to install a C developement environ… |
|
867 </summary> |
|
868 |
|
869 <category term="DOS" scheme="https://www.cambus.net/cate… |
|
870 <category term="Toolchains" scheme="https://www.cambus.n… |
|
871 </entry> |
|
872 <entry> |
|
873 <title><![CDATA[The state of toolchains in OpenBSD]]></title> |
|
874 <link href="https://www.cambus.net/the-state-of-toolchai… |
|
875 <id>https://www.cambus.net/the-state-of-toolchains-in-op… |
|
876 <published>2021-05-19T12:08:00Z</published> |
|
877 <updated>2021-05-19T12:08:00Z</updated> |
|
878 <content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>For most of the 2010s, … |
|
879 It was <a href="https://gcc.gnu.org/gcc-4.2/">released</a> in July 2007,… |
|
880 in October 2009, and became the default compiler on the amd64, i386, hpp… |
|
881 sparc64, socppc and macppc platforms in <a href="https://www.openbsd.org… |
|
882 2010. As specified in the commit message during import, this is the last |
|
883 version released under the GPLv2 license.</p> |
|
884 |
|
885 <p>OpenBSD was not the only operating system sticking to GCC 4.2.1 for l… |
|
886 reasons, FreeBSD did the same, and Mac OS X as well.</p> |
|
887 |
|
888 <p>As a general rule, and this is not OpenBSD specific, being stuck with… |
|
889 compilers is problematic for several reasons:</p> |
|
890 |
|
891 <ul> |
|
892 <li>The main reason has to be <strong>newer C and C++ standards suppor… |
|
893 C standards committee is conservative and the language evolves slowly, t… |
|
894 pace at which new C++ standards appear has been accelerating, with a new |
|
895 version emerging every 3 years.</li> |
|
896 <li>Another major reason is <strong>new architectures support</strong>… |
|
897 like ARMv8 and RISC-V, but also x86-64 microarchitecture updates.</li> |
|
898 <li>They are not getting <strong>bugfixes</strong>, nor new optimizati… |
|
899 diagnostic (better warnings) and security features.</li> |
|
900 </ul> |
|
901 |
|
902 <p>The latest point has been partially mitigated on OpenBSD, as several … |
|
903 have worked on fixing OpenBSD related issues and backporting fixes, as |
|
904 detailed in Miod's excellent "<a href="https://marc.info/?l=openbsd-misc… |
|
905 |
|
906 <p>Regarding new architectures support, the more astute reader will know… |
|
907 all OpenBSD supported platforms are self-hosted and releases must be bui… |
|
908 using the base system compiler on real hardware. No cross-compilation, no |
|
909 emulators. The ARMv8 architecture was announced in 2011, a few years aft… |
|
910 GCC 4.2.1 was released. By the year 2016, 64-bit ARMv8 devices were gett… |
|
911 widely available and more affordable. During the g2k16 hackathon, the |
|
912 Castle Inn pub had become a favorite meet-up point among OpenBSD develop… |
|
913 and the topic came up at one of the evening gatherings. I happened to be |
|
914 sitting nearby when patrick@ discussed with deraadt@ about the possibili… |
|
915 of importing LLVM to make a future <a href="https://www.openbsd.org/arm6… |
|
916 and Theo said that there was nothing blocking it. The next day, pascal@ |
|
917 mentioned he already had some Makefiles to replace the LLVM build system, |
|
918 and when someone then asked how long it would take to put them in shape … |
|
919 import, he said he didn't know, then smiled and said: "Let's find out! :… |
|
920 Before the end of the hackathon, he imported <a href="https://undeadly.o… |
|
921 Patrick's <a href="https://undeadly.org/cgi?action=article;sid=201609152… |
|
922 technical details.</p> |
|
923 |
|
924 <p>OpenBSD/arm64 became the first platform to use Clang as base system c… |
|
925 and LLD as the default linker. Clang then became the <a href="https://un… |
|
926 and i386</a> in July 2017, on <a href="https://www.freshbsd.org/openbsd/… |
|
927 July 2019, on <a href="https://www.freshbsd.org/openbsd/src/commit/VtKIf… |
|
928 December 2020.</p> |
|
929 |
|
930 <p>LLVM was updated regularly along the way up to the 8.0.1 version, whi… |
|
931 was the latest version released under the NCSA license. From then all la… |
|
932 LLVM versions have been released under the Apache 2.0 license, which cou… |
|
933 be included in OpenBSD. The project's <a href="https://www.openbsd.org/p… |
|
934 OpenBSD's stance on the license, and Mark Kettenis <a href="https://list… |
|
935 llvm-dev mailing list gives more background information.</p> |
|
936 |
|
937 <p>While staying with LLVM 8.0.1 would not have been an immediate proble… |
|
938 the OpenBSD kernel and the base system userland which uses C99, the proj… |
|
939 includes 3rd party C++ codebases for parts of the graphics stack and of … |
|
940 LLVM itself. Jonathan Gray <a href="https://marc.info/?l=openbsd-misc&am… |
|
941 mailing list, mentioning that not updating was becoming increasingly pai… |
|
942 The effect which can be observed in the 3rd party software ecosystem |
|
943 regarding newer C and C++ standards is that while C99 is still reigning |
|
944 supreme in C codebases, C++ codebases maintainers have been eager to ado… |
|
945 new C++ standards (and for good reasons). The recent RFC on cfe-dev about |
|
946 <a href="https://lists.llvm.org/pipermail/cfe-dev/2021-April/068058.html… |
|
947 2018) proves that LLVM is no exception. A compromise was thus inevitable, |
|
948 and <a href="https://undeadly.org/cgi?action=article;sid=20200806001449"… |
|
949 |
|
950 <p>At the time the OpenBSD 6.9 branch was created, the CVS tree contained |
|
951 LLVM 10.0.1, GCC 4.2.1, and GCC 3.3.6. However, it's important to unders… |
|
952 that not all compilers are built on all platforms:</p> |
|
953 |
|
954 <ul> |
|
955 <li><strong>Clang is the default compiler</strong> on amd64, arm64, ar… |
|
956 macppc, octeon, powerpc64, and riscv64.</li> |
|
957 <li>GCC 4.2.1 is still the default compiler on alpha, hppa, landisk, a… |
|
958 <li>OpenBSD/luna88k is the only platform still using GCC 3.3.6, as <a … |
|
959 was removed in GCC 3.4</a>.</li> |
|
960 </ul> |
|
961 |
|
962 <p>Following the OpenBSD 6.9 release, OpenBSD-current has been updated to |
|
963 LLVM 11.1.0 and GCC 4.2.1 is <a href="https://www.freshbsd.org/openbsd/s… |
|
964 (released in March 2020) is available in the ports collection.</p> |
|
965 |
|
966 <p>Among the remaining platforms still using GCC 4.2.1 as the default co… |
|
967 only sparc64 will be able to switch in the future. LLVM has a Sparc V9 b… |
|
968 and work has been done in OpenBSD to make the switch possible. For all t… |
|
969 other remaining ones, there are no alpha, hppa, sh4, nor m88k backends i… |
|
970 and even if this changed in the future, the hardware is too slow to be a… |
|
971 self-host the compiler.</p> |
|
972 |
|
973 <p>Regarding linkers, <strong>LLD is the default linker</strong> on amd6… |
|
974 powerpc64, and riscv64. All other platforms still use GNU ld from binuti… |
|
975 2.17. Realistically, it should be possible to switch to LLD in the future |
|
976 on the following platforms: loongson, macppc, octeon, and sparc64.</p> |
|
977 |
|
978 <p>At this point, all relevant architectures have modern and up-to-date |
|
979 toolchains, and we can look ahead in confidence on that front.</p> |
|
980 |
|
981 ]]></content> |
|
982 <summary type="html"> |
|
983 <![CDATA[The current state of LLVM and GNU toolc… |
|
984 </summary> |
|
985 |
|
986 <category term="OpenBSD" scheme="https://www.cambus.net/… |
|
987 <category term="Toolchains" scheme="https://www.cambus.n… |
|
988 </entry> |
|
989 <entry> |
|
990 <title><![CDATA[Speedbuilding LLVM/Clang in 2 minutes on ARM]]><… |
|
991 <link href="https://www.cambus.net/speedbuilding-llvm-cl… |
|
992 <id>https://www.cambus.net/speedbuilding-llvm-clang-in-2… |
|
993 <published>2021-05-12T23:09:00Z</published> |
|
994 <updated>2021-05-12T23:09:00Z</updated> |
|
995 <content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>This post is the AArch6… |
|
996 minutes</a>" article.</p> |
|
997 |
|
998 <p>After publishing and sharing the previous post URL with some friends … |
|
999 I was asked if I wanted to try doing the same on a 160 cores ARM machine. |
|
1000 Finding out what my answer was is left as an exercise to the reader :-)<… |
|
1001 |
|
1002 <p>The system I'm using for this experiment is a BM.Standard.A1.160 bare… |
|
1003 machine from Oracle Cloud, which has a dual-socket motherboard with two … |
|
1004 cores <strong>Ampere Altra CPUs</strong>, for a total <strong>160 cores<… |
|
1005 RAM</strong>. This is to the best of my knowledge the fastest AArch64 se… |
|
1006 machine available at this time.</p> |
|
1007 |
|
1008 <p>The system is running Oracle Linux Server 8.3 with up-to-date packages |
|
1009 and kernel.</p> |
|
1010 |
|
1011 <p>The full result of <em>cat /proc/cpuinfo</em> is available <a href="/… |
|
1012 |
|
1013 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
1014 Linux benchmarks 5.4.17-2102.201.3.el8uek.aarch64 <span class="c">#2 SMP… |
|
1015 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
1016 |
|
1017 <p>Let's start by installing required packages:</p> |
|
1018 |
|
1019 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
1020 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
1021 |
|
1022 <p>Unfortunately the CMake version available in the packages repository … |
|
1023 is too old to build the main branch of the LLVM Git repository, and Ninj… |
|
1024 not available either.</p> |
|
1025 |
|
1026 <p>Let's bootstrap <a href="https://pkgsrc.org">Pkgsrc</a> to build and … |
|
1027 |
|
1028 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
1029 <span class="nb">cd </span>pkgsrc/bootstrap |
|
1030 ./bootstrap <span class="nt">--make-jobs</span><span class="o">=</span>1… |
|
1031 |
|
1032 <span class="o">===></span> bootstrap started: Wed May 12 12:23:34 GM… |
|
1033 <span class="o">===></span> bootstrap ended: Wed May 12 12:26:08 GM… |
|
1034 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
1035 |
|
1036 <p>We then need to add <em>~pkg/bin</em> and <em>~pkg/sbin</em> to the p… |
|
1037 |
|
1038 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
1039 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
1040 |
|
1041 <p>For faster Pkgsrc builds, we can edit <em>~/pkg/etc/mk.conf</em> and … |
|
1042 |
|
1043 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
1044 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
1045 |
|
1046 <p>Let's build and install CMake and Ninja:</p> |
|
1047 |
|
1048 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
1049 bmake <span class="nb">install </span>package clean clean-depends |
|
1050 |
|
1051 <span class="nb">cd</span> ~/pkgsrc/devel/ninja-build |
|
1052 bmake <span class="nb">install </span>package clean clean-depends |
|
1053 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
1054 |
|
1055 <p>The compiler used for the builds is Clang 10.0.1:</p> |
|
1056 |
|
1057 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
1058 clang version 10.0.1 <span class="o">(</span>Red Hat 10.0.1-1.0.1.module… |
|
1059 Target: aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu |
|
1060 Thread model: posix |
|
1061 InstalledDir: /bin |
|
1062 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
1063 |
|
1064 <p>Regarding linkers, we are using GNU ld and GNU Gold from binutils 2.3… |
|
1065 and LLD 10.0.1.</p> |
|
1066 |
|
1067 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
1068 GNU gold <span class="o">(</span>version 2.30-79.0.1.el8<span class="o">… |
|
1069 LLD 10.0.1 <span class="o">(</span>compatible with GNU linkers<span clas… |
|
1070 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
1071 |
|
1072 <p>For all the following runs, I'm building from the Git repository main… |
|
1073 commit <a href="https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/commit/cf4610d27bbb… |
|
1074 of course fully erased between each run.</p> |
|
1075 |
|
1076 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
1077 Author: Victor Huang <[email protected]> |
|
1078 Date: Wed May 12 10:56:54 2021 <span class="nt">-0500</span> |
|
1079 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
1080 |
|
1081 <p>I'm not sure what the underlying storage is, but with 1 TB of RAM the… |
|
1082 is no reason not to use a ramdisk.</p> |
|
1083 |
|
1084 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
1085 mount <span class="nt">-t</span> tmpfs <span class="nt">-o</span> <span … |
|
1086 <span class="nb">cd</span> /mnt/ramdisk |
|
1087 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
1088 |
|
1089 <p>To get a baseline, let's do a full release build on this machine:</p> |
|
1090 |
|
1091 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
1092 <span class="nb">mkdir </span>build |
|
1093 <span class="nb">cd </span>build |
|
1094 |
|
1095 cmake <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_C_COMPILER</span><span class="o">=</spa… |
|
1096 <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER</span><span class="o">=</s… |
|
1097 <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE</span><span class="o">=</spa… |
|
1098 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_ENABLE_PROJECTS</span><span class="o">=<… |
|
1099 ../llvm |
|
1100 |
|
1101 <span class="nb">time </span>make <span class="nt">-j160</span> |
|
1102 real 7m3.226s |
|
1103 user 403m28.362s |
|
1104 sys 6m41.331s |
|
1105 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
1106 |
|
1107 <p>By default, CMake generates Makefiles. As documented in the "<a href=… |
|
1108 with the LLVM System</a>" tutorial, most LLVM developers use Ninja.</p> |
|
1109 |
|
1110 <p>Let's switch to generating Ninja build files, and using ninja to buil… |
|
1111 |
|
1112 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
1113 <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER</span><span class="o">=</s… |
|
1114 <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE</span><span class="o">=</spa… |
|
1115 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_ENABLE_PROJECTS</span><span class="o">=<… |
|
1116 <span class="nt">-GNinja</span> ../llvm |
|
1117 |
|
1118 <span class="nb">time </span>ninja |
|
1119 <span class="o">[</span>4182/4182] Linking CXX executable bin/c-index-te… |
|
1120 |
|
1121 real 4m20.403s |
|
1122 user 427m27.118s |
|
1123 sys 7m2.320s |
|
1124 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
1125 |
|
1126 <p><img src="/content/2021/05/llvm-clang-htop-arm.png" alt="htop" /></p> |
|
1127 |
|
1128 <p>By default, GNU ld is used for linking. Let's switch to using gold:</… |
|
1129 |
|
1130 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
1131 <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER</span><span class="o">=</s… |
|
1132 <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE</span><span class="o">=</spa… |
|
1133 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_ENABLE_PROJECTS</span><span class="o">=<… |
|
1134 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_USE_LINKER</span><span class="o">=</span… |
|
1135 <span class="nt">-GNinja</span> ../llvm |
|
1136 |
|
1137 <span class="nb">time </span>ninja |
|
1138 <span class="o">[</span>4182/4182] Linking CXX executable bin/c-index-te… |
|
1139 |
|
1140 real 4m1.062s |
|
1141 user 427m1.648s |
|
1142 sys 6m58.282s |
|
1143 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
1144 |
|
1145 <p>LLD has been a viable option for some years now. Let's use it:</p> |
|
1146 |
|
1147 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
1148 <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER</span><span class="o">=</s… |
|
1149 <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE</span><span class="o">=</spa… |
|
1150 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_ENABLE_PROJECTS</span><span class="o">=<… |
|
1151 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_USE_LINKER</span><span class="o">=</span… |
|
1152 <span class="nt">-GNinja</span> ../llvm |
|
1153 |
|
1154 <span class="nb">time </span>ninja |
|
1155 <span class="o">[</span>4182/4182] Linking CXX executable bin/clang-scan… |
|
1156 |
|
1157 real 3m58.476s |
|
1158 user 428m3.807s |
|
1159 sys 7m14.418s |
|
1160 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
1161 |
|
1162 <p>Using GNU gold instead of GNU ld results in noticeably faster builds,… |
|
1163 switching to LLD shaves a few mores seconds from the build.</p> |
|
1164 |
|
1165 <p>If we want to build faster, we can make some compromises and start st… |
|
1166 the build by removing some components.</p> |
|
1167 |
|
1168 <p>Let's start by disabling additional architecture support:</p> |
|
1169 |
|
1170 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
1171 <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER</span><span class="o">=</s… |
|
1172 <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE</span><span class="o">=</spa… |
|
1173 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_ENABLE_PROJECTS</span><span class="o">=<… |
|
1174 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_USE_LINKER</span><span class="o">=</span… |
|
1175 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_TARGETS_TO_BUILD</span><span class="o">=… |
|
1176 <span class="nt">-GNinja</span> ../llvm |
|
1177 |
|
1178 <span class="nb">time </span>ninja |
|
1179 <span class="o">[</span>3195/3195] Linking CXX executable bin/c-index-te… |
|
1180 |
|
1181 real 3m10.312s |
|
1182 user 326m54.898s |
|
1183 sys 5m24.770s |
|
1184 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
1185 |
|
1186 <p>We can verify the resulting Clang binary only supports AArch64 target… |
|
1187 |
|
1188 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
1189 Registered Targets: |
|
1190 aarch64 - AArch64 <span class="o">(</span>little endian<span clas… |
|
1191 aarch64_32 - AArch64 <span class="o">(</span>little endian ILP32<spa… |
|
1192 aarch64_be - AArch64 <span class="o">(</span>big endian<span class="… |
|
1193 arm64 - ARM64 <span class="o">(</span>little endian<span class=… |
|
1194 arm64_32 - ARM64 <span class="o">(</span>little endian ILP32<span … |
|
1195 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
1196 |
|
1197 <p>Let's go further and disable the static analyzer and the ARC Migratio… |
|
1198 |
|
1199 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
1200 <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER</span><span class="o">=</s… |
|
1201 <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE</span><span class="o">=</spa… |
|
1202 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_ENABLE_PROJECTS</span><span class="o">=<… |
|
1203 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_USE_LINKER</span><span class="o">=</span… |
|
1204 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_TARGETS_TO_BUILD</span><span class="o">=… |
|
1205 <span class="nt">-DCLANG_ENABLE_STATIC_ANALYZER</span><span clas… |
|
1206 <span class="nt">-DCLANG_ENABLE_ARCMT</span><span class="o">=</s… |
|
1207 <span class="nt">-GNinja</span> ../llvm |
|
1208 |
|
1209 <span class="nb">time </span>ninja |
|
1210 <span class="o">[</span>3146/3146] Creating library symlink lib/libclang… |
|
1211 |
|
1212 real 3m6.474s |
|
1213 user 319m25.914s |
|
1214 sys 5m20.924s |
|
1215 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
1216 |
|
1217 <p>Let's disable building some LLVM tools and utils:</p> |
|
1218 |
|
1219 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
1220 <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER</span><span class="o">=</s… |
|
1221 <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE</span><span class="o">=</spa… |
|
1222 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_ENABLE_PROJECTS</span><span class="o">=<… |
|
1223 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_USE_LINKER</span><span class="o">=</span… |
