The Project Gutenberg EBook of Surnames as a Science, by Robert Ferguson

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org


Title: Surnames as a Science

Author: Robert Ferguson

Release Date: September 24, 2011 [EBook #37520]

Language: English

Character set encoding: ASCII

*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SURNAMES AS A SCIENCE ***




Produced by StevenGibbs, Jane Hyland and the Online
Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net








SURNAMES AS A SCIENCE

BY
ROBERT FERGUSON, M.P.,
F.S.A., F.S.A. (SCOT.);
AUTHOR OF "THE TEUTONIC NAME-SYSTEM."

LONDON:
GEORGE ROUTLEDGE AND SONS,
BROADWAY, LUDGATE HILL,
NEW YORK: 9, LAFAYETTE PLACE.
1883.




LONDON:
R. CLAY, SONS, AND TAYLOR,
BREAD STREET HILL.

TO
MRS. R.H. DANA (_nee_ LONGFELLOW),
OF BOSTON, MASS.,
IN MEMORY OF EARLY AND VALUED FRIENDSHIP, AND OF DAYS
NOT TO BE FORGOTTEN, PASSED AT CRAGIE HOUSE,
THIS LITTLE VOLUME IS INSCRIBED
BY THE AUTHOR.




PREFACE.


That portion of our surnames which dates back to Anglo-Saxon times, and
so forms a part of the general system by which Teutonic names are
governed, is distinctly a branch of a science, and as such has been
treated by the Germans, upon whose lines I have generally endeavoured to
follow.

It has been a part of my object to show that this portion of our
surnames is a very much larger one than has been generally supposed, and
that it includes a very great number of names which have hitherto been
otherwise accounted for, as well as of course a great number for which
no explanation has been forthcoming.

Nevertheless, while claiming for my subject the dignity of a science, I
am very well aware that the question as to how far I have myself
succeeded in treating it scientifically is an entirely different one,
and one upon which it will be for others than myself to pronounce an
opinion.

This work is of the nature of a supplement to one which I published some
time ago under the title of _The Teutonic Name-system applied to the
Family-names of France, England, and Germany_ (Williams and Norgate),
though I have been obliged, in order to render my system intelligible,
to a certain extent to go over the same ground again.

I will only say, in conclusion, that in dealing with this subject--one
in which all persons may be taken to be more or less interested--I have
endeavoured as much as possible to avoid technicalities and to write so
as to be intelligible to the ordinary reader.

   ROBERT FERGUSON.

   MORTON, CARLISLE.




CONTENTS.


   CHAPTER I.                                                         PAGE

   THE ANTIQUITY AND THE UNSUSPECTED DIGNITY OF SOME OF OUR COMMON NAMES 1

   CHAPTER II.

   CLUE TO SOME OF THE ANCIENT FORMS REPRESENTED IN ENGLISH NAMES       23

   CHAPTER III.

   NAMES REPRESENTING ANCIENT COMPOUNDS                                 36

   CHAPTER IV.

   THE MEN WHO CAME IN WITH THE SAXONS                                  69

   CHAPTER V.

   MEN'S NAMES IN PLACE-NAMES                                           92

   CHAPTER VI.

   CORRUPTIONS AND CONTRACTIONS                                        113

   CHAPTER VII.

   THE OLD FRANKS AND THE PRESENT FRENCH                               123

   CHAPTER VIII.

   THE GERMAN ORIGIN OF GREAT ITALIANS AS EVIDENCED IN THEIR NAMES     143

   CHAPTER IX.

   VARIOUS UNENUMERATED STEMS                                          154

   CHAPTER X.

   NAMES WHICH ARE NOT WHAT THEY SEEM                                  171

   CHAPTER XI.

   CHRISTIAN NAMES OF WOMEN                                            197

   LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL WORKS CONSULTED                               213

   ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS                                           215

   INDEX OF NAMES                                                      217



CONTRACTIONS.

   A.S.    Anglo-Saxon.
   O.N.    Old Northern.
   O.G.    Old German.
   O.H.G.  Old High German.




SURNAMES AS A SCIENCE.

CHAPTER I.

THE ANTIQUITY AND THE UNSUSPECTED DIGNITY OF SOME OF OUR COMMON NAMES.


As some things that seem common, and even ignoble, to the naked eye,
lose their meanness under the revelations of the microscope, so, many of
our surnames that seem common and even vulgar at first sight, will be
found, when their origin is adequately investigated, to be of high
antiquity, and of unsuspected dignity. _Clodd_, for instance, might seem
to be of boorish origin, and _Clout_ to have been a dealer in old rags.
But I claim for them that they are twin brothers, and etymologically the
descendants of a Frankish king. _Napp_ is not a name of distinguished
sound, yet it is one that can take us back to that far-off time ere yet
the history of England had begun, when, among the little kinglets on the
old Saxon shore, "Hnaf ruled the Hocings."[1] _Moll_, _Betty_, _Nanny_,
and _Pegg_ sound rather ignoble as the names of men, yet there is
nothing of womanliness in their warlike origin. _Bill_ seems an honest
though hardly a distinguished name, unless he can claim kinship with
Billing, the "noble progenitor of the royal house of Saxony." Now
Billing, thus described by Kemble, is a patronymic, "son of Bill or
Billa," and I claim for our Bill (as a surname) the right, as elsewhere
stated, to be considered as the progenitor. Among the very shortest
names in all the directory are _Ewe_, _Yea_, and _Yeo_, yet theirs also
is a pedigree that can take us back beyond Anglo-Saxon times. Names of a
most disreputable appearance are _Swearing_ and _Gambling_, yet both,
when properly inquired into, turn out to be the very synonyms of
respectability. _Winfarthing_ again would seem to be derived from the
most petty gambling, unless he can be rehabilitated as an Anglo-Saxon
Winfrithing (patronymic of Winfrith.) A more unpleasant name than
_Gumboil_ (_Lower_) it would not be easy to find, and yet it represents,
debased though be its form, a name borne by many a Frankish warrior, and
by a Burgundian king fourteen centuries ago. Its proper form would be
Gumbald (Frankish for Gundbald), and it signifies "bold in war." Another
name which wofully belies its origin is _Tremble_, for, of the two words
of which it is composed, one signifies steadfast or firm, and the other
signifies valiant or bold. Its proper form is Trumbald, and the first
step of its descent is _Trumbull_. A name which excites anything but
agreeable associations is _Earwig_. Yet it is at any rate a name that
goes back to Anglo-Saxon times, there being an Earwig, no doubt a man
of some consideration, a witness to a charter (_Thorpe_, p. 333). And
the animal which it represents is not the insect of insidious repute,
but the sturdy boar so much honoured by our Teuton forefathers, _ear_
being, as elsewhere noted, a contraction of _evor_, boar, so that Earwig
is the "boar of battle." Of more humiliating seeming than even Earwig is
_Flea_ (vouched for by Lower as an English surname). And yet it is at
all events a name of old descent, for Flea--I do not intend it in any
equivocal sense, for the stem is found in Kemble's list of early
settlers--came in with the Saxons. And though it has nothing to do with
English "flea," yet it is no doubt from the same root, and expresses the
same characteristic of agility so marvellously developed in the insect.

Even _Bugg_, if he had seen his name under this metaphorical microscope,
might have felt himself absolved from changing it into Howard, for Bugg
is at least as ancient, and etymologically quite as respectable. It is a
name of which great and honourable men of old were not ashamed; there
was, for instance, a Buga, minister to Edward of Wessex, who signs his
name to many a charter. And there was also an Anglo-Saxon queen,
Hrothwaru, who was also called Bucge, which I have elsewhere given
reasons for supposing to have been her original name. There are moreover
to be found, deduced from place-names, two Anglo-Saxons named
respectively Buga and Bugga, owners of land, and therefore respectable.
In Germany we find Bugo, Bugga, and Bucge, as ancient names of men and
women in the _Altdeutsches Namenbuch_. And Bugge is at present a name
both among the Germans and the Scandinavians, being, among others, that
of a distinguished professor at Christiania. As to its origin, all that
we can predicate with anything like confidence is that it is derived
from a word signifying to bend, and of the various senses thus derived,
that of ring or bracelet (O.N. _baugr_) seems to me the most
appropriate. The bracelet was of old an honourable distinction, and the
prince, as the fountain of honour, was the "bracelet-giver."[2]

My object then at present is to show that many of our short and
unpretending names are among the most ancient that we have, being such
as our Saxon forefathers brought with them when they first set foot upon
our shores, and such as we find whenever history gives us a yet earlier
glimpse of the Teuton in his home. _Bass_, for instance, whose red
pyramid to-day stamps authenticity on many a bottle, was in ancient
times a well-known potter's name on the beautiful red Samian ware of the
Romans. The seat of this manufacture was on the banks of the Rhine, and
in the long list of potters' names, mostly of course Roman, there are
not a few that are those of Germans or of Gauls. And there is one
interesting case, that of a lamp found along the line of the Roman wall,
in which the German potter, one Fus, has asserted his own nationality by
stamping his ware with the print of a naked human foot, within which is
inscribed his name, thus proving, by the play upon his name, that _fus_
meant "foot" in the language which he spoke. Little perhaps the old
potter thought, as he chuckled over his conceit, that when fifteen
centuries had passed away, his trade-mark would remain to attest his
nationality.

But to return to Bass, let us see what can be done to bridge the gulf
between the princely brewers of to-day and the old potter on the banks
of the Rhine. And first, as to Anglo-Saxon England, we find Bass as a
mass-priest, and Bassus as a valiant soldier of King Edwin in the
Anglo-Saxon _Chronicle_, as also a Bassa in the genealogy of the Mercian
kings. Basing, the Anglo-Saxon patronymic, "son of Bass," occurs about
the twelfth century, in the _Liber Vitae_. And Kemble, in his list of
Anglo-Saxon "marks," or communities of the early settlers, finds
Bassingas, _i.e._ descendants or followers of Bass, in Cambridgeshire
and in Notts, while Mr. Taylor finds offshoots of the same family on the
opposite coast in Artois. In Germany we find many instances of Bass, and
its High German form Pass, from the seventh century downwards. And in
the neighbourhood of the Wurm-See, in Bavaria, we find, corresponding
with our Bassings, a community of Pasings, _i.e._ descendants or
followers of Pass. We may take it then that our name _Pass_ is only
another form of _Bass_, both names being also found at present in
Germany. As to the origin of the name, for which no sufficient
explanation is to be found in the Old German dialects, Foerstemann has
to turn to the kindred dialect of the Old Northern, where he finds it in
_basa_, anniti, to strive contend.

Thus far we have had to do with Bass as a name of Teutonic origin. But
it appears to have been a Celtic name as well, for Bassa, a name
presumably Welsh, occurs in the pathetic lament of Llywarch, written in
the sixth century, the name being, on the authority of the late Dr.
Guest, still retained in Baschurch near Shrewsbury. The name Bass, then,
or Pass, on Roman pottery might be either that of a German or of a Gaul,
but more probably the former, especially as we find also Bassico, a form
more particularly German, and some other forms more probably Teutonic.

Before parting with Bass, I may refer to one in particular of his
progeny, the name _Basin_, formed from it by the ending _en_ or _in_,
referred to in a subsequent chapter. The original of our Basin has been
supposed to have been a barber, the mediaeval leech, but I claim for him
a different origin, and connect his name, which is found as Basin in
Domesday, with the name Basin of a Thuringian king of the fifth century.

Let us take another of our common surnames, _Scott_. This has been
generally assumed to have been an original surname derived from
nationality, and we need not doubt that it has been so in many, perhaps
in most, cases. But Scott, as a man's name, is, not to say older than
the introduction of surnames, but as old probably as the name of the
nation itself. To begin with England, it occurs in the thirteenth
century, in the _Liber Vitae_, where it is the reverse of a surname,
Scott Agumdessune (no doubt for Agemundessune). I do not think,
however, that Agumdessune is here a surname, but only an individual
description, an earnest of surnames that were to be. For there is
another Scott who signs about the same time, and it might be necessary
to distinguish between these two men. There is in the same record yet
another Scott, described as "Alstani filius," who, in the time of
William the Conqueror, "for the redemption of his soul, and with the
consent of his sons and of all his friends," makes a gift of valuable
lands to the Church. Scott again occurs in an Anglo-Saxon charter of
boundaries quoted by Kemble, "Scottes heal," _i.e._ "Scot's hall." And
Scotta occurs in another in "Scottan byrgels," _i.e._ "Scotta's burial
mound." In Germany Scot occurs in the ninth century in the Book of the
Brotherhood of St. Peter at Salzburg, where it is classed by Foerstemann
as a German name, which seems justified by the fact that Scotardus, a
German compound (_hard_, fortis), occurs as an Old Frankish name in the
time of Charlemagne. In Italy, where, as I shall show in a subsequent
chapter, the Germans have left many Teutonic names behind them, we find
a Scotti, duke of Milan, in the middle ages, whose name is probably due
to that cause. Scotto is a surname at present among the Frisians, while
among the Germans generally it is most commonly softened into Schott.

Scot however, as a man's name, seems to have been at least as common
among the Celts as among the Teutons; Gluck cites four instances of it
from ancient, chiefly Latin, authors, in only one of which, however,
that of a Gaul, is the particular nationality distinguished. As to the
origin of the name, all that can be said is that it is most probably
from the same origin, whatever that may be, as the name of the nation;
just as another Celtic man's name, Caled, signifying hard, durus, is
probably from the same origin as that of Caledonia, "stern and wild."

Lastly, among the names on Roman pottery, we have Scottus, Scoto, and
Scotni, the last being a genitive, "Scotni manu." Of these three names
the first is the Latinisation of Scott; the second has the ending in _o_
most common for men's names among the old Franks, but also found among
the Celts; the third, as a genitive, presumably represents the form
Scotten, the ending in _en_, hereafter referred to, running through the
whole range of Teutonic names, but being also found in Celtic. Upon the
whole, then, there does not seem anything sufficiently distinctive to
stamp these names as either Teutonic or Celtic. I may observe that all
these three forms, _Scott_, _Scotto_, and _Scotten_, are found in our
surnames, as well as _Scotting_, the Anglo-Saxon patronymic, which
assists to mark the name as in Anglo-Saxon use. We have also _Scotland_,
which has been supposed to have been an original surname derived from
nationality, and so I dare say it may be in some cases. But Scotland
appears as a man's name in the _Liber Vitae_ about the twelfth or
thirteenth century, and before surnames begin to make their appearance.
Scotland again occurs as the name of a Norman in the _Acta Sanctorum_,
where it seems more probably of Frankish origin, and cannot at any rate
be from nationality. The fact seems to be that _land_, terra, was formed
into compounds, like _bald_, and _fred_, and _hard_, without reference
perhaps to any particular meaning. Similarly we find Old German,
apparently Frankish, names, Ingaland and Airland (more properly
Heriland), which might account in a similar way for our surnames
_England_ and _Ireland_.

Let us take yet one more name, _Gay_, a little more complicated in its
connections than the others, and endeavour to trace it up to its origin.
"Nay! but what better origin can we have," I can fancy the reader saying
at starting, "than our own word 'gay', French _gai_?" I would not
undertake to say that our name is not in any instance from this origin,
but what I say is that a proved Anglo-Saxon _name_ is better than any
assumed _word_, however suitable its meaning may seem to be. Moreover,
the same Anglo-Saxon word will account, not only for Gay, but for a
whole group of names, _Gay_, _Gye_, _Gedge_, _Gage_, _Kay_, _Key_,
_Kegg_, _Kedge_, _Cage_,--all variations, according to my view, of one
original name. It must inevitably be the case that a name dating back to
a remote antiquity, and in use over a wide area, must be subject to many
phonetic variations. And it matters nothing to etymology, so long as her
own strict rules are complied with, if some of these names have not a
single letter in common. Given, then, an Anglo-Saxon name Gagg, Gegg,
with its alternative form Cagg, Keg, and we get from it all the forms
that are required. For the English ear is averse, as a matter of
euphony, to a final _g_, and while it most commonly changes it into _y_
(which is in effect dropping it), as in A.S. _dag_, Eng. _day_, A.S.
_caeg_, Eng. _key_, it also not unfrequently changes it into _dg_, as in
A.S. _bricg_, Eng. _bridge_, &c. To come, then, to the Anglo-Saxon
names concerned, Kemble, in his list of original settlers, has both
Gagingas, _i.e._ descendants or followers of Gag, and Caegingas, _i.e._
descendants or followers of Caeg. And the Anglo-Saxon names cited below,
one of them the exact counterpart of Gay, are deduced from place-names
of a later period. The Old German names do not, in this case, throw any
light upon the subject, as, on account of the stem not being so
distinctly developed as it is in Anglo-Saxon, they have been placed by
Foerstemann to, as I consider, a wrong stem, viz. _gaw_, patria.

   _Anglo-Saxon names._--Gaecg, Geagga, Geah, Caeg, Ceagga, Ceahha
   (Gaeging, Gaing, _patronymics_).

   _Old German names._--Gaio, Geio, Kegio, Keyo, Keio.

   _Present German._--Gey, Geu.

   _Present Friesic._--Kay, Key.

   _English surnames._--Gay, Gye, Gedge, Gage, Kay, Key, Kegg, Kedge,
   Cage.

As to the origin and meaning of the word, I can offer nothing more than
a somewhat speculative conjecture. There is a stem _gagen_, _cagen_, in
Teutonic names, and which seems to be derived most probably from O.N.
_gagn_, gain, victory. We find it in Anglo-Saxon in Gegnesburh, now
Gainsborough, and in Geynesthorn, another place-name, and we have it in
our names _Gain_, _Cain_, _Cane_. It is very possible, and in accordance
with the Teutonic system, that _gag_ may represent the older and simpler
form, standing to _gagen_ in the same relation as English _ward_ does
to _warden_, and A.S. _geard_ (inclosure), to _garden_.

As in the two previous cases, so also in this case, there is an ancient
Celtic name, Geio, to take into account, and to this may be placed the
names _Keogh_ and _Keho_, if these names be, as I suppose, Irish and not
English. Also the Kay and the Kie in _McKay_ and _McKie_. Lastly, in
this, as in the other two cases, there is also a name on Roman pottery,
Gio, which might, as it seems, be either German or Celtic. Can there be
any connection, I venture to inquire, between these ancient names,
Celtic or Teutonic, and the Roman Gaius and Caius? Several well-known
Roman names are, as elsewhere noted, referred by German writers to a
Celtic origin.

It will be seen then that, in the case of all the three names of which I
have been treating, there is an ancient Celtic name in a corresponding
form which might in some cases intermix. And there are many more cases
of the same kind among our surnames. _Wake_, for instance, may represent
an ancient name, either German or Celtic; for the German a sufficient
etymon may be found in _wak_, watchful, while for the Celtic there is
nothing, observes Gluck, in the range of extant dialects to which we can
reasonably refer it. So _Moore_ represents an ancient stem for names
common to the Celts, the Germans, and the Romans, though at least as
regards the Germans, the origin seems obscure.[3]

Now it is quite possible, particularly in the case of such monosyllabic
words as these, that there might be an accidental coincidence between a
Celtic and a Teutonic name, without their having anything in common in
their root. It is possible, again, that the one nation may have borrowed
a name from the other, as the Northmen, for instance, sometimes did from
the Irish or the Gael, one of their most common names, Niel(sen), being
thus derived; while, on the other hand, both the Irish and the Gael
received, as Mr. Worsaae has shown, many names from the Northmen. So
also the Romans seem to have borrowed names from the Celts, several
well-known names, as Plinius, Livius, Virgilius,[4] Catullus, and
Drusus, being, in the opinion of German scholars, thus derived.

But though no doubt both these principles apply to the present case, yet
there is also, as it seems to me, something in the relationship between
Celtic and Teutonic names which can hardly be accounted for on either of
the above principles. And I venture to throw out the suggestion that
when ancient Celtic names shall have been as thoroughly collected and
examined as, by the industry of the Germans, have been the Teutonic,
comparative philology may--perhaps within certain lines--find something
of the same kinship between them that it has already established in the
case of the respective languages. Meanwhile, I venture to put forward,
derived from such limited observations as I have been able to make,
certain points of coincidence which I think go some way to justify the
opinion expressed above. In so doing I am not so much putting forward
etymological views of my own, as collecting together, so as to shape
them into a comparison, the conclusions which have, in various
individual cases, been arrived at by scholars such as Zeuss. There are,
then, four very common endings in Teutonic names,--_ward_, as in Edward,
_ric_, as in Frederic, _mar_, as in Aylmar, and _wald_, as in Reginald
(=Reginwald). The same four words, in their corresponding forms, are
also common as the endings of Celtic names, _ward_ taking the form of
_guared_ or _guaret_, the German _ric_ taking generally the form of
_rix_ (which appears also to have been the older form in the German, all
names of the first century being so given by Latin authors), _wald_
taking the form of _gualed_ or _gualet_, and _mar_ being pretty much the
same in both. Of these four cases of coincidence, there is only one
(_wald = gualet_) which I have not derived from German authority. And
with respect to this one, I have assumed the Welsh _gualed_, order,
arrangement, whence _gualedyr_, a ruler, to be the same word as German
_wald_, Gothic _valdan_, to rule. But we can carry this comparison still
further, and show all these four endings in combination with one and the
same prefix common to both tongues. This prefix is the Old German _had_,
_hat_, _hath_, signifying war, the corresponding word to which is in
Celtic _cad_ or _cat_. (Note that in the earliest German names on
record, as the Catumer and the Catualda of Tacitus, the German form is
_cat_, same as the Celtic. This seems to indicate that at that early
period the Germans so strongly aspirated the _h_ in _hat_, that the word
sounded to Roman ears like _cat_, and it assists perhaps to give us an
idea of the way in which such variations of tongues arise.)

I subjoin then the following names which, _mutatis mutandis_, are the
same in both tongues, and which, judging them by the same rules which
philology has applied to the respective languages, might be taken to be
from some earlier source common to both races:--

 _Ancient German Names._            _Ancient Celtic Names._

 Hadaward.                          Catguaret (_Book of Llandaff_).
 Haduric.                           Caturix (_Orelli_).
 Hadamar (Catumer, _Tacitus_).      Catmor (_Book of Llandaff_).
 Hadold (=Hadwald).                 Catgualet (_British king of Gwynedd_,
                                      A.D. 664).
 Catualda (_Tacitus_).              Cadwalladyr (_British king_)
                                      (Catgualatyr, _Book of Llandaff_)

In comparing Catualda with the British Cadwalladyr I am noting an
additional point of coincidence. Catualda is not, like other Old German
names, from _wald_, rule, but from _walda_, ruler. There is only one
other Old German name in the same form, Cariovalda,[5] also a very
ancient name, being of the first century. This then may represent the
older form, though this is not what I wish at present to note, but that
Catualda is the counterpart of the British Cadwalladyr, which also is
not from _gualed_, rule, but from _gualedyr_, ruler.

In suggesting that this coincidence may be confined within certain lines
I mean to guard against the assumption that it would, as in the case of
the language, be found to pervade the whole system, many of the
formations of which may be of a more recent time. There are some other
stems, considered by the Germans to be in coincidence, to only one of
which I will refer at present, the Old Celtic _tout_, Welsh _tud_ = the
Gothic _thiuda_. Hence the name Tudric, of a British king of Glamorgan,
would be the counterpart of that of the Gothic king Theuderic, or
Theoderic. I will take one more instance of a name presumed to be common
to the Germans and to the Celts as an illustration of the manner in
which--men's names being handed down from generation to generation
without, even in ancient times, any thought of their meaning--a name may
survive, while the word from which it was originally derived has
perished out of the language, or is retained in a sense so changed as
hardly to be recognised. The German name in question is that of Sigimar,
the brother of Arminius, dating from the first century of our era, a
name which we still have as _Seymore_, and in its High German form
Sicumar we have as _Sycamore_, intermediate Anglo-Saxon names being
found for both. The prefix _sig_ is taken, with as much certainty as
there can be in anything of the kind, to be from _sig_, victory; the
ending _mar_, signifying famous, is a word to which I have already
referred as common both to the Germans and to the Celts. Segimar was
also an ancient Celtic name, but while the ending _mar_ has a meaning
to-day in Celtic speech, the prefix _seg_ is a word of which they are
hardly able to render any account. Only in the Old Irish (which seems to
contain some of the most ancient elements) Gluck, finding a word _seg_
with the meaning of the wild ox, _urus_, deduces from it the ancient
meaning of strength (Sansc. _sahas_, vis, robor), and infers an original
meaning akin to the German.

It happens, perhaps yet more frequently, that a German name, which
cannot be explained by anything within the range of Teutonic dialects,
may find a sufficient etymon from the Celtic. That is to suppose that a
word originally common to the Teutonic and the Celtic, has dropped out
of the former, and been retained only in the latter. Thus there is a
word _arg_, _arch_, found in many Teutonic names, and from which we have
several names, as _Archbold_, _Archbutt_, _Archard_, _Argent_,
_Argument_, for which the meaning that can be derived from the German
seems very inadequate, but for which the Irish _arg_, hero or champion,
seems to offer as good a meaning as could be desired. So also _all_,
from which, as elsewhere shown, there are a number of names, in its
Teutonic sense of _omnis_, does not seem to give by any means so
satisfactory a result as in its Celtic sense of "great" or,
"illustrious." Many other instances might be adduced on both sides to
show the way in which a word has dropped out of the one language and
been retained in the other.

Before passing from this part of the subject, I may be allowed to adduce
an illustration--a striking one I think, albeit that the name in this
case is not that of a man but of a dog--of the way in which a name may
be retained in familiar use, though the word from which it is derived
has perished out of the language, though the language itself has passed
out of use among us for more than a thousand years, and though the word
itself is only used in a sort of poetical or sentimental sense. Who has
not heard, in verse or in prose, of the "poor dog _Tray_"? And yet who
ever heard, excepting in books, of a dog being called Tray, a word which
conveys no meaning whatever to an English ear? What then is the origin,
and what is the meaning, of the name? It is, I venture to think, the
ancient British name for a dog, which is not to be found in any living
dialect of the Celtic, and which is only revealed to us in a casual line
of a Roman poet:--

   Non sibi, sed domino, venatur _vertragus_ acer,
     Illaesum leporem qui tibi dente feret.

   _Martial._


The British _vertrag_ must have been something of the nature of a
greyhound, though, from the description of his bringing back the game
unmangled to his master, perhaps capable of a higher training than the
greyhound generally attains to. Now the _ver_ in _vertrag_ is in the
Celtic tongues an intensitive, and as prefixed to a word, gives the
sense of preeminence. The ancient British word for a dog in general must
have been _trag_, a word of which we find a trace in the Irish _traig_,
foot, allied, no doubt, to Gothic _thragjan_, Greek [Greek: trechein],
Sanscrit _trag_, to run. The ancient British name then for a dog, _trag_
signified the "runner," and with the intensitive prefix _ver_, as in
_vertrag_, the "swift runner."[6] And _trag_ is, I take it, the word
from which, _g_ as usual in English becoming _y_, is formed our word
Tray.

It may be of interest, in connection with the antiquity of our names, to
take a few of the oldest Teutonic names of which history gives us a
record, and endeavour to show the relationship which they bear to our
existing surnames. It will be seen that not only have we the
representatives of these ancient names, but also in certain cases names
which represent a still more ancient form of the word.

