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ABC Radio Australia's 83 years of broadcasting to the world
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ABC Radio Australia's 83 years of broadcasting to the world
By [40]Phil Kafcaloudes, author of Australia Calling: The ABC Radio
Australia Story
Posted 21h ago21 hours agoFri 2 Dec 2022 at 9:30pm
Man holding microphone with Radio Australia logo interviews Whitlam in
an office.
Radio Australia's Nuim Khaiyath interviews Gough Whitlam in 1974.(ABC
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This is the story of one of the ABC's best kept secrets.
ABC Radio Australia was never intended to be a great secret. It was
just the nature of the service that few Australians knew about it. When
I hosted its breakfast program for nine years, I could count on one
hand the number of people who knew what I was talking about when I told
them I worked for RA.
Man and woman sitting next to each other in front of a radio microphone
with Chinese language and ABC posters behind them.
Phil Kafcaloudes broadcasts the ABC's first English-language radio
program from mainland China with local co-host Fion Zheng at Guangzhou
in 2007.(Supplied)
Most people mistakenly thought it was the same thing as Radio National.
I would have to explain, yet again, that this was our version of the
BBC World Service, a worldwide broadcaster.
RA was founded at the start of the World War II by prime minister
Robert Menzies as an antidote to the disinformation being broadcast by
Australia's new enemies, Germany and Russia. The idea of Australia
Calling, as the service was initially named, was to provide an antidote
to this propaganda, to counter that aerial bilge with factual, balanced
and fair reportage.
Radio Australia first broadcast in 1939
The opening broadcast in 1939 featured broadcaster John Royle (front
right) and producer George Ivan Smith (back row, fourth from left) with
German, Dutch, French and Spanish announcers.(Supplied)
So with a small team of English, Spanish, Dutch and French
broadcasters, a minuscule budget and some tiny transmitters in
antiquated shacks in Victoria and New South Wales, Australia joined the
short-wave age in December 1939.
Black and white photo of a rundown shack.
An early transmitter shack at Lyndhurst, Victoria.(Supplied)
Despite the low power, Menzies's words were heard across the world:
"The time has come for us to speak for ourselves."
These 10 words led Australia into a new era. At that time, Menzies was
an avowed Britophile, whose government had, only two months before,
followed Britain into a world war. Now we were demanding our own voice.
This demand for independence would escalate. Within a few years,
Australia would displease Winston Churchill by choosing to form close
ties with the United States.
During those war years, the battle for the minds and morale of
Australians intensified. The axis powers' propaganda became more
hysterical, claiming, among other things, that a Japanese armada was
assembled to Australia's north, about to invade.
Black and white photo of Menzies in front of a radio microphone.
Sir Robert Menzies started Radio Australia during WWII and almost shut
it down 10 years later.(ABC archives)
In challenging this propaganda, the Australia Calling broadcasts had to
straddle an ethical razor blade. For example, the network deliberately
chose not to broadcast news of the deaths of soldiers when Japanese
midget subs attacked Sydney Harbour in 1942. Nor did it broadcast
information about looting by Australian servicemen after the Darwin
bombings. The broadcaster believed these stories would be disheartening
for Australians listening in occupied territories to the north. This
wartime self-censorship may have had the best intentions, but imagine
the danger to the service's credibility if these excisions were
discovered.
As the war progressed, more language services were added and plans
began for a large transmitter to replace the shacks. Shepparton in
Victoria was chosen to house the massive array that could send strong
short-wave signals right across the world. When these transmitters were
opened in 1945, they were so strong that they were used in the
immediate post-war period by then-immigration minister Arthur Calwell
to reach into Western Europe as a publicity tool for his post-war
immigration scheme.
Black and white photo of Shepparton's massive matrix array.(Supplied)
So strong were Shepparton's transmitters that in 1948 they were used,
successfully, to test whether radio waves could reach the Moon and
bounce back to Earth. Although shortwave was not used when the Apollo
missions eventually shot for the Moon, Shepparton proved that space was
not a communication black hole. RA had played its part on the race to
the Moon.
