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  ABC Radio Australia's 83 years of broadcasting to the world
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ABC Radio Australia's 83 years of broadcasting to the world

  By [40]Phil Kafcaloudes, author of Australia Calling: The ABC Radio
  Australia Story
  Posted 21h ago21 hours agoFri 2 Dec 2022 at 9:30pm
  Man holding microphone with Radio Australia logo interviews Whitlam in
  an office.
  Radio Australia's Nuim Khaiyath interviews Gough Whitlam in 1974.(ABC
  Archives)
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  This is the story of one of the ABC's best kept secrets.

  ABC Radio Australia was never intended to be a great secret. It was
  just the nature of the service that few Australians knew about it. When
  I hosted its breakfast program for nine years, I could count on one
  hand the number of people who knew what I was talking about when I told
  them I worked for RA.
  Man and woman sitting next to each other in front of a radio microphone
  with Chinese language and ABC posters behind them.
  Phil Kafcaloudes broadcasts the ABC's first English-language radio
  program from mainland China with local co-host Fion Zheng at Guangzhou
  in 2007.(Supplied)

  Most people mistakenly thought it was the same thing as Radio National.
  I would have to explain, yet again, that this was our version of the
  BBC World Service, a worldwide broadcaster.

  RA was founded at the start of the World War II by prime minister
  Robert Menzies as an antidote to the disinformation being broadcast by
  Australia's new enemies, Germany and Russia. The idea of Australia
  Calling, as the service was initially named, was to provide an antidote
  to this propaganda, to counter that aerial bilge with factual, balanced
  and fair reportage.
  Radio Australia first broadcast in 1939
  The opening broadcast in 1939 featured broadcaster John Royle (front
  right) and producer George Ivan Smith (back row, fourth from left) with
  German, Dutch, French and Spanish announcers.(Supplied)

  So with a small team of English, Spanish, Dutch and French
  broadcasters, a minuscule budget and some tiny transmitters in
  antiquated shacks in Victoria and New South Wales, Australia joined the
  short-wave age in December 1939.
  Black and white photo of a rundown shack.
  An early transmitter shack at Lyndhurst, Victoria.(Supplied)

  Despite the low power, Menzies's words were heard across the world:

  "The time has come for us to speak for ourselves."

  These 10 words led Australia into a new era. At that time, Menzies was
  an avowed Britophile, whose government had, only two months before,
  followed Britain into a world war. Now we were demanding our own voice.

  This demand for independence would escalate. Within a few years,
  Australia would displease Winston Churchill by choosing to form close
  ties with the United States.

  During those war years, the battle for the minds and morale of
  Australians intensified. The axis powers' propaganda became more
  hysterical, claiming, among other things, that a Japanese armada was
  assembled to Australia's north, about to invade.
  Black and white photo of Menzies in front of a radio microphone.
  Sir Robert Menzies started Radio Australia during WWII and almost shut
  it down 10 years later.(ABC archives)

  In challenging this propaganda, the Australia Calling broadcasts had to
  straddle an ethical razor blade. For example, the network deliberately
  chose not to broadcast news of the deaths of soldiers when Japanese
  midget subs attacked Sydney Harbour in 1942. Nor did it broadcast
  information about looting by Australian servicemen after the Darwin
  bombings. The broadcaster believed these stories would be disheartening
  for Australians listening in occupied territories to the north. This
  wartime self-censorship may have had the best intentions, but imagine
  the danger to the service's credibility if these excisions were
  discovered.

  As the war progressed, more language services were added and plans
  began for a large transmitter to replace the shacks. Shepparton in
  Victoria was chosen to house the massive array that could send strong
  short-wave signals right across the world. When these transmitters were
  opened in 1945, they were so strong that they were used in the
  immediate post-war period by then-immigration minister Arthur Calwell
  to reach into Western Europe as a publicity tool for his post-war
  immigration scheme.
  Black and white photo of Shepparton's massive matrix array.(Supplied)

  So strong were Shepparton's transmitters that in 1948 they were used,
  successfully, to test whether radio waves could reach the Moon and
  bounce back to Earth. Although shortwave was not used when the Apollo
  missions eventually shot for the Moon, Shepparton proved that space was
  not a communication black hole. RA had played its part on the race to
  the Moon.