|
1224 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_TARGETS_TO_BUILD</span><span class="o">=… |
|
1225 <span class="nt">-DCLANG_ENABLE_STATIC_ANALYZER</span><span clas… |
|
1226 <span class="nt">-DCLANG_ENABLE_ARCMT</span><span class="o">=</s… |
|
1227 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_BUILD_TOOLS</span><span class="o">=</spa… |
|
1228 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_BUILD_UTILS</span><span class="o">=</spa… |
|
1229 <span class="nt">-GNinja</span> ../llvm |
|
1230 |
|
1231 <span class="nb">time </span>ninja |
|
1232 <span class="o">[</span>2879/2879] Creating library symlink lib/libclang… |
|
1233 |
|
1234 real 2m59.659s |
|
1235 user 298m47.482s |
|
1236 sys 4m57.430s |
|
1237 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
1238 |
|
1239 <p>Compared to the previous build, the following binaries were not built: |
|
1240 <em>FileCheck</em>, <em>count</em>, <em>lli-child-target</em>, <em>llvm-… |
|
1241 <em>llvm-PerfectShuffle</em>, <em>not</em>, <em>obj2yaml</em>, <em>yaml2… |
|
1242 |
|
1243 <p>We are reaching the end of our journey here. At this point, we are do… |
|
1244 stripping out things.</p> |
|
1245 |
|
1246 <p>Let's disable optimizations and do a last run:</p> |
|
1247 |
|
1248 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
1249 <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER</span><span class="o">=</s… |
|
1250 <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE</span><span class="o">=</spa… |
|
1251 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_ENABLE_PROJECTS</span><span class="o">=<… |
|
1252 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_USE_LINKER</span><span class="o">=</span… |
|
1253 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_TARGETS_TO_BUILD</span><span class="o">=… |
|
1254 <span class="nt">-DCLANG_ENABLE_STATIC_ANALYZER</span><span clas… |
|
1255 <span class="nt">-DCLANG_ENABLE_ARCMT</span><span class="o">=</s… |
|
1256 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_BUILD_TOOLS</span><span class="o">=</spa… |
|
1257 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_BUILD_UTILS</span><span class="o">=</spa… |
|
1258 <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_RELEASE</span><span class="o"… |
|
1259 <span class="nt">-GNinja</span> ../llvm |
|
1260 |
|
1261 <span class="nb">time </span>ninja |
|
1262 <span class="o">[</span>2879/2879] Linking CXX executable bin/c-index-te… |
|
1263 |
|
1264 real 2m37.003s |
|
1265 user 231m53.133s |
|
1266 sys 4m56.675s |
|
1267 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
1268 |
|
1269 <p>So this is it, this machine can build a full LLVM/Clang release build… |
|
1270 a bit less than four minutes, and a stripped down build with optimizatio… |
|
1271 disabled in two minutes. Two minutes. This is absolutely mind-blowing… |
|
1272 The future is now!</p> |
|
1273 |
|
1274 ]]></content> |
|
1275 <summary type="html"> |
|
1276 <![CDATA[Speedbuilding LLVM/Clang in 2 minutes o… |
|
1277 </summary> |
|
1278 |
|
1279 <category term="Toolchains" scheme="https://www.cambus.n… |
|
1280 </entry> |
|
1281 <entry> |
|
1282 <title><![CDATA[Speedbuilding LLVM/Clang in 5 minutes]]></title> |
|
1283 <link href="https://www.cambus.net/speedbuilding-llvm-cl… |
|
1284 <id>https://www.cambus.net/speedbuilding-llvm-clang-in-5… |
|
1285 <published>2021-05-11T21:21:00Z</published> |
|
1286 <updated>2021-05-11T21:21:00Z</updated> |
|
1287 <content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>This post is a spiritua… |
|
1288 <strong>MIPS64</strong> in a RAM constrained environment.</p> |
|
1289 |
|
1290 <p>After reading the excellent "<a href="https://www.npopov.com/2020/05/… |
|
1291 the topic, and see how fast I could build a recent version of <strong>LL… |
|
1292 <strong>Clang</strong> on modern x86 server hardware.</p> |
|
1293 |
|
1294 <p>The system I'm using for this experiment is a CCX62 instance from Het… |
|
1295 which has <strong>48 dedicated vCPUs</strong> and <strong>192 GB of RAM<… |
|
1296 machine available in their cloud offering at the moment.</p> |
|
1297 |
|
1298 <p>The system is running Fedora 34 with up-to-date packages and kernel.<… |
|
1299 |
|
1300 <p>The full result of <em>cat /proc/cpuinfo</em> is available <a href="/… |
|
1301 |
|
1302 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
1303 Linux benchmarks 5.11.18-300.fc34.x86_64 <span class="c">#1 SMP Mon May … |
|
1304 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
1305 |
|
1306 <p>Let's start by installing required packages:</p> |
|
1307 |
|
1308 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
1309 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
1310 |
|
1311 <p>The compiler used for the builds is Clang 12.0.0:</p> |
|
1312 |
|
1313 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
1314 clang version 12.0.0 <span class="o">(</span>Fedora 12.0.0-0.3.rc1.fc34<… |
|
1315 Target: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu |
|
1316 Thread model: posix |
|
1317 InstalledDir: /usr/bin |
|
1318 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
1319 |
|
1320 <p>Regarding linkers, we are using GNU ld and GNU Gold from binutils 2.3… |
|
1321 and LLD 12.0.0.</p> |
|
1322 |
|
1323 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
1324 GNU gold <span class="o">(</span>version 2.35.1-41.fc34<span class="o">)… |
|
1325 LLD 12.0.0 <span class="o">(</span>compatible with GNU linkers<span clas… |
|
1326 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
1327 |
|
1328 <p>For all the following runs, I'm building from the Git repository main… |
|
1329 commit <a href="https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/commit/831cf15ca689… |
|
1330 of course fully erased between each run.</p> |
|
1331 |
|
1332 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
1333 Author: David Spickett <[email protected]> |
|
1334 Date: Wed May 5 11:49:35 2021 +0100 |
|
1335 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
1336 |
|
1337 <p>To get a baseline, let's do a full release build on this machine:</p> |
|
1338 |
|
1339 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
1340 <span class="nb">mkdir </span>build |
|
1341 <span class="nb">cd </span>build |
|
1342 |
|
1343 cmake <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_C_COMPILER</span><span class="o">=</spa… |
|
1344 <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER</span><span class="o">=</s… |
|
1345 <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE</span><span class="o">=</spa… |
|
1346 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_ENABLE_PROJECTS</span><span class="o">=<… |
|
1347 ../llvm |
|
1348 |
|
1349 <span class="nb">time </span>make <span class="nt">-j48</span> |
|
1350 real 11m19.852s |
|
1351 user 436m30.619s |
|
1352 sys 12m5.724s |
|
1353 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
1354 |
|
1355 <p>By default, CMake generates Makefiles. As documented in the "<a href=… |
|
1356 with the LLVM System</a>" tutorial, most LLVM developers use Ninja.</p> |
|
1357 |
|
1358 <p>Let's switch to generating Ninja build files, and using ninja to buil… |
|
1359 |
|
1360 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
1361 <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER</span><span class="o">=</s… |
|
1362 <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE</span><span class="o">=</spa… |
|
1363 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_ENABLE_PROJECTS</span><span class="o">=<… |
|
1364 <span class="nt">-GNinja</span> ../llvm |
|
1365 |
|
1366 <span class="nb">time </span>ninja |
|
1367 <span class="o">[</span>4182/4182] Generating ../../bin/llvm-readelf |
|
1368 |
|
1369 real 10m13.755s |
|
1370 user 452m16.034s |
|
1371 sys 12m7.584s |
|
1372 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
1373 |
|
1374 <p><img src="/content/2021/05/llvm-clang-htop.png" alt="htop" /></p> |
|
1375 |
|
1376 <p>By default, GNU ld is used for linking. Let's switch to using gold:</… |
|
1377 |
|
1378 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
1379 <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER</span><span class="o">=</s… |
|
1380 <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE</span><span class="o">=</spa… |
|
1381 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_ENABLE_PROJECTS</span><span class="o">=<… |
|
1382 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_USE_LINKER</span><span class="o">=</span… |
|
1383 <span class="nt">-GNinja</span> ../llvm |
|
1384 |
|
1385 <span class="nb">time </span>ninja |
|
1386 <span class="o">[</span>4182/4182] Generating ../../bin/llvm-readelf |
|
1387 |
|
1388 real 10m13.405s |
|
1389 user 451m35.029s |
|
1390 sys 11m57.649s |
|
1391 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
1392 |
|
1393 <p>LLD has been a viable option for some years now. Let's use it:</p> |
|
1394 |
|
1395 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
1396 <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER</span><span class="o">=</s… |
|
1397 <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE</span><span class="o">=</spa… |
|
1398 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_ENABLE_PROJECTS</span><span class="o">=<… |
|
1399 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_USE_LINKER</span><span class="o">=</span… |
|
1400 <span class="nt">-GNinja</span> ../llvm |
|
1401 |
|
1402 <span class="nb">time </span>ninja |
|
1403 <span class="o">[</span>4182/4182] Generating ../../bin/llvm-readelf |
|
1404 |
|
1405 real 10m12.710s |
|
1406 user 451m12.444s |
|
1407 sys 12m12.634s |
|
1408 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
1409 |
|
1410 <p>During tests on smaller build machines, I had observed that using GNU… |
|
1411 or LLD instead of GNU ld resulted in noticeably faster builds. This does… |
|
1412 seem to be the case on this machine. We end up with a slightly faster bu… |
|
1413 by using LLD, but not by a large margin at all.</p> |
|
1414 |
|
1415 <p>If we want to build faster, we can make some compromises and start st… |
|
1416 the build by removing some components.</p> |
|
1417 |
|
1418 <p>Let's start by disabling additional architecture support:</p> |
|
1419 |
|
1420 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
1421 <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER</span><span class="o">=</s… |
|
1422 <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE</span><span class="o">=</spa… |
|
1423 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_ENABLE_PROJECTS</span><span class="o">=<… |
|
1424 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_USE_LINKER</span><span class="o">=</span… |
|
1425 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_TARGETS_TO_BUILD</span><span class="o">=… |
|
1426 <span class="nt">-GNinja</span> ../llvm |
|
1427 |
|
1428 <span class="nb">time </span>ninja |
|
1429 <span class="o">[</span>3196/3196] Generating ../../bin/llvm-readelf |
|
1430 |
|
1431 real 7m55.531s |
|
1432 user 344m56.462s |
|
1433 sys 8m53.970s |
|
1434 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
1435 |
|
1436 <p>We can verify the resulting Clang binary only supports x86 targets:</… |
|
1437 |
|
1438 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
1439 Registered Targets: |
|
1440 x86 - 32-bit X86: Pentium-Pro and above |
|
1441 x86-64 - 64-bit X86: EM64T and AMD64 |
|
1442 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
1443 |
|
1444 <p>Let's go further and disable the static analyzer and the ARC Migratio… |
|
1445 |
|
1446 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
1447 <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER</span><span class="o">=</s… |
|
1448 <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE</span><span class="o">=</spa… |
|
1449 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_ENABLE_PROJECTS</span><span class="o">=<… |
|
1450 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_USE_LINKER</span><span class="o">=</span… |
|
1451 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_TARGETS_TO_BUILD</span><span class="o">=… |
|
1452 <span class="nt">-DCLANG_ENABLE_STATIC_ANALYZER</span><span clas… |
|
1453 <span class="nt">-DCLANG_ENABLE_ARCMT</span><span class="o">=</s… |
|
1454 <span class="nt">-GNinja</span> ../llvm |
|
1455 |
|
1456 <span class="nb">time </span>ninja |
|
1457 <span class="o">[</span>3147/3147] Generating ../../bin/llvm-readelf |
|
1458 |
|
1459 real 7m42.299s |
|
1460 user 334m47.916s |
|
1461 sys 8m44.704s |
|
1462 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
1463 |
|
1464 <p>Let's disable building some LLVM tools and utils:</p> |
|
1465 |
|
1466 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
1467 <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER</span><span class="o">=</s… |
|
1468 <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE</span><span class="o">=</spa… |
|
1469 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_ENABLE_PROJECTS</span><span class="o">=<… |
|
1470 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_USE_LINKER</span><span class="o">=</span… |
|
1471 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_TARGETS_TO_BUILD</span><span class="o">=… |
|
1472 <span class="nt">-DCLANG_ENABLE_STATIC_ANALYZER</span><span clas… |
|
1473 <span class="nt">-DCLANG_ENABLE_ARCMT</span><span class="o">=</s… |
|
1474 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_BUILD_TOOLS</span><span class="o">=</spa… |
|
1475 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_BUILD_UTILS</span><span class="o">=</spa… |
|
1476 <span class="nt">-GNinja</span> ../llvm |
|
1477 |
|
1478 <span class="nb">time </span>ninja |
|
1479 <span class="o">[</span>2880/2880] Generating ../../bin/llvm-readelf |
|
1480 |
|
1481 real 7m21.016s |
|
1482 user 315m42.127s |
|
1483 sys 8m9.377s |
|
1484 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
1485 |
|
1486 <p>Compared to the previous build, the following binaries were not built: |
|
1487 <em>FileCheck</em>, <em>count</em>, <em>lli-child-target</em>, <em>llvm-… |
|
1488 <em>llvm-PerfectShuffle</em>, <em>not</em>, <em>obj2yaml</em>, <em>yaml2… |
|
1489 |
|
1490 <p>We are reaching the end of our journey here. At this point, we are do… |
|
1491 stripping out things.</p> |
|
1492 |
|
1493 <p>Let's disable optimizations and do a last run:</p> |
|
1494 |
|
1495 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
1496 <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER</span><span class="o">=</s… |
|
1497 <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE</span><span class="o">=</spa… |
|
1498 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_ENABLE_PROJECTS</span><span class="o">=<… |
|
1499 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_USE_LINKER</span><span class="o">=</span… |
|
1500 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_TARGETS_TO_BUILD</span><span class="o">=… |
|
1501 <span class="nt">-DCLANG_ENABLE_STATIC_ANALYZER</span><span clas… |
|
1502 <span class="nt">-DCLANG_ENABLE_ARCMT</span><span class="o">=</s… |
|
1503 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_BUILD_TOOLS</span><span class="o">=</spa… |
|
1504 <span class="nt">-DLLVM_BUILD_UTILS</span><span class="o">=</spa… |
|
1505 <span class="nt">-DCMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_RELEASE</span><span class="o"… |
|
1506 <span class="nt">-GNinja</span> ../llvm |
|
1507 |
|
1508 <span class="nb">time </span>ninja |
|
1509 <span class="o">[</span>2880/2880] Linking CXX executable bin/c-index-te… |
|
1510 |
|
1511 real 5m37.225s |
|
1512 user 253m18.515s |
|
1513 sys 9m2.413s |
|
1514 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
1515 |
|
1516 <p>That's it. Five minutes. Don't try this at home :-)</p> |
|
1517 |
|
1518 ]]></content> |
|
1519 <summary type="html"> |
|
1520 <![CDATA[Speedbuilding LLVM/Clang in 5 minutes o… |
|
1521 </summary> |
|
1522 |
|
1523 <category term="Toolchains" scheme="https://www.cambus.n… |
|
1524 </entry> |
|
1525 <entry> |
|
1526 <title><![CDATA[The state of toolchains in NetBSD]]></title> |
|
1527 <link href="https://www.cambus.net/the-state-of-toolchai… |
|
1528 <id>https://www.cambus.net/the-state-of-toolchains-in-ne… |
|
1529 <published>2021-04-09T22:42:00Z</published> |
|
1530 <updated>2021-04-09T22:42:00Z</updated> |
|
1531 <content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>While FreeBSD and OpenB… |
|
1532 base system compiler, NetBSD picked a different path and remained with |
|
1533 <strong>GCC</strong> and <strong>binutils</strong> regardless of the lic… |
|
1534 However, it doesn't mean that the NetBSD project endorses this license, |
|
1535 and the NetBSD Foundation's has issued a <a href="http://cvsweb.netbsd.o… |
|
1536 on the subject.</p> |
|
1537 |
|
1538 <p>Realistically, NetBSD is more or less tied to GCC, as it supports more |
|
1539 architectures than the other BSDs, some of which will likely never be |
|
1540 supported in LLVM.</p> |
|
1541 |
|
1542 <p>As of <a href="https://www.netbsd.org/releases/formal-9/NetBSD-9.1.ht… |
|
1543 platforms</a> have recent versions of GCC (7.5.0) and binutils (2.31.1) |
|
1544 in the base system. Newer (and older!) versions of GCC can be installed |
|
1545 via Pkgsrc, and the following packages are available, going all the way |
|
1546 back to GCC 3.3.6:</p> |
|
1547 |
|
1548 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
1549 | Package | Version | Release <span class="nb">date</span> | |
|
1550 +---------+------------+-------------------+ |
|
1551 | gcc10 | GCC 10.2.0 | July 23, 2020 | |
|
1552 | gcc9 | GCC 9.3.0 | March 12, 2020 | |
|
1553 | gcc8 | GCC 8.4.0 | March 4, 2020 | |
|
1554 | gcc7 | GCC 7.5.0 | November 14, 2019 | |
|
1555 | gcc6 | GCC 6.5.0 | October 26, 2018 | |
|
1556 | gcc5 | GCC 5.5.0 | October 10, 2017 | |
|
1557 | gcc49 | GCC 4.9.4 | August 3, 2016 | |
|
1558 | gcc48 | GCC 4.8.5 | June 23, 2015 | |
|
1559 | gcc3 | GCC 3.3.6 | May 3, 2005 | |
|
1560 +---------+------------+-------------------+ |
|
1561 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
1562 |
|
1563 <p>The focus on GCC doesn't mean that the GNU and LLVM toolchains cannot… |
|
1564 within NetBSD, and work has in fact been done during the last decade to … |
|
1565 it happen.</p> |
|
1566 |
|
1567 <p>Despite currently not being built by default in official NetBSD relea… |
|
1568 <a href="https://www.freshbsd.org/netbsd/src/commit/EoXArQqbzjtXf3fx">LL… |
|
1569 are built from NetBSD-current for selected platforms (at least amd64, i3… |
|
1570 and evbarm) with the <em>MKLLVM</em> and <em>HAVE_LLVM</em> build option… |
|
1571 contain LLVM and Clang.</p> |
|
1572 |
|
1573 <p>Moreover, NetBSD has invested a lot of work on LLVM during the past f… |
|
1574 years, including funding some developer contracts for Kamil Rytarowski |
|
1575 (kamil@) and Michał Górny (mgorny@), which allowed them to work on var… |
|
1576 parts of the LLVM toolchain to add and enhance support for <strong>sanit… |
|
1577 and to improve <strong>LLDB</strong> support.</p> |
|
1578 |
|
1579 <p>They both published several dozen articles on the <a href="https://bl… |
|
1580 along the way, retracing their journey. Kamil's final report about |
|
1581 <a href="https://blog.netbsd.org/tnf/entry/the_process_of_upstreaming_su… |
|
1582 Thanks to this work, sanitizer support on NetBSD is mature and mostly on… |
|
1583 with Linux. As a result, because LLVM is upstream for GCC sanitizers, th… |
|
1584 are also available in GCC on NetBSD. Similarly, Michał's final report … |
|
1585 his <a href="https://blog.netbsd.org/tnf/entry/lldb_work_concluded">LLDB… |
|
1586 |
|