Despite these success stories, the newly renamed Radio Australia had
become perceived by the opposition to be so much of a tool in the
Chifley Labor government that when the conservatives returned to power
in 1949, the service's founding father Menzies planned to shut RA down.
But in one of the most intriguing chapters in RA's history, the British
Secret Service MI5 made an official protest, claiming the powerful
Shepparton transmitters were central tools in information dissemination
behind the new Iron Curtain. Menzies reversed his closure decision.
RA now began one of its heydays, changing from a government-operated
service to an international broadcaster, not dissimilar to the BBC's
own short-wave service. The audiences appreciated its work. In the
early 1950s it came second in a poll of world short-wave listeners.
Surveys throughout the 50s still regularly had RA at the or near the
top of the popularity polling, tag-teaming with the much more heavily
resourced BBC for top position. And the letters from listeners almost
filled rooms at RA's small offices in Melbourne.
Black and white photo of people sorting a pile of letters on the floor
and others sitting at desks opening letters.
An avalanche of letters from China to Radio Australia in the
1970s.(Supplied)
In the 1960s, war would again feature in RA's story. Australian
soldiers were being sent to Vietnam, and RA provided news and
entertainment succour to the soldiers. Presenter Margaret Wood was
particularly popular, becoming known as "the serviceman's friend". More
women were being heard elsewhere on RA: Jocelyn Terry began hosting
specialist shows for Antarctica, and Desley Blanch presented music
request programs.
Black and white photo of a woman being carried between two men in
uniform, wearing berets and other troops crowding around.
Margaret Wood, pictured with fans in 1968, broadcast a program to
Australian defence personnel based in Asia.(Supplied)
In the 1970s RA's journalism expanded. A tranche of young newspaper
journalists were hired to form the service's first specialist reporting
bureau. From this small start, Sue McCallister, Geoff Heriot and Graeme
Dobell went on to have distinguished careers in international
broadcasting. They were soon joined by journalist Sean Dorney who would
become a household name in the Pacific.
Black and white photo of young Dorney with tape recorder standing in
front of PNG building.
Sean Dorney reported on the Pacific for the ABC for more than 40
years.(Supplied: Sean Dorney)
The language services would expand too, with Indonesian journalists
Nuim Khaiyath and Hidayat Djajamihardja for the Bahasa service and
Warium Benson and Caroline Tiriman for the PNG Tok Pisin broadcasts.
Their local knowledge and contacts turned RA into a news gatherer that
matured Australia's knowledge of these reporters' home countries. It
wasn't without danger, however. Djajamihardja was only one of many
journos to risk their lives for a story during the brittle Timor Lesté
independence struggle. He was nearly killed by a rock thrown though his
car window. He was then dragged out, and a gun was pointed at him as
the guerrillas chanted: "Kill him, kill him." To this day,
Djajamihardja does not know why he was not killed.
Man holding a rock standing next to a woman, both are smiling.
Radio Australia's Indonesian journalist Hidayat Djajamihardja, with his
wife Lily and the rock that almost killed him.(Supplied)
After the turn of the century, RA would have the biggest change in its
history. Chief executive Jean Gabriel Manguy set up an ambitious
network of FM transmitters across the region, a network that would
eventually replace the ageing short-wave technology. A push into Asia
also started. My program, The Breakfast Club, was hired to be a
specialist flow program for Asia in late 2005, and Malaysian television
journalist Sen Lam hosted the new Connect Asia current affairs program.
Manguy pushed us into critical Asian markets where we could not get an
FM licence by organising live simulcasts with sister stations in Hong
Kong, Singapore, Thailand, Taiwan, and Malaysia, giving RA a potential
reach in the billions.