And first let us take the name, dating back to the first century of our
era, of the old German hero Arminius, brought before us with such
magnanimous fairness by Tacitus. The old idea, let me observe, that
Armin is properly _herman_, leader or warrior, has long been given up by
the Germans. The name, of which the most correct form is considered to
be Irmin, is formed from one single word of which the root is _irm_, and
the meaning of which is, as Grimm observes, entirely obscure. We have
then as English surnames _Armine_, _Ermine_, and _Harmony_, the last,
no doubt, a slight corruption, though, as far as the prefix of _h_ is
concerned, it is as old as Anglo-Saxon times, for we find "Harmines
den," Harmine's valley, in a charter quoted by Kemble. Then we have
compounded with _gar_, spear, and corresponding with an O.G.
Irminger--_Arminger_, _Irminger_,[7] and again as a corruption,
_Iremonger_. And, compounded with _hari_, warrior, and corresponding
with an O.G. Irminhar, we have _Arminer_. And, as a Christian name of
women, one at least of our old families still retains the ancient name
_Ermentrude_, the ending _trude_, as found also in _Gertrude_, being
perhaps from the name Thrud, of one of the _Valkyrjur_, or
battle-maidens of Odin. The French also, among the many names derived
from their Frankish ancestors, have _Armingaud_, _Armandet_, and
_Ermingcard_, corresponding with the ancient names Irmingaud, Irmindeot,
and Irmingard. And _Irminger_, as I write, comes before me in the daily
papers as the name of a Danish admiral. But Irmin is not the oldest form
of the name,--"the older and the simple form," observes Foerstemann,
"runs in the form Irm or Irim," and with this also we can claim
connection in our family names. For we have the simple form as _Arms_
and _Harme_; and as compounds we have _Armiger_, corresponding with an
O.G. Ermgar; _Armour_, with an O.G. Ermhar; and _Armgold_, with an O.G.
Ermegild. Lastly, I may observe that both Irm and Irmin are found also
by Stark as ancient Celtic names. And certainly there is no stem more
likely than this, of the origin of which all trace is lost in the
darkness of the past, to be one that is older than the Arian separation.

The name Sigimar, of the brother of Arminius, I have already shown that
we have, not only in its own form as _Seymore_, but also in its High
German form as _Sycamore_, the Anglo-Saxon names from which they may be
taken to be more immediately derived being also found in the chapter on
place-names. And I have also shown that we have the name Cariovalda (or
Harwald) of a prince of the Batavi, of the first century, in our
_Harold_.

There was another old hero of the German race, not so fortunate as
Arminius in finding an historian in a generous foe, whose name only
comes before us in a line of Horace:--

   Occidit Daci Cotisonis agmen.

Cotiso must have been a leader of some High German tribe, perhaps
somewhere on the Upper Danube, and he must have made a gallant stand
against the Roman arms, inasmuch as his final overthrow is deemed by the
Roman poet a worthy subject on which to congratulate his imperial
patron. Cotiso is a High German form of another name, Godiso or Godizo,
elsewhere referred to, and hence may be represented, I venture to think,
in our names _Godsoe_ and _Goddiss_, while Cotiso itself may be
represented in our _Cottiss_, the ancient vowel-ending being in our
names, as I shall show in the next chapter, sometimes dropped and
sometimes retained.

Another name which goes back to the first century of our era is Arpus,
that of a prince of the Catti in Tacitus. The Eorpingas, descendants or
followers of Eorpa, were among the original settlers, and seem to have
confined themselves to Norfolk, where alone we have any traces of them.
The name may perhaps be referred to Anglo-Saxon _eorp_, wolf, though
other derivations have also been proposed. We have the name at present
as _Earp_ (the name of a member of the House of Commons), and also as
_Harp_. Upon this stem is formed the name Arbogastes (_gast_, guest) of
a Frankish general under the Emperor Gratian in the fourth century; and
_Arbogast_ is still a family name among the French.

Lastly, let us take the name of the German king, Ariovistus, brought
before us by Caesar. The proper form of this name, there seems little
doubt, is Arefastus, as found in some other O.G. names. There was also
an Arfast, bishop of East Anglia, in the time of William the Conqueror.
And Arfast is a present name among the Frisians, according to Outzen,
who compares it--rightly, as it seems to me--with the old name
Ariovistus. The corresponding name Arinfast (_aro_, _arin_, eagle) was
also in ancient use among the Danes. It seems to me that our name
_Harvest_ may easily be a corruption of Arfast; it has generally no
doubt been derived from a man's having been born at such a season, but I
distrust, as a general rule, as elsewhere stated, derivations of this
kind.

In connection with the subject of the antiquity of Teutonic names
generally, and of English names as derived from them, I shall have, in a
subsequent chapter, to refer to the names of original settlers in
England as deduced by Kemble from ancient charters, and compare them
with names of a similar kind found in Germany. The coincidence that will
be found in these names at that early period, from England and Friesland
in the north to Bavaria in the south, will, I think, be a very strong
argument to show that these names could not have originated within the
Teutonic area itself, and so dispersed themselves over it in its length
and breadth, but that they must have been brought with them by the
Teutonic invaders from their earlier homes.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] From the old Saxon fragment called the "Traveller's Song." Hnaf is
no doubt from the Ang.-Sax. _cnafa_, _cnapa_, son, boy, the Anglo-Saxons
often representing _c_ by a (no doubt aspirated) _h_.

[2] Stark also adduces an instance in the eleventh century of Buggo as a
contraction of Burchard.

[3] So at least Foerstemann seems to think, observing that we can
scarcely derive it from Maur, AEthiops, English "Moor." Nevertheless,
seeing the long struggle between the Teutons and the Moors in Spain, it
seems to me that such a derivation would be quite in accordance with
Teutonic practice. See some remarks on the general subject at the end of
Chapter IV.

[4] So that we may take it that Virgilius, as the name of a Scot who
became bishop of Salzburg in the time of Boniface, was his own genuine
Celtic name, and not derived from that of the Roman poet.

[5] This name, that of a prince of the Batavi, is considered by the
Germans to be properly Hariovalda, from _har_, army, and hence is
another instance of an initial _h_ being represented among the Romans by
a _c_. The name is the same as the Anglo-Saxon Harald, and as our
present name _Harold_.

[6] For this explanation of _vertragus_ I am indebted to Gluck.

[7] There was an English admiral of this name, though I do not know of
it at present.




CHAPTER II.

CLUE TO SOME OF THE ANCIENT FORMS REPRESENTED IN ENGLISH NAMES.


So long as our surnames are treated as if each name were something
standing apart by itself, very little progress can be made in their
elucidation; it is by collation and comparison that, in this as in any
other science, definite results are to be obtained. And a moderate
amount of attention to the forms in which these names appear, and to the
various endings prevalent among them, will enable many names, otherwise
unrecognisable, to be brought within the pale of classification and of
possible explanation. I am of course referring to that portion of our
surnames--a much larger one according to my judgment than is generally
acknowledged--which dates back to Anglo-Saxon times, and so forms a part
of the general system by which Teutonic names are governed.

I shall have, in the course of this work, frequently to refer to the
Teutonic system, and to names which do, or do not, according to my
judgment, enter into it. And I will therefore, before going further,
endeavour to explain what I mean by the Teutonic system. There is, then,
a class of words which, at a time of remote antiquity, have been adopted
as stems upon which, in some cases by a sort of phonetic accretion, in
some cases by the addition of a diminutive ending, in some cases by
forming a patronymic, in some cases by taking in another word as a
compound, a number of other names have been formed. Thus, when we find
such a group of names as _Dill_, _Dilly_, _Dillow_, _Dillen_, _Dilling_,
_Dilke_, _Dilwyn_, or as _Budd_, _Budden_, _Buddle_, _Budding_,
_Buddrich_, _Budmore_, we may take it that these are all ancient names,
of which _Dill_ and _Budd_ are respectively the stems. And whenever we
find a group of names with endings such as it is my object in the
present chapter to explain, and in compounds such as will be dealt with
in a succeeding chapter, we shall be warranted in assuming the antiquity
of the group.


The endings in _a_, _ay_, _ah_, _ey_, _ie_, _o_, _oe_, _ow_.

And in the first place, let us take the endings in _a_, _i_, and _o_, of
which the above are nothing more than arbitrary variations of spelling.
Now ancient Teutonic names formed of one single word had commonly,
though not invariably (and the same thing applies also to ancient Celtic
names), a vowel-ending in _a_, _i_, or _o_; this ending is in our names
sometimes dropped and at other times retained. (It is to be observed,
however, that even in Anglo-Saxon times it is not an unfrequent thing to
find the same name variously with and without a vowel-ending, of which
some instances may be noted in Chapter V.) Thus we have _Abbe_, _Abba_,
and _Abbey_, we have _Bell_, _Belly_, and _Bellow_, we have _Earl_ and
_Early_, we have _Dand_, _Dandy_, and _Dando_, we have _Brand_ and
_Brandy_, we have _Todd_ and _Toddy_, we have _Dane_ and _Dana_, we have
_Marr_, _Marry_, and _Marrow_. These are all ancient names, variously
with and without the vowel-ending, and it will be readily seen how apt
the addition is to disguise the name, and to give it the appearance of
something else.

The question now to consider is--What is the value and meaning of this
vowel-ending, which was only given to simple names and never to
compounds? It might be, in some cases, used simply as a sort of euphonic
rounding-off of a name which might seem meagre and insignificant without
something of the sort. We ourselves appear to use _s_ in the same manner
in the case of some very short names, such as Wills and Epps, in which
the final _s_ may perform the same service that was rendered by the
vowel-ending. But there is also another principle which I think obtains,
and which, indeed, may be the guiding principle in such cases. In
Anglo-Saxon (and the same principle applied to other Teutonic dialects),
the addition of _a_ to a word implied connection with it. Thus, from
_scip_, a ship, is formed _scipa_, one connected with a ship, a sailor.
Now, going back to the remote origin of names, there were many cases in
which a man took a name from an abstraction, such as war, peace, glory,
victory, or from a weapon, as the sword or the spear, and it is obvious
that in such cases he required something to connect his name with it,
and this is, as it seems to me, what was effected by the ending in
question. And the principle is still a living one among us, and we form
names daily in accordance with it, though we no longer use the ending in
_a_, which has been superseded by that in _i_.[8] A connection with
anything whatever is expressed by this ending, as when a stupid person
is called "Duncey," one with a remarkable nose "Nosey," or one with a
halting gait "Stumpy." The French seem to have retained their old
ending, and, when they form names of this sort, to do it with the ending
in _o_ (_eau_) which appears to be in accordance with the genius of
their language, as that in _i_ (_ey_) is with that of ours.

Of these three endings, that in _a_ is the one which was in use among
the Goths, in such names as Cniva, Totila, Ulfila. And the same was also
the case among the Saxons, a branch of the same Low German stock, in
such names as Anna, Ella, Penda, Dodda. The ending in _i_ was also
common among the Old Saxons, and, if we may judge by the _Liber Vitae_ of
Durham (which might naturally be supposed to contain a large proportion
of Northern names), was also prevalent in the ancient Northumbria. We
have in that record the names Alli, Arni, Bynni, Betti, Cyni, Diori,
Elsi, Paelli, Tidi, Tilli, Terri, all of which are found in our present
names _Alley_, _Arney_, _Binney_, _Betty_, _Kinney_, _Deary_, _Elsey_,
_Paley_, _Tidy_, _Tilley_, _Terry_. The ending in _o_ was that which
was in favour among the Franks and the High Germans generally, the
oldest instance on record being probably that of Cotiso, p. 20. This is
the usual ending in French names (so far as they are of Old Frankish
origin, and come under this head), the form being generally _eau_, as in
_Baudeau_, _Godeau_, _Fredeau_, representing the ancient names Baldo,
Godo, Fredo. Hence our names ending in _o_ may be taken to be, to some
extent, names of Old Frankish origin come to us through the Normans. But
the number of such names is larger than could reasonably be accounted
for in such a way, and in point of fact, we meet occasionally with such
names at a much earlier period. The Frisians certainly seem to have had
names in this form, and it is a question whether such names may not be
partly due to them. It must be observed, then, that names with these
three various endings represent the stem just the same as those that are
without it.

The ending in _an_, _en_, _in_, or _on_.

This ending runs through the whole range of Teutonic names, and is
common in English surnames. Hence we have _Doran_, _Lingen_, _Bolden_,
_Hannen_, _Farren_, the names on which they are formed being represented
in _Dore_, _Ling_, _Bold_, _Hann_, _Farre_. As to the value and meaning
of this ending, we have nothing more to guide us than its parallel use
in the languages most nearly concerned, where it is what may be called
formative. That is to say, it is a form of speech which is used to form
the endings of words, not adding anything to the meaning, but forming a
kind of euphonic rounding-off of the word. Thus from A.S. _wearda_ is
formed _warden_, from _geard_ (inclosure) is formed _garden_, from
_Brytta_ is formed Briton, from _maegd_, maid, is formed _maiden_. Cf.
also the old word _ratten_ for _rat_, still used in provincial speech.
In many cases in Teutonic names we have words thus formed, and also the
simpler forms on which they have been founded, _e.g._ we have _bero_,
bear, and also _berin_, we have _aro_, eagle, and also _arin_ (=A.S.
_earn_), both forming the stems on which a number of other names have
been built. I take the ending in _en_, then, to be most probably a kind
of phonetic accretion, adding nothing to the sense, but sometimes
representing a secondary word, and starting a stem on its own account.


The ending in _ing_.

This is the Anglo-Saxon and ancient German patronymic, as in _Browning_,
"son of Brown," _Dunning_, "son of Dunn," _Winning_, "son of Winn." It
must have been superseded during, or very soon after, Anglo-Saxon times,
by the patronymic in _son_, inasmuch as no names of Scriptural origin
appear to be formed with it. Hence we have such names as _Bulling_,
_Burning_, _Canning_, _Gambling_, _Halling_, _Harding_, _Hopping_,
_Loving_, _Manning_, _Swearing_, _Telling_, _Walking_, _Willing_, some
of which have been popularly supposed to be from the present participle.
All of the above except two, _Swearing_ and _Gambling_, are found in the
list of early Saxon settlers, and of these two (which are found in after
Anglo-Saxon times) _Swearing_, which corresponds with an Old German
Suaring, finds its stem in an Anglo-Saxon name Sweor, signifying
important, honourable; and _Gambling_ (properly Gamling) is the
patronymic of an A.S. and O.N. name, Gamol, signifying "old," probably
in the honorific sense of old descent. From this origin, I take it, are
also our names _Farthing_ and _Shilling_, the former from the stem
_fard_, or _farth_, signifying "travel," found in several ancient names,
and which I rather take to be the same as _ford_, found in the Fordingas
among the early settlers. And _Shilling_, which corresponds with a
present German _Schilling_, is probably the same as the Scilling in the
"Traveller's Song," a supposed contraction of Scilding, from A.S.
_scyld_, shield, in which case our name _Shield_ would be the parent of
_Shilling_. I have referred at the beginning of this book to the
curious-looking name _Winfarthing_ (quoted from Lower) as perhaps a
corruption of an A.S. Winfrithing, though it is a case in which I do not
feel much certainty, finding one or two other such names as _Turnpenny_,
which may have been sobriquets.


The ending in _el_ or _il_.

This ending in Teutonic names may be taken, as a general rule, to be a
diminutive, though in a few cases it may be more probably, like that in
_en_, formative. Thus in the list of early A.S. settlers we have
Bryd(ingas) and we have Brydl(ingas), representing the words _bride_ and
_bridle_. Now, as German writers have taken the word _brid_ in ancient
names to mean "bridle," comparing it with French _bride_, it would seem
probable that, in the above A.S. name, Brydl is not a diminutive, but
the extended word "bridle." However, as a general rule, it may be
presumed to be a diminutive, and in such sense I take the following,
premising that this, as well as all other diminutives, except _kin_,
_lin_, and _et_, is subject to a vowel-ending just the same as simple
forms. We have _Bable_, corresponding with an A.S. Babel, and an O.G.
Babilo; _Ansell_ and _Anslow_ (Ansilo), corresponding with an O.G.
Ansila; _Mundell_ and _Mundella_, with a Gothic Mundila;[9] _Costall_,
_Costello_, and _Costly_, with an O.G. Costila. _Costly_ is properly
Costili, with the ending in _i_, as also _Brightly_ is Brightili, and
some other names with an adverbial look may be similarly explained.


The ending in _ec_ or _ic_.

This ending, with rare exceptions, may also be taken to be a diminutive.
The oldest instance on record is stated by Stark as that of the Vandal
general Stilicho in the fourth century, though, as found on Roman
pottery (in the names Bassico and Bennicus), it may be still older. It
seems rather singular that, though, according to Grimm, this ending was
more particularly in favour among the Saxons, not a single instance of
it occurs among the names of our early settlers, nor indeed any other
form of diminutive except that in _el_, though the form in question is
not uncommon in after Anglo-Saxon times. This diminutive is still in
living use among us, at least in Scotland, where a "mile and a bittock"
(little bit) has proved a snare to many a tourist. We have _Willock_,
_Wilkie_, and _Wilke_, corresponding with an O.G. Willico, and an A.S.
Uillech; _Lovick_ and _Lubbock_, corresponding with O.G. Liuvicho;
_Jellicoe_, corresponding with O.G. Geliko, Jeliko, and an A.S. Geleca,
some of these examples being with, and some without, the vowel-ending.


The ending in _lin_.

This ending, which is also a diminutive, is probably formed from that in
_el_, by the addition of _en_. It is found in Foerstemann's list as
early as the fifth century, but, as found on Roman pottery, must
probably be still older. We have _Bucklin_, corresponding with a
Buccellin, general of the Alemanni in the sixth century, and with a
Buccellan on Roman pottery. Also _Tomlin_, corresponding with an O.G.
Domlin; _Applin_, with an O.G. Abbilin; _Franklin_, with an O.G.
Francolin; _Papillon_, with an O.G. Babolen, &c. This form of diminutive
never takes a vowel-ending.


The ending in _kin_.

This diminutive ending is formed from that in _ec_ by the addition of
_en_. It is the youngest-born of all, not being found, unless in rare
cases, before the tenth century. And it is one that is still in living
use both in England and in Germany, in the latter country more
especially. We have _Wilkin_, corresponding with an O.G. Williken, and
an O.N. Vilkinr; _Godkin_, with an O.G. Gotichin; _Hipkin_, with an O.G.
Ibikin or Ipcin; and _Hodgkin_, with an A.S. Hogcin.


The ending in _et_.

There is an ending in _d_ or _t_ in O.G. names, which may be taken,
though perhaps not with anything like certainty, to have the force of a
diminutive. Hence might be such a name as _Ibbett_, corresponding with
O.G. names Ibed and Ibet, from an unexplained stem _ib_; also our names
_Huggett_, _Howitt_, and _Hewitt_, corresponding with an Anglo-Saxon
Hocget, and an O.G. Huetus, from the stem _hog_, _hug_, signifying study
or thought. But some other endings are so liable to intermix, and
particularly the common one _had_, war, that there is very seldom
anything like certainty.


The ending in _es_ or _is_.

I take this ending also to be diminutive, and to be possibly akin to our
_ish_, as in blue-_ish_, which, as signifying a "little blue," seems to
have the force of a diminutive. Hence we have _Riches_, corresponding
with an O.G. Richizo, and a present French _Richez_; and _Willis_,
corresponding with an O.G. Willizo. Then we have _Godsoe_, corresponding
with an O.G. Godizo, of which Cotiso, mentioned in Horace (p. 20), is a
High German form; and _Abbiss_, corresponding with the name, Abissa, of
the son of Hengest, from, as supposed, Gothic _aba_, man. And we have
_Prentiss_, corresponding with an A.S. Prentsa (=Prentisa), respecting
which I have elsewhere suggested that the name should be properly
Pentsa. Another name which I take to be from this ending is _Daisy_.
There is an A.S. Daegsa, which as Dagsi, with the alternative ending in
_i_, would give us _Daisy_. We have another name, _Gipsy_, which I take
to be from Gibb or Gipp (A.S. _geban_, to give) with this ending. This
ending in _is_ is naturally very apt to be corrupted into _ish_, and it
is from this source, I take it, that we have such names as _Radish_,
_Reddish_, _Varnish_, _Burnish_, and _Parish_, the two last of which we
have also in their proper form as _Burness_, and _Parez_ or _Paris_.


The ending in _cock_.

This ending is not one that enters into the Teutonic system, unless so
far as it may turn out to be a corruption of something else. I have not
met with it earlier than A.D. 1400, nor do I know of anything to make me
think that it is much older. There has been at different times a good
deal of discussion as to its origin in _Notes and Queries_ and
elsewhere. Mr. Lower has supposed it to be a diminutive, for which I do
not think that any etymological sanction can be found, unless indeed we
can suppose it to be a corruption of the diminutive _eck_ or _ock_
before referred to, which seems not impossible. But on the whole I am
disposed to agree with the suggestion of a writer in _Notes and Queries_
that _cock_ is a corruption of _cot_,--not, however, in the sense which
I suppose him to entertain, of _cot_ as a local word, but of _cot_ as an
ancient ending, the High German form of _gaud_ or _got_, signifying, as
supposed, "Goth." So far as the phonetic relationship between the two
words _cock_ and _cot_ is concerned, we have an instance, among others,
in our word _apricot_, which was originally _apricock_.

I am influenced very much in coming to the above conclusion by finding
_coq_ as a not unfrequent ending in French names, as in _Balcoq_ and
_Billecoq_, also in _Aucoq_, _Lecoq_, _Videcocq_, _Vilcocq_, which
latter seem to be names corresponding with our _Alcock_, _Laycock_,
_Woodcock_, and _Willcock_. They might all be formed on Teutonic stems,
if we suppose _Lecoq_ and _Laycock_ to have lost a _d_, like _Lewis_ and
_Lucas_, from _leod_, people. Now, that the ending _gaud_, with its
alternative forms _got_, _caud_, _cot_, is present in French names as
well as in English will be clearly seen from the following. From the Old
German Faregaud we have _Faragut_, and the French have _Farcot_; from
the O.G. Benigaud they have _Penicaud_, and we have _Pennycad_; from the
O.G. Ermingaud they have _Armingaud_, and from Megingaud they have
_Maingot_; from the O.G. Aringaud we have _Heringaud_, from Wulfegaud we
have _Woolcot_, from Adogoto we have _Addicott_, and from Madalgaud we
have _Medlicott_. I am also disposed on the same principle to take
_Northcott_, notwithstanding its local appearance, to represent the O.G.
name Nordgaud, and in this case we have also the name _Norcock_ to
compare.

Presuming the above derivation to be the correct one, the question then
arises,--Has this ending come to us through the French, or has the
corruption proceeded simultaneously in both countries? That the latter
has been the case, the French _Videcocq_, as compared with our
_Woodcock_, goes some way to show, the one having the High German form
_vid_ or _wid_, and the other the Saxon form _wud_. I may also mention,
as being, so far as it goes, in accordance with the above theory, that
we have a number of names both in the form of _cot_ and _cock_, as
_Adcock_ and _Addicott_, _Alcock_ and _Alcott_, _Norcott_ and _Norcock_,
_Jeffcock_ and _Jeffcott_. I do not, however, desire to come to a
definite conclusion, though, as far as I am able to carry it, the
inquiry seems in favour of the view which I have advocated. But the
whole subject will bear some further elucidation.

FOOTNOTES:

[8] How or when this change took place is a question that awaits
solving, but I observe that, in 1265, the Countess of Montford, giving
names (or sobriquets) to her servants, calls one of her messengers
Treubodi (trusty messenger), and not Treuboda, as the Anglo-Saxon form
would have been.

[9] This name appears as [Greek: Moundilas] in Procopius, but, judging
by the present pronunciation of Greek, it would sound as Mundila.




CHAPTER III.

NAMES REPRESENTING ANCIENT COMPOUNDS.


The subject of the relative antiquity of simple names (_i.e._ those
formed from one single word) and of compound names is one which has
occupied a good deal of the attention of the Germans. And the conclusion
at which some of them at least seem to have arrived, and which perhaps
has been stated the most distinctly by Stark, is that the compound names
are the older of the two. And the principal ground upon which this
conclusion is based seems to be this, that in a very great number of
cases we find that a simple name was used as a contraction of a compound
name, just as we use Will for William, and Ben for Benjamin. Stark, in
particular, has gone into the subject with German thoroughness, and
produced a most complete list of instances of such contractions, such as
Freddo for Fredibert, Wulf for Wulfric, Benno for Bernhard; and among
the Anglo-Saxons, Eada for Edwine, and Siga for Siwerd, &c., from which
he seems to arrive at the general conclusion that simple names are in
all cases contractions of compound names.

Nevertheless, I must say that it seems to me that to assume the compound
to be older than the simple looks very much like something that is
contrary to first principles, and indeed the very fact that simple names
are so often used in place of compounds appears to me to show that they
are more natural to men, and that men would generally adopt them if they
could. I cannot but think then, going back to the far remote origin of
Teutonic names, that the vocabulary of single words must have been
exhausted before men began to take to the use of compounds. When this
period arrived, and when the confusion arising from so many men being
called by the same name could no longer be endured, some other course
required to be adopted. And the course that was adopted was--I put this
forward only as a theory--when the range of single names was exhausted,
to _put two names together_. The number of changes that could be thus
introduced was sufficient for all purposes, and there is, as I believe,
no established case of a Teutonic name being formed of more than two
words. From this point of view Teutonic names would not be translatable,
or formed with any view to a meaning, and this is, as it seems to me,
what was in fact the case, as a general rule, though I should be very
far from laying it down as a universal principle. If names were formed
with a view to a meaning, it does not seem very probable that we should
have a name compounded with two words, both of which signify war; still
less with two words, one of which signifies peace and the other war.
"Bold in war" might have a meaning, but "bold in peace," if it means
anything, seems satirical. In point of fact, there was a certain set of
words on which the changes were rung in forming names without any
apparent reference either to meaning or congruity. Thus we find that the
early Frankish converts in the time of Charlemagne, the staple of whose
names was German derived from their heathen ancestors, adopted not a few
words of Christian import from the Latin or the Hebrew, and mixed them
up with the old words to which they had been accustomed in their names.
Thus a woman called Electa, no doubt meaning "elect," calls her son
Electardus (_hard_, fortis); thus from _pasc_ (passover) is formed
Pascoin (_wine_, friend); from the name of Christ himself is formed
Cristengaudus (_gaud_, Goth.) Now these are three of the common endings
of German names, but no one can suppose that any sense was intended to
be made out of them here, or that they were given for any other reason
than that they were the sort of words out of which men had been
accustomed to form their names. Indeed, the idea present to the minds of
the parents seems to have been in many cases to connect the names of
their children with their own, rather than anything else, by retaining
the first word of the compound and varying the second. Thus a man called
Girveus and his wife Ermengildis give their children the names of
Giroardus, Girfridis, Gertrudis, Ermena, and Ermengardis, three of the
names connecting with that of the father, and two with that of the
mother. In the case of a man called Ratgaudus and his wife Deodata, the
names of four of the children are Ratharius, Ratgarius, Ratrudis, and
Deodatus, the names of two other children being different. Many other
instances might be given of this sort of yearning for some kind of a
connecting-link in the names of a family. Now the people by whom these
names were given were common peasants and serfs, so that the case was
not one like that of the Anglo-Saxon kings of Northumbria, among whose
names the prefix _os_, signifying "semi-deus," and expressive of a claim
to a divine lineage, was of such frequent recurrence. It may be a
question then whether, while the former word of the compound connected
with the father or the mother, the latter part did not sometimes connect
with some other relative whose name it was desired to commemorate,
giving the effect that is now frequently expressed by a Christian name
and a surname. Again, when we look at the remote origin of these names,
when we find in the opening century of our era, and who can tell for how
many centuries before, precisely the same names that have been current
in all these centuries since, we can hardly doubt that some of these
names, derived from words that had long died out from the language, must
have been used even in ancient times without any more thought of their
meaning than parents have now when they call a child Henry or John. I
desire, however, to put forward the above theory as to the origin of
compound names rather with a view of raising the question than of
expressing a definite conclusion.

