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[91]The Observer
[92]Neuroscience

Fail productively… how to turn yourself into a super-learner

Whether you’re taking up the oboe or finessing your Finnish, scientific
research offers tips to aid learning

[93]David Robson

Sun 16 Feb 2020 08.00 EST

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adult students and teacher laughing at an informal language class

[ ] Perhaps surprisingly, one of the best ways to learn a subject is to
teach it. Photograph: Maskot/Getty Images

If your aim for 2020 was to learn a new skill, you may be at the point
of giving up. Whether you are mastering a new language or a musical
instrument, or taking a career-changing course, initial enthusiasm can
only take you so far, and any further progress can be disappointingly
slow.

From these struggles, you might assume that you simply lack a natural
gift – compared to those lucky people who can learn any new skill with
apparent ease.

However, it needn’t be this way. Many polymaths – including Charles
Darwin and the Nobel prize-winning physicist Richard Feynman – claimed
not to have exceptional natural intelligence. Most of us have more than
enough brainpower to master a new discipline, if we apply it correctly
– and the latest neuroscience offers many strategies to do just that.

Much research in the field hinges on the idea of [97]“desirable
difficulties”, pioneered by Profs Robert and Elizabeth Bjork at the
University of California, Los Angeles. The aim is to deliberately
create a slight feeling of frustration as you learn, which leads the
brain to process the material more deeply, creating longer-lasting
memories. It’s like physical exercise: you need to feel a bit of
resistance to make significant long-term gains.

Unfortunately, many of our preferred learning techniques – such as
reading and highlighting textbooks, or the drawing of colourful “mind
maps” to summarise material – don’t offer enough mental challenge to
make the information stick, leading to disappointing results. “Our
judgment about our learning is often biased towards strategies that
feel easy and effortless,” says Dr Carolina Kuepper-Tetzel, a
psychologist at the University of Glasgow and member of the
[98]Learning Scientists website. “But they don’t translate into
long-term retention of knowledge.”

The following strategies will help you overcome these bad habits.
Whatever you plan to learn, they will make your memory the envy of
others.

Fail productively

Let’s begin with the pre-test – a strategy that is perhaps best
explained with an example.

How do you say “thank you” in Finnish?

The answer is “kiitos” – and I’m guessing that most readers who aren’t
Finnish won’t have had any hope of answering this correctly. But thanks
to that initial struggle, you will now be more likely to remember the
answer in the future. Psychological studies show that a “pre-test” quiz
– taken before you have studied the material – [99]primes the brain to
absorb the information afterwards, even if you failed to answer a
single question correctly.

If you are learning a musical instrument, switch between scales and
the pieces of music you are practising

This is true for both the memorisation of simple trivia and the deeper
understanding of [100]more complicated material. In one study,
participants were quizzed on the neuroscience of vision before reading
an Oliver Sacks essay on the subject. They ended up learning 10 to 15%
more than students who had instead been given extra time to read the
text. Whatever you are learning, try to gauge your current
understanding of the topic – even if it is nonexistent.

Teach it to someone else

After taking the pre-test, you also want to continue quizzing yourself
on what you’ve just learned. To psychologists, this is called
[101]“retrieval practice” and it is one of the most reliable ways of
building stronger memory traces. In carefully controlled studies,
retrieval practice vastly outperforms other strategies such as
[102]mind-mapping the material as you study.

As Dr Kuepper-Tetzel explains: “Testing is usually seen as a way to
assess knowledge. However, testing in itself is a potent learning
strategy and has been shown to increase long-term retention of
knowledge.”

This may be one reason why flashcards – a common form of self-testing –
don’t work as well as they could. If you think self-testing is purely a
means of assessing your recall, you may peek at the answer too soon –
whereas you need to truly rack your brain before giving in, if you want
to form the stronger memory. “The harder retrieval is, the more the
memory for the information is enhanced,” says Prof Mirjam Ebersbach at
the University of Kassel in Germany.

a man and a woman jogging together

[103]Facebook [104]Twitter [105]Pinterest

Physical exercise is known to boost your memory, and it is best to mix
both acute and endurance disciplines. Photograph: Martin Novak/Getty
Images

If you are studying for exams, try to create your own questions rather
than relying on past papers. Ebersbach has found that the [106]process
of question generation can itself reinforce learning, since it forces
you to reformulate the material in a new way.

