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Uncle Sam wants DEF CON hackers to pwn this Moonlighter satellite in space

  [75]6 comment bubble on white

'World's first and only' orbiting infosec playpen due to blast off Sunday

  icon [76]Jessica Lyons Hardcastle
  Sat 3 Jun 2023 // 08:25 UTC
  (BUTTON)

  Feature Assuming the weather and engineering gods cooperate, a US
  government-funded satellite dubbed Moonlighter will launch at 1212 EDT
  (1612 UTC) on Sunday, hitching a ride on a SpaceX rocket before being
  releasing into Earth's orbit.

  And in roughly two months, five teams of DEF CON hackers will do their
  best to successfully remotely infiltrate and hijack the satellite while
  it's in space. The idea being to try out offensive and defensive
  techniques and methods on actual in-orbit hardware and software, which
  we imagine could help improve our space systems.

  Moonlighter, dubbed "the world's first and only hacking sandbox in
  space," is a mid-size 3U cubesat [[77]PDF] with a mass of about 5kg.
  Stowed, it is 34 cm x 11 cm x 11cm in size, and when fully deployed
  with its solar panels out, it measures 50 cm x 34 cm x 11 cm.

  It was built by The Aerospace Corporation, a federally funded research
  and development center in southern California, in partnership with the
  US Space Systems Command and the Air Force Research Laboratory. It will
  run software developed by infosec and aerospace engineers to support
  in-orbit cybersecurity training and exercises.

  This effort was inspired by the [78]Hack-A-Sat contest co-hosted by the
  US Air Force and Space Force, now in its fourth year at the annual
  [79]DEF CON computer security conference.

  The goal of Moonlighter was to move offensive and defensive
  cyber-exercises for space systems out of an on-Earth lab setting and
  into low Earth orbit, according to project leader Aaron Myrick of
  Aerospace Corp. Not only that, but the satellite needs to be able to
  handle multiple teams competing to seize control of its software
  without losing or damaging the whole thing and ruining the project.
  Thus, an onboard sandbox approach was taken.

  "If you're doing a hacking competition, or any sort of cyber activity
  or exercise with a live vehicle, it's difficult because you're
  potentially putting that vehicle's mission at risk," Myrick told The
  Register.

  "And that's not a good option when you've spent a lot of engineering
  hours and a lot of money to get this launched. So we said if we want to
  do this right, we have to build this from the ground up."
  [80]Aerospace Corporation's Moonlighter satellite

  Sending to outer space ... The Moonlighter satellite. Click to enlarge.
  Credit: The Aerospace Corporation

  To this end, the small satellite runs a software payload that behaves
  like a real flight computer, which can — hopefully! — to be subjected
  to multiple, realistic attacks and commandeered without underlying
  critical subsystems being affected.

  "This allows cyber experiments to be repeatable, realistic, and secure,
  while maintaining the health and safety of the satellite," as Aerospace
  Corp put it.

  Moonlighter's first test will come in August when it will be part of
  the Hack-A-Sat 4 competition in Las Vegas. Five teams qualified for the
  contest's final at DEF CON, during which they'll get a crack at the
  bird.

  This year's annual competition will thus be the first time conference
  hackers get to test their skills against a live, in-orbit satellite.
  The top three teams will win a monetary price: $50,000 for first place,
  $30,000 for second, and $20,000 for third.

Space Jam

  James Pavur, lead cybersecurity software engineer at Istari,
  participated in the three earlier Hack-A-Sat competitions, and [81]gave
  a talk on [82]radio frequency attacks in outer space at last year's DEF
  CON.

  He describes himself as a "passionate security researcher" when it
  comes to poking holes in satellites, and did his PhD thesis at Oxford
  on securing these kinds of systems. You also might remember him from
  his [83]exploitation of GDPR requests talk at Black Hat, where a boring
  Polish airport delay inspired a delve into serious issues with the
  application of the European legislation.

  Pavur participated in the qualification round for this year's satellite
  hacking competition, though didn't make it to the finals.

  The qualification round included "wicked-hard astrodynamics problems
  related to overall mechanics and positioning, figuring out where
  objects in space will be, and where they are going," he told The
  Register. "It's a lot of really deep mathematics on the physics side of
  things, and it requires a lot of expertise in embedded systems and
  reverse engineering."

    Space systems ... are always under a degree of environmental attack
    that we're not really accustomed to

  There are a couple of things that make securing space systems unique,
  he explained.

  "The most obvious is you can't just go up there and reboot them," he
  said. "So your risk tolerance is very low for losing access to
  communications to the device."

  Because of this, space systems are built in a risk-averse way, and
  employ redundancy to provide multiple communication pathways to recover
  a system if it fails, or to debug equipment that's malfunctioning.

  These pathways, however, also give miscreants more opportunities to
  gain access to, and ultimately compromise, a satellite. "They can all
  become attack surfaces that an attacker might target," Pavur said.

Priorities

  "The other big thing that makes space systems different is that they're
  always under a degree of environmental attack that we're not really
  accustomed to," he added.

