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May 25, 2021[81]SABR Century Research Committee

Before There Was Radio: How Baseball Fans Followed Their Favorite Teams,
1912-1921

By Donna L. Halper

If you were a major-league baseball fan in the 1910s, you were living
at a time before commercial radio had come along. With no way to listen
to the play-by-play at home (and no expectation that such a thing was
even possible), you had to find other options when you wanted to know
how your favorite team was doing. The best way, of course, was to go to
the ballpark and watch the game in person, but not everyone could get
the time off from work; there was no 40-hour workweek yet and putting
in 50 or more hours a week was common in some jobs. And even if you had
an understanding boss, there were still expenses to consider: By modern
standards, tickets seemed cheap (even World’s Series seats ranged from
50 cents to $3), but keep in mind that the average worker’s salary was
much less than what people earn today. For example, in 1915, the annual
salary for teachers in most cities was less than $600,[82][1] and many
other jobs paid no more than $700 a year.[83][2] Thus, attending a
ballgame was reserved for special occasions.

Some fans who could not attend in person would go downtown and gather
in front of the offices of the local newspaper, where they eagerly
awaited the latest scores. The bigger cities often had a group of
newspaper offices in close proximity to each other; in Boston and other
large cities, this area was sometimes referred to as Newspaper Row. It
became a place for fans to socialize, as everyone stood on the street
in front of their favorite publication, hoping for good news about the
game. When the newspaper received the latest scores from a telegrapher
at the ballpark, a newsboy would write the information on a bulletin
board, updating it every inning.[84][3] Some newspapers also had
someone with a megaphone calling out the updates as they were received.
In either case, the fans would cheer whenever the news was good, or
express their disappointment when it wasn’t.

Even in small towns, fans knew their local newspaper was a good place
to go to, since it probably had a leased wire to either the United
Press or the Associated Press, both of which transmitted the latest
scores from ballparks all over the region. But while most people of
that era knew what wireless telegraphy was – even if they didn’t use it
themselves – they probably didn’t know how information about the game
made its way so quickly from their local park to their local paper. One
thing that helped was a specialized code, called the Phillips Code,
that the wire services utilized; it had abbreviations for the most
frequently used words in current events, weather, and sports. This
enabled the Associated Press and United Press telegraphers to transmit
the news with greater speed. (Interestingly, some of these
abbreviations, first created by Walter P. Phillips in 1879, live on to
this day on social media – for example, POTUS for President of the
United States, and SCOTUS for the Supreme Court.)[85][4] The
telegraphers also had baseball-related abbreviations they could use
when transmitting the game summaries: “Bob” referred to a base on
balls; when a pitching change occurred, it was transmitted as “Npf”
(now pitching for …); and as might be expected, an umpire was
abbreviated as “Ump.”[86][5] The telegraphers did not just restrict
themselves to who was winning or who made an error. They could also
describe the emotions of the fans at the park – perhaps there was great
excitement (“gx”), or fans thought a play was wonderful (“wdf”), or if
the team was playing poorly, fans might react unfavorably
(“ufby”).

Of course, it was often impossible for fans to wait around at a
newspaper building, which meant their only other option was buying a
copy of the newspaper itself. Back in 1915, newspapers published
morning, midday, afternoon, and evening editions; and if there was a
big sports event (like a World’s Series), there was even a late-night
edition with the very latest scores, and when there was what we today
call “breaking news” about a major story, there might be a special
edition called an “extra.” Whether you hung out on Newspaper Row or
bought the latest paper from your local newsstand, waiting for the
scores and the game summaries was just a part of life for those fans
who couldn’t be at the ballpark.