1587 <p>As always, work continues towards keeping the toolchains up to date, … |
|
1588 upstreaming local changes whenever possible.</p> |
|
1589 |
|
1590 ]]></content> |
|
1591 <summary type="html"> |
|
1592 <![CDATA[The current state of GNU and LLVM toolc… |
|
1593 </summary> |
|
1594 |
|
1595 <category term="NetBSD" scheme="https://www.cambus.net/c… |
|
1596 <category term="Toolchains" scheme="https://www.cambus.n… |
|
1597 </entry> |
|
1598 <entry> |
|
1599 <title><![CDATA[OpenBSD/loongson on the Lemote Fuloong]]></title> |
|
1600 <link href="https://www.cambus.net/openbsd-loongson-on-t… |
|
1601 <id>https://www.cambus.net/openbsd-loongson-on-the-lemot… |
|
1602 <published>2021-03-04T23:10:00Z</published> |
|
1603 <updated>2021-03-04T23:10:00Z</updated> |
|
1604 <content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>In my article about run… |
|
1605 in 2016, I mentioned looking for a Fuloong. All hope seemed lost until t… |
|
1606 Summer of 2017, when a fellow OpenBSD developer was contacted by a gener… |
|
1607 user (Thanks again, Lars!) offering to donate two <strong>Lemote Fuloong… |
|
1608 and I was lucky enough to get one of those units.</p> |
|
1609 |
|
1610 <p>This machine uses the same CPU as the Yeeloong, a <strong>Loongson 2F… |
|
1611 a single-core MIPS-III 64-bit processor running at 800/900 MHz.</p> |
|
1612 |
|
1613 <p>As hinted in my previous article, contrarily to the <strong>Yeeloong<… |
|
1614 <strong>Fuloong</strong> is less strict with the type of RAM it accepts,… |
|
1615 happily running with a Kingston 2GB DDR2 SO-DIMM module (ASU256X64D2S800… |
|
1616 replacing the original 512MB module.</p> |
|
1617 |
|
1618 <p>Here is the result of a quick <strong>md5 -t</strong> benchmark:</p> |
|
1619 |
|
1620 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
1621 Digest <span class="o">=</span> 52e5f9c9e6f656f3e1800dfa5579d089 |
|
1622 Time <span class="o">=</span> 1.726563 seconds |
|
1623 Speed <span class="o">=</span> 57918535.263411 bytes/second |
|
1624 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
1625 |
|
1626 <p>For the record, LibreSSL speed benchmark results are available <a hre… |
|
1627 |
|
1628 <p>System message buffer (dmesg output):</p> |
|
1629 |
|
1630 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
1631 The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserve… |
|
1632 Copyright <span class="o">(</span>c<span class="o">)</span> 1995-2021 Op… |
|
1633 |
|
1634 OpenBSD 6.9-beta <span class="o">(</span>GENERIC<span class="o">)</span>… |
|
1635 [email protected]:/usr/src/sys/arch/loongson/compile/GENE… |
|
1636 real mem <span class="o">=</span> 2147483648 <span class="o">(</span>204… |
|
1637 avail mem <span class="o">=</span> 2116452352 <span class="o">(</span>20… |
|
1638 random: boothowto does not indicate good seed |
|
1639 mainbus0 at root: Lemote Fuloong |
|
1640 cpu0 at mainbus0: STC Loongson2F CPU 797 MHz, STC Loongson2F FPU |
|
1641 cpu0: cache L1-I 64KB D 64KB 4 way, L2 512KB 4 way |
|
1642 bonito0 at mainbus0: memory and PCI-X controller, rev 1 |
|
1643 pci0 at bonito0 bus 0 |
|
1644 re0 at pci0 dev 6 <span class="k">function </span>0 <span class="s2">"Re… |
|
1645 rgephy0 at re0 phy 7: RTL8169S/8110S/8211 PHY, rev. 2 |
|
1646 sisfb0 at pci0 dev 8 <span class="k">function </span>0 <span class="s2">… |
|
1647 wsdisplay0 at sisfb0 mux 1: console <span class="o">(</span>std, vt100 e… |
|
1648 glxpcib0 at pci0 dev 14 <span class="k">function </span>0 <span class="s… |
|
1649 isa0 at glxpcib0 |
|
1650 com0 at isa0 port 0x2f8/8 irq 3: ns16550a, 16 byte fifo |
|
1651 com1 at isa0 port 0x3f8/8 irq 4: ns16550a, 16 byte fifo |
|
1652 mcclock0 at isa0 port 0x70/2: mc146818 or compatible |
|
1653 gpio1 at glxpcib0: 32 pins |
|
1654 iic at glxpcib0 not configured |
|
1655 glxclk0 at glxpcib0: clock, prof |
|
1656 pciide0 at pci0 dev 14 <span class="k">function </span>2 <span class="s2… |
|
1657 wd0 at pciide0 channel 0 drive 0: <WDC WD1600BEVS-00VAT0> |
|
1658 wd0: 16-sector PIO, LBA48, 152627MB, 312581808 sectors |
|
1659 wd0<span class="o">(</span>pciide0:0:0<span class="o">)</span>: using PI… |
|
1660 pciide0: channel 1 ignored <span class="o">(</span>disabled<span class="… |
|
1661 auglx0 at pci0 dev 14 <span class="k">function </span>3 <span class="s2"… |
|
1662 ac97: codec <span class="nb">id </span>0x414c4760 <span class="o">(</spa… |
|
1663 audio0 at auglx0 |
|
1664 ohci0 at pci0 dev 14 <span class="k">function </span>4 <span class="s2">… |
|
1665 ehci0 at pci0 dev 14 <span class="k">function </span>5 <span class="s2">… |
|
1666 usb0 at ehci0: USB revision 2.0 |
|
1667 uhub0 at usb0 configuration 1 interface 0 <span class="s2">"AMD EHCI roo… |
|
1668 usb1 at ohci0: USB revision 1.0 |
|
1669 uhub1 at usb1 configuration 1 interface 0 <span class="s2">"AMD OHCI roo… |
|
1670 apm0 at mainbus0 |
|
1671 vscsi0 at root |
|
1672 scsibus0 at vscsi0: 256 targets |
|
1673 softraid0 at root |
|
1674 scsibus1 at softraid0: 256 targets |
|
1675 pmon bootpath: <span class="nv">bootduid</span><span class="o">=</span>5… |
|
1676 root on wd0a <span class="o">(</span>53153d3cd8ddc482.a<span class="o">)… |
|
1677 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
1678 |
|
1679 <p>PCI device data:</p> |
|
1680 |
|
1681 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
1682 Domain /dev/pci0: |
|
1683 0:6:0: Realtek 8169 |
|
1684 0:8:0: SiS 315 Pro VGA |
|
1685 0:14:0: AMD CS5536 ISA |
|
1686 0:14:2: AMD CS5536 IDE |
|
1687 0:14:3: AMD CS5536 Audio |
|
1688 0:14:4: AMD CS5536 USB |
|
1689 0:14:5: AMD CS5536 USB |
|
1690 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
1691 |
|
1692 ]]></content> |
|
1693 <summary type="html"> |
|
1694 <![CDATA[Running the OpenBSD/loongson port on a … |
|
1695 </summary> |
|
1696 |
|
1697 <category term="OpenBSD" scheme="https://www.cambus.net/… |
|
1698 <category term="MIPS64" scheme="https://www.cambus.net/c… |
|
1699 </entry> |
|
1700 <entry> |
|
1701 <title><![CDATA[NetBSD on the EdgeRouter Lite]]></title> |
|
1702 <link href="https://www.cambus.net/netbsd-on-the-edgerou… |
|
1703 <id>https://www.cambus.net/netbsd-on-the-edgerouter-lite… |
|
1704 <published>2021-01-29T19:20:00Z</published> |
|
1705 <updated>2021-01-29T19:20:00Z</updated> |
|
1706 <content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>NetBSD-current now has … |
|
1707 appear in NetBSD 10.0) for the <strong>evbmips</strong> port, so I decid… |
|
1708 give it a try. I've been happily running OpenBSD/octeon on my EdgeRouter |
|
1709 Lite for a few years now, and have previously published <a href="https:/… |
|
1710 including more detail about the CPU.</p> |
|
1711 |
|
1712 <p>Contrary to the <a href="https://www.openbsd.org/octeon.html">OpenBSD… |
|
1713 kernels, things are a little less polished on the NetBSD side for this |
|
1714 platform. The system runs an uniprocessor kernel and there are still some |
|
1715 stability issues.</p> |
|
1716 |
|
1717 <p><img src="/content/2017/08/edgerouter-lite.jpg" alt="EdgeRouter Lite"… |
|
1718 |
|
1719 <p>Here is the U-Boot configuration to boot the image:</p> |
|
1720 |
|
1721 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
1722 Octeon ubnt_e100# saveenv |
|
1723 Saving Environment to Flash... |
|
1724 Un-Protected 1 sectors |
|
1725 Erasing Flash... |
|
1726 <span class="nb">.</span> <span class="k">done |
|
1727 </span>Erased 1 sectors |
|
1728 Writing to Flash... 4....3....2....1....done |
|
1729 Protected 1 sectors |
|
1730 Octeon ubnt_e100# |
|
1731 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
1732 |
|
1733 <p>On first boot, the system automatically expands the filesystem:</p> |
|
1734 |
|
1735 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
1736 /dev/rdk1: grow cg |<span class="k">************************************… |
|
1737 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
1738 |
|
1739 <p>Here is the login session, for posterity:</p> |
|
1740 |
|
1741 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
1742 |
|
1743 NetBSD/evbmips <span class="o">(</span>octeon<span class="o">)</span> <s… |
|
1744 |
|
1745 login: |
|
1746 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
1747 |
|
1748 <p>Here is the output of running <em>file</em> on executables:</p> |
|
1749 |
|
1750 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
1751 linked, interpreter /libexec/ld.elf_so, <span class="k">for </span>NetBS… |
|
1752 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
1753 |
|
1754 <p>For the record, OpenSSL speed benchmark results are available |
|
1755 <a href="/files/netbsd/openssl-speed-edgerouter-lite.txt">here</a>.</p> |
|
1756 |
|
1757 <p>System message buffer (dmesg output):</p> |
|
1758 |
|
1759 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
1760 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010,… |
|
1761 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 The Ne… |
|
1762 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] Copyright <span class="o">(</span… |
|
1763 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] The Regents of the University… |
|
1764 |
|
1765 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] NetBSD 9.99.79 <span class="o">(<… |
|
1766 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] [email protected]… |
|
1767 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] Cavium Octeon CN5020-500 |
|
1768 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] total memory <span class="o">=</s… |
|
1769 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] avail memory <span class="o">=</s… |
|
1770 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] timecounter: Timecounters tick ev… |
|
1771 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] mainbus0 <span class="o">(</span>… |
|
1772 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] cpunode0 at mainbus0: 2 cores, cr… |
|
1773 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] cpu0 at cpunode0 core 0: 500.00MHz |
|
1774 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] cpu0: Cavium CN5020-500 <span cla… |
|
1775 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] cpu0: 64 TLB entries, 512TB <span… |
|
1776 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] cpu0: 32KB/128B 4-way set-associa… |
|
1777 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] cpu0: 16KB/128B 64-way set-associ… |
|
1778 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] cpu0: 128KB/128B 8-way set-associ… |
|
1779 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] cpu1 at cpunode0 core 1: disabled… |
|
1780 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] wdog0 at cpunode0: default period… |
|
1781 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] iobus0 at mainbus0 |
|
1782 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] iobus0: initializing POW |
|
1783 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] iobus0: initializing FPA |
|
1784 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] com0 at iobus0 address 0x00011800… |
|
1785 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] com0: console |
|
1786 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] com at iobus0 address 0x000118000… |
|
1787 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] octrnm0 at iobus0 address 0x00011… |
|
1788 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] entropy: ready |
|
1789 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] octtwsi at iobus0 address 0x00011… |
|
1790 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] octmpi at iobus0 address 0x000107… |
|
1791 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] octsmi0 at iobus0 address 0x00011… |
|
1792 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] octpip0 at iobus0 address 0x00011… |
|
1793 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] octgmx0 at octpip0 |
|
1794 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] cnmac0 at octgmx0: <span class="n… |
|
1795 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] cnmac0: Ethernet address 44:d9:e7… |
|
1796 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] atphy0 at cnmac0 phy 7: Atheros A… |
|
1797 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] atphy0: 10baseT, 10baseT-FDX, 100… |
|
1798 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] cnmac1 at octgmx0: <span class="n… |
|
1799 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] cnmac1: Ethernet address 44:d9:e7… |
|
1800 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] atphy1 at cnmac1 phy 6: Atheros A… |
|
1801 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] atphy1: 10baseT, 10baseT-FDX, 100… |
|
1802 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] cnmac2 at octgmx0: <span class="n… |
|
1803 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] cnmac2: Ethernet address 44:d9:e7… |
|
1804 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] atphy2 at cnmac2 phy 5: Atheros A… |
|
1805 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] atphy2: 10baseT, 10baseT-FDX, 100… |
|
1806 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] dwctwo0 at iobus0 address 0x00011… |
|
1807 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] dwctwo0: Core Release: 2.65a <spa… |
|
1808 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] usb0 at dwctwo0: USB revision 2.0 |
|
1809 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] bootbus0 at mainbus0 |
|
1810 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] timecounter: Timecounter <span cl… |
|
1811 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000003] timecounter: Timecounter <span cl… |
|
1812 <span class="o">[</span> 1.059978] uhub0 at usb0: NetBSD <span class… |
|
1813 <span class="o">[</span> 1.059978] uhub0: 1 port with 1 removable, s… |
|
1814 <span class="o">[</span> 1.069975] aes: BearSSL aes_ct |
|
1815 <span class="o">[</span> 1.069975] aes_ccm: self-test passed |
|
1816 <span class="o">[</span> 1.069975] chacha: Portable C ChaCha |
|
1817 <span class="o">[</span> 1.079979] blake2s: self-test passed |
|
1818 <span class="o">[</span> 3.609971] umass0 at uhub0 port 1 configurat… |
|
1819 <span class="o">[</span> 3.620226] umass0: vendor 13fe <span class="… |
|
1820 <span class="o">[</span> 3.620226] umass0: using SCSI over Bulk-Only |
|
1821 <span class="o">[</span> 3.620226] scsibus0 at umass0: 2 targets, 1 … |
|
1822 <span class="o">[</span> 3.632383] uhub0: autoconfiguration error: i… |
|
1823 <span class="o">[</span> 3.639974] sd0 at scsibus0 target 0 lun 0: &… |
|
1824 <span class="o">[</span> 3.639974] sd0: 3824 MB, 959 cyl, 255 <span … |
|
1825 <span class="o">[</span> 3.659974] sd0: GPT GUID: 6e7b1b6a-2e9f-4915… |
|
1826 <span class="o">[</span> 3.669969] dk0 at sd0: <span class="s2">"oct… |
|
1827 <span class="o">[</span> 3.669969] dk1 at sd0: <span class="s2">"oct… |
|
1828 <span class="o">[</span> 3.683879] WARNING: 1 error <span class="k">… |
|
1829 <span class="o">[</span> 3.691430] boot device: sd0 |
|
1830 <span class="o">[</span> 3.691430] root on dk1 |
|
1831 <span class="o">[</span> 3.709975] root file system <span class="nb"… |
|
1832 <span class="o">[</span> 3.719976] kern.module.path<span class="o">=… |
|
1833 <span class="o">[</span> 3.719976] WARNING: no TOD clock present |
|
1834 <span class="o">[</span> 3.729990] WARNING: using filesystem <span c… |
|
1835 <span class="o">[</span> 3.734057] WARNING: CHECK AND RESET THE DATE! |
|
1836 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
1837 |
|
1838 ]]></content> |
|
1839 <summary type="html"> |
|
1840 <![CDATA[Running the NetBSD/evbmips port on Ubiq… |
|
1841 </summary> |
|
1842 |
|
1843 <category term="NetBSD" scheme="https://www.cambus.net/c… |
|
1844 <category term="MIPS64" scheme="https://www.cambus.net/c… |
|
1845 </entry> |
|
1846 <entry> |
|
1847 <title><![CDATA[Playing with Kore JSON API]]></title> |
|
1848 <link href="https://www.cambus.net/playing-with-kore-jso… |
|
1849 <id>https://www.cambus.net/playing-with-kore-json-api/</… |
|
1850 <published>2020-09-07T15:15:00Z</published> |
|
1851 <updated>2020-09-07T15:15:00Z</updated> |
|
1852 <content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>Kore <a href="https://k… |
|
1853 new <a href="https://docs.kore.io/4.0.0/api/json.html">JSON API</a> allo… |
|
1854 |
|
1855 <p>During the last couple of years, I have been using Kore for various p… |
|
1856 including exposing hardware sensor values over the network via very simp… |
|
1857 APIs. In this article, I would like to present a generalization of this |
|
1858 concept and show how easy it is to expose system information with Kore.<… |
|
1859 |
|
1860 <p>This small API example allows identifying hosts over the network and … |
|
1861 been tested on Linux, OpenBSD, NetBSD, and macOS (thanks Joris!).</p> |
|
1862 |
|
1863 <p>After creating a new project:</p> |
|
1864 |
|
1865 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
1866 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
1867 |
|
1868 <p>Populate <code>src/identify.c</code> with the following code snippet:… |
|
1869 |
|
1870 <div class="language-c highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre cl… |
|
1871 </span> |
|
1872 <span class="cp">#include <kore/kore.h> |
|
1873 #include <kore/http.h> |
|
1874 </span> |
|
1875 <span class="cp">#if defined(__linux__) |
|
1876 #include <kore/seccomp.h> |
|
1877 </span> |
|
1878 <span class="n">KORE_SECCOMP_FILTER</span><span class="p">(</span><span … |
|
1879 <span class="n">KORE_SYSCALL_ALLOW</span><span class="p">(</span… |
|
1880 <span class="p">);</span> |
|
1881 <span class="cp">#endif |
|
1882 </span> |
|
1883 <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="nf">page</span><… |
|
1884 |
|
1885 <span class="kt">int</span> |
|
1886 <span class="nf">page</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">stru… |
|
1887 <span class="p">{</span> |
|
1888 <span class="kt">char</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class… |
|
1889 |
|
1890 <span class="k">struct</span> <span class="n">utsname</span> <sp… |
|
1891 |
|
1892 <span class="k">struct</span> <span class="n">kore_buf</span> <s… |
|
1893 <span class="k">struct</span> <span class="n">kore_json_item</sp… |
|
1894 |
|
1895 <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n… |
|
1896 <span class="n">http_response</span><span class="p">(</s… |
|
1897 <span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">(</span><s… |
|
1898 <span class="p">}</span> |
|
1899 |
|
1900 <span class="n">kore_buf_init</span><span class="p">(</span><spa… |
|
1901 <span class="n">json</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class… |
|
1902 |
|
1903 <span class="n">kore_json_create_string</span><span class="p">(<… |
|
1904 <span class="n">kore_json_create_string</span><span class="p">(<… |
|
1905 <span class="n">kore_json_create_string</span><span class="p">(<… |
|
1906 <span class="n">kore_json_create_string</span><span class="p">(<… |
|
1907 <span class="n">kore_json_create_string</span><span class="p">(<… |
|
1908 |
|
1909 <span class="n">kore_json_item_tobuf</span><span class="p">(</sp… |
|
1910 |
|
1911 <span class="n">answer</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span cla… |
|
1912 <span class="n">http_response</span><span class="p">(</span><spa… |
|
1913 |
|
1914 <span class="n">kore_buf_cleanup</span><span class="p">(</span><… |
|
1915 <span class="n">kore_json_item_free</span><span class="p">(</spa… |
|
1916 |
|
1917 <span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">(</span><span clas… |
|
1918 <span class="p">}</span> |
|
1919 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
1920 |
|
1921 <p>And finally launch the project:</p> |
|
1922 |
|
1923 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
