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[156]TOP STORIES / [157]Culture / [158]Books
Advertisement

Books

Publisher's withdrawal of Winnetou books stirs outrage in Germany

Germany wrestles with the legacy of author Karl May, whose fictional
Native American hero, Winnetou, embodies the Germans' love affair with
the Wild West.

[159]Film still from 'Winnetou': Actor Pierre Brice dressed in Native
American costume holding a gun in front of a waterfall

The Winnetou films from the 1960s revived the popularity of the tales

Another day, another online outrage over "cancel culture." German
Twitter lit up with instant indignation this week after a German
publisher announced it was pulling two children's books from its
line-up amid accusations of racism and cultural appropriation.

Both books were inspired by Wild West stories from the wildly popular,
and increasingly controversial, 19th-century German writer [160]Karl
May.

The books imagine the childhood of May's most famous creation: the
fearless Apache brave [161]Winnetou, a fictional Native America chief
who made his first appearance in 1875 and whose adventures have been
retold in numerous novels -- May's books have sold around 200 million
copies worldwide -- as well as in several movies and even an animated
series.

The new titles were to accompany the release of "The Young Chief
Winnetou," which hit German theaters August 11. Now there are calls to
pull the film as well.
[162]Film still from 'The Young Chief Winnetou': Young boy dressed as a
Native American, pulling a bow and arrow

The recently released 'The Young Chief Winnetou' is also criticized for
romanticizing North America's genocidal colonial era

The publisher, Ravensburger Verlag, citing "lots of negative feedback"
around the "romanticized" and "clichéd" depiction of Native Americans
in the books, dropped the titles from its program and apologized if it
had hurt anyone's feelings.

The blowback was quick, and predictable. #Winnetou has been a trending
topic online since with the majority of posters furious over what
German tabloid Bild, with characteristic restraint, termed the "woke
hysteria" that was "burning the hero of our childhood at the stake".

Germany's Wild West obsession

Behind the online fury lies a very real, and particularly German, love
affair with the Wild West, an affection that can be [163]traced
directly back to Karl May and his idealized depiction of 19th-century
America.

May's characters -- the noble, heroic Winnetou and his white-skinned
"blood brother" Old Shatterhand, a German immigrant land surveyor --
are as present in the German popular imagination as the figures in
[164]Grimm's Fairy Tales.

You'll find Winnetou books and records in many German households. A
series of Winnetou films made during the 1960s are still staples on
German TV. There are Karl May-inspired Wild West festivals and theme
parks across the county where families gather to dress up as cowboys
and Indians on stage sets of saloons and hitching posts. The most
popular, in [165]Bad Segeberg, attracts about 250,000 people a year.

That, for many, is the [166]problem. Critics say May's vision of Native
American culture, as a sort of prelapsarian utopia, is little more than
a convenient fiction that ignores the nastier truths about the
[167]genocide of Indigenous people by white settlers.

In the broader discussion around cultural appropriation and who has the
right to tell which stories, it doesn't help May's case that he was a
white man writing about a culture of which he had no first-hand
knowledge.

May only visited America once, after he was already a successful
novelist, and didn't get further west than New York.
* Author Karl May (Foto: picture-alliance/akg-images)

Karl May, creator of Winnetou

Germany's first best-selling author
This pictures dates from 1910, at the height of Karl May's success.
The author wrote 70 books, which sold more than 200 million copies
worldwide. At the beginning of the 20th century, his characters
were as famous as J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter or Luke Skywalker
from "Star Wars." May's stories accompanied generations of young
Germans on fantastic journeys to distant worlds.
* Winnetou I (picture alliance/United Archives/IFTN)

Karl May, creator of Winnetou

Winnetou and Old Shatterhand
In America's Wild West, Old Shatterhand, a German engineer, unites
with his blood brother and the wise chief of the Apaches, Winnetou,
to fight against rascals and crooks. They're portrayed here by
Pierre Brice (left) and Lex Barker (right) in a 1963 film version.
May's interpretation of the Wild West was a fantasy, however: at
the time the story was written in 1875, he had never left Germany.
* Karl May's home (Foto: picture alliance / ZB)

Karl May, creator of Winnetou

Home in Hohenstein-Ernstthal
Karl Friedrich May was born on February 25, 1842, to a family of
poor weavers, in this green house in Saxony's Ore Mountains. Nine
of his 13 siblings died as young children. May wanted to become a
teacher, but minor thefts landed him in jail several times.
Afterward, he survived on occasional jobs and as a con man - until
he was first published in 1874.
* Karl May as Old Shatterhand (Foto: Karl-May-Museum Radebeul)

Karl May, creator of Winnetou

Getting into character
May wrote serialized novels for magazines, blurring the boundaries
between reality and fiction. As narrator, he chronicled the trips
he would have liked to have experienced. Getting into character, he
had costumes made and posed for photos. Here, he's seen as his
alter ego, Old Shatterhand. The leather jacket, lasso and animal
tooth chain are on display at the Karl May Museum in Radebeul.
* Karl May and Emma Lina Pollmer (Foto: Karl May Museum)

Karl May, creator of Winnetou

First wife, first novel
In 1878, May began living with his girlfriend, Emma Pollmer. They
married two years later. May spent his days and nights writing, and
soon earned enough money for the couple to move into a rented
apartment in Dresden. He began work on his first successful novel,
"Das Waldröschen," which sent its main character, the German doctor
Karl Sternau, around the world.
* Karl May towards 1892 (Foto:picture-alliance / akg-images)

