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Pasilalinic-sympathetic compass

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  The pasilalinic-sympathetic compass, also referred to as the snail
  telegraph, was a contraption built to test the pseudo-scientific
  hypothesis that [6]snails create a permanent [7]telepathic link when
  they mate. The device was developed by [8]French [9]occultist Jacques
  Toussaint Benoit with the supposed assistance of an American colleague
  Monsieur Biat-Chretien^[10][1]^[11][note 1] in the 1850s.
  [ ]

Contents

    * [12]1 The hypothesis
    * [13]2 The apparatus
    * [14]3 Demonstration
    * [15]4 Influence
    * [16]5 See also
    * [17]6 References

The hypothesis[[18]edit]

  Benoit claimed that when snails mate,^[19][2] a special type of fluid
  forms a permanent telepathic link between them. This fluid forms an
  invisible thread that keeps the snails in "sympathetic communication"
  by using [20]animal magnetism similar to an electric current pulsating
  along it.^[21][3] They claimed that this method would work instantly,
  wirelessly, over any distance, and be more reliable than a
  [22]telegraph.^[23][3]^[24][4]

  This was not the first attempt to create a form of [25]sympathetic
  communication. There are [26]stories of people cutting pieces of the
  flesh of their arms off and trading it with another person, tattooing
  the alphabet on each arm, and pricking the letters they wished to
  communicate to the person from whose arm the flesh had been taken, and
  it was upon this principle that Benoit built his
  theory.^[27][5]^[28][4] [29]William Brooke O'Shaughnessy is one
  prominent telegrapher who experimented with using human skin to send
  and receive messages.^[30][4]

The apparatus[[31]edit]

  Benoit did not have enough financial capital to build his design.
  Benoit persuaded Monsieur Triat, manager of a Paris gymnasium, to give
  him lodgings and an allowance, having impressed upon him the importance
  of his discovery. After a year Triat's patience grew thin, and he
  demanded to see a working model.^[32][3]^[33][6]

  The apparatus consisted of a scaffold of 10-foot-long wooden beams
  supporting zinc bowls^[34][4] lined with a cloth soaked in a [35]copper
  sulphate solution; the cloth was held in place by a line of copper. At
  the bottom of each of the 24 basins was a snail, glued in place, and
  each associated with a different letter of the alphabet. An identical
  second device held the paired snails.^[36][3] To transmit a letter, the
  operator touched one of the snails. This was supposed to cause a
  reaction in the corresponding snail, which could then be read by the
  receiving operator.^[37][3]

Demonstration[[38]edit]

  On 2 October 1851 Benoit invited Triat and friend [39]Jules Allix, a
  journalist from [40]La Presse. He first asked Triat and then Allix to
  stand at one station and to spell out a word – he would then tell them
  what the word was by reading from the receiving end.^[41][3] However,
  the transmission was inaccurate, with him supposedly receiving errors
  such as “gymoate” instead of “gymnase”,^[42][4] and he continually
  walked between the two devices,^[43][3] claiming that it was necessary
  to supervise his assistants to ensure that they were touching and
  reading the snails correctly.^[44][2] Triat began to suspect that it
  was a hoax.^[45][3] Allix, however, was convinced by the demonstration
  and wrote an article full of praise for Benoit's creation, which
  appeared in the newspaper on 27 October 1851.^[46][3]^[47][4] Among
  other praise, Allix suggested that ladies might wear the device on
  their "wasit-chains".^[48][4] Triat demanded a second, stricter test,
  to which Benoit agreed. When the time came, though, Benoit had
  vanished.^[49][3] He was subsequently seen wandering the streets of
  Paris and died within two years.^[50][3]

Influence[[51]edit]

  During the 1871 uprising in the [52]Paris Commune, the need to send and
  receive secured messages prompted a revival of the idea by [53]Marquis
  Rochefort, president of the barricades commission.^[54][4]^[55][7]
  However, it proved to be as unreliable then, as it had originally
  been.^[56][4]

  The device also provided inspiration for the Japanese [57]manga series
  [58]One Piece,^[59][4] which includes Transponder Snails that can be
  attached to electronic equipment and function as telephones,^[60][8]
  fax machines,^[61][8] and surveillance cameras.^[62][9] Along with the
  Allix article in La Presse the story of the pasilalinic-sympathetic
  compass was covered by the 1889 book Historic Oddities and Strange
  Events by [63]Sabine Baring-Gould.^[64][6]

See also[[65]edit]

    * [66]Sympathetic alphabet

References[[67]edit]

  Explanatory notes

   1. [68]^ According to Dickens, no one ever saw Monsieur Biat, and it
      is undetermined whether he really existed.

  Citations

   1. [69]^ Dickens, Charles (1890). [70]All the Year Round. pp. 179–180.
      Retrieved 9 August 2016.
   2. ^ [71]^a [72]^b Brownlee, John (27 November 2006). [73]"The Snail
      Telegraph of Jacques Benoit". Wired. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
   3. ^ [74]^a [75]^b [76]^c [77]^d [78]^e [79]^f [80]^g [81]^h [82]^i
      [83]^j [84]^k Howard, Toby. 1995. "[85]Progress at snail's pace".
      Accessed 28 May 2007.
   4. ^ [86]^a [87]^b [88]^c [89]^d [90]^e [91]^f [92]^g [93]^h [94]^i
      [95]^j Rosen, Rachel. [96]"Psychic Snail Sex Couldn't Replace the
      Telegraph, But One Frenchman Sure Tried". Atlas Obscura. Retrieved
      9 August 2016.
   5. [97]^ Fahie, John Joseph (1884). [98]A History of Electric
      Telegraphy, to the Year 1837. E. & F. N. Spon. pp. [99]19–20.
      Retrieved 9 August 2016. "sympathetic snail telegraph."
   6. ^ [100]^a [101]^b 2004. "[102]The Snail Telegraph". Accessed 28 May
      2007. [103]Archived September 28, 2007, at the [104]Wayback Machine
   7. [105]^ J., E. H. (1905). [106]"Recollections of a Visit to Sir
      Edward Bulwer Lytton at Knebworth in 1857". Blackwood's Edinburgh
      Magazine (177). Retrieved 9 August 2016.
   8. ^ [107]^a [108]^b Oda, Eiichiro (December 1999). "二人目". [109]東一番の悪.
      One Piece (in Japanese). 11. Shueisha. pp. 74–75.
      [110]ISBN [111]4-08-872797-5.
   9. [112]^ Oda, Eiichiro (June 2009). [113]もう誰にも止められない. One Piece (in
      Japanese). 54. Shueisha. [114]ISBN [115]978-4-08-874662-3.

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  c_compass&oldid=941142266"
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    * [118]Gastropods and humans
    * [119]Telepathy

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References

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172. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page
173. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/

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