1924 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
1925 |
|
1926 <p>The kodev tool will build and run the project, and we can now query t… |
|
1927 API to identify hosts:</p> |
|
1928 |
|
1929 <div class="language-javascript highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight… |
|
1930 <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">system</span><span class="dl… |
|
1931 <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">hostname</span><span class="… |
|
1932 <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">release</span><span class="d… |
|
1933 <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">version</span><span class="d… |
|
1934 <span class="dl">"</span><span class="s2">machine</span><span class="d… |
|
1935 <span class="p">}</span> |
|
1936 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
1937 |
|
1938 ]]></content> |
|
1939 <summary type="html"> |
|
1940 <![CDATA[A small API example allowing to identif… |
|
1941 </summary> |
|
1942 |
|
1943 <category term="C" scheme="https://www.cambus.net/catego… |
|
1944 </entry> |
|
1945 <entry> |
|
1946 <title><![CDATA[Modernizing the OpenBSD console]]></title> |
|
1947 <link href="https://www.cambus.net/modernizing-the-openb… |
|
1948 <id>https://www.cambus.net/modernizing-the-openbsd-conso… |
|
1949 <published>2020-08-31T18:30:00Z</published> |
|
1950 <updated>2020-08-31T18:30:00Z</updated> |
|
1951 <content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>At the beginning were t… |
|
1952 on i386 and amd64 used text mode consoles which by default provided |
|
1953 25 rows of 80 columns, the "80x25 mode". This mode uses an 8x16 font sto… |
|
1954 in the VGA BIOS (which can be slightly different across vendors).</p> |
|
1955 |
|
1956 <p>OpenBSD uses the <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/wscons.4">wscons(4)… |
|
1957 |
|
1958 <p>CRT monitors allowed you to set the resolution you wanted, so on bigg… |
|
1959 monitors, the 80x25 console in textmode was fairly large but not blurry.… |
|
1960 |
|
1961 <p>Framebuffer consoles allowed taking advantage of larger monitor sizes, |
|
1962 to fit more columns and rows. With the switch to LCD monitors, also in |
|
1963 part driven by the decreasing costs of laptops, the fixed size panels |
|
1964 became a problem as the text mode resolution needed to be stretched, |
|
1965 leading to distortion and blurriness.</p> |
|
1966 |
|
1967 <p>One thing some people might not realize is the huge discrepancy betwe… |
|
1968 mode and framebuffer consoles regarding the amount of data you have to |
|
1969 write to cover the whole screen. In text mode, we only need to write 2 b… |
|
1970 per character: 1 byte for the ASCII code, and 1 byte for attributes. |
|
1971 So in 80x25 text mode, we only need to write 80 * 25 * 2 bytes of data, … |
|
1972 is 4000 bytes, and the VGA card itself takes care of plotting characters… |
|
1973 the screen. In framebuffer, however, to fill a 4K UHD-1 (3840x2160) scre… |
|
1974 32bpp mode we need to send 3840 * 2160 * 4 bytes of data, which is 33177… |
|
1975 bytes (approximately 33 MB).</p> |
|
1976 |
|
1977 <p>On framebuffer consoles, OpenBSD uses the <a href="https://man.openbs… |
|
1978 operations), imported from NetBSD in <a href="https://www.freshbsd.org/c… |
|
1979 |
|
1980 <p>While they had been used for a while on platforms without VGA cards, |
|
1981 framebuffer consoles were only enabled on i386 and amd64 in 2013 for |
|
1982 <a href="https://undeadly.org/cgi?action=article;sid=20130320095845">int… |
|
1983 |
|
1984 <p>In recent years, rasops(9) itself and framebuffer drivers have seen s… |
|
1985 improvements:</p> |
|
1986 |
|
1987 <p>General improvements:</p> |
|
1988 |
|
1989 <ul> |
|
1990 <li>Add and enable efifb(4), EFI framebuffer driver (yasuoka@, <a href… |
|
1991 <li>Implement counter-clockwise rotation (kettenis@, <a href="https://… |
|
1992 <li>Implement scrollback in rasops(9) (jcs@, <a href="https://www.fres… |
|
1993 </ul> |
|
1994 |
|
1995 <p>Performance related improvements:</p> |
|
1996 |
|
1997 <ul> |
|
1998 <li>Make it possible to use RI_WRONLY during early boot (kettenis@, <a… |
|
1999 <li>Introduce rasops_wronly_do_cursor() (kettenis@, <a href="https://w… |
|
2000 <li>Remap EFI framebuffer early to use write combining (kettenis@, <a … |
|
2001 <li>Do PAT setup earlier, so mapping the framebuffer WC actually works… |
|
2002 <li>Fast conditional console scrolling (John Carmack, <a href="https:/… |
|
2003 <li>Optimize character rendering in 32bpp mode (John Carmack, <a href=… |
|
2004 </ul> |
|
2005 |
|
2006 <p>Console fonts improvements:</p> |
|
2007 |
|
2008 <ul> |
|
2009 <li>Add Spleen 5x8, targeted at small OLED displays (<a href="https://… |
|
2010 <li>Add Spleen 8x16, 12x24, 16x32 and 32x64 (<a href="https://www.fres… |
|
2011 <li>Enable Spleen in wsfont by default (<a href="https://www.freshbsd.… |
|
2012 <li>Add Spleen 6x12, targeted at OLED displays (<a href="https://www.f… |
|
2013 </ul> |
|
2014 |
|
2015 <p>There is an <a href="https://undeadly.org/cgi?action=article;sid=2019… |
|
2016 information, notably on the font selection mechanism relative to screen |
|
2017 resolution.</p> |
|
2018 |
|
2019 <p>And work slowly continues to make framebuffer consoles more usable.</… |
|
2020 |
|
2021 <p>It is interesting to note that while NetBSD has been adding a lot of |
|
2022 features to rasops(9) over the years, OpenBSD has taken a more conservat… |
|
2023 approach. There is however one major feature that NetBSD currently has w… |
|
2024 would be beneficial: the capability for <a href="https://www.freshbsd.or… |
|
2025 and subsequently resizing screens</a>.</p> |
|
2026 |
|
2027 <p>Looking forward, the performance of various operations could likely s… |
|
2028 improved, possibly by leveraging the new OpenBSD dynamic tracing mechani… |
|
2029 to analyze bottlenecks.</p> |
|
2030 |
|
2031 <p>Another open question is UTF-8 support, Miod Vallat started work in t… |
|
2032 direction back in <a href="https://undeadly.org/cgi?action=article;sid=2… |
|
2033 I have plans to implement sparse font files support in the future, at |
|
2034 least so one can take advantage of box drawing and possibly block elemen… |
|
2035 characters.</p> |
|
2036 |
|
2037 <p>Lastly, a major pain point has been the lack of larger fonts in RAMDI… |
|
2038 kernels, making installations and upgrades very difficult and error-prone |
|
2039 on large DPI monitors as the text is basically unreadable. There is no |
|
2040 technical blocker to make this happen, which ironically makes it the most |
|
2041 difficult kind of issue to tackle.</p> |
|
2042 |
|
2043 ]]></content> |
|
2044 <summary type="html"> |
|
2045 <![CDATA[Facts, directions, and thoughts regardi… |
|
2046 </summary> |
|
2047 |
|
2048 <category term="OpenBSD" scheme="https://www.cambus.net/… |
|
2049 </entry> |
|
2050 <entry> |
|
2051 <title><![CDATA[NetBSD on the NanoPi NEO2]]></title> |
|
2052 <link href="https://www.cambus.net/netbsd-on-the-nanopi-… |
|
2053 <id>https://www.cambus.net/netbsd-on-the-nanopi-neo2/</i… |
|
2054 <published>2020-08-06T20:41:00Z</published> |
|
2055 <updated>2020-08-06T20:41:00Z</updated> |
|
2056 <content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>The <a href="https://li… |
|
2057 being my test machine for OpenBSD/arm64 related things.</p> |
|
2058 |
|
2059 <p>As NetBSD/evbarm finally gained support for AArch64 in NetBSD 9.0, re… |
|
2060 back in February, I decided to give it a try on this device. The board o… |
|
2061 has 512MB of RAM, and this is where NetBSD really shines. Things have be… |
|
2062 a lot easier since jmcneill@ now provides <a href="https://www.armbsd.or… |
|
2063 variety of devices, including the NanoPi NEO2.</p> |
|
2064 |
|
2065 <p><img src="/content/2021/02/nanopi-neo2.jpg" alt="NanoPi NEO2" title="… |
|
2066 |
|
2067 <p>On first boot, the system will resize the filesystem to automatically… |
|
2068 to the size of the SD card.</p> |
|
2069 |
|
2070 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
2071 Growing ld0 disklabel <span class="o">(</span>1148MB -> 60906MB<span … |
|
2072 Resizing / |
|
2073 /dev/rld0a: grow cg |<span class="k">***********************************… |
|
2074 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
2075 |
|
2076 <p>Once the system is up and running, we can add a regular user in the |
|
2077 <em>wheel</em> group:</p> |
|
2078 |
|
2079 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
2080 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
2081 |
|
2082 <p>And add a password to the newly created user:</p> |
|
2083 |
|
2084 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
2085 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
2086 |
|
2087 <p>From there we do not need the serial console anymore and can connect … |
|
2088 the device using SSH.</p> |
|
2089 |
|
2090 <p>NetBSD has binary packages available for this architecture, and insta… |
|
2091 and configuring pkgin can be done as follow:</p> |
|
2092 |
|
2093 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
2094 pkg_add pkgin |
|
2095 <span class="nb">echo</span> <span class="nv">$PKG_PATH</span> <span cla… |
|
2096 pkgin update |
|
2097 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
2098 |
|
2099 <p>The base system can be kept up to date using <a href="https://pkgsrc.… |
|
2100 installed via <strong>pkgin</strong>:</p> |
|
2101 |
|
2102 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
2103 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
2104 |
|
2105 <p>The following variable need to be set in <em>/usr/pkg/etc/sysupgrade.… |
|
2106 |
|
2107 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
2108 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
2109 |
|
2110 <p>Lastly, the device has two user controllable LEDs which can be toggled |
|
2111 on and off using <strong>sysctl</strong>.</p> |
|
2112 |
|
2113 <p>To switch both LEDs on:</p> |
|
2114 |
|
2115 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
2116 sysctl <span class="nt">-w</span> hw.led.nanopi_blue_status<span class="… |
|
2117 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
2118 |
|
2119 <p>To switch off the power LED automatically at boot time:</p> |
|
2120 |
|
2121 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
2122 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
2123 |
|
2124 <p>Here is a dmesg for reference purposes:</p> |
|
2125 |
|
2126 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
2127 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010,… |
|
2128 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] 2018, 2019, 2020 The NetBSD F… |
|
2129 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] Copyright <span class="o">(</span… |
|
2130 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] The Regents of the University… |
|
2131 |
|
2132 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] NetBSD 9.0_STABLE <span class="o"… |
|
2133 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] [email protected]… |
|
2134 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] total memory <span class="o">=</s… |
|
2135 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] avail memory <span class="o">=</s… |
|
2136 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] timecounter: Timecounters tick ev… |
|
2137 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] armfdt0 <span class="o">(</span>r… |
|
2138 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] simplebus0 at armfdt0: FriendlyAR… |
|
2139 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] simplebus1 at simplebus0 |
|
2140 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] simplebus2 at simplebus0 |
|
2141 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] cpus0 at simplebus0 |
|
2142 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] simplebus3 at simplebus0 |
|
2143 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] psci0 at simplebus0: PSCI 1.1 |
|
2144 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] cpu0 at cpus0: Cortex-A53 r0p4 <s… |
|
2145 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] cpu0: package 0, core 0, smt 0 |
|
2146 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] cpu0: IC enabled, DC enabled, EL0… |
|
2147 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] cpu0: Cache Writeback Granule 16B… |
|
2148 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] cpu0: Dcache line 64, Icache line… |
|
2149 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] cpu0: L1 32KB/64B 2-way read-allo… |
|
2150 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] cpu0: L1 32KB/64B 4-way write-bac… |
|
2151 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] cpu0: L2 512KB/64B 16-way write-b… |
|
2152 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] cpu0: <span class="nv">revID</spa… |
|
2153 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] cpu0: <span class="nv">auxID</spa… |
|
2154 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] cpu1 at cpus0: Cortex-A53 r0p4 <s… |
|
2155 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] cpu1: package 0, core 1, smt 0 |
|
2156 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] cpu2 at cpus0: Cortex-A53 r0p4 <s… |
|
2157 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] cpu2: package 0, core 2, smt 0 |
|
2158 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] cpu3 at cpus0: Cortex-A53 r0p4 <s… |
|
2159 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] cpu3: package 0, core 3, smt 0 |
|
2160 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] gic0 at simplebus1: GIC |
|
2161 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] armgic0 at gic0: Generic Interrup… |
|
2162 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] armgic0: 16 Priorities, 192 SPIs,… |
|
2163 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] fclock0 at simplebus2: 24000000 H… |
|
2164 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] sunxisramc0 at simplebus1: SRAM C… |
|
2165 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] fclock1 at simplebus2: 32768 Hz f… |
|
2166 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] gtmr0 at simplebus0: Generic Timer |
|
2167 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] gtmr0: interrupting on GIC irq 27 |
|
2168 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] armgtmr0 at gtmr0: Generic Timer … |
|
2169 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000000] timecounter: Timecounter <span cl… |
|
2170 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] sun8ih3ccu0 at simplebus1: H3 CCU |
|
2171 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] sun8ih3rccu0 at simplebus1: H3 PR… |
|
2172 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] sunxide2ccu0 at simplebus1: DE2 C… |
|
2173 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] sunxigpio0 at simplebus1: PIO |
|
2174 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] gpio0 at sunxigpio0: 94 pins |
|
2175 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] sunxigpio0: interrupting on GIC i… |
|
2176 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] sunxigpio1 at simplebus1: PIO |
|
2177 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] gpio1 at sunxigpio1: 12 pins |
|
2178 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] sunxigpio1: interrupting on GIC i… |
|
2179 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] fregulator0 at simplebus0: vcc3v3 |
|
2180 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] fregulator1 at simplebus0: usb0-v… |
|
2181 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] fregulator2 at simplebus0: gmac-3… |
|
2182 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] sun6idma0 at simplebus1: DMA cont… |
|
2183 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] sun6idma0: interrupting on GIC ir… |
|
2184 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] com0 at simplebus1: ns16550a, wor… |
|
2185 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] com0: console |
|
2186 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] com0: interrupting on GIC irq 32 |
|
2187 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] sunxiusbphy0 at simplebus1: USB P… |
|
2188 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] sunxihdmiphy0 at simplebus1: HDMI… |
|
2189 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] sunximixer0 at simplebus1: Displa… |
|
2190 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] sunxilcdc0 at simplebus1: TCON1 |
|
2191 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] sunxilcdc0: interrupting on GIC i… |
|
2192 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] sunxirtc0 at simplebus1: RTC |
|
2193 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] emac0 at simplebus1: EMAC |
|
2194 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] emac0: Ethernet address 02:01:f7:… |
|
2195 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] emac0: interrupting on GIC irq 114 |
|
2196 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] rgephy0 at emac0 phy 7: RTL8211E … |
|
2197 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] rgephy0: 10baseT, 10baseT-FDX, 10… |
|
2198 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] h3codec0 at simplebus1: H3 Audio … |
|
2199 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] sunximmc0 at simplebus1: SD/MMC c… |
|
2200 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] sunximmc0: interrupting on GIC ir… |
|
2201 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] motg0 at simplebus1: <span class=… |
|
2202 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] ehci0 at simplebus1: EHCI |
|
2203 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] ehci0: interrupting on GIC irq 104 |
|
2204 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] ehci0: EHCI version 1.0 |
|
2205 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] ehci0: 1 companion controller, 1 … |
|
2206 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] usb0 at ehci0: USB revision 2.0 |
|
2207 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] ohci0 at simplebus1: OHCI |
|
2208 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] ohci0: interrupting on GIC irq 105 |
|
2209 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] ohci0: OHCI version 1.0 |
|
2210 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] usb1 at ohci0: USB revision 1.0 |
|
2211 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] ehci1 at simplebus1: EHCI |
|
2212 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] ehci1: interrupting on GIC irq 110 |
|
2213 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] ehci1: EHCI version 1.0 |
|
2214 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] ehci1: 1 companion controller, 1 … |
|
2215 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] usb2 at ehci1: USB revision 2.0 |
|
2216 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] ohci1 at simplebus1: OHCI |
|
2217 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] ohci1: interrupting on GIC irq 111 |
|
2218 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] ohci1: OHCI version 1.0 |
|
2219 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] usb3 at ohci1: USB revision 1.0 |
|
2220 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] sunxiwdt0 at simplebus1: Watchdog |
|
2221 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] sunxiwdt0: default watchdog perio… |
|
2222 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] /soc/gpu@1e80000 at simplebus1 no… |
|
2223 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] gpioleds0 at simplebus0: nanopi:g… |
|