But in the period from 1912 onward, there was one other option,
although it still wasn’t widely known or widely utilized. There was a
growing number of amateur wireless operators (what we today would call
ham radio operators), most of whom still communicated by Morse code,
but a few were experimenting with voice. And some of these wireless
enthusiasts were also baseball fans. They got to know the telegraphers
who transmitted the game reports from local ballparks, and whenever
there was information to share, they sent it out to their friends.
However, this strategy worked only if the friends also had a receiving
set; fortunately, throughout the 1910s, more people were getting
involved with wireless themselves, while others had a family member who
could give them the scores.

Meanwhile, on college campuses, amateurs were becoming an information
conduit for their fellow sports fans. For example, at Tufts College in
Medford, Massachusetts, the Tufts Wireless Society, which made its
debut in January 1912, soon became known for transmitting the latest
football and baseball scores. During the 1912 World’s Series between
the Red Sox and the New York Giants, the scores and updates were
received and then posted at Robinson Hall, home of the Engineering
Department.[87][6] Students at other colleges also embraced the role of
keeping their fellow students (and faculty) informed: In the summer of
1915, some Massachusetts Institute of Technology students were
attending a camp in Maine. Lacking easy access to a local newspaper,
they received the latest news headlines and baseball scores by wireless
and posted them on a bulletin board for everyone to read.[88][7] And it
was not just on college campuses that this was taking place: A New
Jersey amateur named Fred Dennis installed amateur wireless equipment
in his home, which enabled him to receive up-to-date information about
the 1915 World’s Series; he made sure to share the latest scores with
his friends and neighbors – which they undoubtedly appreciated.[89][8]

In fact, throughout 1915-1916, it seemed that nearly every month there
was another newspaper or magazine story about an amateur who was
helping local fans to follow their favorite teams. In 1916 there was
even an interesting collaboration between an amateur operator named
Gustave Werner (whose amateur call letters were 1PH) and his local
newspaper, the Lynn (Massachusetts) Evening News. Werner was widely
known in Lynn, a city about 15 miles north of Boston. A member of the
Amateur Radio Relay League (ARRL), he was also a firefighter with the
Lynn Fire Department. Werner had already used wireless to notify his
fire chief when he spotted a chemical fire in early March 1915,[90][9]
but on a lighter note, he made arrangements with the Lynn Evening News
to transmit the latest baseball scores every night – results from the
National, American, and Eastern League games. Werner told the press
that his station had a radius of about 30 miles, and as soon as the
newspaper received the scores from the Associated Press, he would make
them available, around 6 o’clock each evening.[91][10]

Still, although amateur radio was developing a strong niche in some
cities, the average person probably had little familiarity with it,
unless a friend or family member had a receiving set. In that decade
before commercial radio came along, the majority of the fans relied on
print journalism to keep up with their favorite team; most major cities
had more than one newspaper (Boston in the 1910s had eight), and every
city had its own popular local sportswriters who not only discussed
wins and losses; they interviewed local players and gave fans more
insight into their favorite team. The writers also made good use of the
information they received by wireless. After all, this was still a time
before air travel, when ballplayers, writers, and fans relied on trains
to get from point A to point B. (Driving was not always practical: even
if you could afford a car, many cities lacked good roads and the top
speed of the average 1915 Ford Model T was about 40 mph, which meant
getting to your destination might take a while.) That is why the
telegraphers who sent the game reports to affiliated newspapers were a
lifeline for the baseball writers, helping them to keep up with the
pennant races and find out how teams in distant cities were doing, and
making it possible to provide the readers with reports from all over
the major and minor leagues. The Associated Press, aware that interest
in baseball was intense, especially around the time of the World’s
Series, kept improving its technology, so that results would come in
faster and reach more places. By 1918, the AP’s engineers had installed
a telegraph circuit of more than 30,000 miles, 500 miles longer than in
1917.[92][11] And the AP’s chief competitor, United Press, was also
enhancing and expanding; UP even placed advertisements in local
newspapers to claim that its transmissions of baseball scores were
faster and more accurate than those of other services.[93][12] Some
newspapers decided not to choose one or the other: in Topeka, Kansas,
the State Journal declared that its baseball coverage was the best in
the region because it made use of both services.[94][13]

It is worth noting that if you were around for the birth of commercial
broadcasting, you would not have called it “radio” – the most common
terms for what you were listening to were either “wireless telephone”
or “radio telephone,” and some newspapers combined the two into
“radiophone.” And rather than “broadcasting,” the term “sending” was
more common; a radio station was often called a “sending station” in
those formative years. Further, radio receivers were not yet being
mass-produced. If you wanted one, you would have had to build it
yourself (or find a technologically-skilled person to do it for you).

