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<TITLE> Polish Language Course - Lesson 3</TITLE>
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<H5><A HREF="lessidx.htm">Main Page</A>&nbsp&nbsp<A HREF="less0.htm">Lessons</A></H5>
<H1 ALIGN=CENTER>Polish Language Course</H1>
<H1 ALIGN=CENTER>Lekcja 3</H1>
<H1 ALIGN=CENTER>(Lesson 3)</H1>

<H3>Contents</H3>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="#D12">Text 1 and dialogue 2. Cardinal and ordinal numbers.</A>
<LI><A HREF="#D34">Texts 3,4. Personal pronouns.</A>
<LI><A HREF="#G">Grammar</A>
<OL>
<LI><A HREF="#G1">Adjectives and ordinal numbers. Declension for gender.</A>
<LI><A HREF="#G2">Personal pronouns.</A>
<LI><A HREF="#G3">Conjugation of a irregular verb by� (to be).</A>
<LI><A HREF="#G4">Declension of nouns, instrumental case of masculine and feminine nouns (plural).</A>
<LI><A HREF="#G5">Declension of adjectives and numerals, instrumental case.</A>
</OL>
<LI><A HREF="#A">Exercises A</A>
<LI><A HREF="#B">Exercises B</A>
</UL>

<H4><A NAME="D12"></A>Text 1 (cardinal and ordinal numbers)</H4>


Jeden. Dwa. Trzy. Cztery. Pi��. 
Lekcja pierwsza. Lekcja numer jeden. 
Lekcja druga. Lekcja numer dwa. 
Lekcja trzecia. Lekcja czwarta. Lekcja pi�ta... Lekcja ostatnia. 

<H4>Dialogue 2</H4>


Adam: - Cze�� Monika! 
Monika: - Cze��! 
Adam: - My jeste�my Polakami, a Diana i John s� Anglikami. 
Diana: - Tak. Wy jeste�cie Polakami. Rafael i Pedro s� Hiszpanami. 
John: - Oni s� Hiszpanami. 
Hans: - Ja i Helmut jeste�my Niemcami, a to s� pani Gross i pani Kruger.
One s� Niemkami. 
Monika: - Tatiana i Natasza s� Rosjankami, a Karol i Gustaw - Szwedami. 
David: - Ja i Tom jeste�my Amerykanami. Wania i Sasza s� Rosjanami.

<H3>Vocabulary</H3>
cardinal numbers 
jeden - one 
dwa - two 
trzy - three 
cztery - four 
pi�� - five 
ordinal numbers 
pierwszy, pierwsza, pierwsze - first (masculine, feminine and neuter forms) 
drugi, druga, drugie - second 
trzeci, trzecia, trzecie - third 
czwarty, czwarta, czwarte - fourth 
pi�ty, pi�ta, pi�te - fifth 
other vocabulary 
ostatni, ostatnia, ostatnie - last 
lekcja - lesson (f) 
lekcja pierwsza - lesson 1 
lekcja numer jeden - lesson no. 1 
numer - number (m) 
my - we 
my jeste�my - we are 
wy- you (plural) 
wy jeste�cie - you are 
oni - they (masculine form) 
oni s� - they are 
one - they (feminine form) 
one s� - they are 
Hiszpan - a man from Spain 
Hiszpanka - a woman from Spain 
Niemiec* - a man from Germany (* denotes stem changing, be careful of
making other case forms, see Grammar 4 below) 
Niemka - a woman from Germany 
Rosjanin* - a man from Russia 
Rosjanka - a woman from Russia 
Szwed - a man from Sweden 
Szwedka - a woman from Sweden 
Francuz - a man from France 
Francuzka - a woman from France 

<H4><A NAME="D34"></A>Text 3 (usage of personal pronouns)</H4>


Ja jestem Polakiem. 
Ty jeste� .........
(put your nationality here because I do not know it) 
John jest Anglikiem. On jest Amerykaninem. 
Natasza jest Rosjank�. Ona jest Rosjank�. 
My jeste�my Polakami. 
Wy jeste�cie Amerykanami. 
Rafael i Pedro s� Hiszpanami. Oni s� Hiszpanami. 
John jest Anglikiem. Diana jest Angielk�. Oni s� Anglikami. 
Tatiana jest Rosjank�. Natasza jest Rosjank�. One s� Rosjankami. 