The vowel ending in _a_, _i_, or _o_, to which I have referred as in
general use in the case of simple names was not used in the case of
compounds, unless indeed it happened to be an original part of the
second word as in Frithubodo, from _bodo_, messenger. Only in the case
of women, to mark the sex, the ending in _a_ was given. And in the case
of some names, such as _Gertrud_, in which the second part is a word
that could only be given to a woman, as no vowel-ending was required, so
none was given.

I now proceed to give a list of the principal compounds occurring in
English names, with the ancient forms corresponding. I have been
obliged, as a matter of necessity, to compare our names more frequently
with Old German than with Anglo-Saxon equivalents, on account of the
former having been collected and collated--a work which it remains for
some one of our well qualified Anglo-Saxon scholars to do with regard to
the latter.

The meanings which I have assigned for these names are such as have been
most generally adopted by the German writers who have made a special
study of the subject. But it must be borne in mind that this study is
one in which there is no context by which conclusions can be verified,
and that in the vast majority of cases we have nothing more to go upon
than a reasonable presumption.


_Adal_, _athel_, _ethel_, "noble."

(_Hard_, fortis), Old Germ. Adalhard--Ang.-Sax. Ethelhard--Eng.
_Adlard_. (_Helm_), O.G. Adalhelm--Eng. _Adlam_. (_Hari_, warrior), A.S.
Ethilheri--Eng. _Edlery_. (_Stan_, stone), A.S. AEthelstan--Eng.
_Ethelston_.


_Ag_, _ac_, _ec_, "point, edge."

(_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Agihard--Eng. _Haggard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G.
Agiher, Egiher--Eng. _Agar_, _Eager_. (_Leof_ dear), O.N. Eylifr--Eng.
_Ayliffe_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Egiman--A.S. AEcemann--Eng. _Hayman_,
_Aikman_. (_Mund_, protection), A.S. Agemund--Eng. _Hammond_. (_Ward_),
O.G. Eguard--A.S. Hayward--Eng. _Hayward_.


_Agil_, _Ail_, of uncertain meaning, but perhaps formed on the previous
stem _Ag_.

(_Gar_, spear), O.G. Egilger, Ailger--Eng. _Ailger_. (_Hard_, fortis),
O.G. Agilard, Ailard--Eng. _Aylard_. (_Man_), O.G. Aigliman--Eng.
_Ailman_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Agilmar, Ailemar--Eng. _Aylmer_.
(_Ward_, guardian), O.G. Agilward, Ailward--Eng. _Aylward_. (_Wine_,
friend), A.S. Aegelwine--Eng. _Aylwin_.


_Alb_, _Alf_, signifying "elf."

(_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Alfhard--Eng. _Alvert_. (_Hari_, warrior), A.S.
AElfhere--O.G. Alfheri, Albheri--Eng. _Alvary_, _Albery_, _Aubrey_.
(_Rad_, _red_, counsel), O.G. Alberat--A.S. Alfred--Eng. _Alfred_.
(_Run_, mystery), O.G. Albrun[10]--Eng. _Auberon_.


_Ald_, signifying "old."

(_Bert_, famous), O.G. Aldebert--Eng. _Aldebert_. (_Hari_, warrior),
A.S. Aldheri--Eng. _Alder_, _Audrey_. (_Gar_, spear), A.S. Eldecar
(Moneyer of Edmund)--Eng. _Oldacre_ (?). (_Rad_, _red_, counsel), O.G.
Aldrad--Eng. _Aldred_, _Eldred_. (_Rit_, ride), O.G. Aldarit--Eng.
_Aldritt_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G. Alderich, Olderich, Altrih--Eng.
_Aldrich_, _Oldridge_, _Altree_. (_Man_, vir), A.S. Ealdmann--Eng.
_Altman_.


_Amal_, of uncertain meaning.

(_Gar_, spear), O.G. Amalgar--Eng. _Almiger_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G.
Amalhari, Amalher--Eng. _Ambler_, _Emeler_.


_Angel_, signifying "hook, barb"(?).

(_Bert_, famous), O.G. Engilbert--Eng. _Engleburt_. (_Hard_, fortis),
O.G. Englehart--Eng. _Engleheart_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G.
Angelher--Eng. _Angler_. (_Man_), O.G. Angilman--Eng. _Angleman_.
(_Dio_, servant), O.G. Engildeo--A.S. Angeltheow--Eng. _Ingledew_.
(_Sind_, companion), O.G. Ingilsind--Eng. _Inglesent_.


_Ans_, High Germ, form of A.S. _os_, "semi-deus."

(_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Ansard--Eng. _Hansard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G.
Ansher--Eng. _Anser_. (_Helm_), O.G. Anshelm--Eng. _Anselme_, _Hansom_.


_Ark_, _Arch_ (see page 16).

(_Bald_, bold), Eng. _Archbold_. (_Bud_, envoy), O.G. Argebud--Eng.
_Archbutt_. (_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Archard--Eng. _Archard_. (_Hari_,
warrior), O.G. Erchear--Archere, _Roll of Battle Abbey_--Eng. _Archer_.
(_Rat_, counsel), O.G. Archarat--Eng. _Arkwright_(?). (_Mund_,
protection), O.G. Argemund--Eng. _Argument_.


_Aud_, _Aut_, High Germ. form of A.S. _ead_, "prosperity."

(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Authar--Eng. _Auther_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G.
Audricus--Eng. _Auterac_. (_Ram_, raven), O.G. Audram--Eng. _Autram_,
_Outram_.


_All_ (see page 16).

(_Frid_, peace), O.G. Alufrid--Eng. _Allfrey_. (_Gar_, spear), A.S.
Algar--Eng. _Alger_. (_Hard_, fortis), A.S. Ealhard--Eng. _Allard_.
(_Mar_, famous), O.G. Alamar--Eng. _Almar_. (_Mund_, protection), A.S.
Ealmund--O.G. Alamunt--Eng. _Almond_, _Alment_. (_Noth_, bold), A.S.
AElnoth--Eng. _Allnut_. (_Ward_), O.G. Aloard--A.S. Alwerd--Eng.
_Allward_. (_Wid_, wood), O.G. Aluid--Eng. _Allwood_. (_Wig_, _wi_,
war), A.S. Alewih--Eng. _Allaway_.[11] (_Wine_, friend), O.G.
Allowin--Eng. _Alwin_.


_Al_, _el_, probably "foreigner."

(_Bod_, envoy), O.G. Ellebod--Eng. _Albutt_. (_Gaud_, Goth), O.G.
Eligaud--Eng. _Allgood_, _Elgood_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G. Elger--Eng.
_Elgar_. (_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Eleard--Eng. _Ellard_. (_Hari_,
warrior), O.G. Elier--Eng. _Ellery_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Alimer--Eng.
_Elmore_. (_Mund_, protection), Elmund, _Domesday_--Eng. _Element_.
(_Wine_, friend), Elwin, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Elwin_. (_Wood_), Elwod,
_Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Elwood_. (_Gern_, eager), O.G. Aligern--Eng.
_Hallgreen_.


_Ad_, _at_ (Gothic, _atta_), "father."

(_Gis_, hostage), O.G. Atgis--Eng. _Atkiss_. (_Gaud_, Goth), O.G.
Adogoto--Eng. _Addicott_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Adohar--Eng. _Adier_.
(_Mar_, famous), O.G. Adamar--Eng. _Atmore_. (_Ric_, rule), A.S.
AEtheric--Eng. _Attridge_. (_Rid_, ride), O.G. Atharid--Eng. _Attride_.
(_Wulf_), A.S. Athulf--Eng. _Adolph_.


_An_, _han_ (O.H.G. _ano_), "ancestor."

(_Fred_, peace), O.G. Enfrid--Eng. _Henfrey_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G.
Anager, Eneger--Eng. _Hanger_, _Henniker_. (_Man_, vir), O.G.
Enman--Eng. _Hanman_, _Henman_. (_Rad_, counsel), O.G. Henred--Eng.
_Hanrot_. (_Wald_, rule), O.G. Anawalt--Eng. _Anhault_.


_Arm_, of uncertain meaning.

(_Gar_, spear), O.G. Ermgar--Eng. _Armiger_. (_Gild_, value?) O.G.
Ermegild--Eng. _Armgold_. (_Had_, war), O.G. Ermhad--Eng. _Armat_.
(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Ermhar--Eng. _Armour_, _Armory_. (_Rad_,
counsel), O.G. Ermerad--Eng. _Ormerod_.


_Armin_, of uncertain meaning

(_Gar_, spear), O.G. Irminger--Eng. _Irminger_, _Arminger_ (_Hari_,
warrior), O.G. Irminhar--Eng. _Arminer_.


_Arn_, _ern_ (A.S. _earn_), "eagle."

(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Arnheri--Eng. _Harnor_. (_Helm_), O.G.
Arnhalm--Eng. _Arnum_. (_Wald_, rule), O.G. Arnoald--Eng. _Arnold_.
(_Wulf_), O.G. Arnulf--Eng. _Arnulfe_.


_Ask_, _ash_, perhaps in the sense of "spear."

(_Bert_, famous), A.S. _AEscbyrht_--Eng. _Ashpart_. (_Hari_, warrior),
A.S. AEschere--Eng. _Asher_. (_Bald_, fortis), Eng. _Ashbold_. (_Man_,
vir), A.S. AEscmann--Aschmann, _Hund_. _Rolls_--Eng. _Ashman_. (_Mar_,
famous), A.S. AEscmer--Eng. _Ashmore_. (_Wid_, wood), O.G.
Asquid--Ascuit, _Domesday_--Eng. _Asquith_, _Ashwith_. (_Wine_, friend),
A.S. AEscwine--Eng. _Ashwin_. (_Wulf_), O.G. Ascolf--Eng. _Ascough_.


A.S. _beado_, "war."

(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Bathari--Eng. _Badder_, _Bather_. (_Hard_,
fortis), A.S. Badherd--Beadheard, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Beddard_. (_Man_,
vir), Badumon, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Badman_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G.
Betterich--A.S. Baedric--Eng. _Betteridge_. (_Ulf_, wolf), O.G.
Badulf--Eng. _Biddulph_.


_Bald_, "fortis."

(_Hari_, warrior), A.S. Baldhere--Eng. _Balder_, _Boldery_. (_Ric_,
rule), O.G. Baldric, Baldrih--Eng. _Baldridge_, _Baldry_. (_Wine_,
friend), A.S. Baldwine--Eng. _Baldwin_.


A.S. _band_, _bend_, "crown, chaplet."

(_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Pantard--Eng. _Pindard_. (_Hari_, warrior), A.S.
Pender--Eng. _Pender_. (_Rad_, counsel), O.G. Bandrad--Eng. _Banderet_,
_Pendered_.


A.S. _ben_, "wound."

(_Gar_, spear), O.G. Benegar--Eng. _Benger_. (_Gaud_, Goth), O.G.
Benegaud--Eng. _Pennycad_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Beniher--Eng.
_Benner_. (_Man_, vir), Eng. _Beneman_, A.D. 1535, _Penman_. (_Nid_,
strife), O.G. Bennid--Eng. _Bennet_.


A.S. _bera_, "bear."

(_Gar_, spear), O.G. Bereger[12]--Eng. _Berger_. (_Grim_, fierce), O.G.
Peragrim--Eng. _Paragreen_. (_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Berhard--Eng.
_Barehard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Beriher--Eng. _Berrier_. (_Helm_),
O.G. Perrhelm--Eng. _Perriam_. (_Land_, terra), O.G. Perelant--Eng.
_Purland_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Berman--Eng. _Burman_, _Perman_. (_Mar_,
famous), O.G. Bermar--Eng. _Barmore_, _Paramore_. (_Rat_, counsel), O.G.
Perratt--Eng. _Perrott_. (_Dio_, servant), O.G. Peradeo--Eng. _Purdue_.
(_Ward_), O.G. Beroward--Eng. _Berward_. (_Wise_, sapiens), O.G. Berois
(=Berwis)--Eng. _Barwise_.


_Berin_, _bern_, "bear."

(_Gar_, spear), O.G. Beringar--Eng. _Berringer_. (_Hard_, fortis), O.G.
Berinhard--Eng. _Bernard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Bernher,
Pernher--Eng. _Berner_, _Pirner_. (_Wald_, rule), O.G. Berneold--Eng.
_Bernold_. (_Kel_, for _Ketil_), O.N. Biornkel--Eng. _Barnacle_.


_Bil_, supposed to mean "mildness, gentleness."

(_Frid_, peace), O.G. Bilfrid--Eng. _Belfry_. (_Grim_, fierce), O.G.
Biligrim, Pilgrim--Eng. _Pilgrim_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Belemar--Eng.
_Billamore_, _Belmore_. (_Gard_, protection), O.G. Biligard--Eng.
_Billiard_. (_Mund_, protection), O.G. Pilimunt--Eng. _Belment_.
(_Wald_, rule), Biliald, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Billyald_.


_Bert_, "bright, illustrious."

(_Ram_, raven), O.G. Bertram--Eng. _Bertram_. (_Land_, terra), O.G.
Bertland--Eng. _Brightland_. (_Mar_, famous), A.S. Brihtmar--Eng.
Brightmore. (_Rand_, shield), O.G. Bertrand--Eng. _Bertrand_. (_Ric_,
rule), O.G. Perhtric--A.S. Brihtric--Partriche, _Hund. Rolls_--Eng.
_Partrick_, _Partridge_. (_Wine_, friend), A.S. Brihtwine--Eng.
_Brightwine_.


_Black_, _blake_, signifying "brightness."

(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Blicher--Eng. _Blacker_, _Blaker_. (_Man_), A.S.
Blaecman (genealogy of the kings of Northumbria), Blacman (Moneyer at
Norwich)--Blaecmon, _Lib. Vit._--Blacheman, _Domesday_--Eng. _Blackman_,
_Blakeman_. (_Wine_, friend), Eng. _Blackwin_.


_Bod_, _bud_, "envoy."

(_Gar_, spear), O.G. Baudochar--Eng. _Bodicker_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G.
Botthar--Boterus, _Domesday_--Eng. _Butter_, _Buttery_. (_Gis_,
hostage), O.G. Boutgis, Boggis--Eng. _Boggis_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G.
Baudomir--Eng. _Bodmer_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G. Buttericus, Bauderich--Eng.
_Butterick_, _Buddrich_. (_Rid_, rit, "ride"), O.G. Bodirid,
Buotrit--Eng. _Botright_.


_Boll_, _bull_ (prob. M.H.G. _buole_), "friend."

(_Gar_, spear), O.G. Pulgar--Eng. _Bulger_. (_Hard_), Pollardus,
Domesday--Eng. _Bullard_, _Pollard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G.
Bolheri--Eng. _Buller_. (_Mar_, famous), A.S. Bulemaer--Eng. _Bulmer_.


_Burg_, signifying "protection."

(_Hard_), A.S. Burghard--Eng. _Burchard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G.
Burghar--Eng. _Burger_. (_Wald_, rule), O.G. Burgoald--Eng. _Purgold_.
(_Wine_, friend), Eng. _Burgwin_.


_Ball_, _bale_, signifying "bale, woe."

(_Frid_, peace), O.G. Palfrid--Eng. _Palfrey_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G.
Ballomar, Belimar--Eng. _Balmer_, _Bellmore_.


_Coll_, signifying "helmet."

(_Brand_, sword), A.S. Colbrand--Eng. _Colbran_. (_Biorn_, bear), O.N.
Kolbiorn--Eng. _Colburn_. (_Man_, vir), A.S. Colman--Eng. _Colman_.
(_Mar_, famous), A.S. Colomor--Eng. _Collamore_. (_Hard_), A.S.
Ceolheard--Eng. _Collard_.


_Cost_, _cust_, "skill, science" (Germ, _kunst_).

(_Hard_), O.G. Custard--Eng. _Custard_.


_Dag_, "day," in the sense of brightness, glory.[13]

(_Bald_, bold), O.G. Tagapald--Daegbald, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Daybell_.
(_Bern_, bear), O.G. Tagapern--Eng. _Tayburn_. (_Burg_, protection),
O.G. Tagabirg--Eng. _Tackabarry_. (_Gisil_, hostage), O.G.
Daigisil--Eng. _Daggesell_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Daiher--Dacher,
_Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Dagger_, _Dacker_, _Dayer_. (_Helm_), O.G.
Dachelm--Eng. _Dacombe_. (_Mund_, protection), O.G. Dagamund--A.S.
Daiemond--Eng. _Daymont_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Dagemar--Dagemar on
Roman pottery--Eng. _Damer_.


_Dall_, _dell_, as supposed, "illustrious."

(_Bert_, famous), O.G. Dalbert--Talbercht, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Talbert_.
(_Fare_, travel), O.G. Dalferi--Eng. _Telfer_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G.
Dealher--Eng. _Deller_. (_Man_), O.G. Dalman--Eng. _Dalman_, _Tallman_.
(_Wig_, _wi_, war), Daliwey, _Hund. Rolls_--Eng. _Dalloway_.


_Dan_, _den_, of uncertain meaning, perhaps, "Dane."

(_Hard_), A.S. Daeneheard--Eng. _Denhard_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G.
Thangar--Eng. _Danger_. (_Wulf_), A.S. Denewulf--Eng. _Denolf_.


_Dar_, signifying "spear."

(_Nagel_, nail), A.S. Dearnagel--Eng. _Darnell_. (_Gund_, war), O.G.
Taragun--Eng. _Darrigon_. (_Wine_, friend), O.G. Daroin--- Eng.
_Darwin_.


_Dear_, "carus."

(_Leof_, dear), A.S. Deorlaf--Eng. _Dearlove_. (_Man_, vir), Dereman,
_Domesday_--Eng. _Dearman_. (_Mod_, courage), A.S. Deormod--Eng.
_Dermott_. (_Wine_, friend), A.S. Deorwyn--Eng. _Derwin_.


Gothic, _thius_ (O.H.G. _dio_), "servant."

(_Log_, _loh_, clean?), O.G. Thioloh--Eng. _Dialogue_. (_Mad_,
reverence), O.G. Deomad--Eng. _Demaid_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Dioman--Eng.
_Demon_. (_Mund_, protection), O.G. Thiomunt--Eng. _Diamond_.


Old North. _dolgr_, "foe."

(_Fin_, people's name), O.N. Dolgfinnr--Eng. _Dolphin_. (_Man_, vir),
A.S. Dolemann--Eng. _Dolman_.


A.S. _dom_ (O.H.G. _tuom_), "judgment."

(_Gis_, hostage), O.G. Domigis, Tomichis--Eng. _Tomkies_. (_Hard_,
fortis), O.G. Domard--Eng. _Dummert_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G.
Domarius--Domheri, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Dummer_.


A.S. _dugan_, to be "doughty."

(_Man_, vir), O.G. Dugiman, Tugeman--A.S. Ducemann--Eng. _Tugman_,
_Duckman_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Daumerus--Eng. _Dugmore_. Probably from
the noun, _duguth_, virtue, A.S. Dogod--Eng. _Doggett_, _Dugood_.


_Erl_, supposed same as "earl."

(_Bad_, war), O.G. Erlebad--Eng. _Hurlbat_ (_Bert_, famous), O.G.
Erlebert--Eng. _Hurlburt_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Erleher--Eng.
_Hurler_. (_Wine_, friend), O.G. Erliwin, A.S. Herlawine--Eng. _Urlwin_.


_Evor_, "boar."

(_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Everhard--Eng. _Everard_, _Earheart_. (_Rad_,
counsel), O.G. Eburrad--Eng. _Evered_, _Everett_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G.
Eburicus--Eng. _Every_. (_Wacar_, watchful), O.G. Eburacar--Eureuuacre,
_Domesday_--Eng. _Earwaker_. (_Wig_, war), O.G. Eberwic--A.S.
Earwig--Eng. _Earwig_.


Anglo-Saxon _ead_, "prosperity."

(_Burg_, protection), A.S. Eadburh--Eng. _Edbrook_. (_Gar_, spear), A.S.
Eadgar--Eng. _Edgar_. (_Mund_, protection), A.S. Eadmund--Eng. _Edmond_.
(_Ric_, rule), A.S. Eadric--Eng. _Edridge_. (_Ward_), A.S.
Eadweard--Eng. _Edward_. (_Wig_, war), A.S. Eadwig--Eng. _Edwick_.
(_Wulf_), A.S. Eadwulf--Eng. _Edolph_. (_Wacar_, watchful), O.G.
Odoacer--A.S. Edwaker--Eng. _Eddiker_?


_Far_, _fare_, signifying "travel."

(_And_, life, spirit), O.G. Ferrand, Eng. _Ferrand_. (_Gaud_, Goth),
O.G. Faregaud--Eng. _Farragut_, _Forget_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G.
Feriher--Eng. _Ferrier_. (_Man_), O.G. Faraman--Fareman, _Hund.
Rolls_--Eng. _Fairman_. (_Mund_, protection), O.G. Faramund--Eng.
_Farrimond_. (_Ward_), O.G. Faroard--Eng. _Forward_.


_Fard_, also signifying "travel."

(_Hari_, warrior), A.S. Forthere--Eng. _Forder_. (_Man_), O.G.
Fartman--Eng. _Fortyman_. (_Nand_, daring), O.G. Ferdinand--Eng.
_Ferdinand_. (_Rad_, counsel), Forthred, _Lib. Vit._,--Eng. _Fordred_.


_Fil_, _ful_, signifying "great."

(_Bert_, famous), O.G. Filibert--Eng. _Filbert_. (_Gar_, spear),--Eng.
_Fullagar_. (_Leof_, dear), O.G. Filuliub--Eng. _Fullalove_. (_Man_),
O.G. Filiman--Eng. _Fileman_. (_Mar_, famous), A.S. Fealamar, O.G.
Filomor--Eng. _Fillmer_, _Phillimore_. (_Dio_, _thius_, servant), O.G.
Filethius--Eng. _Filldew_.


_Frid_, _free_,[14] signifying "peace."

(_Bad_, war), O.G. Fridibad--Eng. _Freebout_. (_Bern_, bear), O.G.
Fridubern--Friebern _Domesday_--Eng. _Freeborn_. (_Bod_. envoy), O.G.
Frithubodo--Eng. _Freebody_. (_Lind_, gentle), O.G. Fridulind--Frelond
_Hund_. _Rolls_--Eng. _Freeland_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G. Frithuric--Eng.
_Frederick_. (_Stan_, stone), A.S. Frithestan--Eng. _Freestone_.


_Fin_, supposed from "the nation."

(_Bog_, bow), Old Norse, Finbogi--Eng. _Finbow_. (_Gar_, spear), Old
Norse, Finngeir--Eng. _Finger_.


_Gad_, of uncertain meaning, perhaps "friend."

(_Man_, vir), A.S. Caedmon--Eng. _Cadman_. (_Leof_, dear),--Eng.
_Gatliffe_.


_Gal_, signifying "spirit, cheerfulness."

(_And_, life, spirit), Galaunt, _Hund. Rolls_--Eng. _Galland_,
_Gallant_. (_Frid_, peace), A.S. Galfrid, Gaufrid--Eng. _Geoffry_.
(_Hard_), Gallard _Hund. Rolls_--Eng. _Gallard_. (_Wig_, war), O.G.
Geilwih--Galaway, _Hund. Rolls_--Eng. _Galloway_.


_Gand_, signifying "wolf."

(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Ganthar--A.S. Gandar--Eng. _Gander_, _Ganter_.
(_Ric_, rule), O.G. Gendirih, Cantrih--Eng. _Gentery_, _Gentry_,
_Chantrey_.


_Gar_, signifying "spear."

(_Bad_, war), O.G. Kerpat--Eng. _Garbett_. (_Bald_), O.G. Garibald,
Kerbald--Eng. _Gorbold_, _Corbould_. (_Brand_, sword), O.G.
Gerbrand--Eng. _Garbrand_. (_Brun_, bright), O.G. Gerbrun--Eng.
_Gorebrown_. (_Bod_, envoy), O.G. Gaerbod--Gerbode _Lib. Vit._--Eng.
_Garbutt_. (_Hard_), O.G. Garehard--Eng. Garrard. (Hari, warrior), O.G.
Garoheri, Caroheri--Eng. _Carary_, _Carrier_. (_Lac_, play), O.G.
Gerlac--Eng. _Garlick_. (_Man_), O.G. Garaman--A.S. Jaruman--Eng.
_Garman_, _Jarman_. (_Mund_, protection), O.G. Garimund--Eng. _Garment_.
(_Noth_, bold), O.G. Garnot--Eng. _Garnett_. (_Rod_, red), O.G.
Kaerrod--Old Norse, Geirraudr Eng. _Garrod_. (_Laif_, relic), O.G.
Gerlef--Eng. _Gerloff_. (_Ferhth_, life, spirit), Gerferth, _Lib.
Vit._--Eng. _Garforth_. (_Stan_, stone), O.G. Kerstin--Eng. _Garstin_.
(_Wald_, power), O.G. Garold--Eng. _Garrold_. (_Was_, keen), O.G.
Gervas--Eng. _Jervis_. (_Wid_, wood), O.G. Gervid--Eng. _Garwood_.
(_Wig_, war), O.G. Garavig, Gerwi--Eng. _Garroway_, _Garvey_. (_Wine_,
friend), O.G. Gerwin, Caroin--Eng. _Curwen_?[15] (_Van_, beauty), O.G.
Geravan--Eng. _Caravan_.


_Gan_, _gen_, supposed to mean "magic, sorcery."

(_Bert_, famous), O.G. Gimbert--Eng. _Gimbert_. (_Had_, war), O.G.
Genad--Eng. _Gennett_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Genear, Ginheri--Eng.
_Genner_, _Jennery_. (_Rid_, ride), O.G. Generid--Eng. _Jeannerett_.


_Gab_, _Geb_, Eng. "give."

(_Bert_, famous), O.G. Gibert--Eng. _Gippert_. (_Hard_), O.G. Gebahard,
Givard--Eng. _Giffard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Gebaheri--Eng.
_Gaffery_.


_Gart_, _cart_, signifying "protection."

(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Gardar, Karthar--Eng. _Garter_, _Carder_.
(_Dio_, servant), O.G. Cartdiuha--Eng. _Carthew_. (_Ric_, rule), A.S.
Gyrdhricg--Eng. _Cartridge_.


_Gald_, _gold_, "reddere, valere."

(_Birin_, bear), O.G. Goldpirin--Eng. _Goldbourne_. (_Red_, counsel),
O.G. Goltered--Eng. _Coulthred_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G. Goldericus--Eng.
_Goldrick_. (_Run_, mystery), O.G. Goldrun, Coldrun--Coldrun _Lib.
Vit._--Eng _Calderon_. (_Wine_, friend), O.G. Gildewin--Eng. _Goldwin_.


_Geld_, _gild_, probably same as above.

(_Hard_), O.G. Gildard--Eng. _Gildert_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G.
Gelther--Eng. _Gilder_. (_Wig_, _wi_, war), O.G. Geltwi--Eng.
_Gildawie_.


_Gisal_, _gil_, "hostage."

(_Bert_, famous), O.G. Gisalbert, Gilbert--Eng. _Gilbert_. (_Brand_,
sword), O.G. Gislebrand--Eng. _Gillibrand_. (_Frid_, peace), O.G.
Gisalfred--Eng. _Gillford_. (_Hard_), O.G. Giselhard--Eng. _Gillard_.
(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Gisalhar--- A.S. Gislher--Eng. _Giller_,
_Killer_. (_Had_, war), O.G. Gislehad--Eng. _Gillett_. (_Helm_), O.G.
Gisalhelm--Eng. _Gilliam_. (_Man_), O.G. Gisleman--Eng. _Gillman_,
_Killman_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Gisalmer--Eng. _Gilmore_.


