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  Hot springs at Lovina Beach on the island of Bali Hot springs at Lovina
  Beach on the island of Bali
  One of the main current uses of geothermal energy is to heat swimming
  pools and buildingsImage: Stella/imageBROKER/picture alliance
  [31]Nature and Environment[32]Germany

Are we entering the golden age of geothermal energy?

  Gero Rueter
  01/04/2023January 4, 2023

  Despite its advantages, geothermal energy has seen limited use compared
  to fossil fuels. Find out how this renewable source is gaining ground
  and what benefits it offers.
  https://p.dw.com/p/4L4W0
  Advertisement

  At some 6,000 degrees Celsius (11,000 degrees Fahrenheit), Earth's core
  is about as hot as the sun. Though not comparable, even at 2,000 to
  5,000 meters (6,500 to 16,000 feet) beneath the surface of the planet,
  it can be a scorching 60 to 200 C, while in volcanic regions, even
  surface temperatures can reach 400 degrees.

  That makes for a lot of potential heat-based energy. Our ancestors were
  no strangers to the power of [33]geothermal energy, as it is known. In
  the first century AD, Romans living in the western German cities now
  known as Aachen and Wiesbaden heated their houses and thermal baths
  with hot spring water. In New Zealand, the Maori people cooked their
  food using the Earth's heat, and in 1904, geothermal energy was used to
  generate electricity in central Italy's Larderello.

Volcanic areas turn geothermal energy into electricity

  These days, some 400 power plants in 30 countries generate electricity
  using steam generated beneath the earth's surface, producing a total
  capacity of 16 gigawatts (GW).

  This method of generating electricity is particularly important in
  volcanic regions along the Pacific Ring of Fire, including the United
  States, Mexico, El Salvador, Iceland, Turkey, Kenya, Indonesia, the
  Philippines and New Zealand. But on a global level, geothermal energy
  only accounts for 0.5% of electricity generation.
  Geyser in Iceland erupts as the sun is low in the sky Shallow
  geothermal power plants use steam from reservoirs of hot water to
  produce electricity.Image: Stefan Ziese/imageBROKER/picture alliance

Heat from deep geothermal energy is available everywhere

  Across the world, geothermal energy is mainly used for heating swimming
  pools, buildings, greenhouses and for urban heating systems. Water up
  to 200 degrees C is pumped from boreholes up to 5,000 meters deep. The
  heat is then extracted and the cooled water is pumped back in through a
  second bore.

  This method of heat capture is feasible worldwide, inexpensive and
  increasingly popular in countries that lack volcanic activity.
  According to assessments by the [34]Renewables Global Status Report,
  the installed capacity of geothermal heat plants is currently 38
  gigawatts worldwide -- more than double the capacity of geothermal
  power plants that generate electricity.

  To date, China (14 GW), Turkey (3 GW), Iceland (2 GW) and Japan (2 GW)
  are the leaders in developing deep geothermal energy, heating more and
  more city districts and greenhouses. In Germany, the city of Munich
  enjoys inexpensive geothermal heating and has set its sight on using
  the technology to make the sector climate neutral by 2035.

  The German government is also looking at further developing deep
  geothermal energy to create a nationwide climate-neutral heat supply by
  2045.  According to studies, deep geothermal energy could generate
  around 300 terawatt hours of heat annually from an installed capacity
  of 70 GW -- more than half the future heat demand of all buildings.

Using heat pumps to extract heat from the earth's surface

  Increasingly, however, geothermal energy is also being harnessed from
  sources close to the earth's surface using [35]heat pumps. In boreholes
  just 50 to 400 meters deep, a closed pipe system carries water from the
  surface to underground and then back, heating it 10 to 20 degrees C. A
  heat pump then uses this energy to output water at 30 to 70 degrees C,
  which is then used to heat buildings.

  Researchers believe using this shallow geothermal energy in Germany
  offers heating potential similar to deep geothermal energy. In Germany,
  these two technologies alone could satisfy the entire future heating
  demand for buildings.

How much does heat from deep geothermal energy cost?

  According to analysis by six German research institutes, generating
  heat with deep geothermal energy costs less than three euro cents per
  kilowatt hour (kWh).

