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  [81]History of Technology[82]Topic[83]Type[84]Feature

[85]Who Really Invented the Thumb Drive?

  Thumb drive, USB drive, memory stick: Whatever you call it, it's the
  brainchild of an unsung Singapore inventor
  [86]Hallam Stevens
  10 Dec 2022
  11 min read
  Three monolithic thumb drives stand in a white landscape with blue sky
  and clouds behind them.
  Maurizio Di Iorio
  Blue

  In 2000, at a trade fair in Germany, an obscure Singapore company
  called [87]Trek 2000 unveiled a solid-state memory chip encased in
  plastic and attached to a Universal Serial Bus (USB) connector. The
  gadget, roughly the size of a pack of chewing gum, held 8 megabytes of
  data and required no external power source, drawing power directly from
  a computer when connected. It was called the ThumbDrive.

  That device, now known by a variety of names--including memory stick,
  USB stick, flash drive, as well as thumb drive--changed the way
  computer files are stored and transferred. Today it is familiar
  worldwide.
    __________________________________________________________________

  The thumb drive was an instant hit, garnering hundreds of orders for
  samples within hours. Later that year, Trek went public on the
  Singapore stock exchange, and in four months--from April through July
  2000--it manufactured and sold more than 100,000 ThumbDrives under its
  own label.

Good-bye, floppy disk

  Before the invention of the thumb drive, computer users stored and
  transported their files using floppy disks. Developed by [88]IBM in the
  1960s, first 8-inch and later 5 ¼-inch and 3 ½-inch floppy disks
  replaced cassette tapes as the most practical portable storage media.
  Floppy disks were limited by their relatively small storage
  capacity--even double-sided, double-density disks could store only 1.44
  MB of data.

  During the 1990s, as the size of files and software increased, computer
  companies searched for alternatives. Personal computers in the late
  1980s began incorporating CD-ROM drives, but initially these could read
  only from prerecorded disks and could not store user-generated data.
  The Iomega Zip Drive, called a "superfloppy" drive and introduced in
  1994, could store up to 750 MB of data and was writable, but it never
  gained widespread popularity, partly due to competition from cheaper
  and higher-capacity hard drives.

  Computer users badly needed a cheap, high-capacity, reliable, portable
  storage device. The thumb drive was all that--and more. It was small
  enough to slip in a front pocket or hang from a keychain, and durable
  enough to be rattled around in a drawer or tote without damage. With
  all these advantages, it effectively ended the era of the floppy disk.

$7 billion

  In 2021, global sales of thumb drives from all manufacturers surpassed
  $7 billion, a number that is expected to rise to more than $10 billion
  by 2028.

  But Trek 2000 hardly became a household name. And the inventor of the
  thumb drive and Trek's CEO, Henn Tan, did not become as famous as other
  hardware pioneers like Robert Noyce, Douglas Engelbart, or Steve Jobs.
  Even in his home of Singapore, few people know of Tan or Trek.

  Why aren't they more famous? After all, mainstream companies including
  IBM, [89]TEAC, [90]Toshiba, and, ultimately, [91]Verbatim licensed
  Trek's technology for their own memory stick devices. And a host of
  other companies just copied Tan without permission or acknowledgment.

Competing claims about the memory stick's origin

  Thumbdrives photographed from below to look like a collection of
  skyscrapers. Maurizio Di Iorio

  The story of the thumb drive reveals much about innovation in the
  silicon age. Seldom can we attribute inventions in digital technology
  to one individual or company. They stem instead from tightly knit
  networks of individuals and companies working cooperatively or in
  competition, with advances made incrementally. And this incremental
  nature of innovation means that controlling the spread, manufacturing,
  and further development of new ideas is almost impossible.

  So it's not surprising that overlapping and competing claims surround
  the origin of the thumb drive.

  In April 1999, the Israeli company [92]M-Systems filed a patent
  application titled "Architecture for a Universal Serial Bus-based PC
  flash disk." This was granted to Amir Ban, Dov Moran, and Oron Ogdan in
  November 2000. In 2000, IBM began selling M-Systems' 8-MB storage
  devices in the United States under the less-than-memorable name
  DiskOnKey. IBM has its own claim to the invention of an aspect of the
  device, based on a year-2000 confidential internal report written by
  one of its employees, Shimon Shmueli. Somewhat less credibly, inventors
  in Malaysia and China have also claimed to be the first to come up with
  the thumb drive.