Perhaps the most potent technique is to [107]teach the material to
another person, since that forces you to demonstrate a deep conceptual
understanding. If you don’t have a willing partner, you could imagine
describing it to someone, or draft an email setting out what you’ve
learned in as much detail as possible.

Mix it up

Try not to spend too long on any one topic – rather, switch between
them regularly. If you are learning a new language, for example, you
might rotate between two or three vocabulary topics, or switch between
the different verb tenses you are practising, rather than studying them
in turn in blocks. This strategy is called [108]interleaving and like
the pre-test, it can feel frustrating since you can’t really get into
the swing of things before moving on. But according to the theory of
desirable difficulties, that is why it works. Numerous studies have
shown that this momentary confusion hugely [109]increases your
long-term recall.

Besides boosting factual learning, interleaving can also accelerate
your acquisition of motor skills. If you are [110]learning a musical
instrument, for instance, you might alternate between scales and the
pieces of music that you are practising.

Get moving

Contrary to the stereotype of the sedentary geek, the [111]best
learners are also the most physically active, since cardiovascular
exercise triggers the release of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and
epinephrine that are essential for memory formation. This means that
your mind will be most fertile after a morning jog or a trip to the
gym. So try to schedule your learning around your existing fitness plan
and you may experience a natural memory boost.

Change your environment

Have you ever noticed that when you return to your home town,
recollections of distant events suddenly come flooding back? That’s
because our memory is context-dependent – meaning that it’s heavily
influenced by environmental cues.

While context-dependent memory can trigger waves of pleasant nostalgia,
it can also lead to a mental block in our factual learning. If we only
study or practice a skill in one place, our memories become tied to the
sights, sounds and smells of that location. This makes it harder for us
to recall the same material in a new environment – the exam hall, the
quizshow studio, a Parisian restaurant – without those cues.

To avoid becoming dependent on those cues, you should therefore try
learning in different places. One experiment by Prof Robert Bjork and
colleagues found that just [112]switching rooms between study sessions
increased learning by 21%.

a young woman lying in a meadow with flowers

[113]Facebook [114]Twitter [115]Pinterest

And relax: wakeful rest helps the memory consolidate what it has
learned. Photograph: ALEAIMAGE/Getty Images

Do nothing

After pitting your brain against all those desirable difficulties, give
it time to recover. I don’t mean regular time out like watching TV, but
literally doing nothing. Prof Michaela Dewar at Heriot-Watt University
in Edinburgh has found that [116]“wakeful rest” – without any external
stimulation – allows the brain to consolidate the memories of what it
has learned.

So kick back, close your eyes and let your thoughts go wherever they
want – in the knowledge that your mind is busy cementing your learning
for the long term.

• David Robson is the author of The Intelligence Trap: Revolutionise
Your Thinking and Make Wiser Decisions (Hodder & Stoughton, £9.99). To
order a copy go to [117]guardianbookshop.com. Free UK p&p on all online
orders over £15

Topics
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153. https://theguardian.newspapers.com/
154. https://www.facebook.com/theguardian
155. https://twitter.com/guardian
156. https://advertising.theguardian.com/us/advertising
157. https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-labs-us
158. https://jobs.theguardian.com/?INTCMP=NGW_FOOTER_US_GU_JOBS
159. https://soulmates.theguardian.com/?INTCMP=soulmates_us_web_footer
160. https://discountcode.theguardian.com/
161. https://support.theguardian.com/contribute?INTCMP=footer_support_contribute&acquisitionData={"componentType":"ACQUISITIONS_FOOTER","componentId":"footer_support_contribute","source":"GUARDIAN_WEB"}
162. https://support.theguardian.com/subscribe?INTCMP=footer_support_subscribe&acquisitionData={"componentType":"ACQUISITIONS_FOOTER","componentId":"footer_support_subscribe","source":"GUARDIAN_WEB"}
163. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/feb/16/neuroscience-become-a-super-learner-scientific-research-better-learning-long-term-memory#top

Hidden links:
165. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/feb/16/neuroscience-become-a-super-learner-scientific-research-better-learning-long-term-memory#img-1
166. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/feb/16/neuroscience-become-a-super-learner-scientific-research-better-learning-long-term-memory#img-2
167. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/feb/16/neuroscience-become-a-super-learner-scientific-research-better-learning-long-term-memory#img-3