_God_, supposed to mean "Deus."[16]

(_Bald_), O.G. Godebald--Godebaldus, _Domesday_--Eng. _Godbold_,
_Godbolt_, _Cobbold_. (_Frid_, peace), O.G. Godafrid--Eng. _Godfrey_.
(_Gisil_, hostage), O.G. Godigisil--Eng. Godsell. (Heid, state, "hood"),
O.G. Gotaheid--Eng. _Godhead_. (_Hard_), O.G. Godehard--Eng. _Goddard_,
_Goodheart_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Godehar--Eng. _Goddier_,
_Goodyear_. (_Laif_, relic), O.G. Godolef--Eng. _Goodliffe_. (_Lac_,
play), O.G. Godolec--Eng. _Goodlake_. (_Land_), O.G. Godoland--Godland
_Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Goodland_. (_Man_), O.G. Godeman--Godeman _Lib.
Vit._--Eng. _Godman_. (_Mund_, protection), A.S. Godemund--Eng.
_Godmund_. (_Niu_, young), O.G. Godeniu--Eng. _Goodnow_. (_Ram_, raven),
O.G. Godramnus--Eng. _Goodram_. (_Rad_, counsel), O.G. Gotrat--Eng.
_Goodred_. (_Rit_, ride), O.G. Guderit--Godritius _Domesday_--Eng.
_Goodwright_. (_Ric_, rule), Godricus _Domesday_--Eng. _Godrick_.
(_Scalc_, servant), O.G. Godscalc--Eng. _Godskall_. (_Ward_), O.G.
Godeward--Eng. _Godward_. (_Wine_, friend), A.S. Godwine--Eng. _Godwin_.


_Goz_, _Gos_, supposed High Germ. form of _gaud_=Goth.

(_Bald_), O.G. Gauzebald--Eng. _Gosbell_. (_Hard_), O.G. Gozhart,
Cozhart--Eng. _Gozzard_, _Cossart_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Gauzer,
Cozhere--Eng. _Gozar_, _Cosier_. (_Lind_, gentle), O.G. Gauzlind--Eng.
_Gosland_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Gozmar--Eng. _Gosmer_. (_Wald_, power),
O.G. Gausoald--Eng. _Goswold_.


_Grim_, "fierce, terrible."

(_Bald_), O.G. Grimbald--Eng. _Grimbald_, _Grimble_. (_Hari_, warrior),
O.G. Grimhar--Eng. _Grimmer_. (_Mund_, protection), O.G. Grimund--Eng.
_Grimmond_. (_Hard_), O.G. Grimhard--Eng. _Grimerd_.


_Gund_, _gun_, signifying "war."

(_Bald_), O.G. Gundobald, Gumbald--Eng. _Gumboil_. (_Hari_, warrior),
O.G. Gunther, Cundher--Eng. _Gunter_, _Conder_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G.
Gunderih--Eng. _Gundry_. (_Stan_, stone), Old Norse, Gunstein--Eng.
_Gunston_.


_Hun_, probably from "the people."

(_Bald_), O.G. Hunibald--Eng. _Hunibal_. (_Frid_, peace), O.G. Hunfrid,
Humfrid--Eng. _Humphrey_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G. Hunger--Eng. _Hunger_.
(_Hard_), O.G. Hunard--Eng. _Hunnard_. (_Man_), Huniman _Hund.
Rolls_--Eng. _Honeyman_. (_Wald_, power), O.G. Hunewald--Hunewald, _Lib.
Vit._--Eng. _Hunhold_.


_Had_, _hath_, signifying "war."

(_Gis_, hostage), O.G. Hadegis--Eng. _Hadkiss_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G.
Hadamar--Eng. _Hattemore_. (_Rat_, counsel), O.G. Hadarat--Eng.
_Hadrott_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G. Hadaricus--Eng. _Hattrick_. (_Wig_, war),
O.G. Hathuwi--Eng. _Hathaway_. (_Wine_, friend), O.G. Hadawin--Eng.
_Hadwen_.


_Hard_, _hart_, "strong, hardy."

(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Hardier--Eng. _Harder_. (_Land_, terra), O.G.
Artaland--Eng. _Hardland_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Hartman--Eng. _Hardman_.
(_Mund_, protection), O.G. Hartomund--Eng. _Hardiment_. (_Nagel_, nail),
O.G. Hartnagel--Eng. _Hartnoll_. (_Nid_, strife), O.G. Hartnit--Eng.
_Hartnott_. (_Rat_, counsel), O.G. Hartrat--Eng. _Hartwright_. (_Ric_,
rule), O.G. Harderich, Hertrih--Eng. _Hartridge_, _Hartry_. (_Wulf_),
O.G. Hardulf--Eng. _Hardoff_. (_Wig_, war), O.G. Hardwic--Eng.
_Hardwick_. (_Wine_, friend), O.G. Hardwin--Eng. _Ardouin_.


_Har_, _her_, "army" or "soldier."[17]

(_Bad_, war), O.G. Heripato--Eng. _Herepath_. (_Bert_, famous), O.G.
Hariberaht--A.S. Herebritt--Eng. _Harbert_, _Herbert_. (_Bord_, shield),
O.G. Heribord--Eng. _Harboard_. (_Bod_, envoy), O.G. Heribod--Eng.
_Harbud_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G. Hariker--A.S. Hereger--Eng. _Harker_.
(_Gaud_, Goth), O.G. Haregaud--Eng. _Hargood_. (_Land_, terra), O.G.
Hariland--Eng. _Harland_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Hariman--Eng. _Harryman_,
_Harman_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Harmar--Eng. _Harmer_. (_Mund_,
protection), O.G. Herimund--Eng. _Harmond_. (_Sand_, envoy), O.G.
Hersand--Eng. _Hersant_. (_Wald_, rule), A.S. Harald--Eng. _Harold_.
(_Ward_), A.S. Hereward--Eng. _Harward_. (_Wid_, wood), O.G. Erwid--Eng.
_Harwood_. (_Wig_, war), O.G. Herewig, Hairiveo--Eng. _Harvey_. (_Wine_,
friend), O.G. Harwin--A.S. Herewine--Eng. _Harwin_.


_Hild_, _hil_, "war."

(_Brand_, sword), O.G. Hildebrand--Eng. _Hildebrand_. (_Gard_,
protection), O.G. Hildegard--Eng. _Hildyard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G.
Hildier--Eng. _Hilder_, _Hillyer_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Hildeman--Eng.
_Hillman_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Hildemar--Eng. _Hilmer_. (_Rad_,
counsel), O.G. Hildirad--Eng. _Hildreth_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G.
Hilderic--Eng. _Hilridge_.


_Ing_, _ink_, "son, descendant."

(_Bald_), O.G. Ingobald, Incbald--Eng. _Inchbald_. (_Bert_, famous),
O.G. Ingobert--Eng. _Inchboard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Inguheri--Eng.
_Ingrey_. (_Ram_, raven), O.G. Ingram--Eng. _Ingram_. (_Wald_, power),
O.G. Ingold--Eng. _Ingold_.


_Ise_, signifying "iron."

(_Burg_, protection), O.G. Hisburg--Eng. _Isburg_. (_Man_), O.G.
Isman--A.S. Hysemann--Eng. _Heasman_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Ismar--Eng.
_Ismer_. (_Odd_, dart), Old Norse, Isodd--Eng. _Izod_.


_Isen_, signifying "iron."

(_Hard_), O.G. Isanhard--Eng. _Isnard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G.
Isanhar--Eng. _Isner_.


_Ken_, _kin_, "nobility."

(_Hard_), A.S. Cyneheard--Eng. _Kennard_, _Kinnaird_. (_Laf_, relic),
A.S. Cynlaf--Eng. _Cunliffe_. (_Mund_, protection), A.S. Cynemund--Eng.
_Kinmonth_. (_Ric_, rule), A.S. Cynric--Eng. _Kenrick_. (_Ward_), A.S.
Cyneweard--Eng. _Kenward_. (_Wig_, war), Kenewi, _Hund. Rolls_--Eng.
_Kennaway_.


_Land_, "terra."

(_Bert_, famous), O.G. Landbert, Lambert--Eng. _Lambert_. (_Burg_,
protection), O.G. Landburg--Eng. _Lambrook_. (_Frid_, peace), O.G.
Landfrid--Lanfrei _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Landfear_, _Lanfear_, _Lamprey_.
(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Landar--Eng. _Lander_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G.
Landerich--Landric _Domesday_--Eng. _Landridge_, _Laundry_. (_Wig_,
war), O.G. Lantwih--Eng. _Lanaway_. (_War_, defence), O.G. Landoar--Eng.
_Lanwer_. (_Ward_), O.G. _Landward_--Eng. _Landlord?_


_Laith_, _let_, "terrible."

(_Hara_), O.G. Lethard--Eng. _Leathart_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G.
Lethar--Eng. _Leather_. (_Ward_), O.G. Lethward--Eng. _Lateward_.


_Led_, _lud_, "people."

(_Burg_, protection), O.G. Luitburc--Eng. _Ludbrook_. (_Gar_, spear),
O.G. Leodegar--Eng. _Ledger_. (_Gard_), O.G. Liudgard--A.S.
Lidgeard--Eng. _Ledgard_. (_Goz_. Goth), O.G. Luitgoz, Luikoz--Lucas
_Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Lucas_. (_Hard_), O.G. Luidhard--Eng. _Liddard_.
(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Liuthari--A.S. Luder--Eng. _Luther_. (_Man_),
O.G. Liudman--A.S. Ludmann--Eng. _Lutman_. (_Ward_), O.G. Liudward--Eng.
_Ledward_. (_Wig_, war), O.G. Liudwig--Eng. _Lutwidge_.


Anglo-Saxon _leof_, "dear."

(_Dag_, day), O.G. Leopdag--Luiedai, _Domesday_--Eng. _Loveday_.
(_Hard_), O.G. Luibhard, Leopard--A.S. Lipperd--Eng. _Leopard_. (_Hari_,
warrior), O.G. Liubheri, Libher--A.S. Leofer--Eng. _Lover_. (_Lind_,
gentle), O.G. Liublind--Eng. _Loveland_. (_Man_), O.G. Liubman--A.S.
Leofmann--Eng. _Loveman_.[18] (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Liubmar--Eng.
_Livemore_. (_Ric_, rule), A.S. Leofric--Eng. _Loveridge_. (_Drud_,
friend), O.G. Lipdrud--Eng. _Liptrot_.[19] (_Gaud_, _goz_, Goth), O.G.
Liobgoz--Eng. _Lovegod_, _Lovegood_.



_Mal_, signifying to "maul."

(_Hard_), O.G. Mallard--Maularde, _Roll. Batt. Abb._--Eng. _Mallard_.
(_Ric_, rule), O.G. Malarich--Eng. _Mallory_. (_Thius_, servant), O.G.
Malutheus--Eng. _Malthus_. (_Wulf_), O.G. Malulf--Eng. _Maliff_.


_Man_, as the type of "manliness."

(_Frid_, peace), O.G. Manfrit--Eng. _Manfred_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G.
Mangar--Eng. _Manger_. (_Leof_, dear), A.S. Manlef--Eng. _Manlove_.
(_Gald_, value), O.G. Managold--Eng. _Manigault_.


_Mar_, signifying "famous."

(_Gaud_, Goth), Merigeat _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Margot_. (_Gild_, value),
O.G. Margildus--Eng. _Marigold_. (_Wig_, war), O.G. Merovecus,
Maroveus--Eng. _Marwick_, _Marvey_. (_Wine_, friend), O.G.
Maruin--Mervinus _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Marvin_.


_Mag_, _may_, Goth. _magan_, "valere."

(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Magher--Eng. _Mager_, _Mayer_. (_Had_, war),
O.G. Magodius--Magot _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Maggot_. (_Ron_, raven), O.G.
Megiran--Eng. _Megrin_.


_Main_, also signifying "strength, vigour."

(_Hard_), O.G. Mainard--Eng. _Maynard_.


_Mad_, _med_, Anglo-Saxon _math_, "reverence."

(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Mather--Eng. _Mather_. (_Helm_), O.G.
Madelm--Eng. _Madam_. (_Lac_, play), O.G. Mathlec--Eng. _Medlock_.
(_Land_), O.G. Madoland--Eng. _Medland_. (_Man_), O.G. Medeman--Eng.
_Maidman_, _Meddiman_. (_Wald_, power), O.G. Meduald--Eng. _Methold_.
(_Wine_, friend), Eng. _Medwin_. (_Wig_, war), O.G. Medoveus--Eng.
_Meadway_.


_Madel_, _medal_, "discourse, eloquence."

(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Madalhar--Eng. _Medlar_. (_Gaud_, Goth), O.G.
Madalgaud--Eng. _Medlicott_.


_Mil_, _mel_, of uncertain meaning.

(_Dio_, servant), O.G. Mildeo--Eng. _Mellodew_, _Melody_, _Melloday_.
(_Hard_), O.G. Milehard--Eng. _Millard_.


_Mald_, Anglo-Saxon _meald_, "strife, friction."

(_Wid_, wood), O.G. Maldvit--Maldwith, _Domesday_--Eng. _Maltwood_.


Ang.-Sax. _mod_. O.H.G. _mot_, "courage."

(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Muatheri, Modar--Eng. _Mutrie_, _Moder_. (_Ram_,
_ran_, raven), O.G. Moderannus--Eng. _Mottram_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G.
Moderich--Eng. _Mudridge_.


_Mark_, of uncertain meaning.

(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Marcher--A.S. Marker--Eng. _Marcher_, _Marker_.
(_Leif_, relic), O.G. Marcleif--Eng. _Marklove_. (_Wig_, war), O.G.
Marcovicus--Eng. _Markwick_.


Old North. _as_, Ang.-Sax. _os_, "semi-deus."

(_Beorn_, bear), A.S. Osbeorn--Eng. _Osborn_. (_Got_, goth), A.S.
Osgot--Eng. _Osgood_. (_Lac_, play), A.S. Oslac--O.N. Asleikr--Eng.
_Aslock_, _Hasluck_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Asman, Osman--Asseman _Hund.
Rolls_--Eng. _Asman_, _Osman_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Osmer--Osmer,
_Domesday_--Eng. _Osmer_. (_Ketil_), O.N. Asketil--Eng. _Ashkettle_.
(_Mund_, protection), A.S. Osmond--Eng. _Osmond_. (_Wald_, rule), A.S.
Oswald--Eng. _Oswald_. (_Wine_, friend), A.S. Oswin--Eng. _Oswin_.


_Rad_, _red_, signifying "counsel."

(_Brand_, sword), O.G. Redbrand--Eng. _Redband_. (_Geil_, elatus), O.G.
Ratgeil--Eng. _Redgill_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Rathere, Rateri--Eng.
_Rather_, _Rattray_. (_Helm_), O.G. Rathelm--Eng. _Rattham_. (_Leif_,
relic), O.G. Ratleib--Eng. _Ratliffe_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Redman--Eng.
_Redman_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Radmar, Redmer--Eng. _Radmore_,
_Redmore_. (_Mund_, protection), O.G. Redemund--Eng. _Redmond_. (_War_,
defence), O.G. Ratwar--Eng. _Redwar_. (_Wig_, war), O.G. Redwi--Eng.
_Reddaway_. (_Wine_, friend), A.S. Redwin--Eng. _Readwin_. (_Bald_,
fortis), O.G. Ratbold--Eng. _Rathbold_. (_Bern_, bear), O.G. Ratborn,
Ratbon--Eng. _Rathbone_.


_Rag_, _ray_, signifying "counsel."

(_Bald_, fortis), O.G. Ragibald--Eng. _Raybauld_, _Raybolt_. (_Hari_,
warrior), O.G. Racheri--Eng. _Rarey_ (=Ragheri). (_Helm_), O.G.
Rachelm--Eng. _Rackham_. (_Mund_, protection), O.G. Raimond--Eng.
_Raymond_, _Rayment_. (_Ulf_, wolf), A.S. Rahulf--Raaulf, _Lib.
Vit._--Eng. _Ralph_.


_Ragin_, _rain_, same as above.

(_Bert_, famous), O.G. Raginbert, Reinbert--Eng. _Rainbird_. (_Bald_,
fortis), O.G. Raginbald--Eng. _Raynbold_. (_Frid_, peace), O.G.
Rainfred--Eng. _Rainford_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G. Raingar, Reginker--Eng.
_Ranger_, _Ranacre_. (_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Regnard, Rainhard--Eng.
_Regnard_, _Reynard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Reginhar--A.S.
Reiner--Eng. _Reyner_. (_Helm_), O.G. Rainelm--Eng. _Raynham_, (_Wald_,
rule), O.G. Reginold--A.S. Reinald--Eng. _Reynolds_.


_Ric_, _rich_, signifying "rule."

(_Bald_, fortis), O.G. Richbold--Eng. _Richbell_. (_Gard_, protection),
O.G. Richgard--Eng. _Ridgyard_. (_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Ricohard--Eng.
_Riccard_, _Richard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Richer--Richerus,
_Domesday_--Eng. _Richer_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Ricman--Eng. _Rickman_,
_Richman_. (_Mund_, protection), O.G. Richmund--Eng. _Richmond_.
(_Wald_, rule), O.G. Ricoald--Eng. _Richold_. (_Wig_, war), O.G.
Ricwi--Eng. _Ridgway_.


_Ring_, perhaps signifying "armour."

(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Rincar--Eng. _Ringer_. (_Wald_, rule), A.S.
Hringwold--Eng. _Ringold_.


_Rod_, signifying "glory."

(_Bero_, bear), O.G. Hruadbero--Eng. _Rodber_. (_Bern_, bear), O.G.
Roudbirn--Eng. _Rodbourn_. (_Bert_, famous), O.G. Hrodebert--Eng.
_Robert_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G. Hrodgar--Eng. _Rodger_. (_Gard_,
protection), O.G. Hrodgard--Eng. _Rodgard_, _Rodyard_. (_Hari_,
warrior), O.G. Hrodhari, Rotheri, Rudher--Eng. _Rothery_, _Rudder_.
(_Land_), O.G. Rodland--Eng. _Rolland_. (_Leik_, play), O.G.
Rutleich--Eng. _Rutledge_. (_Ram_, raven), O.G. Rothram--Eng.
_Rotheram_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Hrodman--Eng. _Rodman_, _Roman_. (_Niw_,
young), O.G. Hrodni--Eng. _Rodney_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G. Hrodric--Eng.
_Rodrick_. (_Wig_, war), O.G. Hrodwig--Eng. _Rudwick_. (_Ulf_, wolf),
O.G. Hrodulf--Roolf, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Rolfe_.


_Ros_, perhaps signifying "horse."

(_Bert_, famous), O.G. Rospert--Eng. _Rosbert_. (_Kel_, contraction of
Ketel),[20] Old Norse Hroskel--Eng. _Roskell_.


_Rum_, O.H.G. hruam, "glory."

(_Bald_, bold), A.S. Rumbold--Eng. _Rumbold_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G.
Rumhar--Eng. _Rummer_.


_Sal_, perhaps meaning "dark."[21]

(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Salaher--Eng. _Sellar_. (_Man_, vir), O.G.
Salaman--Eng. _Salmon_. (_Wig_, war), O.G. Selwich--Eng. _Salloway_.


_Sar_, signifying "armour" or anything used for defence.

(_Bod_, envoy), O.G. Sarabot--Eng. _Serbutt_. (_Gaud_, Goth), O.G.
Saregaud--Eng. _Sargood_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Saraman--Eng. _Sermon_.
(_Had_, war), O.G. Sarratt--Eng. _Sarratt_.


_Sig_, signifying "victory."

(_Bald_, bold), A.S. Sigebald--Eng. _Sibbald_. (_Bert_, famous), A.S.
Sigiberht, Sibriht--Eng. _Sibert_. (_Fred_, peace), A.S. Sigefred--Eng.
_Seyfried_. (_Gar_, spear), A.S. Siggaer--Eng. _Segar_. (_Man_), O.G.
Sigeman--Eng. _Sickman_. (_Suff._, _Surn._). (_Mar_, famous), O.G.
Sigimar, Sicumar--A.S. Simaer, Secmaer--Eng. _Seymore_, _Sycamore_.
(_Mund_, protection), O.G. Sigimund--Eng. _Simmond_. (_Wig_, war), O.G.
Sigiwic--Eng. _Sedgewick_. (_Wine_, friend), O.G. Sigiwin--Seguin, _Roll
Batt. Abb._--Eng. _Seguin_.


_Sea_, "mare."

(_Bera_, bear), Sebar, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Seaber_. (_Bern_, bear), Old
Norse Saebiorn--Sberne, _Domesday_--Eng. _Seaborn_. (_Bert_, famous),
A.S. Saeberht--Eng. _Seabright_. (_Burg_, protection), O.G. Seburg,
Seopurc--Seaburch _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Seabrook_, _Seabury_. (_Rit_,
ride), O.G. Seuerit--Eng. _Searight_, _Sievewright_. (_Wald_, rule),
O.G. Sewald--Eng. _Seawall_. (_Ward_), O.G. Saeward--Eng. _Seaward_,
_Seward_. (_Fugel_, fowl), A.S. Saefugl--Eng. _Sefowl_.


_Stain_, "stone," in the sense of firmness or hardness.

(_Biorn_, bear), O.N. Steinbioern--Eng. _Stainburn_. (_Burg_,
protection), O.G. Stemburg--Eng. _Steamburg_. (_Hard_), O.G.
Stainhard--Stannard _Domesday_--Eng. _Stonard_, _Stoneheart_. (_Hari_,
warrior), O.N. Steinhar--Eng. _Stainer_, _Stoner_. (_Wald_, rule), O.G.
Stainold--Eng. _Stonhold_, and perhaps _Sternhold_ as a corruption.


_Tank_, perhaps "thought."

(_Hard_), O.G. Tanchard--Eng. _Tankard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G.
Thancheri--Eng. _Tankeray_, _Thackeray_ (Scandinavian form). (_Rad_,
counsel), O.G. Tancrad--Eng. _Tancred_.


_Tad_, supposed "father."

(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Tether--Eng. _Tedder_, _Teather_. (_Man_, vir),
A.S. Tatmonn--Eng. _Tadman_.[22] (_Wine_, friend), O.G. Daduin--Eng.
_Tatwin_.


_Thor_, supposed from the name of the god, a stem specially Danish.

(_Biorn_, bear), O.N. Thorbiorn--Thurbern _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Thorburn_.
(_Gaut_, Goth), O.N. Thorgautr--Turgod _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Thurgood_,
_Thoroughgood_. (_Geir_, spear), O.N. Thorgeir--Eng. _Thorgur_. (_Fin_,
nation), O.N. Thorfinnr--Thurfin _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Turpin_. (_Mod_,
courage), O.N. Thormodr--Eng. _Thurmot_. (_Stein_, stone), O.N.
Thorsteinn--Turstin _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Thurstan_. (_Wald_, rule), O.N.
Thorvaldr--Eng. _Thorold_. (_Vid_, wood), O.N. Thorvidr--Eng.
_Thorowood_. (_Ketil_[23]) O.N. Thorketil--Eng. _Thirkettle_. (_Kel_,
contraction of _ketel_), O.N. Thorkel--Turkillus _Lib. Vit._--Eng.
_Thurkle_. (Hence is borrowed as supposed the Gaelic Torquil.)


Ang.-Sax. _theod_, "people."

(_Bald_, fortis), A.S. Theodbald--Tidbald _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Theobald_,
_Tidball_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Theodahar, Tudhari--A.S.
Theodhere--Eng. _Theodore_, _Tudor_. (_Ran_, raven), O.G. Teutran--Eng.
_Teuthorn_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Tiadman--Eng. _Tidman_. (_Mar_, famous),
O.G. Thiudemer--A.S. Dydemer--Eng. _Tidemore_. (_Ric_, rule), A.S.
Theodric--Eng. _Todrig_, _Doddridge_.


_Wad_, _Wat_, "to go," in the sense of activity?

(_Gis_, hostage), O.G. Watgis--Eng. _Watkiss_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G.
Waddegar--Eng. _Waddicar_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Vadomar--Eng.
_Wadmore_. (_New_, young), O.G. Wattnj--Eng. _Watney_.


_Wald_, signifying "power" or "rule."

(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Waldhar--A.S. Wealdhere--Eng. _Walter_. (_Man_)
O.G. Waldman--Eng. _Waldman_. (_Ran_, raven), O.G.
Walderannus--Walteranus _Domesday_--Eng. _Waldron_.


_Wal_, "stranger" or "foreigner."

(_And_, life, spirit), O.G. Waland--Eng. _Waland_. (_Frid_, peace), O.G.
Walahfrid--Eng. _Wallfree_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Walaheri,
Walher--Eng. _Wallower_, _Waller_. (_Had_, war), O.G. Wallod--Eng.
_Wallet_. (_Raven_), Gothic Valerauan--Walrafan _Lib. Vit._--Eng.
_Wallraven_ (_Suffolk Surnames_). (_Rand_, shield), O.G.
Walerand--Walerandus _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Walrond_.


_War_, perhaps signifying "defence."[24]

(_Bald_, bold), O.G. Warbalt--Eng. _Warbolt_. (_Burg_, protection), O.G.
Warburg--Eng. _Warbrick_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G. Weriger--Eng. _Warraker_.
(_Goz_, Goth), O.G. Werigoz--Eng. _Vergoose_ (_Suffolk Surnames_).
(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Warher--Eng. _Warrior_. (_Laik_, play), O.G.
Warlaicus--Warloc _Hund. Rolls_--Eng. _Warlock_. (_Man_), O.G.
Warman--A.S. Wearman--Eng. _Warman_. (_Mar_, famous). O.G. Werimar--Eng.
_Warmer_. (_Lind_, gentle), O.G. Waralind--Eng. _Warland_.


_Wern_, in the sense of "nationality."

(_Burg_, protection), O.G. Warinburg--Eng. _Warrenbury_. (_Frid_,
peace), O.G. Warnefrid--Eng. _Warneford_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G.
Warenher, Warner--Eng. _Warrener_, _Warner_. (_Had_, war), O.G.
Warnad--Eng. _Warnett_.


_Wag_, _way_, to "wave, brandish."

(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Wagher--Eng. _Wager_. (_Bert_, famous), O.G.
Wagpraht--Eng. _Weybret_.


_Wid_, _wit_, of uncertain meaning.[25]

(_Brord_, sword), A.S. Wihtbrord, Wihtbrod--Witbred _Hund. Rolls_--Eng.
_Whitbread_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G. Witker--A.S. Wihtgar--Eng.
_Whittaker_, _Whitecar_. (_Hard_), O.G. Witart--Eng. _Whitehart_.
(_Ron_, raven), O.G. Widrannus--Eng. _Witheron_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G.
Withar, Wither _Domesday_--Eng. _Wither_, _Whiter_. (_Ring_, armour),
O.G. Witering--Eng. _Wittering_. (_Lag_, law), A.S. Wihtlaeg,--Eng.
_Whitelegg_, _Whitlaw_. (_Laic_, play), O.G. Widolaic,--A.S.
Wihtlac--Eng. _Wedlake_, _Wedlock_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Wideman,
Witman--Eng. _Wideman_, _Whiteman_. (_Mar_, famous), Goth.
Widiomar--Uitmer _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Whitmore_. (_Rad_, counsel), O.G.
Widerad, Witerat--A.S. Wihtraed--Eng. _Withered_, _Whitethread_,
_Whiterod_. (_Ric_, rule), Goth. Witirich--A.S. Wihtric--Eng.
_Witherick_, _Whitridge_.