  The necessary elements were certainly ripe for picking in the late
  1990s. Flash memory became cheap and robust enough for consumer use by
  1995. The circulation of data via the World Wide Web, including
  software and music, was exploding, increasing a demand for portable
  data storage.

  When technology pushes and consumers pull, an invention can seem, in
  retrospect, almost inevitable. And all of the purported inventors could
  certainly have come up with the same essential device independently.
  But none of the many independent stories of invention paint quite as
  clear an origin story--or had as much influence on the spread of the
  thumb drive--as the tale of Tan in Singapore.

Henn Tan: From truant to entrepreneur

  Man with glasses sits in office chair surrounded by office furniture
  and computer terminals Henn Tan, shown here in 2017, fought a series of
  mostly losing battles against those who pirated Trek 2000's ThumbDrive
  design and against rival patent claims. Yen Meng Jiin/Singapore
  Press/AP

  Tan, the third of six brothers, was born and raised in a kampung
  (village) in the neighborhood of Geylang, Singapore. His parents,
  working hard to make ends meet, regularly left Tan and his brothers
  alone to roam the streets.

  The first in his family to attend high school, Tan quickly fell in with
  a rebellious crowd, skipping school to hang out at roadside "sarabat"
  (drink) stalls, dressed in "shaggy embroidered jeans, imbibing coffee
  and cigarettes, and tossing his long mane as he polemicized about rock
  music and human rights," according to a 2001 article in the Straits
  Times. After a caning for truancy in his third year of high school that
  served as a wake-up call, Tan settled down to his studies and completed
  his O-level exams. He entered the National Service in 1973 as a
  military police instructor, and after serving the required two years,
  he took a job as a machinist at a German multinational firm.

  This wasn't a rare job at the time. In the late 1960s Singapore had
  embarked on a crash program of industrialization, offering incentives
  to multinational companies, especially in such high-tech fields as
  electronics and semiconductors, to set up factories on the island. By
  the early 1970s, Singapore was home to manufacturing plants for
  [93]Fairchild Semiconductor, [94]General Electric, [95]Hewlett Packard,
  and [96]Texas Instruments, among others, joined by [97]Matsushita (now
  Panasonic) in 1973 and Nippon Electric Company (now [98]NEC) in 1977.

  Tan diligently saved money to pay for driving lessons. As soon as he
  had his license, NEC's semiconductors division hired him as a sales
  executive. Three years later, in 1980, he moved to [99]Sanyo as a
  regional sales manager. Over the next 15 years, he rose to the rank of
  sales director, accumulating a wealth of experience in the electronics
  industry, including connections to a range of suppliers and customers.

The Asian electronics industry takes off

  In 1995, Tan resigned from Sanyo and purchased Trek, a small,
  family-run electronics component trading firm in his old neighborhood
  of Geylang, for just shy of US $1 million. He planned to develop
  products to license or sell to one or more of the many large
  multinationals in Singapore.

  Meanwhile, worldwide sales of computer equipment had started to boom.
  Although personal computers and various portable computers had been
  around since the late 1970s, both [100]Apple and IBM released flagship
  laptops in 1991 and 1992, respectively. Along with the popularity of
  laptops came a growing demand for peripherals such as displays, modems,
  printers, keyboards, mice, graphics adapters, hard drives, CD-ROM
  drives, and floppy drives. The dot-com boom of 1995 to 2000 further
  increased demand for personal computing gear.

  "Clones, in a sense, are marvelous....it meant you must have a good
  idea and you should make the most of it, as quickly as possible."--Henn
  Tan, as told to the Straits Times

  Many of these electronics products, including the chips in them, were
  produced in Asia, including Hong Kong, Indonesia, Malaysia, South
  Korea, Taiwan, Thailand--and Singapore--under the OEM system. These
  "original equipment manufacturers" made computers for Apple, Dell, and
  other companies who outsourced the production of their designs.

  By the mid-1990s, Singapore had become an important hub for electronics
  manufacturing, including hard drives and semiconductor wafers, and the
  island had a significant and growing electronics ecosystem with design
  and production expertise.

Toshiba gives Tan his big break

  All this activity, however, did not create an easy path for Tan. Many
  of his old contacts from Sanyo wouldn't do business with a no-name like
  Trek. And few talented engineers wanted to work for a company that
  seemed to offer little guarantee of long-term employment. But Tan
  persisted, and after two years, in 1998, he got his big break: Toshiba
  Electronics in Singapore appointed Trek as an official design house, an
  agreement through which Trek would design and manufacture products to
  be sold under the Toshiba label.