And that brings us to 1920. But before commercial radio made its debut
that year, in Detroit (8MK), Medford Hillside, Massachusetts (1XE), and
Pittsburgh (8XK, soon to be known as KDKA), amateur stations and
college stations continued to provide scores and updates. In May 2020,
the University of Pittsburgh’s 8YI was sending out baseball scores
every evening.[95][14] In fact, several months before KDKA became the
first station to provide a live baseball broadcast by radio, the
pioneering Pittsburgh station had already been broadcasting scores and
updates.[96][15] But broadcasting a live baseball game changed
everything for the fans. Hearing scores and updates was one thing, but
hearing actual play-by-play, voiced by an announcer who was at the
ballpark, was something else entirely.

In 1921 only a small number of commercial stations were on the air, and
people who were able to listen to any of them felt fortunate to be on
the cutting edge of something so amazing. In fact, if you were reading
about commercial radio in those first several years, adjectives like
“magical” and “wonderful” and “amazing” were quite common. Radio was
the first mass medium to bring listeners to an event in real time –
something few people had ever thought possible. Soon, the “Radio Craze”
would sweep the country and new stations would spring up from coast to
coast. Soon, many sporting events, including baseball, would be heard
in cities of all sizes. But in the summer of 1921, those fans who had
their own receiving sets didn’t know what the future would bring. They
did know, however, that they were on the verge of a great adventure,
and radio would take them there.

Notes
__________________________________________________________________

[97][1] “Teachers’ Salaries and Cost of Living,” National Education
Association of the United States, July 1918: 43.

[98][2] “The Life of American Workers in 1915,” Monthly Labor Review,
Bureau of Labor Statistics, February 2016.
[99]https://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2016/article/the-life-of-american-work
ers-in-1915.htm.

[100][3] “Bob Dunbar’s Sporting Chat,” Boston Journal, October 11,
1913: 9.

[101][4] “Messages by Code,” Dallas Morning News, February 22, 1903: 9.

[102][5] “The Phillips Code,” Boston Herald, March 26, 1922: 6D. In an
effort to promote the Phillips code as a useful method for anyone who
needed to take notes, the Herald reprinted the original abbreviations
and various updates during that entire month.

[103][6] “Tufts’ Wireless Station,” Boston Globe, February 16, 1913:
25.

[104][7] “Wireless at Massachusetts ‘Tech’ Camp,” Electrical
Experimenter, August 1915: 287.

[105][8] “Fair Haven News,” Daily Register (Red Bank. New Jersey),
October 13, 1915: 11.

[106][9] “Fireman Learned About the Fire by Wireless,” Boston Globe,
March 2, 1915: 6.

[107][10] “Baseball Scores by Wireless,” QST, June 1916: 125.

[108][11] “A 30,500 Mile Telegraph Circuit,” Electrical Experimenter,
January 1918: 600.

[109][12] Advertisement in the Daily Gazette (Salina, Kansas) October
9, 1919: 1.

[110][13] “Wire Direct to Topeka,” State Journal (Topeka, Kansas)
October 1, 1919: 1.

[111][14] C.E. Urban, “The Radio Amateur,” Pittsburgh Gazette-Times,
May 16, 1920: Section 6, 2.

[112][15] “Market by Wireless, Direct to the Farm, Is Service Now
Offered,” Echo (Ligonier, Pennsylvania), May 25, 1921: 1.

[113]Media

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