_Will_, in the sense of "resolution"?

(_Bern_, bear), O.G. Wilbernus--Eng. _Wilbourn_. (_Gom_, man), O.G.
Willicomo--Uilcomae _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Wilcomb_, _Welcome_. (_Frid_,
peace), A.S. Wilfrid--Eng. _Wilford_. (_Gis_, hostage), A.S.
Wilgis--Eng. _Willgoss_. (_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Willard--A.S.
Willeard--Eng. _Willard_. (_Heit_, state, "hood") O.G. Williheit--Eng.
_Willett_. (_Helm_), A.S. Wilhelm--Eng. _Williams_. (_Mar_, famous),
O.G. Willemar--Eng. _Willmore_. (_Mot_, courage), O.G. Willimot--Eng.
_Willmot_. (_Mund_, protection), A.S. Wilmund--Uilmund, _Lib.
Vit._--Eng. _Willament_.


_Wind_, _Wend_, supposed "from the people."

(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Winidhar--Eng. _Winder_. (_Ram_, raven), O.G.
Winidram--Eng. _Windram_. (_Rad_, counsel)--Eng. _Windred_.


_Wine_, "friend."

(_Bald_, fortis), O.G. Winebald--Eng. _Winbolt_. (_Cof_, strenuous),
A.S. Wincuf--Eng. _Wincup_. (_Gaud_, Goth), O.G. Winegaud--Eng.
_Wingood_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G. Wineger, Vinegar--A.S. Winagar--Eng.
_Winegar_, _Vinegar_. (_Hari_, warrior), A.S. Wyner--Eng. _Winer_.
(_Laic_, play), O.G. Winleich--Uinlac _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Winlock_.
(_Man_, vir), O.G. Winiman--A.S. Winemen--Eng. _Wineman_, _Winmen_.
(_Stan_, stone), A.S. Wynstan--Eng. _Winston_.


_Wig_, _Wick_, "war."

(_Bert_, famous), O.G. Wigbert, Wibert--Eng. _Vibert_. (_Burg_,
protection), O.G. Wigburg--Wiburch _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Wyberg_, _Wybrow_.
(_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Wighard, Wiart--A.S. Wigheard--Uigheard _Lib.
Vit._--Eng. _Wyard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Wigheri, Wiccar,
Wiher--Uigheri _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Wicker_, _Vicary_, _Wire_. (_Helm_),
A.S. Wighelm--Uighelm _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Whigam_. (_Ram_, raven), O.G.
Wigram--Eng. _Wigram_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Wigmar, Wimar--Wimar _Lib.
Vit._--Eng. _Wymer_.[26] (_Gern_, eager), O.G. Wicchern--A.S.
Weogern--Eng. _Waghorn_. (_Had_, war), O.G. Wicod, Wihad--A.S.
Wigod--Eng. _Wiggett_, _Wichett_, _Wyatt_. (_Man_, vir), O.G.
Wigman--Eng. _Wigman_, _Wyman_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G. Wigirich--Eng.
_Vickridge_.


Ang.-Sax. _wulf_, "wolf."

(_Bert_, famous), O.G. Wolfbert--Eng. _Woolbert_. (_Gar_, spear), A.S.
Wulfgar--Eng. _Woolgar_. (_Gaud_, Goth), O.G. Wulfegaud--A.S.
Wulfgeat--Eng. _Woolcot_. (_Hard_, fortis), A.S. Wulfheard--Eng.
_Woollard_. (_Had_, war), O.G. Wolfhad--Eng. _Woollat_. (_Helm_), A.S.
Wulfhelm--Eng. _Woollams_. (_Heh_, high), A.S. Wulfheh--Eng. _Woolley_.
(_Mar_, famous), A.S. Wulfmer--Eng. _Woolmer_. (_Noth_, bold), A.S.
Wulfnoth--Eng. _Woolnoth_. (_Ric_, rule), A.S. Wulfric--Eng. _Woolrych_.
(_Sig_, victory), A.S. Wulfsig--Eng. _Wolsey_. (_Stan_, stone), A.S.
Wulfstan--Eng. _Woolston_.


Ang.-Sax. _ju_, O.H.G. _ewa_ "law."[27]

(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Euhar--Eng. _Ewer_. (_Man_, vir), O.G.
Eoman--perhaps Iman and Iiman on Roman pottery--Eng. _Yeoman_, _Yeaman_.
(_Ric_, rule), O.G. Eoricus--Eng. _Yorick_. (_Wald_, rule), O.G.
Ewald--Eng. _Ewald_. (_Ward_, guardian), O.G. Euvart--Eng. _Ewart_,
_Yeoward_. (_Wolf_), O.G. Eolf--Eng. _Yealfe_.


The foregoing is not put forward as by any means an exhaustive list of
the ancient compounds represented in our names, but only of the more
common and more important. And there are some ancient stems well
represented in other forms, such as those referred to in Chapter II.,
from which I have not been able to trace any compounds. It will be
observed that I have in two or three instances assigned a place to an
English name, without finding an ancient form to correspond. This indeed
I might have done to a greater extent than I have done, for when we have
such a well-defined system, with the same forms of compounds regularly
recurring, we may in many cases assign a place to a name even though the
ancient equivalent may not yet have come to light.

FOOTNOTES:

[10] Hence I take to be the name of the fairy king Oberon. Albruna was
also the name of a "wise woman" among the ancient Germans referred to by
Tacitus.

[11] Probably also A.S. Haluiu--Eng. _Halloway_.

[12] Here probably the name Biracrus, on Roman pottery, corresponding
with an O.G. form, Berecar.

[13] Or perhaps of beauty, like a Celtic stem _tac_, found in names of
men, and perhaps a corresponding word.

[14] As an ending also _frid_ commonly becomes _free_, as in Humphrey
from Humfrid, Godfrey from Godfred, Geoffry from Galfrid.

[15] This name might perhaps be from the Irish Cwaran, whence probably
the present _Curran_. This name appears also to have been sometimes
borrowed by the Northmen, as in the case of Olaf Cwaran.

[16] But not in a Christian sense, the stem being much older than
Christian times. There is another stem _gaud_, supposed to mean Goth,
very liable to intermix.

[17] As a prefix this may mean "army," but as an ending, where it is
often _hari_ or _heri_ (and perhaps was originally always so), it may be
taken, as suggested by Grimm, to mean warrior.

[18] Also as a contracted form, Ang.-Sax. Leommann (=Leofmann, Eng.
_Lemon_).

[19] This seems to be a name of an exceptional kind, the ending _drud_
being a female one. That our name Liptrot (which I take from Lower), is
really from the above origin is rendered the more probable by the
corresponding name Liebetrut as a present German name, similarly derived
by Foerstemann. But it may well be that the ending in this case is from
a different word to that which, see p. 19, forms the endings of women's
names, viz. O.H.G. _trut_, amicus, which, as a prefix, enters into
several men's names.

[20] From the mythological kettle of the gods, which enters into many
Old Norse men's names.

[21] "The Anglo-Saxons seem to have used sallow in the sense of dark.
The raven is called sallow both by Caedmon and the author of Judith,"
_Skeat_. It seems to me, however, a question whether, seeing how
frequently the names of nationalities enter into Teutonic men's names,
the word contained in the above stem may not be "Salian." This, however,
still leaves open the question as to what is the origin of Salian.

[22] A corresponding name may be the Dutch Tadema, if _ma_, as is
supposed, stands for _man_.

[23] Probably from the mythological kettle of the AEsir.

[24] So many different words might be suggested in this case that the
meaning must be left uncertain. It is most probable that there may be an
admixture.

[25] Three different words found in ancient names intermix so as to be
hardly separable, viz., Anglo-Saxon _wiht_, strength or courage; _wid_,
wood; and _wit_, wisdom.

[26] The name of Wigmore Street seems to imply a man's name _Wigmore_,
but I do not know of it at present.

[27] Hence probably the name of the Eows, a tribe or family mentioned in
the "Traveller's Song." Also probably the name Eawa, in the genealogy of
the Mercian kings. The stem is represented in our names by _Ewe_, _Yeo_,
and _Yea_, and we have also the patronymic _Ewing_ (Euing in
_Domesday_).




CHAPTER IV.

THE MEN WHO CAME IN WITH THE SAXONS.


The researches of Mr. Kemble, supplemented by those of Mr. Taylor, in
connection with the early Saxon settlements in England, have an
important bearing upon the subject of our existing surnames. Mr. Kemble
was the first to call attention to the fact that very many of the names
of places in England, as disclosed by the forms in which these names
appear in ancient charters, consist of a personal name in a patronymic
form. Some of these names consist simply of a nominative plural in
_ingas_, as AEscingas, the sons or descendants of AEsc, others of a
genitive plural in _inga_, with _ton_, _ham_, &c., appended, as in
Billingatun, the town of the Billings, _i.e._ sons or descendants of
Billa. These he takes to denote tribal or family settlements, forming
the Anglo-Saxon "mark," consisting of a certain area of cultivated land,
surrounded by a belt of pasture land enjoyed by all the settlers in
common, the whole inclosed by the forest.

Of these names he has made two lists, the one derived from the names
found in ancient charters, and so perfectly trustworthy, the other
inferred from existing names of places which appear to be in the same
form. The latter list is of course subject to considerable correction
and deduction, inasmuch as it depends entirely upon the ancient forms in
which these names would appear whether they would come under this
category or not. Thus, if a name were anciently Billing_a_ham, it would
be "the home of the Billings," while if it were Billingham, it would
simply be the home of an individual man called Billing. And in looking
through this list, a few names will be found, which a comparison with
his own index of place-names shows to be incorrectly assigned. Thus he
infers Impingas from Impington in Cambridgeshire, and Tidmingas from
Tidmington in Worcester, whereas it appears from his index that the
ancient name of the one was Impintun, and of the other Tidelminctun,
both being thus from the name of an individual and not of a tribe or
family. Sempringham again in Lincolnshire, whence he derives Sempringas,
I find to have been Sempingaham, and so used already for Sempingas. I
also feel very great doubt about names taken from places ending in _by_,
_thorp_, and _toft_, in Lincolnshire and the ancient Denelaga, as being
Scandinavian, and given at a distinctly later period. Indeed I have a
certain amount of distrust of all names taken from the North of England,
in the absence, as far as I know, of any distinct proof in any one case.
Northumberland would perhaps be the county to which, as containing the
greatest number of such forms, any such doubt would the least strongly
apply. Moreover, I do not feel at all sure that _ing_ is not in some
cases simply a form of the possessive, and that Dunningland, for
instance, is not simply Dunn's land. This doubt is considerably
strengthened when the name is that of a woman, as in Cyneburginctun (now
Kemerton in Glouc). Cyneburg is certainly a woman's name, and as such
could not, I should suppose--though the question is one for more
experienced Anglo-Saxon scholars--form a patronymic, in which case
Cyneburginctun can only be "Cyneburg's tun." And if it be so in one
case, it may of course be so in others. Mr. Kemble's second list, then,
requires to be used with a certain amount of caution, though in the main
his deductions may be taken as trustworthy.

The corresponding forms in Germany have since been collected by
Professor Foerstemann from ancient charters up to the eleventh century,
and must all be considered therefore as trustworthy. His list contains
upwards of a thousand different names, but inasmuch as many of these
names are found in different parts of Germany, the total number of such
names must amount to many thousands. These consist sometimes of a form
in _ingas_, same as in England, and this obtains more particularly in
Bavaria, sometimes of a form in _inga_, which he takes to be also a
nominative plural, but most commonly of a dative plural, in _ingen_, as
in Herlingen, "to the Harlings." This dative plural explains the origin
of many existing names of places in Germany, as Goettingen, Dettingen,
Tuebingen, &c. A dative plural also occurs occasionally in England in the
corresponding Anglo-Saxon form _ingum_, as in Godelmingum, now
Godalming, Angemeringum, now Angmering, &c.

Meanwhile Mr. Taylor has instituted a detailed and very important
comparison between the names contained in Mr. Kemble's two lists, and
those of a corresponding kind in Germany, not indeed from ancient
records, but from existing place-names. And he has further supplemented
this by a list of similar forms disclosed by his own very interesting
discovery of a Saxon area in France opposite to the shore of England,
and which we can hardly doubt to be, as he considers it to be, the
result of a Saxon emigration from England. He has, moreover, given some
similar instances of German occupation in the north of Italy, and it can
hardly be doubted that a more detailed examination would add to their
number.

The question now to be considered is--what is the value of these various
forms in _ingas_, _inga_, and _ingen_, in England and in Germany? In
Anglo-Saxon and other Teutonic dialects _ing_ is a patronymic, as in
Bruning, son of Brun. But it has also a wider sense implying any
connection with a person or thing, and in certain of the names under
consideration both in England and in Germany, it seems very clear that
it is used simply in a geographical sense. Thus we cannot doubt that
Madelungen and Lauringen, in Germany, signify, as Foerstemann suggests,
the people of the Madel and of the Lauer, on which two rivers the places
in question are respectively situated. Also that Salzungen signifies the
people of the salt springs, in the neighbourhood of which the name is
found.[28] So in England it seems clear that the Leamingas found in
Leamington signifies the people of the Leam, on which river the place is
situated. So also the Heretuningas, the Hohtuningas, and the
Suthtuningas, must mean simply the people respectively of Heretun, of
Hohtun, and of Suthtun, the Beorganstedingas the people of Beorgansted,
the Eoforduningas the people of Eofordun, and the Teofuntingas, the
people dwelling by the two fountains. But with these and perhaps one or
two other exceptions, the word contained is simply a personal name, and
the question is--in what connection is it used? Does Billingas mean the
descendants of the man Bill or Billa, under whose leadership the
settlement was made, or does it, as Mr. Kemble seems to think, refer to
some older, perhaps mythical ancestor from whom the Billings claimed a
traditional descent? Now, considering the great number of these names,
amounting to more than a thousand in England alone, seeing the manner in
which they are dispersed, not only over different counties of England,
but as the annexed table will show, over the length and breadth of
Germany, it seems to me utterly impossible to consider them as anything
else than the every-day names of men common to the great German family.
I am quite in accord then with the view taken by Sir J. Picton
(Ethnology of Wiltshire).[29] "When the Saxons first invaded England,
they came in tribes and families headed by their patriarchal leaders.
Each tribe was called by its leader's name, with the termination _ing_,
signifying family, and where they settled they gave their patriarchal
name to the _mark_ or central point round which they clustered." This
is also the view taken by Foerstemann with regard to the German names,
and I cannot doubt that Mr. Kemble, if he had had the opportunity of
extending his survey over this wider area, would have come to the same
conclusion. I take it then that the name contained in these forms is
simply that of the leader under whose guidance these little settlements
were made, and that, inasmuch as members of the same family would
generally keep together, it is in most cases that of the patriarch or
head of the family. Each man would no doubt have his own individual
name, but as a community exercising certain rights in common, from which
outsiders were excluded, they would require some distinctive
appellation, and what so natural as that of their leader.

I now come to consider some points of difference between the Anglo-Saxon
settlements and the German. While all the settlements in England must be
taken to have been made by a Low German race, a large proportion of
those in Germany must be taken to have been made by a High German
people. Thus when we find Baebingas in England represented by Papinga in
Austria, Bassingas by Pasingas, and Baedingas by Patinga in Bavaria, we
have the distinction between High and Low German, which might naturally
be expected. So when we find Eastringas represented by Austringa in
Baden, we have again a High German form to compare with a Low German.
But this distinction is by no means consistently maintained throughout,
and we seem to have a considerable mixture of High and Low German forms.
Thus we have both Baecgingas and Paeccingas, Dissingas and Tissingas,
Garingas and Coringas, Edingas and Odingas (representing as it seems the
Anglo-Saxon _ead_ or _ed_, and the High German _aud_ or _od_). And even
in some cases the rule seems to be reversed, and we have the High German
in England, as in Eclingas against Egilinga in Bavaria, Hoppingas
against Hobinga in Alsace, Ticcingas against Dichingen, &c. It would
seem as if our settlements were made, at least in part, by a people who
if not High German, had at any rate considerable High German affinities.
To what extent the speech of the Angles which I suppose to have been the
main element in the Northumbrian dialect, would answer these conditions,
I would rather leave to our higher Anglo-Saxon scholars to decide. But
it seems to me, so far as I may venture to give an opinion, that
Lappenberg's theory, that the Saxons were accompanied by Franks,
Frisians, and Lombards, would perhaps better than any other meet all the
requirements of the case. Whence for instance could come such a form as
Cwichelm for Wighelm, apparently a rather strongly marked Frankish form?
Or Cissa (Chissa) for, as I suppose, Gisa, which would be apparently in
conformity with a Frisian form? I have endeavoured to go into this
subject more fully in a subsequent chapter, more particularly with
regard to the Franks, and to show that there are a number of names in
Anglo-Saxon times which might be of Frankish origin, and which perhaps
it would be difficult to account for on any other theory. And it must be
borne in mind that the earlier date now generally assigned for the first
Teutonic settlements, naturally tends to give greater latitude to the
inquiry as to the races by whom those settlements were made.

Another difference to be noted is that whereas all our settlements seem
to have been made in heathen times, those of Germany extend into
Christian times, as shown by such names as Johanningen, Jagobingen, and
Steveningen, containing the scriptural names John, Jacob and Stephen.
There is another and a curious name, Satanasinga, which, the place to
which it is applied being a waste, seems to describe the people who
lived in it, or around it, perhaps in reference to their forlorn
condition, as "the children of Satan." The adoption of scriptural names
seems to have taken place at a later period in England than either in
Germany or in France. And we have not, as I believe, a single instance
in our surnames of a scriptural name in an Anglo-Saxon patronymic form,
as the Germans, judging from the above, might--possibly may--have.

Another point of difference between the Anglo-Saxon and the German
settlements would seem to be this, that while the German list contains a
considerable proportion of compound names, such as Willimundingas and
Managoldingas, the Anglo-Saxon list consists almost exclusively of names
formed of a single word, and the exceptions may almost be counted upon
the fingers. With this I was at first considerably puzzled, but on
looking more carefully into the lists, it seemed to me apparent that
many of the names assumed by Mr. Kemble from names of places were in
reality compound names in a disguised and contracted form. And as
Tidmington, whence he derives Tidmingas, was properly Tidhelmingtun, so
I conceive that Osmingas derived from Osmington, ought properly to be
Oshelmingas, and Wylmingas, found in Wilmington, to be Wilhelmingas. So
also I take it that Wearblingas, found in Warblington, ought to be
Warboldingas, that Weomeringas, deduced from Wymering, ought to be
Wigmeringas, and that Horblingas, found in Horbling, ought to be
Horbaldingas. There are several other names, such as Scymplingas,
Wramplingas, Wearmingas, Galmingas, &c., that seem as they stand, to be
scarcely possible for names of men, and which may also contain compounds
in a corrupted or contracted form. In addition to this, I note the
following, found in ancient charters, which Mr. Kemble seems to have
overlooked, AEgelbyrhtingas, found in AEgelbyrtingahyrst, No. 1041,
Ceolredingas, found in Colredinga gemerc, 1149, and Godhelmingas found
in Godelmingum, 314. If all these were taken into account, the
difference, though it would still exist, might not be so great as to be
unaccountable, considering that our settlements were made to a
considerable extent at an earlier date, and by tribes more or less
differing from those of Germany. It raises, moreover the question, dealt
with in a very thorough manner by Stark, as to the extent to which these
short and simple names may be contractions of compound names. I have
referred to the subject in another place, and I will only observe at
present that from the instances he cites the practice seems to have been
rather specially common among the Frisians. Now it will be found on
comparing the names of our ancient settlers with the Frisian names past
and present cited by Outzen and Wassenberg, that there is a very strong
family likeness between them, though we need not take it to amount to
more than this, that the Frisian names may be taken as a type of the
kind of names prevalent among the other neighbouring Low German tribes,
until it can be more distinctly shown that there were settlements made
by the Frisians themselves. And I have brought these names into the
comparison simply as being the nearest representatives that I can find.

Notwithstanding the complete and valuable tables drawn up by Mr. Taylor
for the purpose of comparing the Anglo-Saxon settlements with those of
Germany, I have thought it useful to supplement them by another confined
exclusively to the names drawn from ancient German records, and
therefore, so far as they go, entirely trustworthy. And I take the
opportunity to compare our existing surnames with these ancient names
thus shown to be common to the great Teutonic family.

In the following table I have given then, first the Anglo-Saxon names
from Kemble's lists, then the corresponding Old German from that of
Foerstemann, with the district in which it is found, and, wherever
identified, the existing name of the place, then names corresponding
from the _Liber Vitae_ or elsewhere to show continued Anglo-Saxon use,
with also Frisian names as already mentioned, and finally, the existing
English surnames with which I compare them. It will be seen that these
surnames in not a few cases retain an ancient vowel-ending in _a_, _i_,
or _o_, as explained in a preceding chapter.

 _THE EARLY SAXON SETTLEMENTS COMPARED WITH THOSE OF GERMANY._

 Anglo-Saxon.  German.   Locality         (L.V.), Liber Vitae.  English
                         in Germany.      (F.), Frisian.       Surnames.

 Aldingas}     Aldinge   {Now Aldingen,}  {Alda (L.V.),} {_Allday_, _Allt_,
 Oldingas}               {in Wuertemburg}  {  Alte (F.) } {  _Old_, _Olding_.

 AEceringas[30] Aguringas {Now Egringen}    Aker (L.V.)    _Ager_, _Acres_.
                         {  in Bavaria}

 AElingas       Allingen   Bavaria         {Alli (L.V.),}  _Alley_, _Allo_.
                                          {  Alle (F.) }

 AElfingas}     Albungen   Hesse Cassell    Alef (F.)     {_Aulph_, _Alpha_,
 AElpingas}                                               {  _Elvy_.

 AEfeningas  {Heveningare  Appenzell        Afun (L.V.)    _Heaven? Evening_.
            { marca

 Antingas      Endinga   {Now Endingen,}   Anta (A.S.)   {_And_, _Andoe_,
                         {  in Baden   }                 {  _Hand_.

 AEscingas      Esginga     .....           AEsc (A.S.)     _Ask_, _Ashe_.

 AEtingas       Adinga     Pruss. Saxony   {Atta (A.S.),}  _Hatt_.
                                          {  Atte (F.) }

 Baebingas      Papinga   {Now Pabing, }   {Babba (A.S.),} _Babb_.
                         {  in Austria}   {  Babe (F.)  }

 Baningas      Boninge     .....          {Beana (L.V.),}  {_Bann_,
                                          {  Banne (F.) }  {  _Banning_.

 Baedingas }            {Now Beddingen,  } {Bada,         } {_Batt_, _Batty_,
          }    Patinga {  in Brunswick; } {  Betti (L.V.)} {  _Betty_,
 Beadingas}            {  also Baden,   }                  {  _Batting_.
                       {  Prussia, Austria}

 Bassingas     Pasingas   Bavaria          Bass (A.S.)    _Bass_, _Pass_.

 Baecgingas}    Bachingen  Wuertemburg     } {Baga,       } {_Bagge_, _Back_,
 Beccingas}    Beckinga   Rhenish Prussia} {Backa (L.V.)} {  _Beck_, _Peck_.
 Paeccingas}

 Bensingas     Pinsinga   Bavaria          Benza (L.V.)   _Bence_.

 Bircingas     Biricchingen .....           .....         _Birch_.

 Bebingas      Bebingun   Bavaria, Wuertg.  Bebba (A.S.)  {_Bibb_, _Bibby_,
                                                         {  _Beeby_.

 Billingas     Bilinga   {Hess., Wuert.,}    .....        {_Bill_, _Billow_,
                         {  Friesland  }                 {  _Billing_.

 Binningas     Binnungen {Now Bingen,  }  {Bynni (L.V.),} {_Binney_,
                         {  on Rhine   }  {Binne (F.)   } {  _Binning_.

 Bydelingas    Budilingen {Luxembg.,}      Botel (F.)     _Biddle_.
                          {  Austria}

 Briningas      .....      .....           Bryni (L.V.)  {_Brine_,
                                                         {  _Brinney_.

 Beorningas    Pirninga   Wuertemburg       Beorn (L.V.)  {_Burn_,
                                                         {  _Burning_.

 Bondingas      .....      .....           Bonde (L.V., F.) _Bond_.

 Beormingas    Bermingahem .....            .....         _Breem_.

 Brydingas     Breidinge {Hesse Cass., }    .....         _Bride_, _Bird_.
                         {  Pruss. Sax.}

 Bridlingas    Britlingi {Now Bruetlingen,}  .....         _Bridle_.
                         {  in Hanr.     }

 Blaecingas      .....      .....           Blaca (L.V.)   _Black_.

 Bruningas     Brunninga  Austria         {Bron (L.V.),} {_Brown_,
                                          {Bruyn (F.)  } {  _Browning_.

 Beorhtingas}  Perhtingen Bavaria         {Bercht (L.V.),} {_Burt_,
 Byrtingas  }                             {  Berti (F.)  } {  _Bright_,
                                                           {  _Brighty_,
                                                           {  _Brighting_.

 Brihtlingas   Bertelingas Rhen. Prussia    .....        {_Brightly_,
                                                         {  _Brittell_.

 Buccingas     Puchinga    .....           {Bocco,     }  _Buck_, _Puck_.
                                           {  Buco (F.)}
 Bullingas     Bollinga  {Bullingen, in }  Bolle (F.)    {_Bull_, _Bolley_,
                         {  Rh. Pruss. }                 {  _Bulling_.
                         {Also Tyrol and}
                         {  Westphal.   }

 Byttingas}    Buddinga  {Baden, Wuert.,}   Bota (L.V.)   {_Budd_, _Butt_,
                         {  Friesland  }                 {  _Botting_.

 Potingas }    Potingin  {Baden, Aust.,}   Botte (F.)    {_Pott_, _Potto_.
                         {  Friesland  }

 Bobingas }    Bobinga   {Bobingen,}      {Bofa (L.V.),} {_Boby_, _Poppy_.
 Bofingas }              {  in Bav.}      {  Poppe (F.)}

 Bosingas      Bosinga    Austria, Wuert.   Bosa (L.V.)   {_Boss_, _Bossey_.

 Buslingas     Buselingen {Buessling,        } .....       _Bussell_.
                          {  by Schaffhausen}

 Burringas     Buringen   Wuertemburg.     {Burra (L.V.),} _Burr_.
                                          {  Bore (F.)  }

 Caegingas      Cachinga    .....           Kay, Key (F.) {_Kay_, _Key_
                                                         {  (see p. 10).

 Callingas     Callinge   Holland          Kalle (F.)     _Call_, _Callow_.

 Ceaningas     Conninge   Wuertemburg      {Canio (L.V.),} {_Cann_,
                                          {  Keno (F.)  } {  _Canning_.

 Cearlingas    Chirlingen {Kierling,   }  {Karl (L.V.),} {_Charley_,
                          {  in Austria}  {  Carl (F.) } {  _Charles_.

 Cifingas      Cheffingin Wuertemburg       Ceefi (L.V.)  {_Chaff_,
                                                         {  _Chaffey_.

 Ceopingas     Chuppinga  Wuertemburg        .....        {_Chope_, _Chubb_.

 Copingas      Cofunga    Hesse Cassel    {Cufa, Coifi  } {_Coffey_, _Cuff_,
                                          {  (Ang.-Sax.)} {  _Cuffey_.

 Codingas }    Cuttingas  Near Metz       {Goda, (L.V.) } {_Goad_, _Codd_,
 Cotingas }    Gotinga    Bavaria         {  Gode (F.)  } {  _Coate_,
                                                          {  _Godding_.