  In particular, Toshiba wanted [101]an MP3 player, a compact and
  portable solid-state device that could copy music files from a
  computer, to which it would be connected via a USB plug, and then play
  the music back. Though this was before Apple's 2001 iPod made these
  devices popular worldwide, a number of MP3 players of varied quality
  were already on the market in the late 1990s.

  As the originator of flash memory, Toshiba manufactured storage chips
  used in personal computers, laptops, and digital cameras. Toshiba also
  made portable radios and boom boxes. It wasn't odd that the company
  wanted to jump into the MP3-player fray.

  But Tan reasoned that "if the company just manufactured the player, it
  would not make a lot of money," according to a 2005 article in the
  Straits Times. Tan thought that by leaving out the ability to play
  music, the device would become more versatile, able to handle not just
  MP3s but also text, spreadsheets, images--any kind of computer file.
  Many companies were already selling music players, but a cheap,
  USB-driven, versatile storage device might have an even bigger market,
  Tan suspected, and he could be first to tap it.

  Tan did give Toshiba its music player. But he also set his engineers to
  work on a product that was essentially a music player without the
  player. The result was the thumb drive.

From popular product to pirate battle

  a block diagram with the words USB Connector, D12 (Driver),
  Micro-Controller, Flash Memory, Additional USB port, ROM, RAM, and
  Hard-lock Switch appearing in individual rectangles Trek's patent
  application for the ThumbDrive included this drawing.

  Getting to a working product was not trivial--the drive required not
  only the appropriate combination of hardware but also specially
  designed firmware that allowed the solid-state storage to interact with
  a variety of computer operating systems.

  But the thumb drive, with its flash memory and USB interface, was
  hardly a completely novel invention. Tan did not invent flash memory,
  which was the brainchild of Toshiba engineer Fujio Masuoka in 1980. Nor
  did he invent the USB port, which had been around since 1996. What was
  novel was the combination of the USB with flash memory plus a
  controller and appropriate firmware, all sealed into a plastic case to
  make a marketable consumer product.

  Local circumstances can only partly explain why the thumb drive came to
  be invented where and when it did: Tan's experience at NEC and Sanyo,
  Trek's contract with Toshiba, and the connections Trek's engineers had
  made during previous internships at other companies in Singapore were
  all important. Those same factors, however, also made the invention
  difficult to control. Once the idea of the thumb drive was out there,
  many electronics firms immediately set to making their own versions.
  Tan had filed a patent application for his invention a month before the
  2000 CeBIT tech fair, but a pending patent did little to stop copycats.

  In addition to claims by M-Systems and IBM, perhaps the most
  complicated rivalry came from the Chinese company Netac Technology. It
  also claimed to have invented the flash memory stick. Cheng Xiaohua and
  Deng Guoshun had previously worked for Trek and had seen some
  development boards related to flash memory. They returned to Shenzhen,
  China, and founded Netac in 1999.

  Shenzhen at the time was a hotbed of electronics copycatting--DVD
  players, cellular phones, MP3 players, and numerous other consumer
  electronics were produced as "shanzhai" goods, outside the bounds of
  intellectual property laws. Netac's claim to (and production of) its
  thumb drive fit this pattern of appropriation.

  Netac and Trek subsequently even entered into an agreement under which
  Trek would fund some of Netac's research and development and Trek would
  gain rights to manufacture and distribute the resulting products
  outside of China. Despite this collaboration, Netac subsequently sought
  and was granted a patent on the thumb drive within China.

  Henn Tan thought that by leaving out the ability to play music, the
  device would become more versatile.

  Electronics pirates around the world then went after the thumb drive.
  Tan fought them hard and sometimes won. Had Trek been a larger company
  with more resources and more patent experience, the story might have
  had a different ending. As it was, though, Trek's patents stood on
  relatively weak ground. Beginning in 2002, Tan brought suit in
  Singapore against a handful of companies (including Electec, FE Global
  Electronics, M-Systems, and Ritronics Components) for patent
  infringement. After several years of court battles and hundreds of
  thousands of dollars in legal fees, Trek won that case, persuading the
  judge that his ThumbDrive was the first device ever designed to be
  plugged directly into a computer without the need for a cable. An
  appeals court in the United Kingdom, however, was not persuaded, and
  Trek lost its patent there in 2008. Tan also pursued, with little
  success, claims at the United States International Trade Commission
  against other companies, including Imation, IronKey, Patriot, and
  Verbatim. But even the decision in Singapore was little more than a
  moral victory. By the late 2000s, millions of thumb drives had already
  been produced, by countless companies, without Trek's license.