<H4> Text 4 (instrumental forms of adjectives)</H4>


Romeo jest wysoki. Romeo jest W�ochem. Romeo jest wysokim W�ochem. 
Julia jest niska. Julia jest W�oszk�. Julia jest nisk� W�oszk�. 
Jacque jest grubym Francuzem. Marie jest szczup�� Francuzk�. 
Wania i Sasza s� weso�ymi Rosjanami. 
Pani Gross i pani Kruger s� mi�ymi Niemkami. 

<H3>Vocabulary</H3>
W�och - a man from Italy 
W�oszka - a woman from Italy 
weso�y, weso�a, weso�e - happy, jolly 
mi�y, mi�a, mi�e - nice, kind 

<H3><A NAME="G"></A>Grammar</H3>

<H4><A NAME="G1">1. Adjectives and ordinal numbers. Declension for gender.</H4>

Adjectives and ordinal numbers decline for gender. There are three
singular forms (masculine, feminine and neuter)
and two plural ones.
In the table below you can see how to decline adjectives and ordinals for gender.
Plural forms will be considered later.


<TABLE BORDER=5 CELLPADDING=5 CELLSPACING=5 WIDTH=90%>
<TH>gender</TH><TH COLSPAN=1>masculine</TH><TH COLSPAN=1>feminine</TH>
<TH COLSPAN=1>neuter</TH>
<TR><TD ALIGN=CENTER>endings
<TD ALIGN=CENTER>-y -i
<TD ALIGN=CENTER>-a
<TD ALIGN=CENTER>-e
<TR><TD ALIGN=CENTER>examples
<TD ALIGN=CENTER>gruby niebieski pierwszy ostatni
<TD ALIGN=CENTER>gruba niebieska pierwsza ostatnia
<TD ALIGN=CENTER>grube niebieskie pierwsze ostatnie
</TABLE>

Notes:
<OL>
<LI>If a stem of a masculine adjective/numeral ends with k
or g then the last letter must be i not y
(niebieski, not niebiesky). This i also appears
in neuter forms (niebieskie) but feminine ones do not take i.
<LI>There are a few adjectives/numerals (e.g. ostatni, trzeci)
which nominative masculine forms end with i however the previous letter
is neither k nor g. In this case
i belongs to a stem and appears in all forms
(trzeci, trzecia, trzecie).
</OL>

From now you will not be given feminine and neuter forms of adjectives
and ordinals because they are easily obtainable from the masculine. 

<H4><A NAME="G2">2. Personal pronouns.</H4>

First, look at Text 3 and try to work out the rule of usage
of the following personal pronouns:
ja, ty, on, ona, ono, my, wy, oni, one.
You should not have any problems with ja, ty, my, wy
which are used as their English equivalents: I, you, we, you.
On indicates a masculine noun, ona and ono
represent feminine and neuter ones, respectively.
Oni is used when talking about a group of people containing
at least one man. One stands for a group of women only.
Pronouns oni and one can also replace impersonal
nouns but this problem will be considered in the next lesson.

<H4><A NAME="G3">3. Conjugation of a irregular verb by� (to be).</H4>


<TABLE BORDER=5 CELLPADDING=5 CELLSPACING=5 WIDTH=60%>
<TR><TD ALIGN=CENTER WIDTH=30%>to be<TD ALIGN=CENTER>by�
<TR><TD ALIGN=CENTER>I am<TD ALIGN=CENTER>ja jestem
<TR><TD ALIGN=CENTER>you are<TD ALIGN=CENTER>ty jeste�
<TR><TD ALIGN=CENTER>he/she is<TD ALIGN=CENTER>on/ona jest
<TR><TD ALIGN=CENTER>we are<TD ALIGN=CENTER>my jeste�my
<TR><TD ALIGN=CENTER>you are<TD ALIGN=CENTER>wy jeste�cie
<TR><TD ALIGN=CENTER>they are<TD ALIGN=CENTER>oni/one s�
</TABLE>

<H4><A NAME="G4">4. Declension of nouns, instrumental case of masculine and
feminine nouns (plural).</H4>

From now the following notation will be used
<UL>
<LI> N. = nominative, I. = instrumental, etc.
<LI> s. = singular, pl. = plural
</UL>

In <A HREF="less1.htm#G6">Lesson 1</A> you have learnt about instrumental forms of a noun.
Now you will be shown how to make instrumental plurals.