 Colingas      Cholinga   Ceolla (L.V.)     .....        {_Coll_, _Collie_,
                                                         {  _Colling_.

 Cocingas      Gukkingin {Gugging,    }     .....         _Cock_.
                         {  in Austria}

 Cressingas    Chresinga  Wuertemberg        .....         _Cressy_.

 Cnottingas    Knutingen   .....           Cnut (L.V.)    _Knott_.

 Cnudlingas    Cnutlinga  Baden             .....         _Nuttall_.

 Cenesingas[31] {Kenzinga  Kenzingen,   }
                             in Baden   }   .....         _Chance?_
                {Gensingen Gensungen,   }
                             Hess. Cass.}

 Centingas     Gandingen  Friesland        Kaenta (L.V.) {_Cant_, _Gant_,
                                                         {  _Gandy_.

 Culingas       .....      .....            .....        {_Cull_,
                                                         {  _Cooling_.

 Denningas     Daningen   Baden            Dene (L.V.)   {_Dane_, _Dana_,
                                                         {  _Denn_,
                                                         {  _Denning_.
 Dillingas     Dilinga   {Dillengen,}
                         {  in Bav. }     {Tilli (L.V.),} {_Dill_, _Till_,
                                          {  Tilo (F.)  } {  _Tilly_.

 Deorlingas}   Darlingin  Brunswick         .....        {_Darrell_,
 Teorlingas}                                             {  _Darling_.

 Dissingas}    Tisinga    Bavaria          Tisa, Disa (F.) {_Dyce_, _Dicey_,
 Tissingas}                                                {  _Tisoe_.

 Ticcangas     Dichingen  Friesland, Bav.  Tycca (A.S.)   _Dick_.

 Dyclingas     Tuchilingen Now Tuchling     .....        {_Dickle_,
                                                         {  _Tickle_.

 Doccingas     Dockinga   Friesland       {Tocki (L.V.),} {_Dock_,
                                          {  Tocke (F.) } {  _Tocque_,
                                                          {  _Docking_.

 Dodingas       .....       .....          Doda (F.)      _Dodd_, _Todd_.

 Dunningas     Tuningas     .....          Duna (L.V.)   {_Dunn_, _Dunning_.

 Eastringas    Austringa {Oestringen,}      .....         _Easter_.
                         {  in Baden }

 Edingas }     Edinga    {Holland,     }  {Ede (L.V.),}   _Eddy_.
                         {  Baden, Bav.}  {  Edde (F.)}
 Oddingas}     Odinga    {Westphal.,   }  {Oda (L.V.),}   _Oddy_.
                         {  Bav.       }     Odde (F.) }

 Elcingas      .....       .....            .....        {_Elk_, _Elcy_,
                                                         {  _Elgee_.

 Ecgingas      Eginga    {Schaffhausen,}  {Ecga (L.V.),}  _Egg_.
                         {  Bav.       }  {Egga (F.)   }

 Eclingas      Egilinga   Bavaria          Ecgel (A.S.)  {_Edgell_, _Egle_.

 Elsingas      Elisingun  Hesse           {Elsi (L.V.),} {_Else_, _Elsey_,
                                          {  Ealse (F.)} {  _Elliss_.

 Eppingas}     Ebinga     Baden, Austria   Ebbi (L.V.)   {_Epps_.
 Ippingas}     Ippinga   {Ippingen,  }     Eppe (F.)     {_Hipp_.
                         {  on Danube}

 Everingas }   Eburingen  Pruss. Silesia    .....        {_Ever_, _Every_,
 Eoforingas}                                             {  _Heber_.

 Eorpingas     Arpingi     .....          {Earbe (L.V.),} _Harp_, _Earp_.
                                          {  Arpe (F.)  }

 Fearingas     Faringa   {Upper Bav.        .....        {_Farre_,
                         {  & L. Constance               {  _Farrow_.

 Fearningas    .....       .....           Forne (L.V.)   _Fearn_.

 Finningas     Finninga    .....           Finn (A.S.)   {_Finn_, _Finney_.

 Fincingas     .....       .....          {Finc (A.S.),}  _Finch_.
                                          {  surname   }

 Folcingas     Fulchingen  .....           Folco (L.V.)   _Fulke_.

 Frodingas     .....       .....           Frode (L.V.)   _Froude_.

 Garingas}     Geringen   Wuertemberg        .....         _Gore_, _Cory_.
 Coringas}

 Gestingas     .....       .....            .....        {_Guest_,
                                                         {  _Gasting_.

 Geofuningas   Gebeningen Austria                         _Giffen_.

 Gisilingas}   Gisilinga  Bavaria         {Gisle,        } _Gill_.
 Gillingas }                              {  Gille (L.V.)}

 Gealdingas}   Geltingen {Gelting, }      {Golde (A.S.),} {_Gold_, _Galt_,
 Goldingas }             {  in Bav.}      {  Giolt (F.) } {  _Golding_.

 Hallingas     Halinge    Bavaria          Halle (L.V.)  {_Hall_,
                                                         {  _Halling_.

 Haeglingas     Hegelinge  Bavaria          Hagel (A.S.)  {_Hail_,
                                                         {  _Hailing_.

 Hanesingas    Anzinga    Bavaria           .....         _Hance_.

 Heardingas}   Hardinghen  Pas de Calais   Hart (F.)     {_Hard_, _Hardy_.
 Heartingas}   Hertingen   Bavaria          .....        {_Hart_,
                                                         {  _Harding_.

 Haeslingas}    Hasalinge  Near Bremen     {Esel (L.V.), } _Hasell_.
 AEslingas }                               {  Hessel (F.)}

 Hanningas}    Heninge     .....          {Anna (L.V.),} {_Hann_, _Hanning_,
 Heningas }                               {  Hanne,    } {  _Henn_,
 Anningas }                               {  Enno (F.) } {  _Anning_,
                                                         {  _Anne_.

 Hillingas}    Illingun  {Illingen,       {Ylla (L.V.),}  _Hill_.
 Illingas }              {  in Baden      {  Hille (F.)}

 Honingas      Oningas   {Oeningen,  }    {Ona (L.V.),}   _Hone_.
                         {  on L.    }    {Onno (F.)  }
                         {  Constance}

 Horningas     .....       .....           Horn (A.S.)    _Horne, Horning_.

 Herelingas    Herlingun  Austria          Harrol (F.)   {_Harle_, _Harley_,
                                                         {  _Harling_.

 Hoppingas     Hobinga    Near Metz       {Obbe,       } {_Hopp_, _Hoby_,
                                          {  Hobbe (F.)} {  _Hopping_.

 Haecingas      Hahhinga  {Haching,        {Hacci (L.V.),} {_Hack_,
                         {  near Munich   {  Acke (F.)  } {  _Hacking_.

 Hafocingas    Hauechingas  Rhen. Pruss.   Hauc (L.V.)    _Hawke_.

 Hocingas      Hohingun  {Near Cologne}    Hoco (F.)      _Hockey_.
                         {  and Zurich}

 Hucingas      Huchingen  Friesland         .....         _Hook_.

 Huningas      Huninga   {Hueningen,   }   {Una (L.V.), }  _Hunn_, _Honey_.
                         {  near Basle}   {  Hunne (F.)}

 Huntingas     Huntingun  Baden             .....         _Hunt, Hunting_.

 Ifingas       .....       .....           Ivo (L.V.)     _Ive, Ivy_.

 Immingas      Eminga    {Emmingen, }     {Imma (L.V.),} {_Eames_, _Yems_,
                         {  in Wuert.}     {  Emo,      } {  _Hime_.
                                          {  Imme (F.) }

 Laeferingas    Livaringa  Near Salzburg     .....         _Laver_.

 Lullingas     Lolinga   {Lullingen, in}   Lolle (F.)     _Lull_, _Lully_.
                         {  Rh. Pruss. }

 Luddingas     Liutingen  Baden           {Lioda (L.V.),} _Lyde_, _Lutto_.
                                          {  Ludde (F.) }

 Lofingas      Luppinge    .....          {Lufe (L.V.),} {_Love_,
                                          {  Lubbe (F.)} {  _Loving_.

 Lidelingas    Lutilinga  Wuertemburg        .....         _Liddle_.

 Locingas       .....      .....           Locchi (L.V.) {_Lock_,
                                                         {  _Lockie_.

 Leasingas     Lasingi     .....           Leising (L.V.) _Lees_, _Lessy_.

 Manningas     Meningen    .....          {Man (L.V.), } {_Mann_, _Manning_.
                                          {  Manno (F.)}

 Massingas     Masingi     .....           Maessa (A.S.)  {_Massey_,
                                                         {  _Messing_.

 Madingas      Madungen   Sax-Weimar        .....         _Maddey_.

 Maegdlingas[32] .....      .....           Maedle          _Madle_.

                         {Maching, in   }                {
                         {  Bavaria     }  Mecga (A.S.)  {_Maggy_, _May_.
 Maeccingas     Maginga   {Mechingen, by }                {
                         {  L. Constance}  Mekke (F.)    {

 Mycgingas      .....      .....            .....        {_Mico_, _Michie_.

 Merlingas     Marlingen  Bavaria           .....        {_Merrill_, _Marl_,
                                                         {  _Marling_.

 Mundlingas    Mundilinga Bavaria           .....        {_Mundell_.

 Marringas     Maringen   Baden, Wuert.     Mar (A.S.)     _Marr_.

 Meringas      Meringa    Hanover           .....         _Merry_.

 Millingas     Milinga   {Bav., Rhen.}     Milo (L.V.)   {_Millie_, _Milo_,
                         {  Pruss.   }                   {  _Millinge_.

 Myrcingas[33] Mirchingen Lower Austria    Murk (F.)     {_Murch_,
                                                         {  _Murchie_.


 Nydingas }    Nidinga   {Neidingen, in}  {Nytta (L.V.),} _Need_, _Neate_.
 Neddingas}              {  Rh. Pruss. }  {  Nette (F.) }

 Nottingas     Notingen   Upper Bavaria    Noedt (F.)    {_Nott_,
                                                         {  _Nutting_.

 Ossingas      Ossingen   Rh. Bavaria      Hosa (L.V.)    _Hose_.

 Palingas      .....       .....           Paelli (L.V.) {_Palev_,
                                                         {  _Paling_.

 Pegingas      Biginga    Westphalia       Pega (L.V.)    _Pegg_, _Bigg_.

 Penningas     Penningin  North Germany    Benna (A.S.)   _Penn_, _Benn_.

 Puningas      Buninga     .....           Buna (A.S.)    _Bunn_.

 Pitingas      Pidingun   Austria           .....         _Pitt_.

 Poclingas     Puchilinga {Pueckling,  }     .....        {_Puckle_,
                          {  on Danube}                  {  _Buckle_.

 Piperingas     .....      .....            .....         _Piper_.

 Readingas     Radinga   {Reding,          Reid (F.)      _Read_.
                         {  in Luxembg.
 Riccingas      .....      .....           Riki (F.)     {_Rich_, _Richey_.

 Ridingas      Ridingin  {Rieding,      }   .....        {_Riddy_, _Rita_,
                         {  in Upp. Bav.}                {  _Ridding_.

 Riclingas     Richilinga {Reichling,}     Rykle (F.)    {_Regal_,
                          {  on Rhine}                   {  _Wrigley_.

 Riplingas     Rupilinga  Upper Bavaria     .....         _Ripley_.

 Rollingas     Roldingen {Rolingen,    }   Rolle (F.)     _Rolle_.
                         {  in Luxembg.}

 Raefningas     Ravininge  Bavaria          Reuen (L.V.)  _Raven_.

 Rodingas      Hrotthingun {Rh. Pruss.,}  {Rudda (L.V.),} {_Rodd_, _Rudd_,
                           {  Bav.     }  {  Rode (F.)  } {  _Rudding_.

 Rossingas     Rossunga    .....           Russe (F.)     _Ross_.

 Ruscingas      .....      .....           Rosce (L.V.)   _Rush_.

 Rocingas      Roggingun  Bavaria         {Rogge,       } _Rock_.
                                          {  Rocche (F.)}

 Rucingas       .....      .....           Rouke (F.)    {_Rugg_, _Ruck_.

 Sandringas    Sinderingum  Wuertemburg     Sander (F.)    _Sander_.

 Swaningas     Swaningun {Schwanningen, }
                         {  near        }  Suan (L.V.)    _Swan_.
                         {  Schaffhausen}

 Syclingas     Sikilingin {Sittling,}       .....        {_Sickle_,
                          {  in Bav.}                    {  _Sickling_.

 Seaxlingas    Saxlinga    .....            .....         _Satchell?_

 Sceardingas   Scardinga  Bavaria           .....        {_Scard_, _Scarth_.

 Scytingas     Scithingi   .....           Scytta (A.S.) {_Skitt_, _Skeat_,
                                                         {  _Shute_.

 Surlingas      .....      .....           Serlo (L.V.)  {_Sarle_, _Searle_.

 Scyrlingas    Skirilinga  Schierling, in Bav.  .....     _Shirley_.

 Saelingas       .....      .....           Salla (L.V.)   _Sale_, _Sala_.

 Sceafingas    Sceuinge    .....            .....         _Sheaf_.

 Scealingas    Scelinga    .....           Sceal (L.V.)  {_Scally_,
                                                         {  _Scales_.

 Snoringas    {Snoringer} Rh. Bav.        Snearri (L.V.)  _Snare_.
              {  marca  }

 Snotingas     Snudinga    .....           Snod (A.S.)    _Snoad_.

 Sealfingas    Selvingen   .....            .....        {_Self_, _Selvey_.

 Stubingas     Staubingen {Staubing,   }   Stuf (A.S.)   {_Stubbs_,
                          {  in Bavaria}                 {  _Stubbing_.

 Secgingas     Siggingahem  Belgium        Sigga (L.V.)  {_Siggs_, _Sick_.

 Specingas     Speichingas {Spaichengen,   Spech (Domesday) _Speck_.
                           {  in Westph.

 Sceaflingas  Schuffelinga {Schiflingen, }  .....         _Shovel_.
                           {  in Luxembg.}

 Staeningas      .....      .....          {Stean (L.V.),} {_Stone_,
                                          {  Steen (F.) } {  _Stenning_.

 Sinningas     Siningas    .....           Sinne (F.)    {_Siney_, _Shinn_.

 Stellingas     .....      .....            .....         _Stell_.

 Taedingas      Tattingas  {Dettingen,}     Tade (F.)      {_Tadd_, _Taddy_.
                          {  in Bav. }
 Taelingas      Telingen   Bavaria         {Tella (L.V.),} {_Tall_,
                                          {  Tiele (F.) } {  _Telling_.

 Dorringas     Torringun {Toerring,    }    Tori (L.V.)    _Torr_.
                         {  in Austria

 Tutlingas     Tutlingun  Dutling, in Bav.  .....         _Tuttle_.

 Trumpingas[34] .....      .....            .....        {_Trump_,
                                                         {  _Trumpy_.

 Thorningas    Thurninga {Duerningen, }      .....        {_Thorne_,
                         {  in Alsace}                   {  _Thorning_.

 Terringas      .....      .....           Terri (L.V.)   _Terry_.

 Tucingas      Tuginga   Switzerland      {Tuk (A.S.),  } _Tuck_, _Duck_.
                                          {  Duce (L.V.)}

 Duringas      Turinga   Wuertemburg         .....        {_Turr_, _Durre_,
                                                         {  _Turing_.

 Uffingas      Uffingen  {Oeffingen,     } Offa (L.V.)   {_Ough_, _Hough_,
                         {  in Wuertemburg}               {  _Huff_.

 Wearningas    Warningas  .....            Warin (L.V.)  {_Warren_, _Warne_.

 Waceringas    Wacheringa Friesland and Bav.  .....       _Waker_.

 Wealdringas   Waltringen .....            Wealdere (A.S.) {_Walder_,
                                                           {  _Walter_.

 Wasingas      Wasunga   {Wuertg., Sax.}    Wasso (A.S.)   _Wass_.
                         {  Mein.     }

 Wippingas      .....      .....             .....        _Whipp_.

 Wittingas     Wittungen  Pruss. Sax.     {Uitta (L.V.),} _Whit_.
                                          {  Witte (F.) }

 Willingas     Willinga   Bavaria          Wille (F.)    {_Will_, _Willow_,
                                                         {  _Willing_.

 Winingas      Winninge  {Winningen,}     {Wynna,       } {_Wine_, _Winn_,
                         {  on Rhine}     {  Uini (L.V.)} {  _Winning_.

 Wealdingas    Waltingun  Austria         {Wald (A.S.),} {_Waldie_, _Waldo_.
                                          {  Walte (F.)}

 Waelsingas     Walasingas .....             .....         _Walsh_.

 Watingas      Waddinga  {Weddingen,     } {Uada (L.V.),} {_Watt_, _Waddy_.
                         {  in Rh. Pruss.} {  Uatto (F.)}

 Wellingas     Wellingen  Baden             .....         _Well_.

 Wigingas }    Wikinka    Bavaria         {Uicga (L.V.),} {_Wigg_,
 Wiccingas}                               {  Wigge,    } {  _Wicking_.
                                          {  Wicco (F.)}

 Wylfingas     Vulfinga   .....            Wulf (A.S.)    _Wolf_.

 Wrihtingas    Wirtingen  Austria           .....         _Wright_.

 Watringas     Wateringas  {Wettringen, }   .....         _Water_.
                           {  in Westph.}

 Wendlingas    Wenilinga  Near Strasburg    Windel (A.S.) {_Windle_,
                                                          {  _Wintle_.

 Wrihtlingas   Riutilinga {Reutlingen,      .....         _Riddle_.
                          {  in Wuertg.

 Wealcingas     .....      .....          {Walch (L.V.),} {_Walk_, _Walkey_,
                                          {  Walke (F.) } {  _Walking_.

 Wealcringas    .....      .....           Wealcere (A.S.) _Walker_.

 Wealingas    {Walanger  } On the Lahn     Walls (F.)     _Wall_.
              {  marca   }

 Waplingas       Waplinga  .....            .....         _Waple_.

 Wraeningas      .....      .....            .....        {_Wren_, _Rennie_.

 Wilrincgas    Williheringa {Willering,    Wyller (A.S.)  _Willer_.
                            {  on Danube

I may observe with regard to the Anglo-Saxon names in the above lists
that there is occasionally a little corruption in their forms. The
English trouble with the letter _h_ seems to have been present even at
this early day. We have Allingas and Hallingas, Anningas and Hanningas,
Eslingas and Haslingas, Illingas and Hillingas, in all of which cases
the analogy of Old German names would show the _h_ to be in all
probability an intruder. And the same applies to the Hanesingas, the
Honingas, and the Hoppingas. There is also an occasional intrusion of
_b_ or _p_, thus the Trumpingas, whence the name of Trumpington, should
be properly, I take it, Trumingas, A.S. _trum_, firm, strong. Stark
suggests a Celtic word, _drumb_, but the intrusion of _p_ is so easy
that I think any other explanation hardly necessary. The Sempingas,
found in Sempingaham, now Sempringham, should also, I take it, be
Semingas, which would be in accordance with Teutonic names, whereas
_semp_ is a scarcely possible form. Basingstoke, the original of which
was Embasingastoc, owes its name to a similar mistake. It would be
properly I think Emasingastoc, which would correspond with a Teutonic
name-stem. A similar intrusion of _t_ occurs in the case of
Glaestingabyrig (now Glastonbury), which should I think be
Glaessingabyrig; this again would correspond with an ancient name-stem,
which in its present form it does not. So also I take it that Distingas,
found in Distington in Cumberland, is only a phonetic corruption of
Dissingas, if indeed, (which I very strongly doubt) Distington is from a
tribe-name at all. Both of these intrusions are natural from a phonetic
point of view, tending as they do to give a little more backbone to a
word, and they frequently occur, as I shall have elsewhere occasion to
note, in the range of English names.

My object in the present chapter has been more especially to show the
intimate connection between our early Saxon names, and those of the
general Teutonic system. But now I come to a possible point of
difference. All the names of Germany would tend to come to England, but
if Anglo-Saxon England made any names on her own account, they would not
go back to Germany. For the tide of men flows ever west-ward, and there
was no return current in those days. Now there do seem to be certain
name-stems peculiar to Anglo-Saxon England, and one of these is _peht_
or _pect_, which may be taken to represent Pict. The Teutonic peoples
were in the habit of introducing into their nomenclature the names of
neighbouring nations even when aliens or enemies. Thus the Hun and the
Fin were so introduced, the latter more particularly by the
Scandinavians who were their nearest neighbours. There is a tendency
among men to invest an enemy upon their borders, of whom they may be in
constant dread, with unusual personal characteristics of ferocity or of
giant stature. Thus the word _Hun_, as Grimm observes, seems to have
become a synonym of giant, and Ohfrid, a metrical writer of the ninth
century, describes the giant Polyphemus as the "grosse hun." Something
similar I have noted (in a succeeding chapter on the names of women, _in
voce_ Emma) as possibly subsisting between the Saxons and their Celtic
neighbours. The Fins again, who as a peculiarly small people could not
possibly be magnified into giants, were invested with magical and
unearthly characteristics, and the word became almost, if not quite,
synonymous with magician. This then seems to represent something of the
general principle, upon which such names have found their way into the
Teutonic system of nomenclature.

While then England received all the names formed from peoples throughout
the Teutonic area, the Goth, the Vandal, the Bavarian, the Hun, and the
Fin, in the names of men, there was one such stem which she had and
which the rest of Germany had not, for she alone was neighbour to the
Pict. Perhaps I should qualify this statement so far as the Old Saxons
of the seaboard are concerned, for they were also neighbours, though as
far as we know, the Pict did not figure in their names of men. From the
stem _pect_ the Anglo-Saxons had a number of names, as Pecthun or
Pehtun, Pecthath, Pectgils, Pecthelm, Pectwald, Pectwulf, all formed in
accordance with the regular Teutonic system, but none of them found
elsewhere than in Anglo-Saxon England. Of these names we may have one,
Pecthun, in our surname _Picton_, perhaps also the other form Pehtun in
_Peyton_ or _Paton_. The Anglo-Saxons no doubt aspirated the _h_ in
Pehtun, but we seem in such cases either to drop it altogether, or else
to represent it by a hard _c_, according perhaps as it might have been
more or less strongly aspirated. Indeed the Anglo-Saxons themselves
would seem to have sometimes dropped it altogether, if the name Piott,
in a will of Archbishop Wulfred, A.D. 825, is the same word (which
another name Piahtred about the same period would rather seem to
indicate). And this suggests that our name _Peat_ may be one of its
present representatives. We have again a name _Picture_, which might
represent an Anglo-Saxon Pecther (_heri_, warrior) not yet turned up,
but a probable name, the compound being a very common one.

I do not think it necessary to go into the case of any other name-stem
which I do not find except among the Anglo-Saxons, inasmuch as, there
being in their case no such reason for the restriction as in that to
which I have been referring, it may only be that they have not as yet
been disinterred.

FOOTNOTES:

[28] From a similar origin is the name of the Scandinavian Vikings,
Vik-ing, from _vik_, a bay.

[29] _Archaeological Journal._

[30] The reader must bear in mind that Ang.-Sax. _ae_ is pronounced as
_a_ in "ant."

[31] I take the word contained herein to be "ganz," an ancient stem in
names.

[32] Properly, I think, "Maedlingas," as it has nothing to do with
Ang.-Sax. "maegd," _maid_.

[33] The same, I take it, as the "Myrgingas" in the _Traveller's Tale_.

[34] Properly, I take it, "Trumingas," Ang.-Sax. "_trum_" firm, strong.




CHAPTER V.

MEN'S NAMES IN PLACE-NAMES.


We have seen in a preceding chapter that the earliest Saxon place-names
in England are derived from a personal name, and that the idea contained
is that of a modified form of common right. We shall find that a very
large proportion of the later Anglo-Saxon place-names are also derived
from the name of a man, but that the idea contained is now that of
individual ownership or occupation. The extent to which English
place-names are derived from ancient names of men is, in my judgment,
very much greater than is generally supposed. And indeed, when we come
to consider it, what can be so naturally associated with a _ham_ as the
name of the man who lived in that home, of a _weorth_ as that of the man
to whom that property belonged, of a Saxon _tun_ or a Danish _by_ or
_thorp_ as that of the man to whom the place owed its existence? If we
turn to Kemble's list of Anglo-Saxon names of places as derived from
ancient charters, in the days when the individual owner had succeeded to
the community, we cannot fail to remark to how large an extent this
obtains, and how many of these names are in the possessive case. Now,
it must be observed that there are in Anglo-Saxon two forms of the
possessive, and that when a man's name had the vowel ending in _a_, as
noted at p. 24, it formed its possessive in _an_, while otherwise it
formed its possessive in _es_. Thus we have Baddan byrig, "Badda's
borough," Bennan beorh, "Benna's barrow" or grave, and in the other form
we have Abbodes byrig, "Abbod's borough," Bluntes ham, "Blunt's home,"
and Sylces wyrth, "Silk's worth" or property. And as compound names did
not take a vowel ending, such names invariably form their possessive in
_es_, as in Haywardes ham, "Hayward's home," Cynewardes gemaero,
"Cyneward's boundary," &c. I am not at all sure that _ing_ also has not,
in certain cases, the force of a possessive, and that AElfredincgtun, for
instance, may not mean simply "Alfred's town" and not Alfreding's town.
But I do not think that this is at any rate the general rule, and it
seems scarcely possible to draw the line. From the possessive in _an_ I
take to be most probably our present place-names Puttenham, Tottenham,
and Sydenham, (respecting the last of which there has been a good deal
of discussion of late in _Notes and Queries_), containing the
Anglo-Saxon names _Putta_, _Totta_, and _Sida_. With regard to the last
I have not fallen in with the name _Sida_ itself. But I deduce such a
name from Sydanham, C.D. 379, apparently a place in Wilts, also perhaps
from Sidebirig, now Sidbury, in Devon; and there is, moreover, a
corresponding O.G. _Sido_, the origin being probably A.S. _sidu_,
manners, morals. Further traces of such a stem are found in _Sidel_
deduced from Sidelesham, now Sidlesham, in Sussex, and also from the
name _Sydemann_ in a charter of Edgar, these names implying a
pre-existing stem _sid_ upon which they have been formed.

As well as with the _ham_ or the _byrig_ in which he resided, a man's
name is often found among the Anglo-Saxons, connected with the
boundary--whatever that might be--of his property, as in Abbudes mearc,
Abbud's mark or boundary, and Baldrices gemaero, Baldrick's boundary.
Sometimes that boundary might be a hedge, as in Leoferes haga and
Danehardes hegeraew, "Leofer's hedge," and "Danehard's hedge-row."
Sometimes it might be a stone, as in Sweordes stan, sometimes a ridge,
as in Eppan hrycg, "Eppa's ridge," sometimes a ditch or dyke, as in
Tilgares dic and Colomores sic (North. Eng. syke, wet ditch). A tree was
naturally a common boundary mark, as in Potteles treow, Alebeardes ac
(oak), Bulemaeres thorn, Huttes aesc (ash), Tatmonnes apoldre
(apple-tree). Sometimes, again, a man's name is found associated with
the road or way that led to his abode, as in Wealdenes weg (way),
Sigbrihtes anstige (stig, a footpath), Dunnes stigele (stile). Another
word which seems to have something of the meaning of "stile" is _hlip_,
found in Freobearnes hlyp and in Herewines hlipgat. In Anglo-Saxon,
_hlypa_ signified a stirrup, and a "hlipgat" must, I imagine, have been
a gate furnished with some contrivance for mounting over it. Of a
similar nature might be Alcherdes ford, and Brochardes ford, and also
Geahes ofer, Byrhtes ora, and AEscmann's yre (_ofer_, contr. _ore_, shore
or landing-place). Something more of the rights of water may be
contained in Fealamares broc (brook), Hykemeres strem (stream), and
Brihtwoldes were (weir); the two latter probably referring to
water-power for a mill. The sense of property only seems to be that
which is found in Cybles weorthig, AEscmere's weorth (land or property),
Tilluces leah (lea), Rumboldes den (_dene_ or valley), Bogeles pearruc
(paddock), Ticnes feld (field). Also in Grottes graf (grove), Sweors
holt (grove), Pippenes pen (pen or fold), Willeardes hyrst (grove),
Leofsiges geat (gate), Ealdermannes haec (hatch), and Winagares stapol
(stall, market, perhaps a place for the sale or interchange of produce).
The site of a deserted dwelling served sometimes for a mark, as in
Sceolles eald cotan (Sceolles old cot), and Dearmodes ald tun
(Deormoda's old town, or inclosure, dwelling and appurtenances?).

