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http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/voraciously/wp/2020/02/05/caffeine-h
as-been-a-boon-for-civilization-michael-pollan-says-but-it-has-come-at-
a-cost/

Caffeine has been a boon for civilization, Michael Pollan says. But it has
come at a cost.

Tim Carman, The Washington Post
Published 9:43 am EST, Wednesday, February 5, 2020
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* Michael Pollan at his home on Thursday, April 26, 2018, in
Berkeley, Calif. Photo: Santiago Mejia / The Chronicle
Michael Pollan at his home on Thursday, April 26, 2018, in
Berkeley, Calif.
Michael Pollan at his home on Thursday, April 26, 2018, in
Berkeley, Calif.
Photo: Santiago Mejia / The Chronicle
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Michael Pollan at his home on Thursday, April 26, 2018, in Berkeley,
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Michael Pollan at his home on Thursday, April 26, 2018, in Berkeley,
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Michael Pollan laughs and says, yes, he's on drugs while conducting
this interview. Okay, he doesn't use those exact words, but he
acknowledges that he has a "tall, takeout container" of half-caff
coffee at his side as we discuss, via phone, his latest project, simply
titled "Caffeine," available only as an audio book from Audible.

Pollan, the author of "The Omnivore's Dilemma," "The Botany of Desire,"
"In Defense of Food" and "How to Change Your Mind" - in which he has
explored our complicated relationship with food, plants, drugs and many
other things we take for granted - has turned his imposing analytical
skills to caffeine, the most popular mind-altering chemical on the
planet.

"For most of us, to be caffeinated to one degree or another has simply
become baseline human consciousness," Pollan writes, well, reads in
"Caffeine." "Something like 90% of humans ingest caffeine regularly,
making it the most widely used psychoactive drug in the world and the
only one we routinely give to children, commonly in the form of soda.
It's so pervasive that it's easy to overlook the fact that to be
caffeinated is not baseline consciousness but, in fact, is an altered
state."

After others suggested the idea, Pollan decided to get off caffeine,
cold turkey, to better understand the stimulant's effects on human
consciousness. Last year, he abstained from coffee and tea for three
months. As he notes in "Caffeine," the experiment nearly killed his
enthusiasm for the book. "How can you possibly expect to write anything
when you can't concentrate?" Pollan writes about his withdrawal
symptoms, a state so intense that it's officially classified as a
mental disorder by the American Psychiatric Association.

When Pollan ended his caffeine fast, he promised himself to drink
coffee and tea only on Saturdays. Our interview was on a Monday. So
what happened?
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His Saturday-only policy was proceeding as planned, Pollan says, but
then he went to Scandinavia on a book tour in December, when the days
are shorter than the attention span of a tween on Twitter. "It was
really dark," he says. "It got dark at 2:46 in the afternoon in
Stockholm. I remember this. So people are like caffeinated till then,
and then they switch over to alcohol, and that's basically how they
survive. And I was jet-lagged on top of it, so I started having some
caffeine then, and it did get me through that whole experience."

"And now I've lapsed," he adds. These days, he has a half-caff every
morning.

Pollan's fall from the wagon is more testimony to the addictive nature
of caffeine, a drug that the author argues helped advance civilization
while, simultaneously, disrupting our sleep. The introduction of coffee
and tea to Europe in the mid-17th century - at the time, alcohol was
the drink that fueled and befogged workers - freed "people from the
natural rhythms of the body and the sun, thus making possible whole new
kinds of work and, arguably, new kinds of thought, too," Pollan writes.

Caffeine would transform the world around us in ways large and small,
magnificent and horrific. It would stimulate and focus the mind in a
way that would influence the workplace, politics, social relations and
"arguably even the rhythms of English prose," Pollan writes. But the
cultivation of, and trade in, coffee and tea plants (and the sugar used
in both) would also enslave countless people and lead to the East India
Company opening an opium trade with China. The drug trade was good for
British coffers, but it crippled a great empire.

Once business executives discovered caffeine could improve worker
production, coffee became capitalism's silent co-conspirator. Pollan
delves into a Fair Labor Standards Act case from the 1950s in which a
company, Los Wigman Weavers, made 15-minute coffee breaks mandatory,
but refused to pay workers for the breaks. The courts ruled against
Wigman, ushering in a law that requires employers to pay workers for
short breaks.

Historically, Pollan says, drugs that favor business have fared better
under U.S. law than those that don't, though the increasing
legalization of marijuana counters that trend.

"I think there is a kind of a bias against drugs that interfere with
the smooth working of the economic machine," the author says. "As soon
as you get into jobs that involve machines or numbers, alcohol is a
challenge. And we did try to ban alcohol, without success. I just think
it's too deeply rooted in everyday life to take it on. But in general,
you find that the drugs that increase productivity are the ones that
are most supported in our society."

With "Caffeine," though, Pollan wanted to separate what's good for
civilization (and business) from what's good for humans as a species.
He spent considerable time with sleep researchers, most of whom don't
touch caffeine because of what it does to the body and the quality of
one's shut-eye. Coffee, in particular, has become the solution to the
problem that coffee has created, Pollan notes in the book.

"There is no free lunch," Pollan says, laughing at the memory of his
struggle without caffeine. "You know, these drugs give us something,
and they take something, too. I think, on balance, the advantages
exceed the disadvantages. I'm drinking coffee, and it's not just
because I'm enslaved to it. I get a lot from it. I get a lot of
pleasure, and I'm convinced it helps me with my writing. Getting off it
certainly hurt my writing."

Pollan says he started drinking coffee at age 10, more than 50 years
ago, mostly as a way to bond with his father, who worked in New York
City and would not return home to suburban Long Island until late at
night. "So my time with him was in the morning when he was getting
ready to go to work. I'd get up early so I could hang out with him, and
I started drinking coffee because he drank coffee."

In other words, until Pollan gave up caffeine last year, he had rarely,
if ever, known an adult consciousness that was not altered by the drug.
Perhaps not surprisingly, he prefers the clarity of mind that caffeine
provides. Or what his wife, the painter Judith Belzer, calls the
morning "cup of optimism."

Although he prefers the caffeinated life, Pollan is not sure where he
stands on whether coffee and tea have been good for humans in general.
And even if he were clear, he probably wouldn't tell us, he says.

"Caffeine makes us work harder. Is that good for us or not? What is
good for a species?" Pollan says. "The kind of person caffeine made us,
someone more likely to be striving and ambitious and highly productive,
does that necessarily make us happier?"

"The benefits are clear on the civilization ledger," he adds. "On the
species ledger, it really depends if you see civilization as a plus or
minus for the species. It does a lot for us, but it also has an
enormous cost."

[88]

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[89]See All
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President Donald Trump's s State of the Union address after he
delivered it to a joint session of Congress on Capitol Hill in
Washington, Tuesday, Feb. 4, 2020. Vice President Mike Pence is at
left. (AP Photo/Patrick Semansky)
[91]'Belongs in the trash': CT Democrats blast State of Union speech
BY Emilie Munson
* [92]US President Donald Trump delivers the State of the Union
address at the US Capitol in Washington, DC, on February 4, 2020.
(Photo by Olivier DOULIERY / AFP) (Photo by OLIVIER DOULIERY/AFP
via Getty Images)
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