<TABLE BORDER=5 CELLPADDING=5 CELLSPACING=5 WIDTH=90%>
<TH></TH><TH COLSPAN=2>masculine</TH><TH COLSPAN=2>feminine</TH>
<TR><TD ALIGN=CENTER>&nbsp
<TD ALIGN=CENTER>singular
<TD ALIGN=CENTER>plural
<TD ALIGN=CENTER>singular
<TD ALIGN=CENTER>plural
<TR><TD ALIGN=CENTER>nominative
<TD ALIGN=CENTER>-0 Francuz Polak Amerykanin
<TD ALIGN=CENTER>&nbsp
<TD ALIGN=CENTER>-a Francuzk-a
<TD ALIGN=CENTER>&nbsp
<TR><TD ALIGN=CENTER>instrumental
<TD ALIGN=CENTER>-em Francuz-em Polaki-em Amerykanin-em
<TD ALIGN=CENTER>-ami Francuz-ami Polak-ami Amerykan-ami
<TD ALIGN=CENTER>-� Francuzk-�
<TD ALIGN=CENTER>-ami Francuzk-ami
</TABLE>

Notes:
<OL>
<LI>If a masculine noun ends with a suffix -anin
then its plural forms have their stem shortened (anin to an,
e.g. nominative singular Amerykanin, Rosjanin,
instrumental plural Amerykanami, Rosjanami).
<LI>There are some words which have different stems in nominative and
other forms. For example, the stem of the word Niemiec
changes to Niemc, so the instrumental plural is Niemcami.
This happens to many masculine nouns which last but one letter is e.
This e disappears in other forms. This kind of irregularity will
be consider later.
</OL>

<H4><A NAME="G5">5. Declension of adjectives and numerals, instrumental case.</H4>

Adjectives and numerals decline for gender, number and case. However, unlike
nouns, adjectives and numerals decline very regularly with no stem changes
in the singular.
Notice that instrumental plural form does not depend on gender.


<TABLE BORDER=5 CELLPADDING=5 CELLSPACING=5 WIDTH=90%>
<TH></TH><TH COLSPAN=3>singular</TH><TH COLSPAN=1>plural</TH>
<TR><TD ALIGN=CENTER>gender
<TD ALIGN=CENTER>masculine
<TD ALIGN=CENTER>feminine
<TD ALIGN=CENTER>neuter
<TD ALIGN=CENTER>all forms
<TR><TD ALIGN=CENTER>nominative
<TD ALIGN=CENTER>-y, -i gruby niebieski ostatni
<TD ALIGN=CENTER>-a gruba niebieska ostatnia
<TD ALIGN=CENTER>-e grube niebieskie ostatnie
<TD ALIGN=CENTER>&nbsp
<TR><TD ALIGN=CENTER>instrumental
<TD ALIGN=CENTER>-ym, -im grubym niebieskim ostatnim
<TD ALIGN=CENTER>-� grub� niebiesk� ostatni�
<TD ALIGN=CENTER>-ym, -im grubym niebieskim ostatnim
<TD ALIGN=CENTER>-ymi, -imi grubymi niebieskimi ostatnimi
</TABLE>

As mentioned in <A HREF="less2.htm#G2">Lesson 2 Grammar 2</A>,
adjectives must agree with nouns in
<UL>
<LI>gender
<LI>number
<LI>case.
</UL>

It means that a noun and their adjectives must be in the same gender, number and case.
For example, you say:
niebiesk� ksi��k� (blue book - instrumental feminine singular form - Ifs),
mi�ymi Hiszpankami (kind Spanish women - Ifpl)
or ostatnia lekcja (last lesson - Nfs).

