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Nano Dimension Blog
Shaping the future of additive manufacturing and 3D printed electronics
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3D Printing Integrated Circuits: What's Possible Now and in the Future?
[77]3D printing applications
3d printing integrated circut The semiconductor industry gets a lot of
attention—and for good reason. Integrated circuits make technology
possible, and these devices are built on the back of semiconductors.
Semiconductor manufacturing processes have come a long way since Robert
Noyce invented the integrated circuit in 1959. With the rise of
Industry 4.0 and the wide array of additive manufacturing processes,
one naturally wonders whether the electronics industry will advance to
3D printing integrated circuits at full scale.
In this discussion, the question naturally arises: Why use additive
manufacturing processes to produce integrated circuits? 3D printing is
already being used to produce fully-functional PCBs with unique
geometry, interconnect architecture, and various levels of component
embedding. The ability to 3D print integrated circuits and other
semiconductor devices directly into a PCB allows low-volume fabrication
of highly specialized devices with unique form factor and capabilities.
Silicon wafer with IC dies
IC dies on a silicon wafer
The Current State of 3D Printing Integrated Circuits
Silicon, III-V, and II-VI semiconductor manufacturing processes are
highly advanced and are used to produce integrated circuits with less
than 10 nm gate sizes. Currently, the most advanced 3D printing
processes provide near micron-level resolution and co-deposition of
multiple materials.
Co-deposition is critical for 3D printing integrated circuits because
conductors and semiconducting materials must be printed simultaneously.
The resolution of the most advanced 3D printing systems must still
improve before VLSI is possible. In addition to improving device
performance, miniaturization will provide much lower power consumption
for switching logic gates.
As an example of what is currently possible with 3D printing integrated
circuits, researchers at the [78]Air Force Research Laboratory and
American Semiconductor recently 3D printed microcontroller SoCs from
polymers on a flexible silicon substrate. These microcontroller units
offer 7000x memory compared to other flexible integrated circuits at
the time. Some envisioned applications include environmental or strain
sensing, as well as munitions inventory monitoring.
A flexible microcontroller integrated circuit
A flexible microcontroller integrated circuit. This circuit was
fabricated using polymers on silicon.
Currently, [79]thin-film transistors (TFTs), diodes, LEDs, can be 3D
printed from organic polymers with commercially available and
experimental systems. The 3D-printed TFTs can have various contact/gate
configurations and can easily be scaled horizontally and vertically.
Polymers can be easily doped and functionalized, allowing their
electronic and optical properties to be tuned to meet the demands of
different devices.
Using polymers on a semiconductor wafer is a natural route to pursue 3D
printing integrated circuits. Electrical contacts can already be
deposited in an additive manner through a mask (i.e., thermal
evaporation, PVD, or CVD), followed by deposition of semiconducting
polymers and larger conductive tracks with a 3D printer. Their
adaptability to low-temperature processes also makes them ideal for 3D
printing integrated circuits directly on standard semiconductor wafers.
Other researchers are working on advancing additive manufacturing
processes and materials to enable 3D printing integrated circuits. As
an example, the [80]University of Hamburg and Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron developed a 3D printing process that can enable
the fabrication of integrated circuits. This process uses a mesh of ~20
nm silver nanowires as conductive elements and a thin film of polymer
as an insulator or semiconducting material. This process is still in
the research phase, but it illustrates how unique nanostructures can be
used to fabricate semiconductor devices that rival silicon integrated
circuits.
The Economics of 3D Printing Integrated Circuits
In any manufacturing process, the cost structure involved in
manufacturing is an important driver of the price of a finished device.
Integrated circuits succeed or fail based on the cost of the die on the
wafer—when more dies can be placed on a single wafer, the costs per
device decreases. The cost structure of integrated circuit
manufacturing is responsible for the high costs of highly specialized,
low-volume integrated circuits. An excellent example can be found in
the defense industry, where the cost of a single FPGA for a complex
system can reach tens of thousands of dollars.
The [81]unique cost structure of 3D printed devices changes this
economic dynamic. 3D printed integrated circuits do not need to be
produced on a wafer and can even be manufactured individually. Because
3D printed devices can be produced with predictable fabrication time,
and the cost structure is complexity agnostic, the costs involved in 3D
printing electronics depends on the weight of the materials used. This
makes 3D-printed integrated circuits highly cost competitive for
low-volume production compared to devices produced on semiconductor
wafers with standard processes.
Challenges in 3D Printing Integrated Circuits
Commercially available printers are becoming more advanced, and the
range of materials useful with these systems is expanding. That being
said, there are still some challenges in 3D printing integrated
circuits with the same level of performance as integrated circuits on
monolithic circuits. These challenges involve finding rigid
semiconducting materials that can be adapted to a standard 3D printing
process, optimizing these materials for different frequency bands, and
bringing printing resolution closer to the nanometer level.
A flexible microcontroller integrated circuitIntegrated circuit die on
silicon; A lithographic process may aid in 3D printing integrated
circuits with less than one-micron resolution.
A lithographic process may aid in 3D printing integrated circuits with
less than one-micron resolution.
The fact losses and parasitics can be optimized in a variety of
polymers for specific frequency bands allows these materials to compete
with GaN, which is currently the best option for fabricating [82]RF
integrated circuits and SoCs. GaN is currently used in the best SoCs
for high-frequency radar modules, as well as in power amplifiers for
microwave and mmWave signal chains. Polymers are already used to 3D
print substrates for building flexible and [83]nonplanar PCBs, so it is
natural to extend these materials to integrated circuits and other
semiconductor devices.
To increase the printing resolution, the additive manufacturing
industry may need to devise a completely new printing process.
Currently, [84]inkjet 3D printing provides among the highest resolution
features for 3D printing PCBs, but it remains to be seen if this
process can be improved to provide resolution less than 1 micron.The
future of 3D printing integrated circuits will likely adapt a
photolithography process or functional self-assembly process to produce
integrated circuits with competitive resolution.
Innovative companies that are interested in 3D printing integrated
circuits and fully-functional PCBs need an additive manufacturing
system designed for full-scale production of complex electronics. The
[85]DragonFly LDM system from Nano Dimension is ideal for in-house
full-scale PCB fabrication of complex electronics with a planar or
non-planar architecture. Designers can embed standard components and
can experiment with 3D-printed integrated circuits. Read a [86]case
study or [87]contact us today to learn more about the DragonFly LDM
system.
[88] [slide-in-cta-contact-3.jpg]
Ziv Cohen
Ziv Cohen
October 29, 2019
Ziv Cohen has both an MBA and a bachelor’s degree in physics and
engineering from Ben Gurion University, as well as more than 20 years
of experience in increasingly responsible roles within R&D. In his
latest position, he was part of Mantis Vision team—offering advanced 3D
Content Capture and Sharing technologies for 3D platforms. The
experience that he brings with him is extensive and varied in fields
such as satellites, 3D, electronic engineering, and cellular
communications. As our Application Manager, he’ll be ensuring the
objectives of our customers and creating new technology to prototype
and manufacture your PCBs.
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