2224 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] /soc/timer@1c20c00 at simplebus1 … |
|
2225 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] /soc/video-codec@1c0e000 at simpl… |
|
2226 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] timecounter: Timecounter <span cl… |
|
2227 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] cpu2: IC enabled, DC enabled, EL0… |
|
2228 <span class="o">[</span> 1.000010] cpu2: Cache Writeback Granule 16B… |
|
2229 <span class="o">[</span> 1.040229] cpu2: Dcache line 64, Icache line… |
|
2230 <span class="o">[</span> 1.040229] cpu2: L1 32KB/64B 2-way read-allo… |
|
2231 <span class="o">[</span> 1.050220] cpu2: L1 32KB/64B 4-way write-bac… |
|
2232 <span class="o">[</span> 1.060220] cpu2: L2 512KB/64B 16-way write-b… |
|
2233 <span class="o">[</span> 1.070220] cpu2: <span class="nv">revID</spa… |
|
2234 <span class="o">[</span> 1.070220] cpu2: <span class="nv">auxID</spa… |
|
2235 <span class="o">[</span> 1.090221] cpu1: IC enabled, DC enabled, EL0… |
|
2236 <span class="o">[</span> 1.090221] cpu1: Cache Writeback Granule 16B… |
|
2237 <span class="o">[</span> 1.100222] cpu1: Dcache line 64, Icache line… |
|
2238 <span class="o">[</span> 1.110221] cpu1: L1 32KB/64B 2-way read-allo… |
|
2239 <span class="o">[</span> 1.110221] cpu1: L1 32KB/64B 4-way write-bac… |
|
2240 <span class="o">[</span> 1.120222] cpu1: L2 512KB/64B 16-way write-b… |
|
2241 <span class="o">[</span> 1.130222] cpu1: <span class="nv">revID</spa… |
|
2242 <span class="o">[</span> 1.140223] cpu1: <span class="nv">auxID</spa… |
|
2243 <span class="o">[</span> 1.150222] cpu3: IC enabled, DC enabled, EL0… |
|
2244 <span class="o">[</span> 1.160223] cpu3: Cache Writeback Granule 16B… |
|
2245 <span class="o">[</span> 1.160223] cpu3: Dcache line 64, Icache line… |
|
2246 <span class="o">[</span> 1.170223] cpu3: L1 32KB/64B 2-way read-allo… |
|
2247 <span class="o">[</span> 1.180223] cpu3: L1 32KB/64B 4-way write-bac… |
|
2248 <span class="o">[</span> 1.180223] cpu3: L2 512KB/64B 16-way write-b… |
|
2249 <span class="o">[</span> 1.190223] cpu3: <span class="nv">revID</spa… |
|
2250 <span class="o">[</span> 1.200224] cpu3: <span class="nv">auxID</spa… |
|
2251 <span class="o">[</span> 1.210224] sdmmc0 at sunximmc0 |
|
2252 <span class="o">[</span> 1.240225] uhub0 at usb0: NetBSD <span class… |
|
2253 <span class="o">[</span> 1.240225] uhub0: 1 port with 1 removable, s… |
|
2254 <span class="o">[</span> 1.240225] uhub1 at usb2: NetBSD <span class… |
|
2255 <span class="o">[</span> 1.250226] uhub1: 1 port with 1 removable, s… |
|
2256 <span class="o">[</span> 1.250226] uhub2 at usb1: NetBSD <span class… |
|
2257 <span class="o">[</span> 1.260226] uhub2: 1 port with 1 removable, s… |
|
2258 <span class="o">[</span> 1.260226] uhub3 at usb3: NetBSD <span class… |
|
2259 <span class="o">[</span> 1.275641] uhub3: 1 port with 1 removable, s… |
|
2260 <span class="o">[</span> 1.275641] IPsec: Initialized Security Assoc… |
|
2261 <span class="o">[</span> 1.350228] sdmmc0: SD card status: 4-bit, C1… |
|
2262 <span class="o">[</span> 1.350228] ld0 at sdmmc0: <0x03:0x5344:SC… |
|
2263 <span class="o">[</span> 1.360690] ld0: 60906 MB, 7764 cyl, 255 <spa… |
|
2264 <span class="o">[</span> 1.370228] ld0: 4-bit width, High-Speed/SDR2… |
|
2265 <span class="o">[</span> 1.990242] boot device: ld0 |
|
2266 <span class="o">[</span> 1.990242] root on ld0a dumps on ld0b |
|
2267 <span class="o">[</span> 2.000243] root file system <span class="nb"… |
|
2268 <span class="o">[</span> 2.010242] kern.module.path<span class="o">=… |
|
2269 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
2270 |
|
2271 ]]></content> |
|
2272 <summary type="html"> |
|
2273 <![CDATA[Some notes on installing and running Ne… |
|
2274 </summary> |
|
2275 |
|
2276 <category term="NetBSD" scheme="https://www.cambus.net/c… |
|
2277 <category term="ARM" scheme="https://www.cambus.net/cate… |
|
2278 </entry> |
|
2279 <entry> |
|
2280 <title><![CDATA[Viewing ANSI art in MS-DOS virtual machines]]></… |
|
2281 <link href="https://www.cambus.net/viewing-ansi-art-in-m… |
|
2282 <id>https://www.cambus.net/viewing-ansi-art-in-ms-dos-vi… |
|
2283 <published>2020-06-19T16:28:00Z</published> |
|
2284 <updated>2020-06-19T16:28:00Z</updated> |
|
2285 <content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>I sometimes get reports… |
|
2286 differently than other ANSI art editors and viewers for modern platforms… |
|
2287 |
|
2288 <p>Ansilove tries to be faithful to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wi… |
|
2289 and viewers rendering, as the vast majority of artworks were created |
|
2290 during the DOS era. Most of the time, using <strong>ACiDDraw</strong> an… |
|
2291 in <strong>DOSBox</strong> is enough, but when in doubt, it can be usefu… |
|
2292 ANSI.SYS rendered a particular piece.</p> |
|
2293 |
|
2294 <p>Once we have MS-DOS installed and working in a virtual machine, the |
|
2295 next step is accessing files within the VM. The easiest way to do so |
|
2296 is to create and use virtual floppy images to transfer files.</p> |
|
2297 |
|
2298 <p>On a Linux machine, one can use <strong>mkfs.msdos</strong> to create… |
|
2299 image:</p> |
|
2300 |
|
2301 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
2302 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
2303 |
|
2304 <p>The image can then be mounted on the host to copy the desired content, |
|
2305 then attached to the virtual machine.</p> |
|
2306 |
|
2307 <p>In the MS-DOS guest, we need to enable <strong>ANSI.SYS</strong> in C… |
|
2308 |
|
2309 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
2310 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
2311 |
|
2312 <p>We can then render the files we want to verify:</p> |
|
2313 |
|
2314 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
2315 TYPE ANSI.ANS |
|
2316 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
2317 |
|
2318 <p>80x50 mode can be enabled this way:</p> |
|
2319 |
|
2320 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
2321 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
2322 |
|
2323 ]]></content> |
|
2324 <summary type="html"> |
|
2325 <![CDATA[Some notes on creating virtual floppies… |
|
2326 </summary> |
|
2327 |
|
2328 <category term="Ansi Art" scheme="https://www.cambus.net… |
|
2329 <category term="DOS" scheme="https://www.cambus.net/cate… |
|
2330 </entry> |
|
2331 <entry> |
|
2332 <title><![CDATA[OpenBSD framebuffer console and custom color pal… |
|
2333 <link href="https://www.cambus.net/openbsd-framebuffer-c… |
|
2334 <id>https://www.cambus.net/openbsd-framebuffer-console-a… |
|
2335 <published>2020-06-06T16:33:00Z</published> |
|
2336 <updated>2020-06-06T16:33:00Z</updated> |
|
2337 <content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>On framebuffer consoles… |
|
2338 imported from NetBSD in March 2001.</p> |
|
2339 |
|
2340 <p>The RGB values for the ANSI color palette in rasops have been chosen … |
|
2341 match the ones in Open Firmware, and are different from those in the VGA |
|
2342 text mode color palette.</p> |
|
2343 |
|
2344 <p>Rasops palette:</p> |
|
2345 |
|
2346 <p><img src="/content/2020/06/rasops-palette.png" alt="Rasops palette" /… |
|
2347 |
|
2348 <p>VGA text mode palette:</p> |
|
2349 |
|
2350 <p><img src="/content/2020/06/vga-palette.png" alt="VGA text mode palett… |
|
2351 |
|
2352 <p>As one can see, the difference is quite significant, and decades of e… |
|
2353 to MS-DOS and Linux consoles makes it quite difficult to adapt to a diff… |
|
2354 palette.</p> |
|
2355 |
|
2356 <p>RGB values for the ANSI color palette are defined in <strong>sys/dev/… |
|
2357 and here are the proper ones to use to match the VGA text mode palette:<… |
|
2358 |
|
2359 <div class="language-c highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre cl… |
|
2360 #define NORMAL_RED 0xaa0000 |
|
2361 #define NORMAL_GREEN 0x00aa00 |
|
2362 #define NORMAL_BROWN 0xaa5500 |
|
2363 #define NORMAL_BLUE 0x0000aa |
|
2364 #define NORMAL_MAGENTA 0xaa00aa |
|
2365 #define NORMAL_CYAN 0x00aaaa |
|
2366 #define NORMAL_WHITE 0xaaaaaa |
|
2367 </span> |
|
2368 <span class="cp">#define HILITE_BLACK 0x555555 |
|
2369 #define HILITE_RED 0xff5555 |
|
2370 #define HILITE_GREEN 0x55ff55 |
|
2371 #define HILITE_BROWN 0xffff55 |
|
2372 #define HILITE_BLUE 0x5555ff |
|
2373 #define HILITE_MAGENTA 0xff55ff |
|
2374 #define HILITE_CYAN 0x55ffff |
|
2375 #define HILITE_WHITE 0xffffff |
|
2376 </span></code></pre></div></div> |
|
2377 |
|
2378 <p>And here is a <a href="/files/openbsd/rasops-palette.diff">diff</a> d… |
|
2379 <a href="https://marc.info/?l=openbsd-tech&m=148374502927423&w=2… |
|
2380 |
|
2381 <p><strong>EDIT:</strong> The enthusiasm around this article led me to m… |
|
2382 which didn't fare any better.</p> |
|
2383 |
|
2384 ]]></content> |
|
2385 <summary type="html"> |
|
2386 <![CDATA[Some notes on how Use proper RGB values… |
|
2387 </summary> |
|
2388 |
|
2389 <category term="OpenBSD" scheme="https://www.cambus.net/… |
|
2390 </entry> |
|
2391 <entry> |
|
2392 <title><![CDATA[OpenBSD/armv7 on the CubieBoard2]]></title> |
|
2393 <link href="https://www.cambus.net/openbsd-armv7-on-the-… |
|
2394 <id>https://www.cambus.net/openbsd-armv7-on-the-cubieboa… |
|
2395 <published>2020-05-27T22:39:00Z</published> |
|
2396 <updated>2020-05-27T22:39:00Z</updated> |
|
2397 <content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>I bought the <a href="h… |
|
2398 on it, but because of various reliability issues with the onboard NIC, |
|
2399 it ended up <a href="/netbsd-on-the-cubieboard2/">running NetBSD</a> for… |
|
2400 drawer.</p> |
|
2401 |
|
2402 <p>Back in October, Mark Kettenis committed code to allow switching to t… |
|
2403 framebuffer "glass" console in the bootloader on OpenBSD/armv7, making |
|
2404 it possible to install the system without using a serial cable.</p> |
|
2405 |
|
2406 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
2407 boot> <span class="nb">set tty </span>fb0 |
|
2408 switching console to fb0 |
|
2409 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
2410 |
|
2411 <p>This prompted me to plug the board again, and having support for the |
|
2412 framebuffer console is a game changer. It also allows running Xenocara, |
|
2413 if that's your thing.</p> |
|
2414 |
|
2415 <p><img src="/content/2021/03/cubieboard2.jpg" alt="Cubieboard2" title="… |
|
2416 |
|
2417 <p>Here is the output of running <em>file</em> on executables:</p> |
|
2418 |
|
2419 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
2420 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
2421 |
|
2422 <p>And this is the result of the <strong>md5 -t</strong> benchmark:</p> |
|
2423 |
|
2424 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
2425 Digest <span class="o">=</span> 52e5f9c9e6f656f3e1800dfa5579d089 |
|
2426 Time <span class="o">=</span> 1.340000 seconds |
|
2427 Speed <span class="o">=</span> 74626865.671642 bytes/second |
|
2428 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
2429 |
|
2430 <p>For the record, LibreSSL speed benchmark results are available |
|
2431 <a href="/files/openbsd/openssl-speed-cubieboard2.txt">here</a>.</p> |
|
2432 |
|
2433 <p>System message buffer (dmesg output):</p> |
|
2434 |
|
2435 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
2436 [email protected]:/usr/src/sys/arch/armv7/compile/GENERIC |
|
2437 real mem <span class="o">=</span> 964190208 <span class="o">(</span>919… |
|
2438 avail mem <span class="o">=</span> 935088128 <span class="o">(</span>891… |
|
2439 random: good seed from bootblocks |
|
2440 mainbus0 at root: Cubietech Cubieboard2 |
|
2441 cpu0 at mainbus0 mpidr 0: ARM Cortex-A7 r0p4 |
|
2442 cpu0: 32KB 32b/line 2-way L1 VIPT I-cache, 32KB 64b/line 4-way L1 D-cache |
|
2443 cpu0: 256KB 64b/line 8-way L2 cache |
|
2444 cortex0 at mainbus0 |
|
2445 psci0 at mainbus0: PSCI 0.0 |
|
2446 sxiccmu0 at mainbus0 |
|
2447 agtimer0 at mainbus0: tick rate 24000 KHz |
|
2448 simplebus0 at mainbus0: <span class="s2">"soc"</span> |
|
2449 sxiccmu1 at simplebus0 |
|
2450 sxipio0 at simplebus0: 175 pins |
|
2451 sxirtc0 at simplebus0 |
|
2452 sxisid0 at simplebus0 |
|
2453 ampintc0 at simplebus0 nirq 160, ncpu 2: <span class="s2">"interrupt-con… |
|
2454 <span class="s2">"system-control"</span> at simplebus0 not configured |
|
2455 <span class="s2">"interrupt-controller"</span> at simplebus0 not configu… |
|
2456 <span class="s2">"dma-controller"</span> at simplebus0 not configured |
|
2457 <span class="s2">"lcd-controller"</span> at simplebus0 not configured |
|
2458 <span class="s2">"lcd-controller"</span> at simplebus0 not configured |
|
2459 <span class="s2">"video-codec"</span> at simplebus0 not configured |
|
2460 sximmc0 at simplebus0 |
|
2461 sdmmc0 at sximmc0: 4-bit, sd high-speed, mmc high-speed, dma |
|
2462 <span class="s2">"usb"</span> at simplebus0 not configured |
|
2463 <span class="s2">"phy"</span> at simplebus0 not configured |
|
2464 ehci0 at simplebus0 |
|
2465 usb0 at ehci0: USB revision 2.0 |
|
2466 uhub0 at usb0 configuration 1 interface 0 <span class="s2">"Generic EHCI… |
|
2467 ohci0 at simplebus0: version 1.0 |
|
2468 <span class="s2">"crypto-engine"</span> at simplebus0 not configured |
|
2469 <span class="s2">"hdmi"</span> at simplebus0 not configured |
|
2470 sxiahci0 at simplebus0: AHCI 1.1 |
|
2471 scsibus0 at sxiahci0: 32 targets |
|
2472 ehci1 at simplebus0 |
|
2473 usb1 at ehci1: USB revision 2.0 |
|
2474 uhub1 at usb1 configuration 1 interface 0 <span class="s2">"Generic EHCI… |
|
2475 ohci1 at simplebus0: version 1.0 |
|
2476 <span class="s2">"timer"</span> at simplebus0 not configured |
|
2477 sxidog0 at simplebus0 |
|
2478 <span class="s2">"ir"</span> at simplebus0 not configured |
|
2479 <span class="s2">"codec"</span> at simplebus0 not configured |
|
2480 sxits0 at simplebus0 |
|
2481 com0 at simplebus0: ns16550, no working fifo |
|
2482 sxitwi0 at simplebus0 |
|
2483 iic0 at sxitwi0 |
|
2484 axppmic0 at iic0 addr 0x34: AXP209 |
|
2485 sxitwi1 at simplebus0 |
|
2486 iic1 at sxitwi1 |
|
2487 <span class="s2">"gpu"</span> at simplebus0 not configured |
|
2488 dwge0 at simplebus0: address 02:0a:09:03:27:08 |
|
2489 rlphy0 at dwge0 phy 1: RTL8201L 10/100 PHY, rev. 1 |
|
2490 <span class="s2">"hstimer"</span> at simplebus0 not configured |
|
2491 <span class="s2">"display-frontend"</span> at simplebus0 not configured |
|
2492 <span class="s2">"display-frontend"</span> at simplebus0 not configured |
|
2493 <span class="s2">"display-backend"</span> at simplebus0 not configured |
|
2494 <span class="s2">"display-backend"</span> at simplebus0 not configured |
|
2495 gpio0 at sxipio0: 32 pins |
|
2496 gpio1 at sxipio0: 32 pins |
|
2497 gpio2 at sxipio0: 32 pins |
|
2498 gpio3 at sxipio0: 32 pins |
|
2499 gpio4 at sxipio0: 32 pins |
|
2500 gpio5 at sxipio0: 32 pins |
|
2501 gpio6 at sxipio0: 32 pins |
|
2502 gpio7 at sxipio0: 32 pins |
|
2503 gpio8 at sxipio0: 32 pins |
|
2504 usb2 at ohci0: USB revision 1.0 |
|
2505 uhub2 at usb2 configuration 1 interface 0 <span class="s2">"Generic OHCI… |
|
2506 usb3 at ohci1: USB revision 1.0 |
|
2507 uhub3 at usb3 configuration 1 interface 0 <span class="s2">"Generic OHCI… |
|
2508 simplefb0 at mainbus0: 1920x1080, 32bpp |
|
2509 wsdisplay0 at simplefb0 mux 1: console <span class="o">(</span>std, vt10… |
|
2510 scsibus1 at sdmmc0: 2 targets, initiator 0 |
|
2511 sd0 at scsibus1 targ 1 lun 0: <SD/MMC, SC64G, 0080> removable |
|
2512 sd0: 60906MB, 512 bytes/sector, 124735488 sectors |
|
2513 uhidev0 at uhub2 port 1 configuration 1 interface 0 <span class="s2">"Le… |
|
2514 uhidev0: iclass 3/1 |
|
2515 ukbd0 at uhidev0: 8 variable keys, 6 key codes |
|
2516 wskbd0 at ukbd0: console keyboard, using wsdisplay0 |
|
2517 uhidev1 at uhub2 port 1 configuration 1 interface 1 <span class="s2">"Le… |
|
2518 uhidev1: iclass 3/1, 22 report ids |
|
2519 ums0 at uhidev1 reportid 1: 5 buttons, Z and W <span class="nb">dir |
|
2520 </span>wsmouse0 at ums0 mux 0 |
|
2521 uhid0 at uhidev1 reportid 16: <span class="nv">input</span><span class="… |
|
2522 uhid1 at uhidev1 reportid 17: <span class="nv">input</span><span class="… |
|
2523 uhid2 at uhidev1 reportid 19: <span class="nv">input</span><span class="… |
|
2524 uhid3 at uhidev1 reportid 21: <span class="nv">input</span><span class="… |
|
2525 uhid4 at uhidev1 reportid 22: <span class="nv">input</span><span class="… |
|
2526 vscsi0 at root |
|
2527 scsibus2 at vscsi0: 256 targets |
|
2528 softraid0 at root |
|
2529 scsibus3 at softraid0: 256 targets |
|
2530 bootfile: sd0a:/bsd |
|
2531 boot device: sd0 |
|
2532 root on sd0a <span class="o">(</span>f7b555b0fa0e8c49.a<span class="o">)… |
|
2533 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
2534 |
|
2535 <p>Sensors output:</p> |
|
2536 |
|
2537 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
2538 hw.sensors.sxits0.temp0<span class="o">=</span>39.50 degC |
|
2539 hw.sensors.axppmic0.temp0<span class="o">=</span>30.00 degC |
|
2540 hw.sensors.axppmic0.volt0<span class="o">=</span>4.95 VDC <span class="o… |
|
2541 hw.sensors.axppmic0.volt1<span class="o">=</span>0.03 VDC <span class="o… |
|
2542 hw.sensors.axppmic0.volt2<span class="o">=</span>4.85 VDC <span class="o… |
|
2543 hw.sensors.axppmic0.current0<span class="o">=</span>0.11 A <span class="… |
|
2544 hw.sensors.axppmic0.current1<span class="o">=</span>0.00 A <span class="… |
|
2545 hw.sensors.axppmic0.indicator0<span class="o">=</span>On <span class="o"… |
|
2546 hw.sensors.axppmic0.indicator1<span class="o">=</span>Off <span class="o… |
|
2547 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
2548 |
|
2549 ]]></content> |
|
2550 <summary type="html"> |
|
2551 <![CDATA[Some notes on installing and running Op… |
|
2552 </summary> |
|
2553 |
|
2554 <category term="OpenBSD" scheme="https://www.cambus.net/… |
|
2555 <category term="ARM" scheme="https://www.cambus.net/cate… |
|
2556 </entry> |
|
2557 <entry> |
|
2558 <title><![CDATA[Chinese BBSes and Unicode ANSi Art]]></title> |
|
2559 <link href="https://www.cambus.net/chinese-bbses-and-uni… |
|
2560 <id>https://www.cambus.net/chinese-bbses-and-unicode-ans… |
|
2561 <published>2020-04-14T20:50:00Z</published> |
|
2562 <updated>2020-04-14T20:50:00Z</updated> |
|
2563 <content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>After doing my series o… |
|
2564 <a href="/taiwanese-bbses-and-unicode-ansi-art-part-ii/">second part</a>… |
|
2565 screenshots from two Chinese BBS systems, but only found those files |
|
2566 again recently.</p> |
|
2567 |
|
2568 <p>Those screens were captured in March 2013 and cover <strong>Lilac</st… |
|
2569 systems. While I could not find much English information about Lilac, wh… |
|
2570 seems to be located in Hong Kong, there is a Wikipedia page about |
|
2571 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMTH_BBS">SMTH</a> which appears … |
|
2572 a complicated history.</p> |
|
2573 |
|
2574 <p>Lilac Login Screen:</p> |
|
2575 |
|
2576 <p><img src="/content/2020/04/lilac-login.png" alt="Lilac" /></p> |
|
2577 |
|
2578 <p>Lilac Main Menu Screens:</p> |
|
2579 |
|
2580 <p><img src="/content/2020/04/lilac-mainmenu01.png" alt="Lilac" /></p> |
|
2581 |
|
2582 <p><img src="/content/2020/04/lilac-mainmenu02.png" alt="Lilac" /></p> |
|
2583 |
|
2584 <p>Lilac Goodbye Screens:</p> |
|
2585 |
|
2586 <p><img src="/content/2020/04/lilac-goodbye01.png" alt="Lilac" /></p> |
|
2587 |
|
2588 <p><img src="/content/2020/04/lilac-goodbye02.png" alt="Lilac" /></p> |
|
2589 |
|
2590 <p><img src="/content/2020/04/lilac-goodbye03.png" alt="Lilac" /></p> |
|
2591 |
|
2592 <p>NewSMTH Welcome Screens:</p> |
|
2593 |
|
2594 <p><img src="/content/2020/04/newsmth-welcome01.png" alt="NewSMTH" /></p> |
|
2595 |
|