  This includes physical threats, such as solar radiation, extreme
  temperatures, and orbital debris.

  "So when people build space systems, and they're deciding which risks
  to prioritize, they'll often treat cybersecurity as a lesser risk
  against the absolutely certain aggressive environmental harms," Pavur
  explained.

  "They'll make choices around costs and priorities that deprioritize
  cybersecurity concerns and elevate physical concerns."

  That's not always a bad choice, he added, it's just not a choice we
  typically have to make with ground-based networks and nodes. And it's
  one of the reasons why space systems have struggled to keep up,
  cybersecurity wise, with their Earthly counterparts.
    * [84]US National Cyber Director: Fending off cyber threats in space
      is 'urgent,' needs 'high level attention'
    * [85]In wars of the future, national security won't end at space
    * [86]This ain't Boeing very well: Starliner's first crewed flight
      canceled yet again
    * [87]DEF CON to set thousands of hackers loose on LLMs

  Then there's the growing commercialization of the aerospace industry,
  coupled with hardware and software used in space becoming increasingly
  commoditized and mass manufactured, not unlike the tech used in
  ground-based systems.

  "The bar is being lowered for entry to space," Myrick said.

  "And that's both for people that are trying to put things there but
  also for people that are willing and able to make other people have a
  bad day," he continued, using last year's [88]Viasat debacle as an
  example of "a pretty destructive event that made people have a very bad
  day."

  "With Moonlighter, we're trying to get in front of the problem, before
  it is a problem."

Space security is national security

  To be clear, Russia's [89]cyberattack on Viasat's Ukrainian satellite
  broadband system — which knocked out service for tens of thousands
  across Europe as Putin's army invaded its neighboring county — began
  with an intrusion into the company's satellite ground infrastructure.

  "But they used the satellite network to deploy, which is important,"
  Myrick said. "It highlighted the issue, and made it so it's not
  theoretical."

  For many, both in government and the private sector, the Viasat
  security breach moved the issue of cybersecurity in space away from the
  stuff of sci-fi novels and [90]into reality.

  "We are all aware that the first 'shot' in the current Ukraine conflict
  was a cyberattack against a US space company," acting US National Cyber
  Director Kemba Walden told reporters at the RSA Conference in April, en
  route to the White House's first space industry cybersecurity workshop.

  Defending space systems against threats remains "urgent and
  [91]requires high-level attention," Walden said.

Space geeks and hackers

  Still, the space industry hasn't been the most welcoming of security
  researchers, even ethical hackers looking to find and disclose bugs
  before the baddies exploit them.

  Pavur said he hopes Moonlighter will encourage more "acceptance of
  offensive security research," in the aerospace industry. This could
  include companies offering bug bounties, hosting hacking competitions,
  or hiring penetration testers to stress test their systems.

  "Hopefully a project like Moonlighter will get the industry thinking
  about ways they could apply the fact that space is really cool and fun,
  and that hackers are interested in it," he said. "There are lots of
  incredibly talented security people who would like to make the space
  world more secure." ®

  Moonlighter is set to [92]launch Sunday from the Kennedy Space Center
  in Florida on a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket carrying supplies and equipment
  to the International Space Station. A live-stream of the lift-off
  should [93]appear here.

  The launch was due to take place Saturday but was delayed due to
  weather.
  Get our [94]Tech Resources

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    * [164]Security
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    * [166]Security
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Narrower topics

    * [168]2FA
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    * [171]Artemis
    * [172]Asteroid
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    * [174]Authentication
    * [175]BEC
    * [176]Black Hat
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    * [178]Bug Bounty
    * [179]Common Vulnerability Scoring System
    * [180]CSA
    * [181]Cybercrime
    * [182]Cybersecurity
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    * [184]Cybersecurity Information Sharing Act
    * [185]Data Breach
    * [186]Data Protection
    * [187]Data Theft
    * [188]DDoS
    * [189]Digital certificate
    * [190]Earth
    * [191]Encryption
    * [192]ESA
    * [193]Exomoon
    * [194]Exoplanet
    * [195]Exploit
    * [196]Firewall
    * [197]Galaxy
    * [198]Hacker
    * [199]Hacking
    * [200]Hubble Space Telescope
    * [201]Identity Theft
    * [202]Incident response
    * [203]Infosec
    * [204]ISS
    * [205]James Webb Space Telescope
    * [206]JAXA
    * [207]Kenna Security
    * [208]Moon
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    * [210]NCSAM
    * [211]NCSC
    * [212]Palo Alto Networks
    * [213]Password
    * [214]Phishing
    * [215]Quantum key distribution
    * [216]Ransomware
    * [217]Remote Access Trojan
    * [218]REvil
    * [219]Roscosmos
    * [220]RSA Conference
    * [221]Satellite
    * [222]Solar System
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    * [229]Vulnerability
    * [230]Wannacry
    * [231]Zero trust

TIP US OFF

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    __________________________________________________________________

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