But it is with a man's last resting-place that his name will be found in
Anglo-Saxon times to be most especially associated. The principal words
used to denote a grave are _beorh_ (barrow), _byrgels_, and _hloew_
(low), in all of which the idea seems to be that of a mound raised over
the spot. We have Weardes beorh, "Weard's barrow," also Lulles, Cartes,
Hornes, Lidgeardes, and many others. We have Scottan byrgels, "Scotta's
barrow," also Hoces, Wures, and Strenges. And we have Lortan hlaew,
"Lorta's low," also Ceorles, Wintres, Hwittuces, and others. There is
another word _ho_, which seems to be the same as the O.N. _haugr_,
North. Eng, _how_, a grave-mound. It is found in Healdenes ho, Piccedes
ho, Scoteho Tilmundes ho, Caegesho, and Fingringaho. It would hardly
seem, from the location of four of them, Worcester, Essex, Beds, Sussex,
that they can be of Scandinavian origin. Can the two words, _haugr_ and
_hlau_ (_how_, and _hlow_), be from the same origin, the one assuming,
or the other dropping an _l_?

I take the names of persons thus to be deduced from Anglo-Saxon
place-names, and which are in general correspondence with the earlier
names in the preceding chapter, though containing some new forms and a
greater number of compound names, to give as faithful a representation
as we can have of the every-day names of Anglo-Saxons. And as I have
before compared the names of those primitive settlers with our existing
surnames, so now I propose to extend the comparison to the names of more
settled Anglo-Saxon times.


   Anglo-Saxon
   Men's Names.        Place-Names.                 English Surnames.

   Abbod               Abbodesbyrig          } _Abbott_
   Abbud               Abbudesmearc          }
   AEcemann             AEcemannes ceaster       _Ackman, Aikman_
   Acen                Acenes feld             _Aikin_
   AEgelweard           AEgelweardes mearc       _Aylward_
   Alberht             Alcherdes ford          _Allcard_
   Alder               Aldrestub               _Alder_
   AElfgar              AElfgares gemaero         _Algar_
   AElfred              AElfredes beorh          _Alfred_, _Allfrey_
   AElfher, or   }
   AElfheri      }      AElfheres stapol         _Alvary_
   AEscmer              AEscmeres weorth         _Ashmore_
   AEscmann             AEscmannes yre           _Ashman_
   Alebeard            Alebeardes ac           _Halbard_
   Amber               Ambresbyrig             _Amber_
   AEthelstan           AEthelstanes tun         _Ethelston_

   Babel               Babeles beorh           _Bable_
   Badherd             Badherdes sled          _Beddard_
   Baldher             Baldheresberg           _Balder_
   Baldric             Baldrices gemaero        _Baldridge_
   Baldwin             Baldwines heath         _Baldwin_
   Beored, or Beoret   Beoredes treow          _Berrette_
   Beornheard          Beornheardes lond       _Bernard_
   Beornwold           Beornwoldes saetan       _Bernold_
   Blunt               Bluntesham              _Blunt_
   Bogel               Bogeles pearruc         _Bogle_
   Bohmer              Bohmeres stigele        _Bowmer_
   Bregen              Bregnesford             _Brain_
   Brochard            Brochardes ford         _Brocard_
   Buga                Buganstoc             } _Bugg_
   Bugga               Bugganbroc            }
   Bulemaer             Bulemaeres thorn         _Bulmer_
   Buntel              Bunteles pyt            _Bundle_
   Bunting             Buntingedic             _Bunting_
   Burhgeard           Burhgeardeswerthig      _Burchard_

   Carda               Cardan hlaew             _Card_, _Cart_
   Ceapa               Ceapan hlaew             _Cheape_
   Ceawa               Ceawan hlaew             _Chew_
   Cerda               Cerdan hlaew             _Chard_
   Cissa               Cissan anstige          _Cheese_
   Chetol (Danish)     Chetoles beorh          _Kettle_
   Creoda              Creodan ac            } _Creed_
   Cridd               Criddes ho            }
   Cumen               Cumenes ora             _Cummin_
   Ceatewe             Ceatewesleah            _Chattoway_
   Ceada               Ceadanford              _Chad_
   Catt                Cattes stoke            _Cat_, _Catty_
   Caestael              Caestaelesham             _Castle_
   Cludd               Cludesleah              _Cloud_
   Coten               Cotenesfeld             _Cotton_
   Cruda               Crudan sceat            _Crowd_
   Colomor             Colomores sic           _Colmer_
   Cydd                Cyddesige               _Kidd_
   Cyble               Cybles weorthig         _Keble_
   Celc                Celces ora              _Kelk_
   Cylman              Cylmanstun              _Killman_
   Cynlaf              Cynlafes stan           _Cunliffe_
   Cynric              Cynrices gemaero         _Kenrick_
   Cyneward            Cynewardes gemaero       _Kenward_
   Cyppa               Cyppanham               _Chipp_

   Daegel, or           Daeglesford            } _Dale_
   Deil                Deilsford             }
   Dearnagel           Dearnagles ford         _Darnell_
   Daeneheard           Daeneheardes hegerawe    _Denhard_
   Deorlaf             Deorlafestun            _Dearlove_
   Deormod[35]         Deormodes ald tun       _Dermott_
   Dodd                Doddesthorp           } _Dodd_
   Dodda               Doddan hlaew           }
   Dolemann            Dolemannes beorh        _Dollman_
   Duceman             Ducemannestun           _Duckman_
   Ducling             Duclingtun              _Duckling_
   Dunn                Dunnes stigele          _Dunn_
   Dogod               Dogodeswel              _Doggett_, _Dugood_
   Dydimer             Dydimertun              _Tidemore_

   Ealder              Ealderscumb             _Alder_
   Ealdmann            Ealdmannes wyrth        _Altman_
   Ealdermann[36]      Ealdermannes haec        _Alderman_
   Ealmund             Ealmundes treow         _Almond_
   Eanulf              Eanulfestun             _Enough_
   Earn                Earnesbeorh             _Earney_

   Eastmond            Eastmondestun           _Esmond_
   Ecgell              Ecgeles stiel           _Edgell_, _Eagle_

   Fealamar            Fealamares broc       { _Fillmore_
                                             { _Phillimore_
   Flegg               Flegges garan           _Flew_
   Focga               Focgancrundel           _Fogg_, _Foggo_
   Freobearn           Freobearnes hlyp        _Freeborn_
   Frigedaeg            Frigedaeges treow        _Friday_
   Fuhgel              Fuhgeles beorh          _Fuggle_, _Fowl_

   Gandar              Gandrandun              _Gander_
   Gaecg                Gaecges stapol         { _Gay_
   Geah                Geahes ofer           {
   Gatehlinc           Gatehlinces heafod      _Gatling_
   Geleca              Gelecancamp             _Jellicoe_
   Geyn                Geynes thorn            _Gain_
   Giselher            Gislhereswurth          _Giller_
   Godincg             Godincges gemaero        _Godding_
   Godmund             Godmundesleah           _Godmund_
   Godwin              Godwines gemaero         _Godwin_
   Grobb               Grobbes den             _Grove_, _Grubb_
   Grott               Grottes graf            _Grote_
   Gund                Gundestige              _Gunn_, _Gundey_

   Haerred              Haerredesleah            _Herod_
   Heafoc              Heafoceshamme           _Hawk_
   Hassuc              Hassuces mor            _Haskey_
   Hering              Heringesleah            _Herring_
   Hnibba              Hnibbanleah             _Knibb_, _Knipe_
   Hayward             Haywardes ham           _Hayward_
   Healda              Healdan graf            _Hald_
   Healden             Healdenes ho            _Haldan_
   Helm                Helmes treow            _Helme_
   Helfaer              Helfaeres gemaero         _Helper_
   Help                Helpestonne             _Helps_
   Herebritt           Herebrittes comb        _Herbert_
   Herewin             Herewines hlipgat       _Irwine_
   Hiccemann           Hiccemannes stan        _Hickman_
   Humbald             Humbalding graf         _Humble_
   Hycemer, or       }
   Higemar           } Hycemeres strem         _Highmore_
   Hnaef                Hnaefes scylf            _Knapp_
   Hocg                Hocgestun               _Hogg_, _Hodge_
   Horn                Hornes beorh            _Horne_
   Hringwold           Hringwoldes beorh       _Ringold_
   Hwittuc             Hwittuces leah          _Whittock_
   Hutt                Huttes aesc              _Hutt_
   Hygelac[37]         Hygelaces git           _Hillock_

   Kyld                Kyldesby                _Kilt_

   Leofer              Leoferes haga           _Lover_
   Laferca             Lafercanbeorh           _Laverick_
   Leofmann            Leofmannes gemaero       _Loveman_
   Leommann            Leommannes graf         _Lemon_
   Leofsig             Leofsiges geat          _Lovesy_
   Leofric             Leofrices gemaero        _Loveridge_
   Lidgeard            Lidgeardes beorh        _Ledgard_
   Lipperd             Lipperdes gemaero        _Leopard_
   Lower               Lowereslege             _Lower_
   Locer               Loceresweg              _Locker_
   Lorta               Lortanberwe             _Lord_
   Lorting             Lortinges bourne        _Lording_
   Luder               Luderston               _Luther_
   Ludmann             Ludmannes put           _Lutman_
   Lull                Lulles beorh            _Lull_, _Lully_

   Myceld              Myceldefer              _Muckelt_
   Mul                 Muleshlaew               _Moule_

   Negle               Neglesleah              _Nagle_
   Nael                 Naelesbroc               _Nail_
   Nybba               Nybban beorh            _Nibbs_

   Oslac               Oslaces lea             _Hasluck_
   Ogged               Oggedestun              _Hodgett_, _Howitt_
   Oswald              Oswaldes mere           _Oswald_
   Orlaf               Orlafestun              _Orlop_
   Owun                Owunes hild             _Owen_

   Pehtun              Pehtuns treow           _Peyton_
   Pender              Penderes clif           _Pender_
   Picced              Piccedes ho             _Pickett_
   Pinnel              Pinnelesfeld            _Pennell_
   Pippen              Pippenes fen            _Pippin_
   Pyttel              Pittelesford            _Piddel_
   Pitterich           Piterichesham           _Betteridge_
   Pottel              Potteles treow          _Pottle_
   Potten              Pottenestreow           _Potten_
   Punt                Puntes stan             _Punt_
   Puntel              Punteles treow          _Bundle_
   Prentsa             Prentsan hlaw           _Prentiss_

   Redwin              Redwines thorn          _Readwin_
   Rahulf              Rahulfes furlong        _Ralph_
   Rugebeorg           Rugebeorges gemaero      _Rubery_
   Rumbold             Rumboldes den           _Rumbold_

   Sceaft              Sceaftesbirig           _Shaft_, _Shafto_
   Sceoll              Sceolles ealdcotan      _Sholl_
   Scytta              Scyttandun              _Skeat_, _Shute_
   Scyter[38]          Scyteres flod           _Shuter_
   Scealc              Scealces hom            _Shawkey_, _Chalk?_
   Scyld               Scyldes treow           _Shield_
   Simaer               Simaeres ford            _Seymour_
   Secmaer              Secmaeres ora            _Sycamore_
   Sigbriht            Sigbrihtes anstige      _Sibert_
   Sibriht             Sibrihtesweald          _Seabright_[39]
   Siger               Sigeres ac              _Segar_
   Snell               Snellesham              _Snell_
   Snod                Snodes hyl              _Snoad_
   Streng              Strenges ho             _Strong_
   Stut                Stutes hyl              _Stout_, _Stott_
   Stutard             Stutardes cumb          _Stothard_, _Studeard_
   Sucga               Sucgangraf              _Sugg_
   Sumer               Sumeresham              _Summer_
   Sumerled (Danish)   Sumerledetun            _Sommerlat_
   Sunemann            Sunemannes wyrthig      _Sunman_
   Sweor               Sweores holt            _Swire_, _Swears_
   Sweord              Sweordes stan           _Sword_

   Taecel               Taecelesbroc             _Tackle_
   Tatmonn             Tatmonnes apoldre       _Tadman_
   Tatel               Tatlestrop              _Tattle_
   Thuner              Thunresfeld             _Thunder_
   Thurgar (Danish)    Thurgartun              _Thurgur_
   Thrista             Thristan den            _Trist_
   Theodher            Theoderpoth             _Theodore_
   Thurold (Danish)    Thuroldes gemaero        _Thorold_
   Toma                Tomanworthig            _Tomey_
   Ticcen              Ticnesfeld              _Dickin_
   Tilgar              Tilgares dic            _Dilger_
   Tilluc              Tilluces leah           _Tillick_, _Dilke_
   Tilmann             Tilmannes den           _Tilman_
   Titferth            Titferthes geat         _Titford_

   Upicen              Upicenes hlyw           _Hopkin_

   Wahgen              Wahgenes gemaero         _Wain_
   Wealden             Wealdenes weg           _Walden_

   Wealder             Wealderes weg           _Walter_
   Westan              Westanes treow          _Weston_
   Wigheard            Wigheardes stapol       _Wyard_
   Wighelm             Wighelmes land          _Whigam_
   Wihtlac             Wihtlaces ford          _Whitelock_
   Wihtric             Wihtricesham            _Whitridge_
   Wilmund             Wilmundes leah          _Williment_
   Willher             Willheres triow         _Willer_
   Wicg                Wicgestan               _Wigg_
   Uuigga              Wuiggangeat
   Winagar             Winagares stapul        _Winegar_
   Wileard             Wileardes hyrste        _Willard_
   Wistan for        } Wistanes gemaero         _Whiston_
   Wigstan?          }
   Wulfsig             Wulfsiges croft         _Wolsey_
   Wulfgar             Wulfgares gemaero        _Woolgar_
   Wulfmer             Wulfmeres myln          _Woolmer_
   Wulfric             Wulfrices gemaero        _Woolrych_
   Wyner               Wyneres stig            _Winer_
   Waring              Waering wic              _Waring_
   Wifel               Wifelesham              _Whipple_
   Woden[40]           Wodnesbeorg             _Woodin?_
   Wydda               Wyddanbeorh             _Widow_

The above names are deduced entirely from the names of places found by
Mr. Kemble in ancient charters. The list is not by any means an
exhaustive one, as I have not included a number of names taken into
account in Chap. IV., and as also the same personal name enters
frequently into several place-names. With very few exceptions these
names may be gathered to the roll of Teutonic name-stems,
notwithstanding a little disguise in some of their forms, and a great,
sometimes a rather confusing, diversity of spelling. I take names such
as the above to be the representatives of the every-day names of men in
Anglo-Saxon times, rather than the names which come before us in history
and in historical documents. For it seems to me that a kind of fashion
prevailed, and that while a set of names of a longer and more dignified
character were in favour among the great, the mass of the people still,
to a great extent, adhered to the shorter and more simple names which
their fathers had borne before them. Thus, when we find an AEthelwold who
was also called Mol, an AEthelmer who was also called Dodda, and a Queen
Hrothwaru who was also called Bucge, I am disposed to take the simple
names, which are such as the earlier settlers brought over with them, to
have been the original names, and superseded by names more in accordance
with the prevailing fashion. Valuable then as is the _Liber Vitae_ of
Durham, as a continuous record of English names for many centuries, yet
I am inclined to think that inasmuch as that the persons who come before
us as benefactors to the shrine of St. Cuthbert may be taken to be as a
general rule of the upper ranks of life, they do not afford so faithful
a representation of the every-day names of Anglo-Saxons as do the little
freeholders who lived and died in their country homes. And, moreover,
these are, as it will be seen, more especially the kind of names which
have been handed down from Anglo-Saxon times to the present day.

In connection with this subject, it may be of interest to present a list
of existing names of places formed from an Anglo-Saxon personal name, as
derived from the same ancient charters dealt with in the previous list.
And in so doing I confine myself exclusively to the places of which the
present names have been positively identified by Mr. Kemble. And in the
first place I will take the place-names which consist simply of the name
of a tribe or family unqualified by any local term whatever.

   Name in
   Anglo-Saxon
   Charters.                  Present Name.

   AEfeningas           Avening          Gloucestershire
   Angemeringum        Angmering        Sussex
   Ascengas            Eashing          Surrey
   Banesingas          Bensington       Oxfordshire
   Baerlingas           Barling          Kent
   Beadingum           Beden            Gloucestershire
   Berecingas          Barking          Essex
   Brahcingum          Braughin         Herts.
   Byrhtlingas         Brightling       Sussex
   Cerringes           Charing          Kent
   Ciwingum            Chewing          Herts.
   Culingas            Cooling          Kent
   Cytringas           Kettering        Northampton
   Diccelingas         Ditchling        Sussex
   Geddingas           Yeading          Middlesex
   Godelmingum         Godalming        Surrey
   Hallingas           Halling          Kent
   Herlinge            Harling          Norfolk
   Horningga           Horning          Norfolk
   Meallingas          Malling          Kent
   Paeccingas           Patching         Sussex
   Puningas            Poynings         Surrey
   Readingan           Reading          Berkshire
   Rodinges            Roothing         Essex
   Staeningas           Steyning         Sussex
   Swyrdhlincas      } Swarling         Kent
   (Swyrdlingas)     }
   Terringes           Tarring          Sussex
   Terlinges           Terling          Essex
   Totingas            Tooting          Surrey
   Wellingum           Wellwyn          Herts.
   Werhornas           Warehorne        Kent
   Wihttringas         Wittering        Surrey
   Uoccingas           Woking           Surrey
   Wyrtingas           Worting          Hants.

I will now take the places which in a later and more settled time have
been derived from the name of a single man, as representing his
dwelling, his domain, or in not a few cases his grave.

   Anglo-Saxon
   Man's Name.       Place-Name.             Present Name.

   Abba              Abbandun             Abingdon          Berks.
                   { AEgelesbyrig          Aylesbury         Bucks.
   AEgel            { AEglesford            Aylesford         Kent
                   { AEgeleswurth          Aylesworth        Nthmptn.
   Agmod             Agmodesham           Agmondesham       Bucks.
   AEsc               AEscesbyrig           Ashbury           Berks.
   AEscmer            AEscmeres weorth      Ashmansworth      Hants.
   Amber           { Ambresbyrig          Amesbury          Wilts.
                   { Ambresleah           Ombersley         Worc.
   AElfreding         AElfredincgtun        Alfreton          Derby.

   Badda             Baddanby             Badby             Nthmptn.
   Badhelming        Badimyncgtun         Badminton         Glouc.
   Baldher           Baldheresberg        Baltonsborough    Somerset.
   Becca             Beccanleah           Beckley           Sussex.
   Beda              Bedanford            Bedford           Beds.
   Benna             Bennanham            Beenham           Berks.
   Benning           Benningwurth         Bengworth         Worc.
   Bledda            Bleddanhlaew          Bledlow           Bucks.
   Blunt             Bluntesham           Bluntisham        Hunts.
   Bodeca            Bodecanleah          Butleigh          Somerset.
   Bodek             Bodekesham           Bottisham         Camb.
   Bocga             Bocganora            Bognor            Sussex.
   Bordel            Bordelestun          Burleston         Dorset.
   Brand             Brandesburh          Bransbury         Hants.
   Bregen            Bregnesford          Bransford         Worc.

   Cada              Cadandun             Chadlington       Oxford.
   Caeg               Caegesho              Keysoe            Beds.
   Calmund           Calmundes den        Calmsden          Glouc.
   Ceadela           Ceadelanwurth        Chaddleworth      Berks.
   Ceadel            Ceadeleshunt         Chadshunt         Warw.
   Ceader            Ceadresleah          Chaseley          Worc.
   Cendel            Cendeles funta       Chalfont          Bucks.
   Celta             Celtenhom            Cheltenham        Glouc.
   Ceol              Ceolesig             Cholsey           Berks.
   Cippa             Cippenham            Chippenham        Wilts.
   Ceolbalding       Ceolbaldinctun       Chilbolton        Hants.
   Ceort             Ceortesege           Chertsey          Surrey
   Cinhild (woman)   Cinildewyrth         Kenilworth        Warw.
   Cissa             Cissanceaster        Chichester        Sussex.
   Coda              Codanford            Codford           Wilts.
   Codda             Coddanhrycg          Cotheridge        Worc.
   Coling            Colingham            Collingham        Notts.
   Crym              Crymesham            Crimsham          Sussex.
   Croppa            Croppanthorn         Cropthorn         Worc.
   Cumen             Cumenora             Cumnor            Berks.
   Cungar            Cungaresbyrig        Congressbury      Somerset.
   Cwichelm          Cwichelmes hlaew      Cuckamslow hill   Berks.
   Cyneburging[41]    Cyneburgincton       Kemerton          Glouc.
   Cynlaf            Kynleveden           Kelvedon          Essex.
   Ketel (Danish)    Kitlebig             Kettleby          Linc.

   Daecca, or       } Daccanhaam           Dagenham          Essex.
   Daegga           }
   Daegel             Daeglesford           Daylesford        Worc.
   Deorlaf           Deorlafestun         Darlaston         Staffs.
   Dodda             Doddanford           Dodford           Nthmptn.
   Dodd              Doddesthorp          Dogsthorp         Nthmptn.
   Dogod             Dogodeswel           Dowdswell         Glouc.
   Domec             Domecesige           Dauntsey          Wilts.
   Duceling          Duceling dun         Ducklington       Oxford.
   Dunning           Dunnincland          Donyland          Essex.
   Dideling          Didelingtun          Didlington        Dorset.

   Eadric            Eadricestun          Edstone           Warw.
   Eccing            Eccingtun            Eckington         Worc.
   Eccle, or Egil    Eccleshale           Exhall            Warw.
   Effing            Effingeham           Effingham         Surrey.
   Erping            Erpingham            Erpingham         Norfolk.
   Eof, or Eofa      Eofesham             Evesham           Worc.

   Fecca             Feccanhom            Feckenham         Worc.
   Flaeda             Flaedanburg           Fladbury          Worc.
   Folc              Folcesstan           Folkstone         Kent.

   Gidding           Giddincford          Gidding           Suffolk.
   Gyseling          Gyselingham          Gislingham        Suffolk.
   Godmer            Godmeresham          Godmersham        Kent.
   Grim              Grimaston            Grimstone         Norfolk.
   Gun or Gund       Gunthorpe            Gunthorp          Nthmptn.
   Gyp               Gypeswich            Ipswich           Suffolk.

   Hauek             Hauekestun           Hauxton           Camb.
   Haefar             Haefaresham           Haversham         Bucks.
   Hamela            Hamelendun           Hambledon         Hants.
   Haerigeard         Haerigeardesham       Harrietsham       Kent.
   Haling            Halington            Hallington        Linc.
   Hanekyn           Hanekynton           Hankerton         Wilts.
   Hanning           Hanningtun           Hannington        Hants.
   Haeda              Haedanham             Haddenham         Camb.
   Helming           Helmyngton           Hemington         Nthmptn.
   Help              Helpestonne          Helpstone         Nthmptn.
   Hemming           Hemmingford        { Hemingford      } Hunts.
                                        {   Abbots        }
   Hengest         { Hengesteshricg       Henstridge        Somerset.
                   { Hengestesige         Hinksey           Berks.
   Hild              Hildesdun            Hillersdon        Bucks.
   Heorulf           Heorelfestun         Harleston         Staff.
   Heorting          Heortingtun          Hardington        Somerset.
   Honekyn           Honekynton           Hankerton         Wilts.
   Honing            Honingtun            Honington         Linc.
   Horning         { Horningeseie         Horningsea        Camb.
                   { Horningges haeth      Horningsheath     Suffolk
   Hod               Hodesac              Hodsoak           Worc.
   Hunewald          Hunewaldesham        Windlesham        Surrey
   Hunta             Huntandun            Huntingdon        Hants.
   Hwiting           Hwitingtun           Whittington       Worc.

   Kyld              Kyldesby             Kilsby            Nthmptn.

   Laua              Lauanham             Lavenham          Suffolk
   Lauing            Lauingtun            Barlavington      Sussex
   Lamb (Danish?)    Lambehith            Lambeth
   Lott              Lottisham            Lottisham         Somerset.

   Mealdhelm         Mealdumesburg        Malmsbury         Wilts.
   Myceld            Myceldefer           Mitcheldover      Hants.
   Mul             { Muleseige            Moulsey           Surrey
                   { Mulesham             Moulsham          Essex
   Munda             Mundanham            Mundham           Sussex

   Neteling          Netelingtun          Nettleton         Wilts.

   Offa              Offanleah            Offley            Herts.
   Orlaf             Orlafestun           Orleston          Derby.
   Orm (Danish)      Ormisby              Ormsby            Norfolk
   Osgot             Osgotbi              Osgodby           Linc.
   Oshelming         Osmingtun            Osmington         Dorset
   Oswald            Oswaldeshlaw         Oswaldslow        Worc.

   Pading            Padingtun            Paddington
   Parting           Partingtun           Patrington        Yorks.
   Peda              Pedanhrycg           Petridge          Surrey
   Peada             Peadanwurth          Padworth          Berks.
   Peatting          Peattingtun          Pattingham        Salop
   Pecga             Pecganham            Pagham            Sussex
   Peden             Pednesham            Pensham           Worc.
   Piterich          Piterichesham        Petersham         Worc.
   Port              Portesham            Portisham         Dorset.

   Raculf            Raculfcestre         Reculver          Kent
   Remn[42] for Raven Remnesdun           Ramsden           Sussex
   Rydemaer, or     } Rydemaereleah         Redmarley         Worc.
   Redmer          }
   Riking            Rikinghal            Rickinghall       Suffolk
   Ring              Ringestede           Ringstead         Norfolk
   Rodda             Roddanbeorg          Rodborough        Glouc.
   Rolf, for         Rolfestun            Rolleston         Staffs.
   Rodulf            Rollesby             Rollesby          Norfolk

   Sidel             Sidelesham           Sidlesham         Sussex
   Sceaft            Sceaftesbirig        Shaftesbury       Dorset.
   Secg              Secgesbearue         Sedgeberrow       Worc.
   Snodd             Snoddesbyrig         Upton Snodsbury   Worc.
   Snoding           Snodingland          Snodland          Worc.
   Sumer             Sumeresham           Somersham         Hunts.
   Sumerled (Danish) Sumerledetun         Somerleyton       Suffolk
   Sunna             Sunnandun            Sundon            Beds.
   Swythbriht        Swythbrihtesweald    Sibbertswold      Kent
   Swithreding       Swithraedingden       Surrenden         Kent
   Sylc              Sylceswyrth          Silksworth        Durham

   Tadmaer            Tadmaertun            Tadmarton         Oxford.

