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[51]GET OUR E-ALERTS
[52]Home[53]News[54]All News`CubeSats are not toys.' Tiny satellites'
scientific output can pack a big punch
[55]Back To All News
* [56]News
* [57]Space

`CubeSats are not toys.' Tiny satellites' scientific output can pack a big
punch

Some space-weather CubeSat teams publish more papers per dollar than those
working with giant orbiters

* 8 Jul 2022
* 4:00 PM
* By[58]Katherine Irving

CubeSats are depployd from the International Space Station in 2016 The
MinXSS mission and another CubeSat are deployed from the International
Space Station in 2016.Tim Peake/ESA/NASA
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Orbiting several hundred kilometers above the planet are two
satellites, each the size of a half-loaf of bread, measuring bursts of
light-speed electrons that sometimes rain into the atmosphere. When
researchers first launched them in 2015, they had hoped the little
satellites would last 3 months before they malfunctioned. More than 7
years later, they are still transmitting information about the
variation in and location of the electron bursts--and the team has 19
published papers to show for the $1.2 million mission, called FIREBIRD
II.

The success of FIREBIRD II and missions like it are changing the way
scientists think about studying space weather, the field of space
physics concerned with the activity of charged solar particles and
their impact on Earth. Space weather missions using small satellites
known as CubeSats earned more bang for their buck when compared with
larger NASA missions, producing more than four times the number of
publications per dollar, according to a recent study. "CubeSats are not
toys," says Amir Caspi, a solar astrophysicist at the Southwest
Research Institute and an author of the study. "CubeSats are real
scientific vehicles that can achieve real science."

Like prefabricated homes, CubeSats are constructed similarly on the
outside using modular building blocks. Costs are low because many of
the components have been standardized and because the lightweight
satellites can be slotted onto rockets as "rideshares" alongside bigger
missions. With low costs, researchers can take more risks, [59]using
cheap, consumer-grade electronics rather than specialized
space-qualified parts. With low barriers to entry, CubeSats have
democratized space science, but until recently many scientists thought
they were little more than trinkets for students to play with.

University of New Hampshire solar physicist Harlan Spence and his
colleagues wanted to quantify CubeSats' scientific value. They examined
the scientific output of FIREBIRD II and four other space weather
CubeSat missions that cost between $1.2 million and $1.3 million each
and weighed an average of 3 kilograms. They compared the CubeSat output
with that of five larger NASA missions that cost between $72 million
and $1.5 billion and weighed hundreds or thousands of kilograms.

Unsurprisingly, the big missions produced much more science--nearly 86
publications per year since launch-- compared with roughly two
publications per year for the CubeSats. But when the scientific output
was compared with mission cost, [60]the CubeSats came out on top,
producing 1.6 publications per year since launch per million dollars
spent, versus 0.4 for the big missions, the researchers report in a
preprint posted on 7 June on arXiv, and now accepted for publication at
the Space Weather Journal. FIREBIRD II, for example, produced 2.2
publications per year per million dollars spent. NASA's $600 million
Van Allen Probes mission (VAP), which also studied space weather,
produced 0.1 publications per year per million dollars.

The researchers also attempted to calculate the caliber of the
published research by looking at the impact factors of the journals in
which the papers were published compared to the number of papers
published per journal. The five CubeSat missions had a calculated
average impact factor of 3.8, whereas the five larger missions averaged
4. To Spence, this demonstrates that "the most successful CubeSat
missions are able to hold their own with the big missions."

In the paper, the authors argue CubeSats have a vital and
cost-effective role to play in predicting space weather, which can
cause power outages, interfere with GPS systems, and expose those in
airplanes to harmful levels of radiation. Cross-referencing data from
multiple CubeSats in small fleets helps researchers pinpoint the
movement patterns of electron activity occurring in radiation belts,
much like weather stations do to predict patterns on Earth, says
Eftyhia Zesta, an astrophysicist at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center
who works with both CubeSats and larger missions. "Until there were
automated weather stations in every corner of the planet transmitting
data to big simulative models, we didn't have good weather prediction,"
she says. "CubeSats could be a very powerful tool for that." FIREBIRD
II, for example, used two CubeSats in tandem to fill information gaps
VAP's singular satellite was unable to address on its own.

But Jonathan McDowell, an astrophysicist at the Harvard-Smithsonian
Center for Astrophysics who works with both CubeSats and
multibillion-dollar missions such as the Chandra X-ray Observatory,
says CubeSats have their scientific limits. "There are niches where
CubeSats are not only valuable, but absolutely the way to go." McDowell
says. "But I think that there are whole classes of investigation where
you really need the big flagships and CubeSats are just not going to
cut it."

And Zesta points out some ways in which the study may have been
comparing apples and oranges. For starters, she says, the study
highlighted university-built CubeSats, funded by the National Science
Foundation, and likely did not include the full engineering salaries of
graduate students who worked on the project as part of the total
mission cost. NASA CubeSats, like the ones Zesta works on, aren't
subsidized in the same way and usually cost between $4 million and $8
million. For Zesta, excluding the labor of grad students not only
creates an unequal comparison, but also gives the inaccurate impression
that CubeSats can be built for just a few million dollars. Caspi
acknowledges that calculating the true cost and the true output of any
mission is complicated, but overall the relative ratios came out even
in the end, he says.

The study also selected only successful, productive CubeSat missions
for its analysis. Caspi acknowledges that more than half of CubeSat
missions fail to launch and transmit usable data, and only about 25%
produce data of the caliber of the missions represented in the study.
Bigger missions on the other hand are over 90% successful, Zesta says.

But for Spence, the fact that CubeSats still have room for improvement
is part of what makes them exciting. "CubeSats are a little bit like
the Wild West still," Spence says. "It's calculated risk, it's quickly
moving. To me, that's just a lot of fun."
__________________________________________________________________

doi: 10.1126/science.add8612

Relevant tags:

[61]Space[62]Technology

About the author

[63]Katherine Irving

Author
__________________________________________________________________

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155. https://www.science.org/content/article/cubesats-are-not-toys-tiny-satellites-scientific-output-can-pack-big-punch#journal-menu
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164. https://www.science.org/content/article/cubesats-are-not-toys-tiny-satellites-scientific-output-can-pack-big-punch#_ftnref1
165. https://www.science.org/content/article/cubesats-are-not-toys-tiny-satellites-scientific-output-can-pack-big-punch
166. https://www.science.org/content/article/pandas-may-have-had-thumbs-early-7-million-years-ago
167. https://www.science.org/content/article/cubesats-are-not-toys-tiny-satellites-scientific-output-can-pack-big-punch
168. https://www.science.org/journal/science
169. https://www.science.org/journal/sciadv
170. https://www.science.org/journal/sciimmunol
171. https://www.science.org/journal/scirobotics
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