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News

Long-unknown origins of lager beer uncovered by UCC and German scientists

27 Apr 2023

The origin of the world’s most popular beer may have inadvertently come
about due to the death of a childless German nobleman, Professor John
Morrissey, School of Microbiology, UCC and an international team of
researchers have discovered.

Combining historical research with modern science, a team of scientists
from the Technical University of Munich in Germany and UCC have
uncovered the likely genesis and path to world dominance of
Saccharomyces pastorianus – the yeast responsible for producing lager
yeast. With global annual consumption of well-over 150 billion litres,
lager is by far the most popular beer in the world, outselling ales,
stouts, and wheat beers. Based on their research, the team believe that
this lager yeast came about as a result of mating of two different
yeast species: a Bohemian Saccharomyces cerevisiae and a Bavarian
Saccharomyces eubayanus in the Munich Hofbräuhaus at the start of the
17th century.
Lager yeast is a distinct bottom-fermenting species that prefers cooler
temperatures and sediments stronger compared to the top-fermenting ale
yeast. The famous Bavarian Reinheitsgebot brewing ordnance of 1516
stipulated that only bottom fermentation was permitted – but in 1548
the powerful nobleman Hans VI von Degenberg was granted a dispensation
to allow the brewing wheat beer through top fermentation. However when
Hans VIII Sigmund von Degenberg, the grandson of Hans VI, died without
an heir in 1602, his property and assets- including the family brewery
at Schwarzach in Bavaria - were seized by Maximilian I, Duke of Bavaria
and later Prince-Elector of the Holy Roman Empire.

Historical records show that on Oct 24th 1602, top-fermenting yeast
were brought from Schwarzach to the Duke’s Hofbräuhaus brewery in
Munich, where the brewing of wheat beer then alternated with the
traditional Bavarian brown beer. Now, writing in the peer-reviewed
Journal FEMS Yeast Research, the authors propose that by the time a
dedicated wheat beer brewery had opened in 1607, top-fermenting wheat
beer yeasts from Schwarzach and bottom-fermenting yeasts from the
Munich Hofbräühaus had mated to create a brand new species that we now
know as S. pastorianus – the lager yeast. And, as they say – the rest
is history.

Professor John Morrissey, School of Microbiology, UCC is Director of
the SUSFERM Fermentation and Bioprocess Engineering Centre, and
co-author of the piece.
“We often think historical events are almost pre-programmed, but this
is an amazing example of how chance events – the lack of an heir, the
Duke’s thirst for wheat beer, and the unorthodox sex between different
yeasts, culminated in a new yeast species that changed the world of
beer,” Professor Morrissey said.
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