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[19]What, to the slave, is the Fourth of July? | Frederick Douglass

By [20]NCPW Staff
July 4, 2021
In [21]Commentary, [22]race

[Editor’s note: The following is excerpted from [23]a speech regarding
the meaning of the Fourth of July delivered by the abolitionist and
advocate Frederick Douglass in Rochester, N.Y., July 5, 1852.]

… Fellow-citizens, pardon me, allow me to ask, why am I called upon to
speak here to-day? What have I, or those I represent, to do with your
national independence? Are the great principles of political freedom
and of natural justice, embodied in that Declaration of Independence,
extended to us? and am I, therefore, called upon to bring our humble
offering to the national altar, and to confess the benefits and express
devout gratitude for the blessings resulting from your independence to
us?

Would to God, both for your sakes and ours, that an affirmative answer
could be truthfully returned to these questions! Then would my task be
light, and my burden easy and delightful.

… But, such is not the state of the case. I say it with a sad sense of
the disparity between us. I am not included within the pale of this
glorious anniversary! Your high independence only reveals the
immeasurable distance between us. The blessings in which you, this day,
rejoice, are not enjoyed in common. — The rich inheritance of justice,
liberty, prosperity and independence, bequeathed by your fathers, is
shared by you, not by me… This Fourth of July is yours, not mine…

… My subject, then fellow-citizens, is AMERICAN SLAVERY. I shall see,
this day, and its popular characteristics, from the slave’s point of
view. Standing, there, identified with the American bondman, making his
wrongs mine, I do not hesitate to declare, with all my soul, that the
character and conduct of this nation never looked blacker to me than on
this 4th of July! Whether we turn to the declarations of the past, or
to the professions of the present, the conduct of the nation seems
equally hideous and revolting. America is false to the past, false to
the present, and solemnly binds herself to be false to the future.
Standing with God and the crushed and bleeding slave on this occasion,
I will, in the name of humanity which is outraged, in the name of
liberty which is fettered, in the name of the constitution and the
Bible, which are disregarded and trampled upon, dare to call in
question and to denounce, with all the emphasis I can command,
everything that serves to perpetuate slavery — the great sin and shame
of America! “I will not equivocate; I will not excuse;” I will use the
severest language I can command; and yet not one word shall escape me
that any man, whose judgment is not blinded by prejudice, or who is not
at heart a slaveholder, shall not confess to be right and just.

But I fancy I hear some one of my audience say, it is just in this
circumstance that you and your brother abolitionists fail to make a
favorable impression on the public mind. Would you argue more, and
denounce less, would you persuade more, and rebuke less, your cause
would be much more likely to succeed. But, I submit, where all is plain
there is nothing to be argued. What point in the anti-slavery creed
would you have me argue? On what branch of the subject do the people of
this country need light?

… At a time like this, scorching irony, not convincing argument, is
needed. O! had I the ability, and could I reach the nation’s ear, I
would, to-day, pour out a fiery stream of biting ridicule, blasting
reproach, withering sarcasm, and stern rebuke. For it is not light that
is needed, but fire; it is not the gentle shower, but thunder. We need
the storm, the whirlwind, and the earthquake. The feeling of the nation
must be quickened; the conscience of the nation must be roused; the
propriety of the nation must be startled; the hypocrisy of the nation
must be exposed; and its crimes against God and man must be proclaimed
and denounced.

What, to the American slave, is your 4th of July? I answer: a day that
reveals to him, more than all other days in the year, the gross
injustice and cruelty to which he is the constant victim. To him, your
celebration is a sham; your boasted liberty, an unholy license; your
national greatness, swelling vanity; your sounds of rejoicing are empty
and heartless; your denunciations of tyrants, brass fronted impudence;
your shouts of liberty and equality, hollow mockery; your prayers and
hymns, your sermons and thanksgivings, with all your religious parade,
and solemnity, are, to him, mere bombast, fraud, deception, impiety,
and hypocrisy — a thin veil to cover up crimes which would disgrace a
nation of savages. There is not a nation on the earth guilty of
practices, more shocking and bloody, than are the people of these
United States, at this very hour.

Go where you may, search where you will, roam through all the
monarchies and despotisms of the old world, travel through South
America, search out every abuse, and when you have found the last, lay
your facts by the side of the everyday practices of this nation, and
you will say with me, that, for revolting barbarity and shameless
hypocrisy, America reigns without a rival.

… the church of this country is not only indifferent to the wrongs of
the slave, it actually takes sides with the oppressors. It has made
itself the bulwark of American slavery, and the shield of American
slave-hunters. Many of its most eloquent Divines. who stand as the very
lights of the church, have shamelessly given the sanction of religion
and the Bible to the whole slave system. They have taught that man may,
properly, be a slave; that the relation of master and slave is ordained
of God; that to send back an escaped bondman to his master is clearly
the duty of all the followers of the Lord Jesus Christ; and this
horrible blasphemy is palmed off upon the world for Christianity.