  Despite these success stories, the newly renamed Radio Australia had
  become perceived by the opposition to be so much of a tool in the
  Chifley Labor government that when the conservatives returned to power
  in 1949, the service's founding father Menzies planned to shut RA down.
  But in one of the most intriguing chapters in RA's history, the British
  Secret Service MI5 made an official protest, claiming the powerful
  Shepparton transmitters were central tools in information dissemination
  behind the new Iron Curtain. Menzies reversed his closure decision.

  RA now began one of its heydays, changing from a government-operated
  service to an international broadcaster, not dissimilar to the BBC's
  own short-wave service. The audiences appreciated its work. In the
  early 1950s it came second in a poll of world short-wave listeners.
  Surveys throughout the 50s still regularly had RA at the or near the
  top of the popularity polling, tag-teaming with the much more heavily
  resourced BBC for top position. And the letters from listeners almost
  filled rooms at RA's small offices in Melbourne.
  Black and white photo of people sorting a pile of letters on the floor
  and others sitting at desks opening letters.
  An avalanche of letters from China to Radio Australia in the
  1970s.(Supplied)

  In the 1960s, war would again feature in RA's story. Australian
  soldiers were being sent to Vietnam, and RA provided news and
  entertainment succour to the soldiers. Presenter Margaret Wood was
  particularly popular, becoming known as "the serviceman's friend". More
  women were being heard elsewhere on RA: Jocelyn Terry began hosting
  specialist shows for Antarctica, and Desley Blanch presented music
  request programs.
  Black and white photo of a woman being carried between two men in
  uniform, wearing berets and other troops crowding around.
  Margaret Wood, pictured with fans in 1968, broadcast a program to
  Australian defence personnel based in Asia.(Supplied)

  In the 1970s RA's journalism expanded. A tranche of young newspaper
  journalists were hired to form the service's first specialist reporting
  bureau. From this small start, Sue McCallister, Geoff Heriot and Graeme
  Dobell went on to have distinguished careers in international
  broadcasting. They were soon joined by journalist Sean Dorney who would
  become a household name in the Pacific.
  Black and white photo of young Dorney with tape recorder standing in
  front of PNG building.
  Sean Dorney reported on the Pacific for the ABC for more than 40
  years.(Supplied: Sean Dorney)

  The language services would expand too, with Indonesian journalists
  Nuim Khaiyath and Hidayat Djajamihardja for the Bahasa service and
  Warium Benson and Caroline Tiriman for the PNG Tok Pisin broadcasts.

  Their local knowledge and contacts turned RA into a news gatherer that
  matured Australia's knowledge of these reporters' home countries. It
  wasn't without danger, however. Djajamihardja was only one of many
  journos to risk their lives for a story during the brittle Timor Lesté
  independence struggle. He was nearly killed by a rock thrown though his
  car window. He was then dragged out, and a gun was pointed at him as
  the guerrillas chanted: "Kill him, kill him." To this day,
  Djajamihardja does not know why he was not killed.
  Man holding a rock standing next to a woman, both are smiling.
  Radio Australia's Indonesian journalist Hidayat Djajamihardja, with his
  wife Lily and the rock that almost killed him.(Supplied)

  After the turn of the century, RA would have the biggest change in its
  history. Chief executive Jean Gabriel Manguy set up an ambitious
  network of FM transmitters across the region, a network that would
  eventually replace the ageing short-wave technology. A push into Asia
  also started. My program, The Breakfast Club, was hired to be a
  specialist flow program for Asia in late 2005, and Malaysian television
  journalist Sen Lam hosted the new Connect Asia current affairs program.
  Manguy pushed us into critical Asian markets where we could not get an
  FM licence by organising live simulcasts with sister stations in Hong
  Kong, Singapore, Thailand, Taiwan, and Malaysia, giving RA a potential
  reach in the billions.