2596 <p><img src="/content/2020/04/newsmth-welcome02.png" alt="NewSMTH" /></p> |
|
2597 |
|
2598 <p>NewSMTH Login Screen:</p> |
|
2599 |
|
2600 <p><img src="/content/2020/04/newsmth-login.png" alt="NewSMTH" /></p> |
|
2601 |
|
2602 <p>NewSMTH Main Menu Screens:</p> |
|
2603 |
|
2604 <p><img src="/content/2020/04/newsmth-mainmenu01.png" alt="NewSMTH" /></… |
|
2605 |
|
2606 <p><img src="/content/2020/04/newsmth-mainmenu02.png" alt="NewSMTH" /></… |
|
2607 |
|
2608 <p><img src="/content/2020/04/newsmth-mainmenu03.png" alt="NewSMTH" /></… |
|
2609 |
|
2610 <p><img src="/content/2020/04/newsmth-mainmenu04.png" alt="NewSMTH" /></… |
|
2611 |
|
2612 <p><img src="/content/2020/04/newsmth-mainmenu05.png" alt="NewSMTH" /></… |
|
2613 |
|
2614 <p><img src="/content/2020/04/newsmth-mainmenu06.png" alt="NewSMTH" /></… |
|
2615 |
|
2616 <p>NewSMTH Goodbye Screens:</p> |
|
2617 |
|
2618 <p><img src="/content/2020/04/newsmth-goodbye.png" alt="NewSMTH" /></p> |
|
2619 ]]></content> |
|
2620 <summary type="html"> |
|
2621 <![CDATA[ANSI screens from Chinese BBSes]]> |
|
2622 </summary> |
|
2623 |
|
2624 <category term="Ansi Art" scheme="https://www.cambus.net… |
|
2625 </entry> |
|
2626 <entry> |
|
2627 <title><![CDATA[My OpenBSD commits]]></title> |
|
2628 <link href="https://www.cambus.net/my-openbsd-commits/"/> |
|
2629 <id>https://www.cambus.net/my-openbsd-commits/</id> |
|
2630 <published>2019-08-31T17:45:00Z</published> |
|
2631 <updated>2019-08-31T17:45:00Z</updated> |
|
2632 <content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>Today marks my three ye… |
|
2633 commit bit on August 31th 2016 during the g2k16 hackathon in Cambridge, … |
|
2634 |
|
2635 <p>A few months ago, I came across a Perl <a href="https://gist.github.c… |
|
2636 commit time distribution ASCII graphs from a Git repository, and I final… |
|
2637 have a good pretext to run it :-)</p> |
|
2638 |
|
2639 <p>As of this day, I have done 749 commits to OpenBSD, in the following |
|
2640 repositories: src (<a href="https://www.freshbsd.org/search?project=open… |
|
2641 |
|
2642 <p>Commits in the src repository:</p> |
|
2643 |
|
2644 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
2645 01 - 0 |
|
2646 02 - 0 |
|
2647 03 - 0 |
|
2648 04 - 0 |
|
2649 05 - 0 |
|
2650 06 - 1 <span class="k">***</span> |
|
2651 07 - 4 <span class="k">**************</span> |
|
2652 08 - 8 <span class="k">****************************</span> |
|
2653 09 - 9 <span class="k">********************************</span> |
|
2654 10 - 13 <span class="k">**********************************************… |
|
2655 11 - 9 <span class="k">********************************</span> |
|
2656 12 - 10 <span class="k">***********************************</span> |
|
2657 13 - 11 <span class="k">***************************************</span> |
|
2658 14 - 13 <span class="k">**********************************************… |
|
2659 15 - 4 <span class="k">**************</span> |
|
2660 16 - 5 <span class="k">*****************</span> |
|
2661 17 - 6 <span class="k">*********************</span> |
|
2662 18 - 4 <span class="k">**************</span> |
|
2663 19 - 9 <span class="k">********************************</span> |
|
2664 20 - 14 <span class="k">**********************************************… |
|
2665 21 - 4 <span class="k">**************</span> |
|
2666 22 - 3 <span class="k">**********</span> |
|
2667 23 - 0 |
|
2668 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
2669 |
|
2670 <p>Commits in the ports repository:</p> |
|
2671 |
|
2672 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
2673 01 - 0 |
|
2674 02 - 0 |
|
2675 03 - 0 |
|
2676 04 - 0 |
|
2677 05 - 2 <span class="k">*</span> |
|
2678 06 - 14 <span class="k">**********</span> |
|
2679 07 - 32 <span class="k">***********************</span> |
|
2680 08 - 34 <span class="k">*************************</span> |
|
2681 09 - 67 <span class="k">**********************************************… |
|
2682 10 - 46 <span class="k">**********************************</span> |
|
2683 11 - 53 <span class="k">***************************************</span> |
|
2684 12 - 40 <span class="k">*****************************</span> |
|
2685 13 - 38 <span class="k">****************************</span> |
|
2686 14 - 34 <span class="k">*************************</span> |
|
2687 15 - 34 <span class="k">*************************</span> |
|
2688 16 - 35 <span class="k">**************************</span> |
|
2689 17 - 20 <span class="k">**************</span> |
|
2690 18 - 15 <span class="k">***********</span> |
|
2691 19 - 24 <span class="k">*****************</span> |
|
2692 20 - 34 <span class="k">*************************</span> |
|
2693 21 - 43 <span class="k">********************************</span> |
|
2694 22 - 19 <span class="k">**************</span> |
|
2695 23 - 11 <span class="k">********</span> |
|
2696 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
2697 |
|
2698 <p>Commits in the www repository:</p> |
|
2699 |
|
2700 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
2701 01 - 0 |
|
2702 02 - 0 |
|
2703 03 - 0 |
|
2704 04 - 0 |
|
2705 05 - 0 |
|
2706 06 - 0 |
|
2707 07 - 1 <span class="k">************</span> |
|
2708 08 - 0 |
|
2709 09 - 3 <span class="k">*************************************</span> |
|
2710 10 - 2 <span class="k">*************************</span> |
|
2711 11 - 4 <span class="k">**********************************************… |
|
2712 12 - 0 |
|
2713 13 - 2 <span class="k">*************************</span> |
|
2714 14 - 1 <span class="k">************</span> |
|
2715 15 - 1 <span class="k">************</span> |
|
2716 16 - 1 <span class="k">************</span> |
|
2717 17 - 1 <span class="k">************</span> |
|
2718 18 - 1 <span class="k">************</span> |
|
2719 19 - 3 <span class="k">*************************************</span> |
|
2720 20 - 3 <span class="k">*************************************</span> |
|
2721 21 - 1 <span class="k">************</span> |
|
2722 22 - 0 |
|
2723 23 - 0 |
|
2724 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
2725 |
|
2726 <p>Commits in the xenocara repository:</p> |
|
2727 |
|
2728 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
2729 01 - 0 |
|
2730 02 - 0 |
|
2731 03 - 0 |
|
2732 04 - 0 |
|
2733 05 - 0 |
|
2734 06 - 0 |
|
2735 07 - 0 |
|
2736 08 - 0 |
|
2737 09 - 0 |
|
2738 10 - 0 |
|
2739 11 - 0 |
|
2740 12 - 0 |
|
2741 13 - 0 |
|
2742 14 - 1 <span class="k">**********************************************… |
|
2743 15 - 0 |
|
2744 16 - 0 |
|
2745 17 - 0 |
|
2746 18 - 0 |
|
2747 19 - 0 |
|
2748 20 - 0 |
|
2749 21 - 1 <span class="k">**********************************************… |
|
2750 22 - 0 |
|
2751 23 - 0 |
|
2752 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
2753 |
|
2754 ]]></content> |
|
2755 <summary type="html"> |
|
2756 <![CDATA[My OpenBSD commits time distribution AS… |
|
2757 </summary> |
|
2758 |
|
2759 <category term="OpenBSD" scheme="https://www.cambus.net/… |
|
2760 </entry> |
|
2761 <entry> |
|
2762 <title><![CDATA[Fuzzing DNS zone parsers]]></title> |
|
2763 <link href="https://www.cambus.net/fuzzing-dns-zone-pars… |
|
2764 <id>https://www.cambus.net/fuzzing-dns-zone-parsers/</id> |
|
2765 <published>2019-07-11T13:00:00Z</published> |
|
2766 <updated>2019-07-11T13:00:00Z</updated> |
|
2767 <content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>In my never-ending ques… |
|
2768 using AFL to fuzz <a href="https://github.com/fcambus/statzone">statzone… |
|
2769 statistics on <a href="https://www.statdns.com">StatDNS</a>. It helped m… |
|
2770 dereference.</p> |
|
2771 |
|
2772 <p>I initially used the <strong>.arpa</strong> zone file as input, but t… |
|
2773 OpenDNSSEC bundles a <a href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/opendnss… |
|
2774 lot of seldom used resource records types, and decided to use this one t… |
|
2775 |
|
2776 <p>Out of curiosity, I decided to try fuzzing other DNS zone parsers. I … |
|
2777 with validns 0.8, and within seconds the fuzzer found <a href="https://g… |
|
2778 dereferences</a>.</p> |
|
2779 |
|
2780 <p><img src="/content/2019/07/validns.png" alt="validns" /></p> |
|
2781 |
|
2782 <p>The first occurrence happens in the name2findable_name() function, an… |
|
2783 triggered with the following input:</p> |
|
2784 |
|
2785 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
2786 arpa. 86400 IN RRSIG SOA 8 1 86400 2019022800… |
|
2787 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
2788 |
|
2789 <p>With the above input, the following call to strlen(3) in rr.c results… |
|
2790 NULL pointer dereference because 's' ends up being NULL:</p> |
|
2791 |
|
2792 <div class="language-c highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre cl… |
|
2793 <span class="p">{</span> |
|
2794 <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">l</span> <span class="o"… |
|
2795 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
2796 |
|
2797 <p>The second occurrence happens in the nsec_validate_pass2() function, … |
|
2798 be triggered with the following input:</p> |
|
2799 |
|
2800 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
2801 arpa. 86400 IN NSEC a |
|
2802 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
2803 |
|
2804 <p>With the above input, the following call to strcasecmp(3) in rr.c res… |
|
2805 in a NULL pointer dereference because 'rr->next_domain' ends up being… |
|
2806 |
|
2807 <div class="language-c highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre cl… |
|
2808 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
2809 |
|
2810 <p>Given those encouraging results, I went on to fuzz BIND, NSD and Knot |
|
2811 zone parsers, using their zone validation tools <strong>named-checkzone<… |
|
2812 <strong>nsd-checkzone</strong>, and <strong>kzonecheck</strong> respecti… |
|
2813 |
|
2814 <p>While the fuzzers didn't produce any crash for BIND and Knot after ru… |
|
2815 for 3 days and 11 hours, they did produce some valid ones for NSD, and I |
|
2816 decided to continue on <strong>nsd-checkzone</strong> and stop the other… |
|
2817 |
|
2818 <p><img src="/content/2019/07/nsd-checkzone01.png" alt="nsd-checkzone" /… |
|
2819 |
|
2820 <p>I let AFL complete one cycle, and as I didn't need the box for anythi… |
|
2821 at this time, I decided to let it run for a few more days. I ended the p… |
|
2822 after 16 days and 19 hours, completing 2 cycles with 167 unique crashes.… |
|
2823 |
|
2824 <p><img src="/content/2019/07/nsd-checkzone02.png" alt="nsd-checkzone" /… |
|
2825 |
|
2826 <p>After sorting and analyzing the crashes, I had two valid issues to re… |
|
2827 |
|
2828 <p>The first one is an <a href="https://github.com/NLnetLabs/nsd/issues/… |
|
2829 of array index, in the rdata_maximum_wireformat_size() function, in rdat… |
|
2830 |
|
2831 <p>The second one is a <a href="https://github.com/NLnetLabs/nsd/issues/… |
|
2832 function in dname.c, which got assigned <a href="https://cve.mitre.org/c… |
|
2833 |
|
2834 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
2835 <span class="o">==</span><span class="nv">7395</span><span class="o">==<… |
|
2836 WRITE of size 8 at 0x7ffcd6a9763f thread T0 |
|
2837 <span class="c">#0 0x4dadbb in __asan_memcpy (/home/fcambus/nsd/nsd-… |
|
2838 <span class="c">#1 0x534251 in dname_concatenate /home/fcambus/nsd/d… |
|
2839 <span class="c">#2 0x69e61f in yyparse /home/fcambus/nsd/./zparser.y… |
|
2840 <span class="c">#3 0x689fd1 in zonec_read /home/fcambus/nsd/zonec.c:… |
|
2841 <span class="c">#4 0x6aedd1 in check_zone /home/fcambus/nsd/nsd-chec… |
|
2842 <span class="c">#5 0x6aea07 in main /home/fcambus/nsd/nsd-checkzone.… |
|
2843 <span class="c">#6 0x7fa60ece6b96 in __libc_start_main /build/glibc-… |
|
2844 <span class="c">#7 0x41c1d9 in _start (/home/fcambus/nsd/nsd-checkzo… |
|
2845 |
|
2846 Address 0x7ffcd6a9763f is located <span class="k">in </span>stack of thr… |
|
2847 <span class="c">#0 0x533f8f in dname_concatenate /home/fcambus/nsd/d… |
|
2848 |
|
2849 This frame has 1 object<span class="o">(</span>s<span class="o">)</spa… |
|
2850 <span class="o">[</span>32, 287<span class="o">)</span> <span class=… |
|
2851 HINT: this may be a <span class="nb">false </span>positive <span class="… |
|
2852 <span class="o">(</span>longjmp and C++ exceptions <span class="k"… |
|
2853 SUMMARY: AddressSanitizer: stack-buffer-overflow <span class="o">(</span… |
|
2854 Shadow bytes around the buggy address: |
|
2855 0x10001ad4ae70: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |
|
2856 0x10001ad4ae80: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |
|
2857 0x10001ad4ae90: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |
|
2858 0x10001ad4aea0: 00 00 00 00 f1 f1 f1 f1 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |
|
2859 0x10001ad4aeb0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |
|
2860 <span class="o">=></span>0x10001ad4aec0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00[07]f3 f… |
|
2861 0x10001ad4aed0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |
|
2862 0x10001ad4aee0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |
|
2863 0x10001ad4aef0: 00 00 00 00 f1 f1 f1 f1 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |
|
2864 0x10001ad4af00: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |
|
2865 0x10001ad4af10: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |
|
2866 Shadow byte legend <span class="o">(</span>one shadow byte represents 8 … |
|
2867 Addressable: 00 |
|
2868 Partially addressable: 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 |
|
2869 Heap left redzone: fa |
|
2870 Freed heap region: fd |
|
2871 Stack left redzone: f1 |
|
2872 Stack mid redzone: f2 |
|
2873 Stack right redzone: f3 |
|
2874 Stack after <span class="k">return</span>: f5 |
|
2875 Stack use after scope: f8 |
|
2876 Global redzone: f9 |
|
2877 Global init order: f6 |
|
2878 Poisoned by user: f7 |
|
2879 Container overflow: <span class="nb">fc |
|
2880 </span>Array cookie: ac |
|
2881 Intra object redzone: bb |
|
2882 ASan internal: fe |
|
2883 Left alloca redzone: ca |
|
2884 Right alloca redzone: cb |
|
2885 <span class="o">==</span><span class="nv">7395</span><span class="o">==<… |
|
2886 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
2887 |
|
2888 <p>Both issues have been fixed and will be part of the <a href="https://… |
|
2889 |
|
2890 <p>I also fuzzed ldns using <strong>ldns-read-zone</strong> for 12 days … |
|
2891 the only crashes it produced were in fact only triggering assertions.</p> |
|
2892 |
|
2893 <p>It's been an interesting journey so far, and while finding issues is … |
|
2894 relatively easy, time required to sort crashes and distinguish between v… |
|
2895 duplicates, and false positives takes a lot of time. Nonetheless, readin… |
|
2896 party source code and analyzing what is going on and why the program cra… |
|
2897 is both very instructing and rewarding.</p> |
|
2898 |
|
2899 <p>For the time being, I plan to continue fuzzing stuff and will write m… |
|
2900 about my findings.</p> |
|
2901 |
|
2902 ]]></content> |
|
2903 <summary type="html"> |
|
2904 <![CDATA[Reflections on fuzzing several DNS zone… |
|
2905 </summary> |
|
2906 |
|
2907 <category term="DNS" scheme="https://www.cambus.net/cate… |
|
2908 <category term="Security" scheme="https://www.cambus.net… |
|
2909 </entry> |
|
2910 <entry> |
|
2911 <title><![CDATA[Running a free public API, a post-mortem]]></tit… |
|
2912 <link href="https://www.cambus.net/running-a-free-public… |
|
2913 <id>https://www.cambus.net/running-a-free-public-api-a-p… |
|
2914 <published>2018-11-30T22:29:00Z</published> |
|
2915 <updated>2018-11-30T22:29:00Z</updated> |
|
2916 <content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>It's been a little bit … |
|
2917 permanently shut down on November 15th, 2015. I have previously written |
|
2918 about the <a href="https://www.cambus.net/adventures-in-running-a-free-p… |
|
2919 the API.</p> |
|
2920 |
|
2921 <p>Before shutting down the public API of <a href="https://www.telize.co… |
|
2922 launched on Mashape to ease the transition for those who couldn't host t… |
|
2923 own instances. The Mashape API Marketplace became a part of RapidAPI last |
|
2924 year, the service is still running and will keep doing so for the forese… |
|
2925 future. You can support my work on Telize by <a href="https://rapidapi.c… |
|
2926 |
|
2927 <p>While a small fraction of the userbase switched to the paid API, the … |
|
2928 majority didn't, and the number of requests exploded due to retries, as |
|
2929 detailed in the article about the API decommission. One thing I wondered |
|
2930 at the time was how long it would take for the traffic to become negligi… |
|
2931 The Internet is a very strange place and things can go unnoticed for a v… |
|
2932 long time, years sometimes. Of course, Telize case is no exception.</p> |
|
2933 |
|
2934 <p>Every year since the public API was closed down, I've been logging re… |
|
2935 for a few days in a row to get a glimpse of how many of them were still … |
|
2936 made. While the number of unique IP addresses querying the API kept decr… |
|
2937 the amount of requests themselves went up again compared to last year.</… |
|
2938 |
|
2939 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
2940 2016-11-07 - Requests: 56,427,258 - Unique IPs: 2,756,065 |
|
2941 2016-11-08 - Requests: 53,641,121 - Unique IPs: 2,746,005 |
|
2942 2016-11-09 - Requests: 53,704,140 - Unique IPs: 2,536,632 |
|
2943 2016-11-10 - Requests: 53,194,946 - Unique IPs: 2,525,167 |
|
2944 2016-11-11 - Requests: 50,444,003 - Unique IPs: 2,652,730 |
|
2945 2016-11-12 - Requests: 49,224,863 - Unique IPs: 2,670,926 |
|
2946 2016-11-13 - Requests: 48,526,303 - Unique IPs: 2,492,765 |
|
2947 2017-11-10 - Requests: 35,325,037 - Unique IPs: 1,736,815 |
|
2948 2017-11-11 - Requests: 33,582,167 - Unique IPs: 1,613,161 |
|
2949 2017-11-12 - Requests: 33,334,836 - Unique IPs: 1,587,549 |
|
2950 2017-11-13 - Requests: 36,131,909 - Unique IPs: 1,593,255 |
|
2951 2017-11-14 - Requests: 34,457,433 - Unique IPs: 1,571,144 |
|
2952 2017-11-15 - Requests: 33,225,149 - Unique IPs: 1,563,845 |
|
2953 2018-11-12 - Requests: 50,612,559 - Unique IPs: 611,302 |
|
2954 2018-11-13 - Requests: 50,858,236 - Unique IPs: 640,836 |
|
2955 2018-11-14 - Requests: 51,991,454 - Unique IPs: 661,410 |
|
2956 2018-11-15 - Requests: 53,008,712 - Unique IPs: 689,646 |
|
2957 2018-11-16 - Requests: 51,651,814 - Unique IPs: 686,646 |
|
2958 2018-11-17 - Requests: 49,236,779 - Unique IPs: 662,717 |
|
2959 2018-11-18 - Requests: 47,237,596 - Unique IPs: 692,718 |
|
2960 2018-11-19 - Requests: 51,679,888 - Unique IPs: 735,396 |
|
2961 2018-11-20 - Requests: 50,245,134 - Unique IPs: 755,177 |
|
2962 2018-11-21 - Requests: 50,745,725 - Unique IPs: 773,949 |
|
2963 2018-11-22 - Requests: 50,609,750 - Unique IPs: 786,963 |
|
2964 2018-11-23 - Requests: 49,991,775 - Unique IPs: 687,652 |
|
2965 2018-11-24 - Requests: 47,479,703 - Unique IPs: 584,058 |
|
2966 2018-11-25 - Requests: 47,346,829 - Unique IPs: 597,153 |
|
2967 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
2968 |
|
2969 <p>Bandwidth usage, measured with nload:</p> |
|
2970 |
|
2971 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
2972 |
|
2973 |
|
2974 |
|
2975 |
|
2976 |
|
2977 |
|
2978 Curr… |
|
2979 Avg:… |
|
2980 <span class="nb">.</span> .... ... <span class="nb">.</span> … |
|
2981 <span class="c">#########################|######################|#######… |
|
2982 <span class="c">########################################################… |
|
2983 Outgoing: |
|
2984 |
|
2985 |
|
2986 |
|
2987 |
|
2988 |
|
2989 |
|
2990 Curr… |
|
2991 Avg:… |
|
2992 Min:… |
|
2993 .... .. <span c… |
|
2994 <span class="c">################################################|#######… |
|