  Before [36]Russia's attack on Ukraine, natural gas could generate heat
  even cheaper than this for many municipal utilities in Europe. That
  made it unattractive to invest in the construction of deep geothermal
  energy plants. Since Russia's invasion, however, [37]sharply rises in
  gas prices have pushed that cost to more than 12 cents per kWh,
  changing the calculation. Municipal utilities are now showing great
  interest in deep geothermal energy for heat supplies.

Can geothermal energy completely satisfy the demand for heat?

  No. The heating demands of the world's buildings can be met by the
  near-unlimited potential of deep geothermal energy and near-surface
  geothermal energy.

  But industrial applications sometimes require temperatures of over 200
  degrees, which, with present technologies, are generally unattainable
  with geothermal energy. For such high temperatures, heating with
  electricity, biogas, biomass and green hydrogen are the
  climate-friendly alternatives.
  A worker at the Lahendong Unit 1+2 geothermal power plant on the island
  of Sulawesi, Indonesia Deep and shallow geothermal energy could provide
  enough heat for the entire world's buildings, but it does fall short
  for some industrial applicationsImage: Thomas Koehler/photothek/picture
  alliance

How quickly can deep geothermal energy start supplying heat?

  Over the past century, the oil and gas industries in particular
  have amassed considerable knowledge of the earth's subsurface, on drill
  techniques, how to train personnel, and have developed sophisticated
  technology. Professor Rolf Bracke, head of the Fraunhofer Institute for
  Energy Infrastructure and Geothermal Energy (IEG), told DW he is
  confident that geothermal energy can be expanded rapidly "if the oil
  and gas industries turn their attention to geothermal energy."

  But he says if those companies continue to focus on oil and gas
  production because it generates more money, there would be insufficient
  personnel and drilling technology to rapidly expand geothermal energy.
  According to Bracke, it takes two to three years to develop geothermal
  heat sources if approval is granted quickly, and about three times
  longer than that in Germany due to bureaucratic delays. The German
  government now wants to speed up this process and increase heat energy
  production tenfold from the current production of 1 terawatt by 2030.
  Germany's oldest geothermal power plant in the town of Neustadt-Glewe
  Germany wants to expand its geothermal productionImage: Jens
  Büttner/dpa/picture alliance

Can deep geothermal energy cause earthquakes?

  Yes. In regions with seismic activity, geothermal energy can trigger
  small earthquakes when water is injected into the subsurface at too
  high a pressure, triggering existing stresses. In some cases, the
  tremors have resulted in cracks in buildings and public opposition to
  this technology.

  According to Bracke, there have been no reports of earthquakes in
  regions without underlying stresses. Meanwhile, geothermal techniques
  have also been improved: surface tremors can now be avoided with lower
  underground water pressures and more sophisticated monitoring methods,

  But compared to oil, gas and coal extraction, geothermal is far less
  risky, Bracke emphasized, and "by far the safest source of energy from
  our earth."

  This article was originally written in German.
  Send us your feedback
  Your feedback
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  [38]Skip next section Explore more

Explore more

  DW Sendung Made in Germany | Geothermie DW Sendung Made in Germany |
  Geothermie

[39]Geothermal power - climate smart, seldom used

[40]Geothermal power - climate smart, seldom used

  [41]There's a vast reservoir of readily accessible energy right beneath
  our feet: geothermal energy. Geysers magnificently show the power of
  subterranean heat. But this climate friendly energy source is rarely
  tapped. Why? And is it dangerous?
  Business01/19/2021January 19, 202106:58 min
  DW Sendung Made in Germany | Wärmepumpe DW Sendung Made in Germany |
  Wärmepumpe

[42]Why heat pumps are all the rage

[43]Why heat pumps are all the rage

  [44]Heat pumps are in big demand as an alternative to oil and gas. But
  they're big energy consumers themselves - especially when not properly
  configured. And there's a shortage of professional installers.
  Business10/12/2022October 12, 202202:17 min
  Hanover town hall in the dark Hanover town hall in the dark

[45]Gas shortage: Will heating become a luxury in Germany?

[46]Gas shortage: Will heating become a luxury in Germany?

  [47]The EU wants to reduce its gas consumption by at least 15%. Germany
  will probably have to save even more. How is that supposed to work?
  Politics07/31/2022July 31, 2022
  Show more stories
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