  "Clones," Tan told the Straits Times in 2005, "in a sense, are
  marvelous. In the business world, especially when you are in Asia, as
  long as anything makes a profit, you do it." If someone were copying
  you, Tan reasoned, "it meant you must have a good idea and you should
  make the most of it, as quickly as possible."

  Ultimately, Tan and Trek turned their attention to new products, each
  improving slightly on the last. By 2010, Trek had developed another
  pioneering device--the Flu Drive or Flu Card. This modified thumb drive
  could also wirelessly transmit data between devices or to the cloud.
  Although Tan still attempted to protect his invention with patents, he
  had also embraced a new path: success through continuous novelty.

  The Flu Card enjoyed modest success. Although not widely taken up as a
  stand-alone device, its Wi-Fi connectivity made it suitable for
  consumer electronics devices such as cameras and toys. In 2014, Trek
  signed deals with [102]Ricoh and [103]Mattel China to license the Flu
  Card design.

  Trek also attempted to move into new markets, with limited success,
  including the Internet of Things, cloud technology, and medical and
  wearable devices.

Trek's struggles and Tan's fall

  Man with white shirt, tie, and glasses holds thumb drive labeled SWIPE
  close to the camera Henn Tan holds up a ThumbDrive during an interview
  in Singapore in January 2006.Nicky Loh/Reuters/Alamy

  Trek's revenue from licensing the ThumbDrive and the Flu Card was not
  sufficient to keep it profitable. But instead of admitting how badly
  the company was doing, in 2006, Tan and his chief financial officer
  began falsifying Trek's accounts, deceiving auditors and shareholders.
  After these misdeeds were revealed by financial auditors [104]Ernst &
  Young in 2015, Tan stepped down as chairman and chief executive and in
  August 2022 pled guilty to falsifying accounts. As of this writing, Tan
  remains in jail in Singapore. His son, Wayne Tan, continues as Trek's
  deputy chairman.

  Meanwhile, the thumb drive lives on. Although most of us transmit our
  files over the Internet--either as email attachments or through
  services like Google Drive and Dropbox--thumb drives (now running to
  capacities measured in terabytes) remain a convenient device for
  carrying data in our pockets.

  They are used as a quick way to transfer a file from one computer to
  another, pass out press kits at conferences, lock and unlock computers,
  carry apps to run on a shared computer, back up travel documents, and
  even, sometimes, store music. They are used for [105]nefarious purposes
  as well--stealing files or inserting malware into target computers. And
  they are especially useful for the secure transfer of encrypted data
  too sensitive to send over the Internet.

  In 2021, global sales of the devices from all manufacturers surpassed
  $7 billion, a number that is expected to rise to more than $10 billion
  by 2028, [106]according to Vantage Market Research.

Hero or antihero?

  Often, we think of inventors as heroes, boldly going where no one has
  gone before. But Tan's story isn't that simple.

  Tan does deserve a place in consumer electronics history--he conceived
  the device without seeing one first, made it work, manufactured it in
  quantities, and spread it broadly, both intentionally through licensing
  and unintentionally through copying. But full credit for the thumb
  drive really belongs more to the environment--the ideas circulating at
  the time and the networks of clients and suppliers--than any
  individual.

  Moreover, the conclusion of Tan's story suggests he is more antihero
  than hero. We usually admire inventors for their tenacity and grit. In
  Tan's case, these qualities contributed to his downfall. Determined to
  take moral and financial credit for the thumb drive, Tan went to
  extraordinary lengths--even breaking the law--in order to make his
  company and himself a success. The thumb drive shows how complicated
  stories of invention often are.
  From Your Site Articles
    * [107]Chip Hall of Fame: Toshiba NAND Flash Memory >
    * [108]How USB Came to Be >

  Related Articles Around the Web
    * [109]USB flash drive - Wikipedia >
    * [110]Object of Interest: The Flash Drive | The New Yorker >

  [111]thumb drive[112]USB[113]memory[114]profile[115]history
  {"imageShortcodeIds":[]}