2995 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
2996 |
|
2997 <p>So more than 3 years after the decommission, I'm still getting around… |
|
2998 millions daily requests. I'm honestly quite astonished to notice that the |
|
2999 numbers went up again significantly this year.</p> |
|
3000 |
|
3001 <p>Below is a report of user agents which performed more than 1M daily r… |
|
3002 on November 12th 2018, top offenders being Android applications and Word… |
|
3003 sites… How surprising.</p> |
|
3004 |
|
3005 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
3006 Dalvik/2.1.0 1,113,530 |
|
3007 WordPress/4.2.21 3,200,750 |
|
3008 WordPress/4.1.24 2,223,350 |
|
3009 WordPress/4.3.17 1,212,849 |
|
3010 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
3011 |
|
3012 <p>On a more positive note, those are recent Wordpress releases, which m… |
|
3013 it might be possible to identify the plugins performing those requests |
|
3014 and contact their authors.</p> |
|
3015 |
|
3016 <p>Regarding the open source project itself, I released <a href="https:/… |
|
3017 which is now using GeoIP2/GeoLite2 databases, as GeoIP/GeoLite databases… |
|
3018 been <a href="https://support.maxmind.com/geolite-legacy-discontinuation… |
|
3019 using <a href="https://kore.io">Kore</a>, which will bring in a couple o… |
|
3020 the current version. I will write about the new iteration in a following… |
|
3021 |
|
3022 ]]></content> |
|
3023 <summary type="html"> |
|
3024 <![CDATA[Deprecating Telize free public API, an … |
|
3025 </summary> |
|
3026 |
|
3027 <category term="Miscellaneous" scheme="https://www.cambu… |
|
3028 </entry> |
|
3029 <entry> |
|
3030 <title><![CDATA[OpenBSD/arm64 on the NanoPi NEO2]]></title> |
|
3031 <link href="https://www.cambus.net/openbsd-arm64-on-the-… |
|
3032 <id>https://www.cambus.net/openbsd-arm64-on-the-nanopi-n… |
|
3033 <published>2018-11-13T11:20:00Z</published> |
|
3034 <updated>2018-11-13T11:20:00Z</updated> |
|
3035 <content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>I bought the <a href="h… |
|
3036 been disappointed. It's a cute little board (40*40mm), which is to the b… |
|
3037 of my knowledge the smallest possible device one can run OpenBSD on.</p> |
|
3038 |
|
3039 <p><img src="/content/2021/02/nanopi-neo2.jpg" alt="NanoPi NEO2" title="… |
|
3040 |
|
3041 <p>The CPU is a quad-core <strong>ARM Cortex-A53</strong> which is quite… |
|
3042 GENERIC.MP kernel build taking 15 minutes. On the downside, the board on… |
|
3043 has 512MB of RAM.</p> |
|
3044 |
|
3045 <p>An USB to TTL serial cable is required to <a href="http://wiki.friend… |
|
3046 perform installation. The system doesn't have a supported miniroot so |
|
3047 the preparation steps detailed in the <strong>INSTALL.arm64</strong> fil… |
|
3048 performed to get a working installation image.</p> |
|
3049 |
|
3050 <p>The following packages need to be installed:</p> |
|
3051 |
|
3052 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
3053 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
3054 |
|
3055 <p>After writing the miniroot image to an SD card, the correct <strong>D… |
|
3056 should be copied:</p> |
|
3057 |
|
3058 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
3059 <span class="nb">mkdir</span> /mnt/allwinner |
|
3060 <span class="nb">cp</span> /usr/local/share/dtb/arm64/allwinner/sun50i-h… |
|
3061 umount /mnt |
|
3062 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
3063 |
|
3064 <p>Lastly, the correct <strong>U-Boot image</strong> should be written:<… |
|
3065 |
|
3066 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
3067 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
3068 |
|
3069 <p>After performing the installation process, the DTB should be copied a… |
|
3070 to the SD card before attempting to boot the system.</p> |
|
3071 |
|
3072 <p>Here is the output of running <em>file</em> on executables:</p> |
|
3073 |
|
3074 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
3075 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
3076 |
|
3077 <p>And this is the result of the <strong>md5 -t</strong> benchmark:</p> |
|
3078 |
|
3079 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
3080 Digest <span class="o">=</span> 52e5f9c9e6f656f3e1800dfa5579d089 |
|
3081 Time <span class="o">=</span> 1.070000 seconds |
|
3082 Speed <span class="o">=</span> 93457943.925234 bytes/second |
|
3083 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
3084 |
|
3085 <p>For the record, LibreSSL speed benchmark results are available |
|
3086 <a href="/files/openbsd/openssl-speed-nanopi-neo2.txt">here</a>.</p> |
|
3087 |
|
3088 <p>System message buffer (dmesg output):</p> |
|
3089 |
|
3090 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
3091 [email protected]:/usr/src/sys/arch/arm64/compile/GENERIC.MP |
|
3092 real mem <span class="o">=</span> 407707648 <span class="o">(</span>388… |
|
3093 avail mem <span class="o">=</span> 367030272 <span class="o">(</span>350… |
|
3094 mainbus0 at root: FriendlyARM NanoPi NEO 2 |
|
3095 cpu0 at mainbus0 mpidr 0: ARM Cortex-A53 r0p4 |
|
3096 cpu0: 32KB 64b/line 2-way L1 VIPT I-cache, 32KB 64b/line 4-way L1 D-cache |
|
3097 cpu0: 512KB 64b/line 16-way L2 cache |
|
3098 efi0 at mainbus0: UEFI 2.7 |
|
3099 efi0: Das U-Boot rev 0x0 |
|
3100 sxiccmu0 at mainbus0 |
|
3101 psci0 at mainbus0: PSCI 0.2 |
|
3102 simplebus0 at mainbus0: <span class="s2">"soc"</span> |
|
3103 syscon0 at simplebus0: <span class="s2">"syscon"</span> |
|
3104 sxiccmu1 at simplebus0 |
|
3105 sxipio0 at simplebus0: 94 pins |
|
3106 ampintc0 at simplebus0 nirq 224, ncpu 4 ipi: 0, 1: <span class="s2">"int… |
|
3107 sxiccmu2 at simplebus0 |
|
3108 sxipio1 at simplebus0: 12 pins |
|
3109 sximmc0 at simplebus0 |
|
3110 sdmmc0 at sximmc0: 4-bit, sd high-speed, mmc high-speed, dma |
|
3111 ehci0 at simplebus0 |
|
3112 usb0 at ehci0: USB revision 2.0 |
|
3113 uhub0 at usb0 configuration 1 interface 0 <span class="s2">"Generic EHCI… |
|
3114 ehci1 at simplebus0 |
|
3115 usb1 at ehci1: USB revision 2.0 |
|
3116 uhub1 at usb1 configuration 1 interface 0 <span class="s2">"Generic EHCI… |
|
3117 dwxe0 at simplebus0: address 02:01:f7:f9:2f:67 |
|
3118 rgephy0 at dwxe0 phy 7: RTL8169S/8110S/8211 PHY, rev. 5 |
|
3119 com0 at simplebus0: ns16550, no working fifo |
|
3120 com0: console |
|
3121 sxirtc0 at simplebus0 |
|
3122 gpio0 at sxipio0: 32 pins |
|
3123 gpio1 at sxipio0: 32 pins |
|
3124 gpio2 at sxipio0: 32 pins |
|
3125 gpio3 at sxipio0: 32 pins |
|
3126 gpio4 at sxipio0: 32 pins |
|
3127 gpio5 at sxipio0: 32 pins |
|
3128 gpio6 at sxipio0: 32 pins |
|
3129 gpio7 at sxipio1: 32 pins |
|
3130 agtimer0 at mainbus0: tick rate 24000 KHz |
|
3131 cpu1 at mainbus0 mpidr 1: ARM Cortex-A53 r0p4 |
|
3132 cpu1: 32KB 64b/line 2-way L1 VIPT I-cache, 32KB 64b/line 4-way L1 D-cache |
|
3133 cpu1: 512KB 64b/line 16-way L2 cache |
|
3134 cpu2 at mainbus0 mpidr 2: ARM Cortex-A53 r0p4 |
|
3135 cpu2: 32KB 64b/line 2-way L1 VIPT I-cache, 32KB 64b/line 4-way L1 D-cache |
|
3136 cpu2: 512KB 64b/line 16-way L2 cache |
|
3137 cpu3 at mainbus0 mpidr 3: ARM Cortex-A53 r0p4 |
|
3138 cpu3: 32KB 64b/line 2-way L1 VIPT I-cache, 32KB 64b/line 4-way L1 D-cache |
|
3139 cpu3: 512KB 64b/line 16-way L2 cache |
|
3140 scsibus0 at sdmmc0: 2 targets, initiator 0 |
|
3141 sd0 at scsibus0 targ 1 lun 0: <SD/MMC, SC64G, 0080> SCSI2 0/direct… |
|
3142 sd0: 60906MB, 512 bytes/sector, 124735488 sectors |
|
3143 vscsi0 at root |
|
3144 scsibus1 at vscsi0: 256 targets |
|
3145 softraid0 at root |
|
3146 scsibus2 at softraid0: 256 targets |
|
3147 bootfile: sd0a:/bsd |
|
3148 boot device: sd0 |
|
3149 root on sd0a <span class="o">(</span>1fbfe51d132e41c0.a<span class="o">)… |
|
3150 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
3151 |
|
3152 ]]></content> |
|
3153 <summary type="html"> |
|
3154 <![CDATA[Running the OpenBSD/arm64 port on the N… |
|
3155 </summary> |
|
3156 |
|
3157 <category term="OpenBSD" scheme="https://www.cambus.net/… |
|
3158 <category term="ARM" scheme="https://www.cambus.net/cate… |
|
3159 </entry> |
|
3160 <entry> |
|
3161 <title><![CDATA[Spleen - Monospaced bitmap fonts]]></title> |
|
3162 <link href="https://www.cambus.net/spleen-monospaced-bit… |
|
3163 <id>https://www.cambus.net/spleen-monospaced-bitmap-font… |
|
3164 <published>2018-09-19T15:45:00Z</published> |
|
3165 <updated>2018-09-19T15:45:00Z</updated> |
|
3166 <content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>Spleen started as a per… |
|
3167 imported <strong>ssdfb(4)</strong>, a driver for small <strong>OLED disp… |
|
3168 needed a 5x8 font to be able to squeeze more columns and rows on those |
|
3169 devices.</p> |
|
3170 |
|
3171 <p>As someone spending most of his time in a terminal, I have been think… |
|
3172 drawing my own font for a while, and this was the perfect opportunity.</… |
|
3173 |
|
3174 <p>To be able to test character spacing and alignment, I started to use … |
|
3175 in <strong>xterm</strong>, then a zoomed version, and one thing leading … |
|
3176 started creating a 8x16 version, and then bigger versions based on it. S… |
|
3177 is now available in 5 sizes: 5x8, 8x16, 12x24, 16x32, and 32x64.</p> |
|
3178 |
|
3179 <p>Fonts are provided in the Glyph Bitmap Distribution Format (<strong>B… |
|
3180 the <strong>.dfont</strong> format for Macintosh users. All sizes contai… |
|
3181 characters, except for the 5x8 version which only contains printable ASC… |
|
3182 characters.</p> |
|
3183 |
|
3184 <p>The fonts are available on <a href="https://github.com/fcambus/spleen… |
|
3185 to install and use them.</p> |
|
3186 |
|
3187 <p>Here is a screenshot showing the 16x32 version displaying code:</p> |
|
3188 |
|
3189 <p><img src="https://www.cambus.net/content/2018/09/spleen-hello.png" al… |
|
3190 |
|
3191 <p>And again the 16x32 version showing prose:</p> |
|
3192 |
|
3193 <p><img src="https://www.cambus.net/content/2018/09/spleen-etranger.png"… |
|
3194 |
|
3195 <p>Looking ahead, my immediate plans are to continue improving glyphs th… |
|
3196 as well as characters spacing and alignment. This comes through extensive |
|
3197 everyday use of the various font sizes. Another short term goal is to add |
|
3198 support for Central European languages, with Polish being the immediate |
|
3199 priority.</p> |
|
3200 |
|
3201 <p>Meanwhile, I'm working on getting packages created for operating syst… |
|
3202 I just imported the OpenBSD port for Spleen this morning.</p> |
|
3203 |
|
3204 ]]></content> |
|
3205 <summary type="html"> |
|
3206 <![CDATA[Introducing Spleen, a monospaced bitmap… |
|
3207 </summary> |
|
3208 |
|
3209 <category term="Type Design" scheme="https://www.cambus.… |
|
3210 </entry> |
|
3211 <entry> |
|
3212 <title><![CDATA[The future of VIA x86 processors]]></title> |
|
3213 <link href="https://www.cambus.net/the-future-of-via-x86… |
|
3214 <id>https://www.cambus.net/the-future-of-via-x86-process… |
|
3215 <published>2018-07-30T18:08:00Z</published> |
|
3216 <updated>2018-07-30T18:08:00Z</updated> |
|
3217 <content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>I've been interested in… |
|
3218 up with the <strong>Mini-ITX</strong> standard in the very early 2000s. … |
|
3219 of bringing fanless and power-efficient designs to the x86 market was |
|
3220 groundbreaking at the time.</p> |
|
3221 |
|
3222 <p>VIA processors are designed by <strong>Centaur Technology</strong>, a… |
|
3223 excellent documentary entitled "<a href="https://vimeo.com/ondemand/rise… |
|
3224 history, which I really enjoyed watching.</p> |
|
3225 |
|
3226 <p>It's unfortunately very difficult to find information about recent VI… |
|
3227 CPUs. The VIA QuadCore, their latest one, was <a href="https://www.viate… |
|
3228 and it remains an open question whether there will be newer ones or not, |
|
3229 as the company seems to be focusing on the ARM architecture.</p> |
|
3230 |
|
3231 <p>In fact, the status of VIA's x86 licensing agreement is quite unclear… |
|
3232 was an <a href="https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2010/08/f… |
|
3233 extension should be offered to VIA once the ongoing agreement would expi… |
|
3234 in 2013, and that the agreement should be modified to allow VIA (among o… |
|
3235 companies) to consider mergers or joint ventures. The latter being the w… |
|
3236 VIA apparently took, which gave birth to <a href="http://www.zhaoxin.com… |
|
3237 |
|
3238 <p>Some information in English about <strong>Zhaoxin x86 CPUs</strong> i… |
|
3239 <a href="https://en.wikichip.org/wiki/zhaoxin">WikiChip</a>. However, th… |
|
3240 For now?</p> |
|
3241 |
|
3242 <p>Given the current state of affairs on the x86 market (Intel ME, AMD S… |
|
3243 Technology, Meltdown, Spectre) and upcoming vulnerabilities announcements |
|
3244 lurking on the horizon, there is definitely a spot for alternative x86 |
|
3245 processors.</p> |
|
3246 |
|
3247 ]]></content> |
|
3248 <summary type="html"> |
|
3249 <![CDATA[Past, present, and future of VIA x86 pr… |
|
3250 </summary> |
|
3251 |
|
3252 <category term="Hardware" scheme="https://www.cambus.net… |
|
3253 </entry> |
|
3254 <entry> |
|
3255 <title><![CDATA[Oldest domains in the .com, .net, and .org TLDs]… |
|
3256 <link href="https://www.cambus.net/oldest-domains-in-the… |
|
3257 <id>https://www.cambus.net/oldest-domains-in-the-com-net… |
|
3258 <published>2018-06-26T15:57:00Z</published> |
|
3259 <updated>2018-06-26T15:57:00Z</updated> |
|
3260 <content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>As someone interested i… |
|
3261 enjoying facts and articles about early registered domain names. Wikiped… |
|
3262 has a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_oldest_currentl… |
|
3263 and .org domains.</p> |
|
3264 |
|
3265 <p>Using the <strong>DDN NIC domain summaries</strong>, it shouldn't be … |
|
3266 extract a list of domains, <strong>perform whois queries</strong> to get… |
|
3267 dates, and sort the results. Let's find out.</p> |
|
3268 |
|
3269 <p>For the record, the oldest issue I could find, dating from December 1… |
|
3270 doesn't list nordu.net, the first .net domain ever registered. So I opted |
|
3271 for the <a href="https://www.statdns.com/files/domain-info-19950813.txt"… |
|
3272 find an issue from 1996, there are a lot more domains listed so the whois |
|
3273 lookups would take a lot more time, for no evident benefit.</p> |
|
3274 |
|
3275 <h3 id="preparing-the-domain-lists">Preparing the domain lists</h3> |
|
3276 |
|
3277 <p>After manually splitting the file to get rid of the TLDs we are not i… |
|
3278 in, we save them in a distinct file for each TLD.</p> |
|
3279 |
|
3280 <p>Then, we need to process the lists so that each domain is on its own … |
|
3281 we strip the eventual subdomains with rev using a neat trick:</p> |
|
3282 |
|
3283 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
3284 rev | <span class="nb">cut</span> <span class="nt">-d</span> <span c… |
|
3285 |
|
3286 <span class="nb">tr</span> <span class="nt">-s</span> <span class="s2">"… |
|
3287 rev | <span class="nb">cut</span> <span class="nt">-d</span> <span c… |
|
3288 |
|
3289 <span class="nb">tr</span> <span class="nt">-s</span> <span class="s2">"… |
|
3290 rev | <span class="nb">cut</span> <span class="nt">-d</span> <span c… |
|
3291 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
3292 |
|
3293 <h3 id="performing-whois-requests">Performing whois requests</h3> |
|
3294 |
|
3295 <p>Internic whois server allows to query domains in the .com and .net TL… |
|
3296 imposing any drastic rate limit, albeit slowly. As our corpus is rather … |
|
3297 this isn't an issue.</p> |
|
3298 |
|
3299 <p>Whois script for .com and .net domains:</p> |
|
3300 |
|
3301 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
3302 <span class="k">while </span><span class="nb">read </span>domain |
|
3303 <span class="k">do |
|
3304 </span><span class="nv">creation_date</span><span class="o">=</s… |
|
3305 <span class="nb">grep</span> <span class="s2">" Creation D… |
|
3306 |
|
3307 <span class="k">if</span> <span class="o">[</span> <span class="… |
|
3308 </span><span class="nb">date</span><span class="o">=</sp… |
|
3309 <span class="nb">echo</span> <span class="nv">$date</spa… |
|
3310 <span class="k">fi</span> |
|
3311 |
|
3312 <span class="c"># Wait one second to avoid triggering rate-limit… |
|
3313 <span class="nb">sleep </span>1 |
|
3314 <span class="k">done</span> < <span class="nv">$1</span> |
|
3315 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
3316 |
|
3317 <p>On the other hand, the Public Interest Registry whois server only all… |
|
3318 queries per minute, so we have to sleep for a little while between each |
|
3319 request.</p> |
|
3320 |
|
3321 <p>Whois script for .org domains:</p> |
|
3322 |
|
3323 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
3324 <span class="k">while </span><span class="nb">read </span>domain |
|
3325 <span class="k">do |
|
3326 </span><span class="nv">creation_date</span><span class="o">=</s… |
|
3327 <span class="nb">uniq</span> | <span class="nb">sed</span> <… |
|
3328 |
|
3329 <span class="k">if</span> <span class="o">[</span> <span class="… |
|
3330 </span><span class="nb">date</span><span class="o">=</sp… |
|
3331 <span class="nb">echo</span> <span class="nv">$date</spa… |
|
3332 <span class="k">fi</span> |
|
3333 |
|
3334 <span class="c"># Wait thirty seconds to avoid triggering rate-l… |
|
3335 <span class="nb">sleep </span>30 |
|
3336 <span class="k">done</span> < <span class="nv">$1</span> |
|
3337 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
3338 |
|
3339 <p>We can now launch the scripts to perform whois requests:</p> |
|
3340 |
|
3341 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
3342 sh internic.sh net.txt <span class="o">></span> net.dates.txt |
|
3343 sh pir.sh org.txt <span class="o">></span> org.dates.txt |
|
3344 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
3345 |
|
3346 <p>And finally sort results and keep the 100 oldest domains for each TLD… |
|
3347 |
|
3348 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
3349 <span class="nb">sort </span>net.dates.txt | <span class="nb">head</span… |
|
3350 <span class="nb">sort </span>org.dates.txt | <span class="nb">head</span… |
|
3351 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
3352 |
|
3353 <h3 id="results">Results</h3> |
|
3354 |
|
3355 <p>Oldest registered <strong>.com</strong> domains:</p> |
|
3356 |
|
3357 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
3358 1985-04-24 bbn.com |
|
3359 1985-05-24 think.com |
|
3360 1985-07-11 mcc.com |
|
3361 1985-09-30 dec.com |
|
3362 1985-11-07 northrop.com |
|
3363 1986-01-09 xerox.com |
|
3364 1986-01-17 sri.com |
|
3365 1986-03-03 hp.com |
|
3366 1986-03-05 bellcore.com |
|
3367 1986-03-19 ibm.com |
|
3368 1986-03-19 sun.com |
|
3369 1986-03-25 intel.com |
|
3370 1986-03-25 ti.com |
|
3371 1986-04-25 att.com |
|
3372 1986-05-08 gmr.com |
|
3373 1986-05-08 tek.com |
|
3374 1986-07-10 fmc.com |
|
3375 1986-07-10 ub.com |
|
3376 1986-08-05 bell-atl.com |
|
3377 1986-08-05 ge.com |
|
3378 1986-08-05 grebyn.com |
|
3379 1986-08-05 isc.com |
|
3380 1986-08-05 nsc.com |
|
3381 1986-08-05 stargate.com |
|
3382 1986-09-02 boeing.com |
|
3383 1986-09-18 itcorp.com |
|
3384 1986-09-29 siemens.com |
|
3385 1986-10-18 pyramid.com |
|
3386 1986-10-27 alphacdc.com |
|
3387 1986-10-27 bdm.com |
|
3388 1986-10-27 fluke.com |
|
3389 1986-10-27 inmet.com |
|
3390 1986-10-27 kesmai.com |
|
3391 1986-10-27 mentor.com |
|
3392 1986-10-27 nec.com |
|
3393 1986-10-27 ray.com |
|
3394 1986-10-27 rosemount.com |
|
3395 1986-10-27 vortex.com |
|
3396 1986-11-05 alcoa.com |
|
3397 1986-11-05 gte.com |
|
3398 1986-11-17 adobe.com |
|
3399 1986-11-17 amd.com |
|
3400 1986-11-17 das.com |
|
