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  [81]The Institute[82]Topic[83]Article[84]Type[85]History of Technology

How the Computer Graphics Industry Got Started at the University of Utah

  Adobe and Pixar founders created tech that shaped modern animation
  [86]Joanna Goodrich
  09 Jun 2023
  4 min read
  a large group of older men standing for a group portrait, some sitting
  on chairs in front and others standing behind them

  Evans and Sutherland employees and computer science doctoral students
  from the University of Utah in Salt Lake City, helped jump-start the
  computer graphics industry. Some, who attended the IEEE Milestone
  ceremony at the school, include [back, left] Nolan Bushnell, Bob
  Sproull, Martin Newell, John Warnock, Fred Parke, Gary Watkins, Alvy
  Ray Smith, Henri Gouraud, Ed Catmull, [front, left] Robert Schumacker,
  Ivan Sutherland, Jim Blinn, and Henry Fuchs.
  Brian Berg

  [87]Adobe[88]Atari[89]David Evans[90]IEEE History Center[91]IEEE
  Milestone[92]Ivan Sutherland[93]Netscape[94]Pixar[95]Silicon
  Graphics[96]animation[97]computer graphics[98]ieee news[99]type:ti

  Animation has come a long way since 1900, when [100]J. Stuart Blackton
  created [101]The Enchanted Drawing, the earliest known animated film.
  The 90-second movie was created using stop-motion techniques, as flat
  characters, props, and backgrounds were drawn on an easel or made from
  paper.

  Most modern animators rely on computer graphics and visualization
  techniques to create popular movies and TV shows like [102]Finding
  Dory, [103]Toy Story, and [104]Paw Patrol. In the 1960s and ’70s,
  computer science pioneers [105]David Evans and IEEE Life Member
  [106]Ivan E. Sutherland led the development of many of the technologies
  animators now use. Their groundbreaking research, conducted at the
  [107]University of Utah, in Salt Lake City, and at their company,
  [108]Evans and Sutherland, helped jump-start the computer graphics
  industry.

  A ceremony was held at the university on 24 March to recognize the
  computer graphics and visualization techniques with an [109]IEEE
  Milestone. The [110]IEEE Utah Section sponsored the nomination.

Founding the first influential computer graphics company

  Computer graphics began in the 1950s with interactive games and
  visualization tools designed by the U.S. military to develop
  technologies for aviation, radar, and rocketry.

  Evans and Sutherland, then computer science professors at the
  University of Utah, wanted to expand on the use of such tools by
  finding a way for computers to simulate objects and environments. In
  1968 they founded Evans and Sutherland, locating the E&S headquarters
  in the university’s research park.

  Many of today’s computer graphics luminaries—including [111]Pixar
  cofounder [112]Edwin Catmull, [113]Adobe cofounder [114]John Warnock,
  and [115]Netscape founder [116]Jim Clark, who also founded [117]Silicon
  Graphics—got their start in the industry as E&S employees or as
  doctoral students working on research at the company’s facilities.

  IEEE Milestone Dedication: Utah Computer Graphics[118]youtu.be

  While at E&S, the employees and students made fundamental contributions
  to computer graphics processes, says IEEE Fellow [119]Christopher
  Johnson, a University of Utah computer science professor.

  “David Evans, Ivan Sutherland, and their students and colleagues helped
  change the world,” Johnson says.

  “The period from 1968 through 1978 was an extraordinary time for
  computer graphics,” adds [120]Brian Berg, [121]IEEE Region 6 history
  chair. “There was a rare confluence of faculty, students, staff,
  facilities, and resources to support research into computer vision
  algorithms and hardware that produced remarkable developments in
  computer graphics and visualization techniques. This research was
  responsible for the birth of much of continuous-tone computer graphics
  as we know it today.” Continuous-tone computer graphics have a
  virtually unlimited range of color and shades of gray.

Paving the way for the computer graphics industry

  Evans began his career in 1955 at [122]Bendix—an aviation electronics
  company in Avon, Ohio—as manager of a project that aimed to develop an
  early personal computer. He left to join the[123] University of
  California, Berkeley, as chair of its computer science department. He
  also headed Berkeley’s research for the Pentagon’s Advanced Research
  Project Agency (now known as the[124] Defense Advanced Research
  Projects Agency).