  [116]Hallam Stevens

  [117]Hallam Stevens is a professor of interdisciplinary studies at
  [118]James Cook University, in Townsville, Australia. He is the author
  of [119]Life Out of Sequence: A Data-Driven History of
  Bioinformatics(University of Chicago Press, 2013) and
  [120]Biotechnology and Society: An Introduction(University of Chicago,
  2016), and currently focuses on the history of information technology
  and biotechnology in Asia. Hallam lived in Singapore for a decade and
  is the proud owner of an early 16-megabyte Trek ThumbDrive.
  The Conversation (1)
  Shimon Shmueli
  Shimon Shmueli16 Dec, 2022
  SM

  As someone who lived the birth of the USB flash drive, I find the
  article fascinating in many ways. Too bad the author did not contact me
  (and I assume others) as the story of the invention/innovation could be
  even more interesting.
  [121]0 Replies [122]Hide replies
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  nano-electronics technology with applications ranging from
  high-performance computing to health."

  [223]IEEE DENNIS J. PICARD MEDAL FOR RADAR TECHNOLOGIES AND
  APPLICATIONS

  Sponsor:[224]Raytheon Technologies

  [225]ALBERTO MOREIRA

  [226]Microwaves and Radar Institute

  Oberpfaffenhofen, Bavaria, Germany

  "For leadership and innovative concepts in the design, deployment, and
  utilization of airborne and space-based radar systems."

  [227]IEEE MEDAL IN POWER ENGINEERING

  Sponsors: The IEEE[228]Industry Applications,[229]Industrial
  Electronics,[230]Power Electronics, and[231]Power & Energysocieties

  [232]KAMAL AL-HADDAD

  [233]École de Technologie Supérieure

  Montréal

  "For contributions to power electronics converters for power quality
  and industrial applications."

  [234]IEEE SIMON RAMO MEDAL

  Sponsor:[235]Northrop Grumman Corp.

  [236]AZAD MADNI

  [237]University of Southern California, Los Angeles

  "For pioneering contributions to model-based systems engineering,
  education, and industrial impact using interdisciplinary approaches."

  [238]IEEE JOHN VON NEUMANN MEDAL

  Sponsor:[239]IBM

  [240]FRANK THOMSON (TOM) LEIGHTON

  [241]Akamai Technologies

  Cambridge, Mass.

  "For fundamental contributions to algorithm design and their
  application to content delivery networks."

  [242]IEEE CORPORATE INNOVATION AWARD

  Sponsor:[243]IEEE

  [244]DENSO

  Kariya, Aichi, Japan

  "For the innovation of QR (Quick Response) code and their widespread
  use across the globe."

  [245]IEEE RICHARD M. EMBERSON AWARD

  Sponsor:[246]IEEE Technical Activities Board

  [247]W. ROSS STONE

  [248]Stoneware Ltd.

  San Diego

  "For sustained contributions to and impactful leadership in the IEEE
  Technical Activities publication enterprise."

  [249]IEEE HARADEN PRATT AWARD

  Sponsor:[250]IEEE Foundation

  [251]MARKO DELIMAR

  [252]University of Zagreb

  Croatia

  "For inspired vision and steadfast leadership in improving global IEEE
  influence, member engagement, and governance."

  [253]IEEE HONORARY MEMBERSHIP

  Sponsor:[254]IEEE

  [255]DONNA STRICKLAND

  [256]University of Waterloo

  Ontario, Canada

  "For contributions to the demonstration of chirped pulse amplification,
  a method to increase output power in ultrashort pulse solid-state
  lasers."

  [257]IEEE THEODORE W. HISSEY OUTSTANDING YOUNG PROFESSIONAL AWARD

  Sponsor: The[258]IEEE Young Professionals Committee, the[259]IEEE
  Photonics Society, the[260]IEEE Power & Energy Society

  [261]ANNA ZAKRZEWSKA

  [262]Dell Technologies

  Dublin

  "For contributions in telecommunications research and innovation,
  leading to global commercialization, while inspiring tomorrow's young
  technology leaders through STEM volunteering work."

  For additional information on the recipients and the awards process,
  please visit the[263] IEEE Awards website.
  From Your Site Articles
    * [264]Nominate a Colleague for an IEEE Major Award >

  Keep Reading |vShow less

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  [308]US President Joe Biden walks near Chevy vehicles as he arrives to
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