3401 1986-11-17 data-io.com |
|
3402 1986-11-17 octopus.com |
|
3403 1986-11-17 portal.com |
|
3404 1986-11-17 teltone.com |
|
3405 1986-12-11 3com.com |
|
3406 1986-12-11 amdahl.com |
|
3407 1986-12-11 ccur.com |
|
3408 1986-12-11 ci.com |
|
3409 1986-12-11 convergent.com |
|
3410 1986-12-11 dg.com |
|
3411 1986-12-11 peregrine.com |
|
3412 1986-12-11 quad.com |
|
3413 1986-12-11 sq.com |
|
3414 1986-12-11 tandy.com |
|
3415 1986-12-11 tti.com |
|
3416 1986-12-11 unisys.com |
|
3417 1987-01-19 cgi.com |
|
3418 1987-01-19 cts.com |
|
3419 1987-01-19 spdcc.com |
|
3420 1987-02-19 apple.com |
|
3421 1987-03-04 nma.com |
|
3422 1987-03-04 prime.com |
|
3423 1987-04-04 philips.com |
|
3424 1987-04-23 datacube.com |
|
3425 1987-04-23 kai.com |
|
3426 1987-04-23 tic.com |
|
3427 1987-04-23 vine.com |
|
3428 1987-04-30 ncr.com |
|
3429 1987-05-14 cisco.com |
|
3430 1987-05-14 rdl.com |
|
3431 1987-05-20 slb.com |
|
3432 1987-05-27 parcplace.com |
|
3433 1987-05-27 utc.com |
|
3434 1987-06-26 ide.com |
|
3435 1987-07-09 trw.com |
|
3436 1987-07-13 unipress.com |
|
3437 1987-07-27 dupont.com |
|
3438 1987-07-27 lockheed.com |
|
3439 1987-07-28 rosetta.com |
|
3440 1987-08-18 toad.com |
|
3441 1987-08-31 quick.com |
|
3442 1987-09-03 allied.com |
|
3443 1987-09-03 dsc.com |
|
3444 1987-09-03 sco.com |
|
3445 1987-09-22 gene.com |
|
3446 1987-09-22 kccs.com |
|
3447 1987-09-22 spectra.com |
|
3448 1987-09-22 wlk.com |
|
3449 1987-09-30 mentat.com |
|
3450 1987-10-14 wyse.com |
|
3451 1987-11-02 cfg.com |
|
3452 1987-11-09 marble.com |
|
3453 1987-11-16 cayman.com |
|
3454 1987-11-16 entity.com |
|
3455 1987-11-24 ksr.com |
|
3456 1987-11-30 nynexst.com |
|
3457 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
3458 |
|
3459 <p>Oldest registered <strong>.net</strong> domains:</p> |
|
3460 |
|
3461 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
3462 1986-04-01 broken.net |
|
3463 1986-11-05 nsf.net |
|
3464 1987-01-27 nyser.net |
|
3465 1987-05-20 uu.net |
|
3466 1987-07-21 sesqui.net |
|
3467 1988-05-25 mr.net |
|
3468 1988-06-09 oar.net |
|
3469 1988-07-08 sura.net |
|
3470 1988-09-07 the.net |
|
3471 1988-09-16 nwnet.net |
|
3472 1988-10-21 es.net |
|
3473 1988-10-25 mid.net |
|
3474 1989-01-04 barrnet.net |
|
3475 1989-01-05 cic.net |
|
3476 1989-01-27 hawaii.net |
|
3477 1989-03-07 psi.net |
|
3478 1989-03-27 near.net |
|
3479 1989-04-11 eu.net |
|
3480 1989-06-29 ln.net |
|
3481 1989-09-12 sub.net |
|
3482 1989-09-14 westnet.net |
|
3483 1989-11-06 cypress.net |
|
3484 1989-11-15 cerf.net |
|
3485 1989-11-17 risq.net |
|
3486 1990-02-09 ca.net |
|
3487 1990-05-21 wiscnet.net |
|
3488 1990-07-25 cent.net |
|
3489 1990-07-26 alter.net |
|
3490 1990-09-27 ans.net |
|
3491 1990-11-07 mich.net |
|
3492 1991-02-26 hk.net |
|
3493 1991-04-10 cix.net |
|
3494 1991-04-11 team.net |
|
3495 1991-05-07 five-colleges.net |
|
3496 1991-05-17 ja.net |
|
3497 1991-06-03 illinois.net |
|
3498 1991-06-20 more.net |
|
3499 1991-06-24 ohio-dmz.net |
|
3500 1991-07-08 icp.net |
|
3501 1991-08-07 swip.net |
|
3502 1991-08-15 michnet.net |
|
3503 1991-11-29 notes.net |
|
3504 1991-12-10 merit.net |
|
3505 1991-12-31 mu.net |
|
3506 1992-01-17 first.net |
|
3507 1992-02-17 ebone.net |
|
3508 1992-02-19 holonet.net |
|
3509 1992-02-25 ripe.net |
|
3510 1992-03-24 csn.net |
|
3511 1992-04-06 mcast.net |
|
3512 1992-04-08 life.net |
|
3513 1992-04-20 rahul.net |
|
3514 1992-04-21 cyber.net |
|
3515 1992-05-11 sprintlink.net |
|
3516 1992-05-18 ids.net |
|
3517 1992-05-21 q.net |
|
3518 1992-06-01 netconnect.net |
|
3519 1992-07-07 use.net |
|
3520 1992-07-16 tip.net |
|
3521 1992-07-27 capcon.net |
|
3522 1992-07-27 nexsys.net |
|
3523 1992-07-29 umass.net |
|
3524 1992-07-31 solinet.net |
|
3525 1992-08-06 fish.net |
|
3526 1992-08-18 ps.net |
|
3527 1992-09-10 eds.net |
|
3528 1992-09-18 lig.net |
|
3529 1992-10-01 ix.net |
|
3530 1992-10-19 aol.net |
|
3531 1992-10-30 win.net |
|
3532 1992-11-02 cren.net |
|
3533 1992-11-03 path.net |
|
3534 1992-11-04 quake.net |
|
3535 1992-11-20 access.net |
|
3536 1992-11-20 tsoft.net |
|
3537 1992-11-23 inter.net |
|
3538 1992-11-30 individual.net |
|
3539 1992-12-04 raider.net |
|
3540 1992-12-09 europa.net |
|
3541 1992-12-21 demon.net |
|
3542 1992-12-22 press.net |
|
3543 1992-12-23 bc.net |
|
3544 1993-01-01 internic.net |
|
3545 1993-01-04 cls.net |
|
3546 1993-01-20 sam.net |
|
3547 1993-02-09 kanren.net |
|
3548 1993-02-11 ubs.net |
|
3549 1993-02-15 digex.net |
|
3550 1993-02-15 mobilecomm.net |
|
3551 1993-02-17 xlink.net |
|
3552 1993-02-18 fr.net |
|
3553 1993-03-03 onenet.net |
|
3554 1993-03-08 aco.net |
|
3555 1993-03-24 clark.net |
|
3556 1993-03-24 olympus.net |
|
3557 1993-03-24 satlink.net |
|
3558 1993-04-02 netcom.net |
|
3559 1993-04-07 nl.net |
|
3560 1993-04-13 ins.net |
|
3561 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
3562 |
|
3563 <p>Oldest registered <strong>.org</strong> domains:</p> |
|
3564 |
|
3565 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
3566 1986-03-25 src.org |
|
3567 1986-07-10 super.org |
|
3568 1987-01-07 aero.org |
|
3569 1987-01-15 mcnc.org |
|
3570 1987-04-02 rand.org |
|
3571 1987-04-04 mn.org |
|
3572 1987-05-01 rti.org |
|
3573 1987-07-14 usenix.org |
|
3574 1987-09-03 software.org |
|
3575 1988-02-25 fidonet.org |
|
3576 1988-04-27 ampr.org |
|
3577 1988-08-04 osf.org |
|
3578 1988-08-11 ida.org |
|
3579 1988-09-09 cactus.org |
|
3580 1988-09-09 nm.org |
|
3581 1988-09-22 ccf.org |
|
3582 1988-10-21 erim.org |
|
3583 1988-11-11 ski.org |
|
3584 1988-11-30 iti.org |
|
3585 1989-01-11 jax.org |
|
3586 1989-01-13 ncsc.org |
|
3587 1989-02-09 aaai.org |
|
3588 1989-02-24 ie.org |
|
3589 1989-03-29 stjude.org |
|
3590 1989-04-11 mbari.org |
|
3591 1989-05-24 castle.org |
|
3592 1989-06-07 carl.org |
|
3593 1989-06-27 msri.org |
|
3594 1989-07-15 agi.org |
|
3595 1989-07-17 sf-bay.org |
|
3596 1989-07-31 mef.org |
|
3597 1989-08-11 oclc.org |
|
3598 1989-08-23 ei.org |
|
3599 1989-09-05 cas.org |
|
3600 1989-09-11 battelle.org |
|
3601 1989-09-12 sub.org |
|
3602 1989-09-21 aip.org |
|
3603 1989-09-28 sdpa.org |
|
3604 1989-11-08 lonestar.org |
|
3605 1989-12-01 ieee.org |
|
3606 1990-01-10 cit.org |
|
3607 1990-01-22 sematech.org |
|
3608 1990-02-07 omg.org |
|
3609 1990-02-12 decus.org |
|
3610 1990-03-13 sublink.org |
|
3611 1990-03-16 cam.org |
|
3612 1990-03-20 cpl.org |
|
3613 1990-04-10 ori.org |
|
3614 1990-04-13 fhcrc.org |
|
3615 1990-05-16 nwf.org |
|
3616 1990-05-18 mskcc.org |
|
3617 1990-05-23 boystown.org |
|
3618 1990-05-24 bwc.org |
|
3619 1990-05-31 topsail.org |
|
3620 1990-06-28 ciit.org |
|
3621 1990-07-17 central.org |
|
3622 1990-07-27 mind.org |
|
3623 1990-08-03 stonemarche.org |
|
3624 1990-08-28 cshl.org |
|
3625 1990-08-30 fstrf.org |
|
3626 1990-09-12 dorsai.org |
|
3627 1990-09-14 elf.org |
|
3628 1990-09-18 siggraph.org |
|
3629 1990-09-21 sjh.org |
|
3630 1990-09-27 igc.org |
|
3631 1990-10-10 cotdazr.org |
|
3632 1990-10-10 eff.org |
|
3633 1990-10-10 sfn.org |
|
3634 1990-10-31 csn.org |
|
3635 1990-11-01 sfbr.org |
|
3636 1990-11-07 ais.org |
|
3637 1990-11-07 hjf.org |
|
3638 1991-01-04 uniforum.org |
|
3639 1991-01-04 wgbh.org |
|
3640 1991-02-01 fsf.org |
|
3641 1991-02-06 eso.org |
|
3642 1991-02-06 tiaa.org |
|
3643 1991-02-13 nysernet.org |
|
3644 1991-02-20 acr.org |
|
3645 1991-02-26 nybc.org |
|
3646 1991-02-26 nypl.org |
|
3647 1991-04-10 cnytdo.org |
|
3648 1991-04-10 htr.org |
|
3649 1991-04-10 hvtdc.org |
|
3650 1991-04-10 nycp.org |
|
3651 1991-04-11 bpl.org |
|
3652 1991-04-11 scra.org |
|
3653 1991-04-12 amnh.org |
|
3654 1991-04-15 hellnet.org |
|
3655 1991-04-15 sil.org |
|
3656 1991-04-18 apc.org |
|
3657 1991-04-22 mobot.org |
|
3658 1991-04-25 cni.org |
|
3659 1991-05-01 gumption.org |
|
3660 1991-05-02 hslc.org |
|
3661 1991-05-13 guild.org |
|
3662 1991-05-22 acs.org |
|
3663 1991-05-22 lpl.org |
|
3664 1991-05-22 rsage.org |
|
3665 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
3666 |
|
3667 ]]></content> |
|
3668 <summary type="html"> |
|
3669 <![CDATA[Oldest registered domain names in the .… |
|
3670 </summary> |
|
3671 |
|
3672 <category term="DNS" scheme="https://www.cambus.net/cate… |
|
3673 </entry> |
|
3674 <entry> |
|
3675 <title><![CDATA[Booting OpenBSD kernels in EFI mode with QEMU]]>… |
|
3676 <link href="https://www.cambus.net/booting-openbsd-kerne… |
|
3677 <id>https://www.cambus.net/booting-openbsd-kernels-in-ef… |
|
3678 <published>2018-06-24T11:50:00Z</published> |
|
3679 <updated>2018-06-24T11:50:00Z</updated> |
|
3680 <content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>I've been working on st… |
|
3681 way to quickly test kernels without having to reboot my development mach… |
|
3682 each and every time.</p> |
|
3683 |
|
3684 <p>As it turns out, it's possible to achieve using <strong>OVMF</strong>… |
|
3685 Firmware), a BSD licensed <strong>UEFI firmware implementation</strong> … |
|
3686 machines. A prebuilt image can be downloaded <a href="https://sourceforg… |
|
3687 |
|
3688 <p>We will need to create two drives:</p> |
|
3689 |
|
3690 <ul> |
|
3691 <li>One drive using a FAT filesystem to store the EFI payload (the Ope… |
|
3692 bootloader)</li> |
|
3693 <li>Another drive using a FFS filesystem containing the OpenBSD kernel… |
|
3694 </ul> |
|
3695 |
|
3696 <p>Thankfully, QEMU allows to create virtual drives with FAT filesystems… |
|
3697 local directories, and we can easily create an FFS filesystem image using |
|
3698 <strong>makefs(8)</strong>.</p> |
|
3699 |
|
3700 <p>We will start by creating a directory structure:</p> |
|
3701 |
|
3702 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
3703 <span class="nb">mkdir</span> <span class="nt">-p</span> kernel/etc |
|
3704 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
3705 |
|
3706 <p>We then copy the OpenBSD <strong>EFI bootloader</strong>:</p> |
|
3707 |
|
3708 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
3709 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
3710 |
|
3711 <p>Alternatively, an OpenBSD EFI bootloader can be downloaded <a href="h… |
|
3712 |
|
3713 <p>Then, we need to place the EFI firmware image at the root of our dire… |
|
3714 the OpenBSD kernel we want to boot in the kernel directory.</p> |
|
3715 |
|
3716 <p>The directory structure should look as follow:</p> |
|
3717 |
|
3718 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
3719 bootloader |
|
3720 bootloader/efi |
|
3721 bootloader/efi/boot |
|
3722 bootloader/efi/boot/BOOTX64.EFI |
|
3723 kernel |
|
3724 kernel/etc |
|
3725 kernel/bsd |
|
3726 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
3727 |
|
3728 <p>We can now create the <strong>random.seed</strong> file and build the… |
|
3729 |
|
3730 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
3731 makefs <span class="nt">-t</span> ffs kernel.img kernel |
|
3732 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
3733 |
|
3734 <p>Finally, let's start QEMU:</p> |
|
3735 |
|
3736 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
3737 <span class="nt">-drive</span> <span class="nv">format</span><sp… |
|
3738 <span class="nt">-drive</span> <span class="nv">format</span><sp… |
|
3739 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
3740 |
|
3741 <p>And boot our kernel:</p> |
|
3742 |
|
3743 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
3744 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
3745 ]]></content> |
|
3746 <summary type="html"> |
|
3747 <![CDATA[Some notes on booting an OpenBSD kernel… |
|
3748 </summary> |
|
3749 |
|
3750 <category term="OpenBSD" scheme="https://www.cambus.net/… |
|
3751 </entry> |
|
3752 <entry> |
|
3753 <title><![CDATA[The journey back to C]]></title> |
|
3754 <link href="https://www.cambus.net/the-journey-back-to-c… |
|
3755 <id>https://www.cambus.net/the-journey-back-to-c/</id> |
|
3756 <published>2018-02-21T13:10:00Z</published> |
|
3757 <updated>2018-02-21T13:10:00Z</updated> |
|
3758 <content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>A few months ago, I rea… |
|
3759 programming this February. Although I had several few years of hiatuses … |
|
3760 and then, that's still a very long period for a single language.</p> |
|
3761 |
|
3762 <p>My journey back to C started in the spring of 2015, out of envy to sc… |
|
3763 a long time itch and write a Web log analyzer. I found <a href="http://c… |
|
3764 be a great refresher, which got me motivated and <a href="https://www.lo… |
|
3765 |
|
3766 <p>Fast forward to the fall of 2017, when I decided to finally tackle the |
|
3767 pile of material I collected and printed over the year. This started with |
|
3768 <a href="http://www.literateprogramming.com/ctraps.pdf">C Traps and Pitf… |
|
3769 from TAOSSA, and I'm currently reading and enjoying <a href="https://gfo… |
|
3770 |
|
3771 <p>Meanwhile, I've been reading <a href="https://greenteapress.com/think… |
|
3772 with <a href="http://www.apuebook.com/">Advanced Programming in the Unix… |
|
3773 to more material about operating systems.</p> |
|
3774 |
|
3775 <p>Languages come and go, but C is forever.</p> |
|
3776 |
|
3777 ]]></content> |
|
3778 <summary type="html"> |
|
3779 <![CDATA[My journey back to C, through reading a… |
|
3780 </summary> |
|
3781 |
|
3782 <category term="C" scheme="https://www.cambus.net/catego… |
|
3783 </entry> |
|
3784 <entry> |
|
3785 <title><![CDATA[OpenBSD/octeon on the EdgeRouter Lite]]></title> |
|
3786 <link href="https://www.cambus.net/openbsd-octeon-on-the… |
|
3787 <id>https://www.cambus.net/openbsd-octeon-on-the-edgerou… |
|
3788 <published>2017-08-24T22:45:00Z</published> |
|
3789 <updated>2017-08-24T22:45:00Z</updated> |
|
3790 <content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>I've had the EdgeRouter… |
|
3791 year now, and it's a nice and affordable little fanless device to run |
|
3792 <a href="https://www.openbsd.org/octeon.html">OpenBSD/octeon</a> on.</p> |
|
3793 |
|
3794 <p>The CPU on this machine is a dual-core Cavium Octeon CN50xx (MIPS64 I… |
|
3795 which can run in both BE and LE modes. OpenBSD runs in big-endian mode on |
|
3796 this architecture.</p> |
|
3797 |
|
3798 <p>On the minus side, there is no internal clock and no FPU.</p> |
|
3799 |
|
3800 <p><img src="/content/2017/08/edgerouter-lite.jpg" alt="OpenBSD on the E… |
|
3801 |
|
3802 <p>Here is the output of running <em>file</em> on executables:</p> |
|
3803 |
|
3804 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
3805 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
3806 |
|
3807 <p>And this is the result of the <strong>md5 -t</strong> benchmark:</p> |
|
3808 |
|
3809 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
3810 Digest <span class="o">=</span> 52e5f9c9e6f656f3e1800dfa5579d089 |
|
3811 Time <span class="o">=</span> 2.183314 seconds |
|
3812 Speed <span class="o">=</span> 45801932.291920 bytes/second |
|
3813 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
3814 |
|
3815 <p>For the record, LibreSSL speed benchmark results are available |
|
3816 <a href="/files/openbsd/openssl-speed-edgerouter-lite.txt">here</a>.</p> |
|
3817 |
|
3818 <p>System message buffer (dmesg output):</p> |
|
3819 |
|
3820 <div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pr… |
|
3821 The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserve… |
|
3822 Copyright <span class="o">(</span>c<span class="o">)</span> 1995-2017 Op… |
|
3823 |
|
3824 OpenBSD 6.2-beta <span class="o">(</span>GENERIC.MP<span class="o">)</sp… |
|
3825 visa@octeon:/usr/src/sys/arch/octeon/compile/GENERIC.MP |
|
3826 real mem <span class="o">=</span> 536870912 <span class="o">(</span>512M… |
|
3827 avail mem <span class="o">=</span> 523943936 <span class="o">(</span>499… |
|
3828 mainbus0 at root |
|
3829 cpu0 at mainbus0: CN50xx CPU rev 0.1 500 MHz, Software FP emulation |
|
3830 cpu0: cache L1-I 32KB 4 way D 8KB 64 way, L2 128KB 8 way |
|
3831 cpu1 at mainbus0: CN50xx CPU rev 0.1 500 MHz, Software FP emulation |
|
3832 cpu1: cache L1-I 32KB 4 way D 8KB 64 way, L2 128KB 8 way |
|
3833 clock0 at mainbus0: int 5 |
|
3834 iobus0 at mainbus0 |
|
3835 simplebus0 at iobus0: <span class="s2">"soc"</span> |
|
3836 octciu0 at simplebus0 |
|
3837 cn30xxsmi0 at simplebus0 |
|
3838 com0 at simplebus0: ns16550a, 64 byte fifo |
|
3839 com0: console |
|
3840 dwctwo0 at iobus0 base 0x1180068000000 irq 56 |
|
3841 usb0 at dwctwo0: USB revision 2.0 |
|
3842 uhub0 at usb0 configuration 1 interface 0 <span class="s2">"Octeon DWC2 … |
|
3843 octrng0 at iobus0 base 0x1400000000000 irq 0 |
|
3844 cn30xxgmx0 at iobus0 base 0x1180008000000 |
|
3845 cnmac0 at cn30xxgmx0: RGMII, address 44:d9:e7:9e:f5:9e |
|
3846 atphy0 at cnmac0 phy 7: AR8035 10/100/1000 PHY, rev. 2 |
|
3847 cnmac1 at cn30xxgmx0: RGMII, address 44:d9:e7:9e:f5:9f |
|
3848 atphy1 at cnmac1 phy 6: AR8035 10/100/1000 PHY, rev. 2 |
|
3849 cnmac2 at cn30xxgmx0: RGMII, address 44:d9:e7:9e:f5:a0 |
|
3850 atphy2 at cnmac2 phy 5: AR8035 10/100/1000 PHY, rev. 2 |
|
3851 /dev/ksyms: Symbol table not valid. |
|
3852 umass0 at uhub0 port 1 configuration 1 interface 0 <span class="s2">"ven… |
|
3853 umass0: using SCSI over Bulk-Only |
|
3854 scsibus0 at umass0: 2 targets, initiator 0 |
|
3855 sd0 at scsibus0 targ 1 lun 0: <, USB DISK 2.0, PMAP> SCSI4 0/direc… |
|
3856 sd0: 3824MB, 512 bytes/sector, 7831552 sectors |
|
3857 vscsi0 at root |
|
3858 scsibus1 at vscsi0: 256 targets |
|
3859 softraid0 at root |
|
3860 scsibus2 at softraid0: 256 targets |
|
3861 boot device: sd0 |
|
3862 root on sd0a <span class="o">(</span>cf2da3d2e43090ca.a<span class="o">)… |
|
3863 cpu1 launched |
|
3864 </code></pre></div></div> |
|
3865 ]]></content> |
|
3866 <summary type="html"> |
|
3867 <![CDATA[Running the OpenBSD/octeon port on Ubiq… |
|
3868 </summary> |
|
3869 |
|
3870 <category term="OpenBSD" scheme="https://www.cambus.net/… |
|
3871 <category term="MIPS64" scheme="https://www.cambus.net/c… |
|
3872 </entry> |
|
3873 <entry> |
|
3874 <title><![CDATA[OpenBSD g2k16 hackathon]]></title> |
|
3875 <link href="https://www.cambus.net/openbsd-g2k16-hackath… |
|
3876 <id>https://www.cambus.net/openbsd-g2k16-hackathon/</id> |
|
3877 <published>2016-12-24T19:39:00Z</published> |
|
3878 <updated>2016-12-24T19:39:00Z</updated> |
|
3879 <content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>First hackathon. Things… |
|
3880 to the airport under heavy rain while a thunderstorm was ongoing. The re… |
|
3881 though, allowing me to reach Cambridge without issues.</p> |
|
3882 |
|
3883 <p>I came to the hackathon with plans to work on audio, emulators, and g… |
|
3884 Porting is a strange addiction. Trying to make sense of custom build sys… |
|
3885 ports I imported were previous failed attempts, but knowledge gained por… |
|
3886 me to overcome blocking issues. It's a never-ending challenge, but a rew… |
|
3887 opportunity to attempt upstreaming changes and get in touch with develop… |
|
3888 are helpful and happy to see their program being packaged.</p> |
|
3889 |
|
3890 <p>On the second day, I got my commit bit and managed to import a few th… |
|
3891 I found out that CVS, which is a frequent source of complaints and quest… |
|
3892 |
|
3893 <p>Overall, the most important part of the hackathon was the human aspec… |
|
3894 lists, and finding out that the crowd is both cheerful and welcoming. Ha… |
|
3895 I left Cambridge very inspired and determined to start a foray into src,… |
|
3896 |
|
3897 <p>Thanks to Anil, Gemma, and the OpenBSD foundation for organizing such… |
|
3898 to publish it.</p> |
|
3899 |
|
3900 ]]></content> |
|
3901 <summary type="html"> |
|
3902 <![CDATA[My OpenBSD g2k16 hackathon report]]> |
|
3903 </summary> |
|
3904 |
|
3905 <category term="OpenBSD" scheme="https://www.cambus.net/… |
|
3906 </entry> |
|
3907 </feed> |