  For the Pacific, Isabelle Genoux fronted the cultural program In The
  Loop. Genoux remembers money was tight, and on one outside broadcast
  she had to work virtually solo from a hastily built shed in Vanuatu.
  Woman broadcasting from an open tin shed with audio equipment set up on
  a table.
  Isabelle Genoux broadcasts from a tin shed studio at the 2005
  Fest'Napuan in Vanuatu.(Supplied)

  The existing Pacific current affairs program, Pacific Beat, was tweaked
  to be FM friendly, with more live content aimed at listeners driving to
  work.

  The live-flow program format meant that when a major event occurred in
  our region, we were able to cover it as it happened. When an attack was
  made on the lives of Timor Lesté's president and prime minister, Jose
  Ramos-Horta and Xanana Gusmao, our program went live with the story for
  three hours after a listener alerted us by text.

  Around the same time, our Fiji FM transmitter was closed down by the
  Fiji government after we broadcasted criticism of Frank Bainimarama's
  coup junta. Our Fiji-based technician was forced at gunpoint to go
  through the jungle and turn off the diesel-operated transmitter. And
  this was where short wave came into its own. Short wave cannot be
  stopped locally, and so the good work of Pacific Beat and the other
  programs was still able to get to the ears of Fijian people who were
  wondering what was really happening in their country.
  A man holding a microphone out to another man.
  ABC Radio Australia's Phil Kafcaloudes speaks with Sam Koim of PNG's
  Taskforce Sweep in 2013.(ABC Radio Australia: Ryan Egan)

  Manguy's expansion was a highlight but there were many times when RA
  found itself vulnerable, particularly when governments changed. When
  John Howard became prime minister in 1996, RA was set to be shut down,
  but the last-minute intervention of then-foreign minister Alexander
  Downer got the decision reversed. Nearly 20 years on from that, RA had
  a big funding cut that saw the axing of many programs, including mine,
  and the redundancies of dozens of long-running staff.

  Then in 2017 the last link to 1939, short wave, was abandoned.
  Long-time RA technician Nigel Holmes switched off RA at the Shepparton
  transmitter.
  Man pushes button on large audio equipment panel.
  The end of an era: Nigel Holmes turns off RA's short-wave
  transmissions.(ABC News: David Stuart)

  RA's focus now became online and [41]FM in the Pacific, Papua New
  Guinea and Timor Lesté, placing RA in an important place as the
  Australian government started its so-called Pacific Pivot, which
  broadened its international policy to its Pacific neighbours. This was
  timely with the shifting geopolitics of the region, which included
  China attempting to increase its influence with countries such as
  Solomon Islands who faced the vulnerabilities caused by climate change,
  a world economic downturn, security fluctuations and pandemics.
  A sunset, with a book cover in the foreground.
  Australia Calling documents the history of Radio Australia over more
  than 80 years.(ABC Radio Australia)

  As I write this, things appear to be on an upswing once more for RA.
  Throughout 2021 and into 2022, the ABC had been lobbying both
  government and opposition about the need for additional funding for the
  ABC's international activities given the rapidly evolving geostrategic
  landscape of the region. In the latest budget, the ABC has received $32
  million over four years for its work internationally. There are plans
  for an increased number of transmitter sites for ABC Radio Australia in
  the Pacific and an expansion of programs created for, with and about
  Pacific peoples.
  Man standing in front of a camera.
  Evan Wasuka reporting from the Pacific.(Supplied)

  RA has come a long way in its 83 years. The trip has never been easy;
  it certainly has not been linear and, in some ways, it has had to
  operate through changing geopolitics almost every decade while still
  maintaining the ABC's independence. It's been a rollercoaster, but RA
  is still there. And history tells us it has the stamina to stay there.

  Dr Phil Kafcaloudes is a former Radio Australia presenter and was
  commissioned by the ABC to write the history of the
  service. [42]Australia Calling: The ABC Radio Australia Story is
  available online at Booktopia.

More news and current affairs from ABC Pacific

    * [43]Explore our comprehensive radio, digital, and video coverage of
      the Pacific all in one place.

  Posted 21h ago21 hours agoFri 2 Dec 2022 at 9:30pm
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