<HR>
<H1 ALIGN=CENTER>Exercises</H1>
<HR>

<H2><A NAME="A"></A>Exercises A</H2>
<OL>
<LI>Rewrite texts 3 and 4 to your exercise-book.
<LI>Write three telephone numbers containing digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Then write them
in Polish and read aloud. For example: 5432224 - pi��-cztery-trzy-dwa-dwa-dwa-cztery.
Be happy if your personal phone number consists of these five digits only.
Otherwise be patient until lesson 6.
<LI>Compose given words to make proper sentences. Be careful because sometimes
form change is necessary.
<UL>
<LI>Tom, by�, Jerry, szczup�y, i, Amerykanin
<LI>i, by�, Conchita, mi�y, Hiszpanka, weso�y
<LI>Robert, W�och, by�, by�, niski, wysoki, Marie, a, Rosjanka
<LI>Niemka, Ewa, by�, i, Marta, gruby
</UL>
<LI>Write the conjugation of the verb by�.
(Present Tense, plural)
</OL>

<H2><A NAME="B"></A>Exercises B</H2>

<OL>
<LI>Translate into Polish.
Barbara and Monika: - We are Polish and you are English. 
Diana and John: - Yes, we are English. Rafael and Pedro are nice Spanish boys. 
Rafael: - You are nice Polish girls too. We are tall Spanish boys.
They are happy Swedish boys. 
They are nice German girls.

<LI>Translate into your mother tongue.
John jest mi�ym Anglikiem. 
Barbara jest wysok� W�oszk�. 
Robert i Ewa s� Polakami. 
Gustaw i Karol s� grubymi Szwedami. 
Tatiana i Natasza s� Rosjankami. 

Rafael jest szczup�y i jest Hiszpanem. Rafael jest szczup�ym Hiszpanem. 
Monika jest niska. Monika jest Polk�. Ona jest nisk� Polk�. 
Robert jest grubym Francuzem a Marie jest wysok� Francuzk�. Oni s� Francuzami. 
Wania jest Rosjaninem. On jest wysoki i mi�y. 
Natasza jest Angielk� i Barbara te� jest Angielk�. One s� weso�ymi Angielkami. 
My jeste�my Szwedkami. Wy jeste�cie Amerykanami. 
</OL>

<HR>
<H1 ALIGN=CENTER>Answers</H1>
<HR>

<H2>Exercises A</H2>

3. The proper sentences are the following
<UL>
<LI>Tom i Jerry s� szczup�ymi Amerykanami.
<LI>Conchita jest mi�� i weso�� Hiszpank�/Conchita jest weso�� i mi�a Hiszpank�.
<LI>Robert jest niskim/wysokim W�ochem a Marie jest wysok�/nisk� Rosjank�.
<LI>Ewa i Marta s� grubymi Niemkami.
</UL>

You do not need answers to other exercises A, I believe.

<H2>Exercises B</H2>

Barbara i Monika: - My jeste�my Polkami (Barbara and Monika are women!), a wy jeste�cie Anglikami. 
Diana i John: - Tak, jeste�my Anglikami. Rafael i Pedro s� mi�ymi Hiszpanami. 
Rafael: - Wy te� jeste�cie mi�ymi Polkami. My jeste�my wysokimi Hiszpanami. 
Oni s� weso�ymi Szwedami. 
One s� mi�ymi Niemkami.

John is a nice Englishman. 
Barbara is a tall Italian. 
Robert and Ewa are Polish. 
Gustaw i Karol are thick Swedish boys. 
Tatiana i Natasza are Russian girls. 

Rafael is thin and he is Spanish. Rafael is a thin Spanish boy. 
Monika is small. Monika is Polish. She is a small Polish girl. 
Robert is a thick Frenchman and Marie is a tall Frenchwoman. They are French. 
Wania is Russian. He is tall and nice. 
Natasza is English and Barbara is English too. They are happy Englishwoman. 
We are Swedish girls. You are American boys. 

<HR>
NOTE:
If you have found a mistake or anything does not work properly please
<A HREF="mailto:[email protected]">send me a mail</A>.

<ADDRESS>Piotr Pikuta</ADDRESS>
<ADDRESS><A HREF="mailto:[email protected]">
[email protected]</A></ADDRESS>
Last updated: December 31st, 2000
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