For my part, I would say, welcome infidelity! welcome atheism! welcome
anything! in preference to the gospel, as preached by those
Divines! They convert the very name of religion into an engine of
tyranny, and barbarous cruelty, and serve to confirm more infidels, in
this age, than all the infidel writings of Thomas Paine, Voltaire, and
Bolingbroke, put together, have done! These ministers make religion a
cold and flinty-hearted thing, having neither principles of right
action, nor bowels of compassion. They strip the love of God of its
beauty, and leave the throng of religion a huge, horrible, repulsive
form. It is a religion for oppressors, tyrants, man-stealers,
and thugs. It is not that “pure and undefiled religion” which is from
above, and which is “first pure, then peaceable, easy to be entreated,
full of mercy and good fruits, without partiality, and without
hypocrisy.” But a religion which favors the rich against the poor;
which exalts the proud above the humble; which divides mankind into two
classes, tyrants and slaves; which says to the man in chains, stay
there; and to the oppressor, oppress on; it is a religion which may be
professed and enjoyed by all the robbers and enslavers of mankind; it
makes God a respecter of persons, denies his fatherhood of the race,
and tramples in the dust the great truth of the brotherhood of man…

Americans! your republican politics, not less than your republican
religion, are flagrantly inconsistent. You boast of your love of
liberty, your superior civilization, and your pure Christianity, while
the whole political power of the nation (as embodied in the two great
political parties), is solemnly pledged to support and perpetuate the
enslavement of three millions of your countrymen. You hurl your
anathemas at the crowned headed tyrants of Russia and Austria, and
pride yourselves on your Democratic institutions, while you yourselves
consent to be the mere tools and body-guards of the tyrants of Virginia
and Carolina. You invite to your shores fugitives of oppression from
abroad, honor them with banquets, greet them with ovations, cheer them,
toast them, salute them, protect them, and pour out your money to them
like water; but the fugitives from your own land you advertise, hunt,
arrest, shoot and kill. You glory in your refinement and your universal
education yet you maintain a system as barbarous and dreadful as ever
stained the character of a nation — a system begun in avarice,
supported in pride, and perpetuated in cruelty. You shed tears over
fallen Hungary, and make the sad story of her wrongs the theme of your
poets, statesmen and orators, till your gallant sons are ready to fly
to arms to vindicate her cause against her oppressors; but, in regard
to the ten thousand wrongs of the American slave, you would enforce the
strictest silence, and would hail him as an enemy of the nation who
dares to make those wrongs the subject of public discourse! You are all
on fire at the mention of liberty for France or for Ireland; but are as
cold as an iceberg at the thought of liberty for the enslaved of
America. You discourse eloquently on the dignity of labor; yet, you
sustain a system which, in its very essence, casts a stigma upon labor.
You can bare your bosom to the storm of British artillery to throw off
a threepenny tax on tea; and yet wring the last hard-earned farthing
from the grasp of the black laborers of your country. You profess to
believe “that, of one blood, God made all nations of men to dwell on
the face of all the earth,” and hath commanded all men, everywhere to
love one another; yet you notoriously hate, (and glory in your hatred),
all men whose skins are not colored like your own. You declare, before
the world, and are understood by the world to declare, that you “hold
these truths to be self evident, that all men are created equal; and
are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; and that,
among these are, life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness;” and yet,
you hold securely, in a bondage which, according to your own Thomas
Jefferson, “is worse than ages of that which your fathers rose in
rebellion to oppose,” a seventh part of the inhabitants of your
country.

Fellow-citizens! I will not enlarge further on your national
inconsistencies. The existence of slavery in this country brands your
republicanism as a sham, your humanity as a base pretence, and your
Christianity as a lie. It destroys your moral power abroad; it corrupts
your politicians at home. It saps the foundation of religion; it makes
your name a hissing, and a bye-word to a mocking earth. It is the
antagonistic force in your government, the only thing that seriously
disturbs and endangers your Union. It fetters your progress; it is the
enemy of improvement, the deadly foe of education; it fosters pride; it
breeds insolence; it promotes vice; it shelters crime; it is a curse to
the earth that supports it; and yet, you cling to it…

… Allow me to say, in conclusion, notwithstanding the dark picture I
have this day presented of the state of the nation, I do not despair of
this country. There are forces in operation, which must inevitably work
the downfall of slavery. “The arm of the Lord is not shortened,” and
the doom of slavery is certain. I, therefore, leave off where I began,
with hope. While drawing encouragement from the Declaration of
Independence, the great principles it contains, and the genius of
American Institutions, my spirit is also cheered by the obvious
tendencies of the age. Nations do not now stand in the same relation to
each other that they did ages ago. No nation can now shut itself up
from the surrounding world, and trot round in the same old path of its
fathers without interference. The time was when such could be done.
Long established customs of hurtful character could formerly fence
themselves in, and do their evil work with social impunity. Knowledge
was then confined and enjoyed by the privileged few, and the multitude
walked on in mental darkness. But a change has now come over the
affairs of mankind. Walled cities and empires have become
unfashionable. The arm of commerce has borne away the gates of the
strong city. Intelligence is penetrating the darkest corners of the
globe. It makes its pathway over and under the sea, as well as on the
earth. Wind, steam, and lightning are its chartered agents. Oceans no
longer divide, but link nations together. From Boston to London is now
a holiday excursion. Space is comparatively annihilated. Thoughts
expressed on one side of the Atlantic, are distinctly heard on the
other. The far off and almost fabulous Pacific rolls in grandeur at our
feet. The Celestial Empire, the mystery of ages, is being solved. The
fiat of the Almighty, “Let there be Light,” has not yet spent its
force. No abuse, no outrage whether in taste, sport or avarice, can now
hide itself from the all-pervading light.

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