  In 1963 Evans became a principal investigator for ARPA’s [125]Project
  Genie. He helped develop hardware techniques that enabled commercial
  use of time-shared computer systems.

  In 1965 the University of Utah hired him to establish its computer
  science department after receiving an ARPA grant of US $5 million to
  investigate how the emerging field of computer graphics could play a
  role in the country’s technological competitiveness, according to
  [126]Computer Graphics and Computer Animation.

  In 1968 Evans asked Sutherland, a former colleague at Berkeley who was
  then an associate professor of electrical engineering at [127]Harvard,
  to join him at the University of Utah, luring him with the promise of
  starting a company together. Sutherland was already famous in computer
  graphics circles, having created [128]Sketchpad, the first
  computer-aided design program, for his Ph.D. thesis in 1963 at
  [129]MIT.

  The two founded E&S almost as soon as Sutherland arrived, and they
  began working on computer-based simulation systems.

  The duo in 1969 developed the line-drawing system displays LDS-1 and
  LDS-2, the first graphics devices with a processing unit. They then
  built the E&S Picture System—the next generation of LDS displays.

  Those workstations, as they were called, came to be used by most
  computer-generated-imagery production companies through the 1980s.

  E&S also developed computer-based simulation systems for military and
  commercial training, including the CT5 and CT6 flight simulators.

A collection of computer graphics pioneers to-be

  In addition to hiring employees, E&S welcomed computer science doctoral
  students from the university to work on their research projects at the
  company.

  “Almost every influential person in the modern computer-graphics
  community either passed through the University of Utah or came into
  contact with it in some way,” [130]Robert Rivlin wrote in his book,
  [131]The Algorithmic Image: Graphic Visions of the Computer Age.

  One of the doctoral students was [132]Henri Gouraud, who in 1971
  developed an algorithm to simulate the differing effects of light and
  color across the surface of an object. The Gouraud shading method is
  still used by creators of video games and cartoons.

  In 1974 Edwin Catmull, then also a doctoral student at the university,
  developed the principle of texture mapping, a method for adding
  complexity to a computer-generated surface. Catmull went on to help
  found Pixar in 1986 with computer scientist [133]Alvy Ray Smith, an
  IEEE member. For his work in the industry, Catmull received the 2006
  [134]IEEE John von Neumann Medal.

  Doctoral student [135]Bui Tuong Phong in 1973 devised Phong shading, a
  modeling method that reflects light so computer-generated graphics can
  look shiny and plasticlike.

  “As a group, the University of Utah contributed more to the field of
  knowledge in computer graphics than any of its contemporaries,” Berg
  wrote in the Milestone proposal. “That fact is made most apparent both
  in the widespread use of the techniques developed and in the body of
  awards the innovations garnered.” The awards include several
  [136]scientific and technical Oscars, an [137]Emmy, and many IEEE
  medals.

  Administered by the [138]IEEE History Center and [139]supported by
  donors, the Milestone program recognizes outstanding technical
  developments around the world.

  The Milestone plaque displayed on a granite obelisk outside of the
  University of Utah’s Merrill engineering building reads:

  In 1965 the University of Utah established a Center of Excellence for
  computer graphics research with Advanced Research Projects Agency
  (ARPA) funding. In 1968 two professors founded the pioneering graphics
  hardware company Evans & Sutherland; by 1978, fundamental rendering and
  visualization techniques disclosed in doctoral dissertations included
  the Warnock algorithm, Gouraud shading, the Catmull-Rom spline, and the
  Blinn-Phong reflection model. Alumni-founded companies include
  [140]Atari, Silicon Graphics, Adobe, Pixar, and Netscape.
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  [144]Adobe[145]Atari[146]David Evans[147]IEEE History Center[148]IEEE
  Milestone[149]Ivan Sutherland[150]Netscape[151]Pixar[152]Silicon
  Graphics[153]animation[154]computer graphics[155]ieee news[156]type:ti

  [157]Joanna Goodrich

  [158]Joanna Goodrich is the associate editor of The Institute, covering
  the work and accomplishments of IEEE members and IEEE and
  technology-related events. She has a master's degree in health
  communications from Rutgers University, in New Brunswick, N.J.
  The Conversation (0)

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  energy platform docked to the shore.
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