For the Pacific, Isabelle Genoux fronted the cultural program In The
Loop. Genoux remembers money was tight, and on one outside broadcast
she had to work virtually solo from a hastily built shed in Vanuatu.
Woman broadcasting from an open tin shed with audio equipment set up on
a table.
Isabelle Genoux broadcasts from a tin shed studio at the 2005
Fest'Napuan in Vanuatu.(Supplied)
The existing Pacific current affairs program, Pacific Beat, was tweaked
to be FM friendly, with more live content aimed at listeners driving to
work.
The live-flow program format meant that when a major event occurred in
our region, we were able to cover it as it happened. When an attack was
made on the lives of Timor Lesté's president and prime minister, Jose
Ramos-Horta and Xanana Gusmao, our program went live with the story for
three hours after a listener alerted us by text.
Around the same time, our Fiji FM transmitter was closed down by the
Fiji government after we broadcasted criticism of Frank Bainimarama's
coup junta. Our Fiji-based technician was forced at gunpoint to go
through the jungle and turn off the diesel-operated transmitter. And
this was where short wave came into its own. Short wave cannot be
stopped locally, and so the good work of Pacific Beat and the other
programs was still able to get to the ears of Fijian people who were
wondering what was really happening in their country.
A man holding a microphone out to another man.
ABC Radio Australia's Phil Kafcaloudes speaks with Sam Koim of PNG's
Taskforce Sweep in 2013.(ABC Radio Australia: Ryan Egan)
Manguy's expansion was a highlight but there were many times when RA
found itself vulnerable, particularly when governments changed. When
John Howard became prime minister in 1996, RA was set to be shut down,
but the last-minute intervention of then-foreign minister Alexander
Downer got the decision reversed. Nearly 20 years on from that, RA had
a big funding cut that saw the axing of many programs, including mine,
and the redundancies of dozens of long-running staff.
Then in 2017 the last link to 1939, short wave, was abandoned.
Long-time RA technician Nigel Holmes switched off RA at the Shepparton
transmitter.
Man pushes button on large audio equipment panel.
The end of an era: Nigel Holmes turns off RA's short-wave
transmissions.(ABC News: David Stuart)
RA's focus now became online and [41]FM in the Pacific, Papua New
Guinea and Timor Lesté, placing RA in an important place as the
Australian government started its so-called Pacific Pivot, which
broadened its international policy to its Pacific neighbours. This was
timely with the shifting geopolitics of the region, which included
China attempting to increase its influence with countries such as
Solomon Islands who faced the vulnerabilities caused by climate change,
a world economic downturn, security fluctuations and pandemics.
A sunset, with a book cover in the foreground.
Australia Calling documents the history of Radio Australia over more
than 80 years.(ABC Radio Australia)
As I write this, things appear to be on an upswing once more for RA.
Throughout 2021 and into 2022, the ABC had been lobbying both
government and opposition about the need for additional funding for the
ABC's international activities given the rapidly evolving geostrategic
landscape of the region. In the latest budget, the ABC has received $32
million over four years for its work internationally. There are plans
for an increased number of transmitter sites for ABC Radio Australia in
the Pacific and an expansion of programs created for, with and about
Pacific peoples.
Man standing in front of a camera.
Evan Wasuka reporting from the Pacific.(Supplied)
RA has come a long way in its 83 years. The trip has never been easy;
it certainly has not been linear and, in some ways, it has had to
operate through changing geopolitics almost every decade while still
maintaining the ABC's independence. It's been a rollercoaster, but RA
is still there. And history tells us it has the stamina to stay there.
Dr Phil Kafcaloudes is a former Radio Australia presenter and was
commissioned by the ABC to write the history of the
service. [42]Australia Calling: The ABC Radio Australia Story is
available online at Booktopia.
More news and current affairs from ABC Pacific
* [43]Explore our comprehensive radio, digital, and video coverage of
the Pacific all in one place.
Posted 21h ago21 hours agoFri 2 Dec 2022 at 9:30pm
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