Karl May, creator of Winnetou

Successful author
In the 1890s, May began publishing the books that made him rich and
famous: "Treasure of Silver Lake," the Winnetou trilogy, "Durchs
wilde Kurdistan" (Through wild Kurdistan) and more. The imaginative
con man had become a successful author.
* Karl May as Karab ben Nemsi (Foto:gemeinfrei)

Karl May, creator of Winnetou

A German abroad
Written from a first-person perspective, May's series of stories
depicting travels through the Ottoman empire feature another of his
alter egos: Kara Ben Nemsi. Although the books reflected the
period's typical colonial views, they still promoted dialogue
between societies. May's first real trip abroad was to the Middle
East, when he toured Egypt in 1899.
* Karl May and Klara Plöhn (Foto: Karl May Museum)

Karl May, creator of Winnetou

Off to America
When May married his second wife, Klara Plöhn, in 1903, he was a
rich but controversial figure. He was regularly accused of fraud
and plagiarism, and the disputes affected his health. He
nevertheless set off with Klara for his second major trip abroad in
1908, to North America. He didn't reach the Wild West, however -
his westernmost destination was Niagara Falls.
* Karl May green books (Foto: picture alliance / dpa)

Karl May, creator of Winnetou

German classics
May died on March 30, 1912 in Radebeul, near Dresden. His works
have become classics of popular literature, and these green volumes
were proudly kept on the bookshelves of German households for
several generations. For many years, however, East German citizens
weren't allowed to read them -- the lands depicted in these tales
were not "socialist brother states."
* Briefmarke Karl May mit Winnetou Pierre Brice (Foto:
Imago/Schöning)

Karl May, creator of Winnetou

Increasingly controversial
In West Germany, the Winnetou films in the 1960s triggered a
renewed interest, and May's tales have been performed on stage for
years. In 1987, Deutsche Post created another tribute to the
author's most famous character to mark the 75th anniversary of
May's death. But amid growing awareness for cultural appropriation,
Germany is wrestling with May's increasingly controversial legacy.
Author: Susanne Spröer

The Winnetou films, including the most recent, all feature white actors
in the Indigenous roles. The most famous Winnetou is [168]Pierre Brice,
a white Frenchman who played the Apache chef in nearly a dozen films
from 1962-68 as well as in a TV series in the 1980s.

The 'noble savage' stereotype

At its core, the criticism of May and Winnetou, and the reason
Ravensburger pulled its books from the shelves, is that the books and
their characters are retreads of the old "noble savage" stereotype.

May's Natives are not real people, the argument goes, but idealized,
near-magical figures whose main role is to sacrifice themselves for the
benefit of the white protagonist.

There's definitely some truth to that. Winnetou is more superhero than
flesh-and-blood character, and, oddly sexless (though some readers
detect a strong homoerotic vibe in the "brotherly love" between the
Apache an Old Shatterhand).
[169]Film still Winnetou: Pierre Brice in the role of Winnetou and Lex
Barker as Old Shatterhand

Blood brothers: Pierre Brice in the role of Winnetou and Lex Barker as
Old Shatterhand in a film from 1963

But labeling May and his imaginary America as racist and imperialist
ignores how radical, for its time, Winnetou was. A century before Kevin
Costner's 1990 epic Western film "Dances with Wolves," Karl May flipped
the traditional depiction of "wild Indians" and "civilized
cowboys," portraying Indigenous Americans (at least Winnetou and his
friends) as the heroes, and white settlers mainly as the villains.

German society does not lack for racism but, thanks in large part to
Karl May, Native Americans are held in near-universal regard, even if
the image the average German has of Indigenous people bears little
relation to reality.

In his 2020 book "Indianthusiasm," historian and Indigenous studies
scholar Hartmut Lutz, a sharp critic of Karl May, admits the author's
escapist fantasies have also spurred interest in Indigenous culture and
inspired generations of German academics to find out the truth behind
the tales.

In the meantime, anyone who wants real insight into Indigenous life and
imagination should check out "Reservation Dogs," the hilarious series
on Hulu about teens growing up on a Native reservation in Oklahoma,
that features all Indigenous writers and directors, as well as an
almost entirely Indigenous cast. Or watch "Night Raiders" from Canadian
filmmaker Danis Goulet (Cree/Metis), which uses the metaphor of
dystopian sci-fi to address the [170]traumatic legacy of Canada's
residential school system.

Looking to Karl May and Winnetou expecting an authentic picture of
Native experience is like reading Hansel and Gretel for tips on child
rearing.

Edited by: Elizabeth Grenier

While you're here: Every Tuesday, DW editors round up what is happening
in German politics and society. [171]You can sign up here for the
weekly email newsletter Berlin Briefing.
* Date 24.08.2022
* Author Scott Roxborough
* Keywords [172]Winnetou, [173]Karl May, [174]cultural appropriation,
[175]Native Americans
* Feedback: [176]Send us your feedback.
* Print [177]Print this page
* Permalink https://p.dw.com/p/4Fx26

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* Date 24.08.2022
* Author Scott Roxborough
* Keywords [178]Winnetou, [179]Karl May, [180]cultural appropriation,
[181]Native Americans
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