   Taefing            Taefingstoc           Tavistock         Devon.
   Teotting          Teottingtun          Teddington        Wor.
   Taling            Talingtun            Tallington        Linc.
   Toda              Todanhom             Toddenham         Glouc.
   Toma              Tomanworthig         Tamworth          Warw.
   Theogen           Theogendethorp       Theddlethorp      Linc.
   Thunar            Thunresfeld          Thundersfield     Surrey
   Ticen             Ticnesfeld           Tichfield         Hants.
   Tidhelming        Tidelminctun         Tidmington        Worc.
   Tilling           Tillingham           Tillingham        Essex
   Tocca             Toccanham            Tockenham         Wilts.
   Toting            Totingtun            Tottington        Norfolk
   Treding         { Tredingtun           Tredington        Glouc.
                   { Tredinctun           Tredington        Worc.
   Trosting          Trostingtun          Troston           Suffolk
   Tuding            Tudingtun            Teddington        Middlsx.
   Tunweald          Tunwealdes stan      Tunstone          Glouc.
   Turca             Turcanden            Turkdean          Glouc.
   Twica             Tuicanham            Twickenham        Middlsx.
   Thurgar (Danish)  Thurgartun           Thurgarton        Norfolk

   Ufing             Ufinctun             Ovington          Hants.

   Wacen             Uacenesfeld          Watchfield        Berks.
   Watling           Uaetlinctun           Watlington        Oxford.
   Wassing           Wassingburg          Washingborough    Linc.
   Wald              Waldeswel            Woldswell         Glouc.
   Weard             Weardesbeorh         Warborough        Oxford.
   Wifel           { Wifeles cumb         Wiveliscomb       Somerset.
                   { Wifelesford          Wilsford          Wilts.
   Wilburg (Woman) { Wilburgeham          Wilbraham         Camb.
                   { Wilburhtun           Wilburton         Camb.
   Willer            Willerseia           Willersey         Glouc.
   Weogern           Weogernacester       Worcester         Worc.
   Wine            { Uines hlau           Winslow           Bucks.
                   { Wines hyl            Winshill          Derby.
   Wrening           Wreningham           Wreningham        Norfolk
   Werot             Uurotaham            Wrotham           Kent
   Wulfwarding       Wulfweardiglea       Wolverley         Worc.
   Wendel, or        Wendlesora, or       Windsor           Berks.
   Windel            Windlesora

The last name, Windsor, is an amusing instance of the older attempts at
local etymology. First it was supposed, as being an exposed spot, to
have taken its name from the "wind is sore;" then it was presumed that
it must have been a ferry, and that the name arose from the constant cry
of "wind us o'er" from those waiting to be ferried across. It was a
great step in advance when the next etymologist referred to the ancient
name and found it to be Windelsora, from _ora_, shore, (a contraction of
_ofer?_) Still, the etymon he deduced therefrom of "winding shore" is
one that could not be adopted without doing great violence to the word;
whereas, without the change of a letter, we have Windels ore, "Windel's
shore," most probably in the sense of landing-place. The name Windel
forms several other place-names; it was common in ancient times, and it
has been taken to mean Vandal. I refer to this more especially to
illustrate the importance of taking men's names into account in
considering the origin of a place-name.

The above names are confined entirely, as I have before mentioned, to
the places that have been positively identified by Mr. Kemble. And as
these constitute but a small proportion of the whole number, the
comparison will serve to give an idea of the very great extent to which
place-names are formed from men's names.

FOOTNOTES:

[35] Cf. also Diormod, moneyer on Anglo-Saxon coins, minted at
Canterbury. There is, however, an Irish Diarmaid which might in certain
cases intermix, and whence we must take _McDermott_.

[36] I take Ealdermann to be, as elsewhere noted, a corruption of
Ealdmann.

[37] Mr. Kemble, in default of finding Hygelac as a man's name in
Anglo-Saxon times, has taken the above place-name to be from the
legendary hero of that name. The fact is, however, that Hygelac occurs
no fewer than four times as an early man's-name in the _Liber Vitae_, so
that there does not seem to be any reason whatever for looking upon it
as anything else than the every-day name of an Anglo-Saxon.

[38] From a similar origin is probably Shooter's Hill, near London.

[39] There is also an A.S. Saebriht, from _sae_, sea, whence _Seabright_
might be derived.

[40] Upon the whole I am inclined to think that Woden is here an
Anglo-Saxon man's name, though the traces of it in such use are but
slight. There is a Richard Wodan in the _Lib. Vit._ about the 15th
century. And Wotan occurs once as a man's name in the _Altdeutsches
Namenbuch_.

[41] Or Cyneburg; see p. 71.

[42] It seems clear from the names collated by German writers that
_ramn_, _remn_, and _ram_ in ancient names are contractions of raven.
Compare the names of the ports, Soderhamn, Nyhamn, and Sandhamn, for, no
doubt, Soderhaven, Nyhaven, and Sandhaven.




CHAPTER VI.

CORRUPTIONS AND CONTRACTIONS.


Corruptions may be divided broadly into two kinds, those which proceed
from a desire to improve the sound of a name, and those which proceed
from a desire to make some kind of sense out of it. The former, which we
may call phonetic, generally consists in the introduction of a letter,
either to give more of what we may call "backbone" to a word, or else to
make it run more smoothly. For the former purpose _b_ or _p_ is often
used--thus we have, even in Anglo-Saxon times, _trum_ made into _trump_,
_sem_ into _semp_, and _emas_ into _embas_. So among our names we have
_Dumplin_, no doubt for Dumlin (O.G. Domlin), _Gamble_ for Gamel, and
_Ambler_ for Ameler, though in these names something of both the two
principles may apply. In a similar manner we have _glas_ made into
_glast_ in Glaestingabyrig, now Glastonbury (p. 88). So _d_ seems
sometimes to be brought in to strengthen the end of a word, and this, it
appears to me, may be the origin of our names _Field_, _Fielding_,
_Fielder_. The forms seem to show an ancient stem, but as the word
stands, it is difficult to make anything out of it, whereas, as Fiell,
Fielling, &c., the names would fall in with a regular stem, as at p.
50. So also our name _Hind_ may perhaps be the same, assuming a final
_d_, as another name, _Hine_, which, presuming the _h_ not to be
organic, may be from the unexplained stem _in_ or _ine_, as in the name
of Ina, King of Wessex. In which case _Hyndman_ might be the same name
as _Inman_. Upon the same principle it may be that we have the name
_Nield_ formed upon the Celtic Niel. So also _f_ appears to be sometimes
changed for a similar purpose into _p_, as in _Asprey_ and _Lamprey_ for
Asfrid (or Osfrid) and Landfrid. The ending _frid_ commonly becomes
_frey_ (as in Godfrey, Humphrey, Geoffrey), and when we have got Asfrey
and Lanfrey (and we have Lanfrei in the _Liber Vitae_), the rest is easy.

The most common phonetic intrusion is that of _r_, and one of the ways
in which it most frequently occurs is exhibited in the following group
of names: _Pendgast_, _Pendegast_, _Prendergast_, _Prendergrass_.
Pendgast is, I take it, an ancient compound, from the stem _bend_ (p.
44), with _gast_, hospes. It first takes a medial vowel between the two
words of the compound, and becomes Pend-e-gast. Then _e_ naturally
becomes _er_, passing the very slight barrier which English
pronunciation affords, and the name, having become Pendergast, finds the
need of a second _r_ to balance the first, and becomes Prendergast. In
the last name, Prendergrass, the other principle comes in, and a slight
effort is made to give a shade of meaning to the word.[43] One of the
features in men's names, it will be seen, is that as they have
(differently to what is the case with regard to the words of the
language) become crystallised in all stages, one is sometimes permitted
to see the various steps of a process.

Now it is in such a way as that described above that the Anglo-Saxon
name Ealdermann (whence our name _Alderman_) has, according to my
opinion, been formed. There is another Anglo-Saxon name, Ealdmann, an
ancient compound. Now if you, as in the previous case, introduce a
medial vowel, and make it Eald-e-mann, there is virtually nothing left
between that and Ealdermann. Such a name, as derived from the office,
would be impossible as a regular Anglo-Saxon name. The only other
alternative would be that he had been so called as a _sobriquet_ by his
office till it had superseded his regular name. And there does appear to
have been such a case, viz., that of a man called Preost who _was_ a
priest, but the way which I have suggested seems to me to account more
easily for the name. From a similar origin I take to be our name
_Ackerman_, and the present German _Ackermann_. There is an Anglo-Saxon
AEcemann (p. 96), from which, on the principle described above, they
might be derived. So also _Sigournay_ may be formed in a similar manner
from an old German name Siginiu (_niu_, "new," perhaps in the sense of
"young"), and _Alderdice_ from an old Frankish Aldadeus (_deus_,
servant).

I have taken Prendergast for Pendgast as an illustration of the
intrusion of _r_, and there is even in Anglo-Saxon times an example of
the very same word as so treated. This is the name Prentsa (p. 101),
(whence our _Prentiss_), and which I take to be properly Pentsa. This
would bring it in as a regular Anglo-Saxon stem (_Cf._ Penda, Pender,
Penduald, Pendwine), whereas otherwise it is difficult to know what to
make of it. Among English surnames thus treated we have _Bellringer_ for
Bellinger, _Sternhold_ for Stonhold (p. 63), _Proudfoot_ for _Puddefoot_
(_bud_, messenger), and possibly _Cardwell_ for the Anglo-Saxon
Cadweal.[44] On the same principle I think that _Wordsworth_, a name of
local origin, may be, with an intrusive _r_, the same as Wodsworth or
Wadsworth (Wad's property or estate). There is certainly a stem _wurd_
(supposed to mean fate, destiny), in ancient names, but it is of rare
occurrence, and I do not know of it in English names, though we have
_Orde_, which I take to be from the Scandinavian form of it. On the
other hand we have an instance in Anglo-Saxon times of the reverse
process, viz., the elision of _r_, in the case of Wihtbrord, Minister of
Edward the Elder, who, though he spells his names both ways, spells it
more frequently Wihtbrod, the other being no doubt etymologically the
correct form (_brord_, sword), though euphony is certainly promoted by
the elision. This may probably be the origin of our name _Whitbread_,
with the variation _Wheatbread_.

The intrusion of _d_ has had the effect of changing a man's name into a
woman's in two cases, _Mildred_ and _Kindred_. The former should be
properly Milred, answering to an Anglo-Saxon Milred, and the latter
should be Kenred, answering to the German Conrad; Mildryd and Cynedryd
were, and could only be, Anglo-Saxon women's names.

On the other hand, the loss of an _r_ has had such a disastrous effect
in the case of an American _Bedbug_ as to compel him to apply, like his
English namesake, for a change of name. For while, in America, all
insects of the beetle tribe are called by the name of "bug," the
"bedbug" is that particular insect which is a "terror by night," so that
the name was pointedly disagreeable. It ought properly to be, I doubt
not, Bedburg, a name of local origin, and the same as Bedborough.

Before going on to deal with the corruptions which originate in the
desire to make some kind of sense out of a name, I propose to refer
briefly to some of the changes and contractions which are more strictly
in accordance with regular phonetic principles. I have referred at p. 9
to a final _g_ as opposed to the English ear, and to two different ways
in which it is got rid of, viz., by changing it into _dg_, and by
dropping it altogether. There is yet a third way, that of changing it
into _f_, as in Anglo-Saxon _genug_, English _enough_. And we can show
examples of all these in the same name, from the ancient stem _wag_,
probably signifying to wave, brandish, as in the name Wagbrand
("wave-sword"), in the genealogy of the Northumbrian kings. For we have
the name in all four forms, _Wagg_, _Way_, _Wadge_, _Waugh_ (Waff). The
common ending in Teutonic names of _wig_, war, often, anciently even,
softened into _wi_, most commonly in such case becomes in our names
_way_. Thus we have _Alloway_ from an ancient Alewih, _Chattoway_ from
Ceatewe, _Dalloway_ from Daliweh, _Galloway_ from Geilwih, _Garroway_
from Gerwi, _Hathaway_ from Hathuwi, _Kennaway_ from Kenewi, _Lanoway_
from Lantwih, _Reddoway_ from Redwi, and _Ridgway_ from Ricwi. I cite
this as a case in which a number of coincidences prove a principle,
which the reader, if he confined his attention to one particular case,
might be disposed to question. We also generally drop the _g_ in the
middle of a word in such names as _Payne_, from A.S. Pagen,[45] _Wain_
from A.S. Wahgen, _Gain_ from A.S. Gagen, _Nail_ from A.S. Negle. So
also in _Sibbald_ for Sigebald, _Sibert_ for Sigebert, _Seymore_ for
Sigimar, _Wyatt_ for Wighad, &c. There is also a frequent dropping of
_d_, though I think that in this case the names have more frequently
come down to us from ancient times in such contracted form, the practice
being more specially common among the Franks, from whom I think that
most of the names in question have been derived. Thus we have _Cobbold_
for Codbald or Godbold, _Cobbett_ for Godbet or Codbet, _Lucas_ (Lucas,
_Lib. Vit._), from a Frankish Liucoz for Liudgoz, _Boggis_ from a Boggis
for Bodgis, _Lewis_ for Leodgis, _Rabbit_ for Radbod, _Chabot_ for
Chadbod. So also _Ralph_ and _Rolfe_ for Radulf and Hrodulf (though also
for Ragulf and Hrogulf), _Roland_ for Rodland, _Roman_ for Rodman, &c.
So _f_ is often dropped when it is followed by _m_ or _n_, as in A.S.
Leomman for Leofmann, whence our _Lemon_. It is probable that our
_Limmer_ is a similar contraction of A.S. Leofmer.

As a case of transposition I may note _Falstaff_ from, as supposed, the
O.G. name Fastulf. It may be a question whether this is not an Old
Frankish name come to us through the Normans, for at Gambetta's funeral
the French Bar was represented by M. _Falsteuf_.

I now come to corruptions which arise from the attempt to give to a name
something of an apparent meaning in English. Let me observe that, almost
as an invariable rule, corruptions are made towards a meaning and not
away from it; the ancient name Irminger might be corrupted into
Ironmonger, but Ironmonger could not be corrupted into Irminger. It is
natural to men to try to get some semblance of meaning out of a name,
and all the more that it approaches to something which has a familiar
sound to their ears. Thus H.M. ship, the _Bellerophon_, was called by
the sailors the "Billy Ruffian," and a vessel owned by a fore-elder of
mine, and which he christened the _Agomemnon_, invariably went among the
sailors by the name of the "Mahogany Tom." Thus the Anglo-Saxon Trumbald
has first become _Trumbull_ and then _Tremble_, and as suggested by Mr.
Charnock, _Turnbull_. So we have the Old Norse name Thorgautr (Turgot,
_Domesday_) variously made into _Target_ and into _Thoroughgood_.[46] In
some cases a very slight change suffices to give a new complexion to
the name, thus the Old Frankish Godenulf, (_ulf_, wolf), through a
Norman Godeneuf, is scarcely changed in our _Goodenough_. Similarly we
might have had Badenough (O.G. Badanulf), and Richenough (A.S. Ricnulf).
We have _Birchenough_ (reminding us of Dr. Busby) no doubt from a name
of similar formation not yet turned up. Then we have several names as
_Garment_, _Rayment_, _Argument_, _Element_, _Merriment_, _Monument_,
from ancient names ending in _mund_ or _munt_, supposed to mean
protection, with only the change of a letter. I have referred in an
earlier part of this chapter to the name Pendgast, and to the phonetic
corruptions to which it has been subjected. But it seems also to have
been subjected to a corruption of the other kind, for I take it that our
name _Pentecost_ is properly Pentecast, as another or High German form
of Pendegast. Another case of a corruption easily made is that of our
name _Whitethread_ which seems obviously the Anglo-Saxon name Wihtraed,
of which also we have another obvious corruption in _Whiterod_. So also
the Anglo-Saxon name Weogern, p. 111 (more properly Wiggern, _wig_, war,
and _gern_, eager), by an easy transition becomes _Waghorn_. And in this
way also the paradoxical-looking name _Fairfoul_, by a slight change of
spelling, may be explained as Farefowl, "wandering bird," as a name
probably given by the Saxon or Danish sea-rovers.

Let us take a name of a different kind, _Starbuck_, no doubt of local
origin, from the place called Starbeck in Yorkshire. Now beck is a
Northern word signifying brook; it is probably of Danish origin,
inasmuch as its use precisely corresponds with the limits of the Danish
occupation. So long then as Starbeck lived in the north among his own
people, to whom _beck_ is a familiar word, there would be no fear of his
name being corrupted. But when he migrated to a part of England where
_beck_ has no meaning, then by and by the natural craving for some kind
of a meaning would assert itself, and, as the best it could do, change
_beck_ into _buck_. But the name of the place itself affords an
illustration of the same principle. For _star_ is in all probability the
same word as _stour_, so common as a river-name (Arm. ster, water,
river), made into _star_ in the craving for some kind of a meaning.

Let us take another name with the same ending, _Clutterbuck_, also, I
doubt not, a name of local origin, though I am unable in this case to
identify the place. But _clutter_ seems evidently to be from the
Anglo-Saxon, _hluttor_, clear, pure, limpid, and the word must have been
_hluttorbeck_, "clear brook," so that this is another case of a similar
corruption. The Anglo-Saxons, no doubt, strongly aspirated the initial
_h_, so that the name has become Clutterbuck.

Another name which may be taken to be of the same kind is _Honeybun_, no
doubt a corruption of another name _Honeyburn_, from _burn_, a brook,
_honey_ being apparently used by the Anglo-Saxons as an epithet to
describe sweet waters. But to the modern ear Honey_bun_ is a much more
natural association than Honey_burn_, particularly since the Anglo-Saxon
_burn_ for _brook_ has passed out of use in England.

Among the Germans, corruptions towards a meaning are also common, as in
such names as _Guttwein_ for Godwine or Gotwine, _Warmbadt_ for
Warinbod, _Leutenant_ for Liutnand (_liud_, people, _nant_, daring).
There is a curious-looking and seemingly profane name _Heiliggheist_, as
if from the third person of the Trinity, which may, however, be a
corruption of an ancient name, perhaps of the name Haldegast.

The odd-looking names _Oyster_ and _Oysterman_ in _Suffolk Surnames_ are
probably the German names Oster and Ostermann (_oster_, orientalis) in
an anglicised form, the marvellous power of assimilation possessed by
the great Republic evincing itself, among other things, in the way in
which it anglicises foreign names. Thus the name _Crumpecker_, placed by
Bowditch among names from birds, is, we can hardly doubt, a corruption
of a German Krumbacher, _i.e._ "a native of Krumbach," of which name
there are several places in Germany. So also the ending _thaler_ in
German names, from _thal_, valley, is changed into "dollar" as its
supposed equivalent. Hence the Americans have _Milldolar, Barndollar_,
and _Cashdollar_, corruptions of some such German names as Muehlthaler,
Bernthaler, and Kaesenthaler, signifying an inhabitant respectively of
Muehlthal, of Bernthal, and of Kaesenthal. It would seem as if a man
coming to this new world, where everything around him is
changed--presumably for the better--accepts it as, among other things, a
part of the new dispensation, that whereas his name has hitherto been,
say Kaesenthaler, he shall henceforth answer to the name--perhaps not an
inauspicious one--of Cashdollar.

FOOTNOTES:

[43] There is another name _Snodgrass_, which may be a similar
corruption of Snodgast, from the stem _snod_, A.S. _snot_, wise.

[44] This however is by no means certain, inasmuch as there is a stem
_card_ or _gard_ from which it might be formed, though the corresponding
ancient name has not turned up. On the other hand it is to be observed
that _wealh_ is not one of the more common endings.

[45] Pagan occurs as an A.S. name, (_Thorpe_, p. 648), and may probably be
referred to _bagan_, to contend. _Cf._ also Pagingas among the early
settlers.

[46] According, no doubt, as the ancient name appeared as Thorgaut or
Thorgaud.




CHAPTER VII.

THE OLD FRANKS AND THE PRESENT FRENCH.


To any one who takes note of the large proportion of French Christian
names which are of German origin, the question, one would think, might
naturally suggest itself--If such be the case with Christian names, may
it not also be the case with regard to surnames? The Christian names
_Albert_, _Adolphe_, _Alfonse_, _Charles_, _Claude_, _Edouard_,
_Edmonde_, _Ferdinand_, _Gerard_, _Henri_, _Louis_, _Philibert_,
_Robert_, _Richarde_, _Rudolfe_, _Guillaume_, and the women's _Adele_,
_Clotilde_, _Louise_, _Mathilde_, _Heloeise_, and many others, serve to
remind us that the French have come of the Franks. That the same holds
good also of French surnames I have in a previous work endeavoured to
prove in considerable detail, and I will not go over the ground again
further than at the end of this chapter to present as an illustration of
my views upon the subject one or two stems complete with their branches.

The Franks being a branch of a High German, and the Saxons of a Low
German stock, it follows that French names, as compared with English,
should, in names of Teutonic origin, exhibit High German forms in
comparison with our Low German. One of these differences is, for
instance, _au_ for _ea_, as in German auge, Anglo-Saxon, _eage_,
English, _eye_. Thus the Anglo-Saxon _ead_, happiness, prosperity, so
common in men's names, is in Frankish represented by _aud_, or
_od_--hence the name of the Norman bishop Odo is the counterpart of an
Anglo-Saxon Eada or Eda, and the name of the Lombard king Audoin
(Audwin), is the counterpart of the Anglo-Saxon Eadwin. It will be seen
then that the French Christian name _Edouard_ is not a true Frankish
form--the proper form is shown in two French surnames, _Audouard_ and
_Audevard_. I cannot account for the particular case of this Christian
name on any other ground than that simply of euphony. The corresponding
Italian Christian name, _Odoardo_, come to them through the Franks or
the Lombards, represents, it will be seen, the proper High German form.
The High German forms, then, that appear in English names may be taken
to a great extent to represent Old Frankish names that have come to us
through the Normans. But the number of such names appears to be greater
than could reasonably be thus accounted for, and moreover we seem, as I
have noted at p. 75, to have had such forms even in Anglo-Saxon times,
_e.g._ both the forms _ead_ or _ed_, and _aud_ or _od_, in the names of
our early settlers. And it appears to me therefore that Lappenberg's
theory that Franks, Lombards, and Frisians were among the early
settlers, is one that deserves most careful consideration. And I propose
at present to deal with the subject, so far as the Franks are concerned,
and to trace out to the best of my ability, the Frankish forms that seem
to present themselves in Anglo-Saxon times, and also in our existing
surnames. In so doing, I wish to disclaim any assumption of philological
knowledge such as might be implied by dealing with the niceties of
ancient dialects. All that I proceed upon is this--I find from German
writers that certain forms prevailed in Frankish names, and I compare
them with certain forms apparently of the same kind which I find in
Anglo-Saxon times.

Now the ancient Frankish speech, along with the ordinary characteristics
of a High German dialect, had some special peculiarities of its own, and
it is through these that we have the best chance of obtaining
satisfactory indications. Of these there are three forms in particular,
with each of which I propose to deal in turn, placing at the head the
group of surnames which I take to owe their origin to this source. And
as assisting to throw light upon the subject I have in some cases
introduced the present French names corresponding.


CHAD, CHATTO, CHATTING, CHADDOCK, CHABOT, CHADBORN, CHADMAN, CHADWICK,
CHATTOWAY, CHATWIN, CHATWOOD, CHARD, CHART, CHARTER, CHAIN, CHANEY,
CHILDAR, CHILDREN, CHILL, CHILLMAN, CHILLMAID, CHUBB, CHUBBACK, CHOPPIN.

One of the peculiarities of the Frankish dialect especially during the
Merovingian period, was the prefix of _c_ before names beginning with
_h_, as in Childebert and Childeric for Hildebert and Hilderic. Of this
there seem to be considerable traces in Anglo-Saxon times, as will be
seen from the following:--


_Chad_ for _had_, war.

A.S. Chad, bishop of Lichfield--Ceada, found in Ceadanford--Cedda, found
in Ceddanleah--Frankish, Chaddo. Eng. Chad, Chatto.


_Diminutive._

Frnk. Chadichus. Eng. Chaddock.


_Patronymic._

Eng. Chatting.


_Compounds._

(_Bad_, war), Frnk. Chadbedo, Chabedo--Eng. Chabot.[47] (_Wine_,
friend), Frnk. Chaduin--Eng. Chadwin, Chatwin. (_Wig_, war), A.S.
Chatewe (_wi_ for wig) found in Ceatewesleah--Eng. Chadwick, Chattoway.

(We have also the other form Hathaway, O.G. Hathuwi, to compare with
Chattaway.)

Then we have a stem _chard, chart_, which it seems to me may be a
similar Frankish form of _hard_ or _hart_, durus, fortis, a very common
stem for men's names.


_Chard_ for _hard_.

A.S. Cerda (Cherda) found in Cerdanhlaew. Ceorta, found in Ceortan
stapol. Ceort, found in Ceortesege, now Chertsey. Eng. Chard, Chart.


_Diminutive._

A.S. Cerdic, king of Wessex. Also Ceardic, found in Ceardices beorh.


_Compound._

(_Har_, warrior), Frnk. Charterius--Eng. Charter.

In the next group, _child_ for _hild_, war, the Anglo-Saxon names seem
rather uncertain, and though the Franks had many names from it, I only
find one to compare in that form.


_Child_ for _hild_, war.

A.S. Cild, found in Cildeswic--Cilta found in Ciltancumb, now Chilcomb
in Hants--Frnk. Childi, Cheldio, Chillo--Eng. Child, Chill.


_Compounds._

(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Hilder--Eng. Childar. (_Man_, vir), O.G.
Hildman--Childman, _Hund_. _Rolls_--Eng. Chillman, French, Chilman.
(_Mod_, courage), O.G. Hildemod--Eng. Chillmaid. (_Ran_, raven), Frnk.
Childerannus--Eng. Children.

We have a number of other names beginning with _ch_, which might with
more or less certainty be brought in here, as Chaine comparing with an
A.S. Chen, found in Chenestun, and with a Frankish Chaino for Chagno
(Hagen-spinosus). Also Chubb and Choppin comparing with the Ceopingas
(Chopingas) in Kemble's list. He has also Hoppingas and Upingas,
different forms I take it, of the same name, and upon these might be
formed by the prefix in question, the form Ceopingas. Compare also the
present French names, Choupe, Chopin, Chopard.

CLAUDE, CLOADE, CLODD, CLOUD, CLOUT, CLUCAS, CLOUDMAN, CLOUTMAN,
CLOTHIER. CROAD, CROWD, CROWDY, CRUTE, CROTTY, CRUDEN, CROWDER, CROGER.
CROKE, CROCK, CROOKE, CROTCH, CRUTCH, CROKER. CREED, CREEDY, CRIDDLE.

Another peculiarity of the Frankish dialect was the change of _hl_ at
the beginning of a name into _cl_ or _chl_, and _hr_ into _cr_ or
_chr_. Hence the names of the Frankish kings Clothar, Chlodomir, and
Clodowich, for Hlothar, Hlodomir, and Hlodowich. Of this form there
appear to be considerable traces in Anglo-Saxon times; there are three
names in Kemble's list of early settlers which may find a place here,
the Crangas, the Cramlingas, and the Crucgingas. The name Crangas, as it
stands, is difficult to deal with, and I should suppose it to be
properly either Cringas or Craningas--in the former case from _hring_,
circle, perhaps in the sense of shield--in the latter from _chrann_, as
a Frankish form of _raban_ or raven, Cf. Chrannus in the genealogy of
the Merovingian kings. Cramlingas again compares with a Frankish name
Chramlin from the same stem, while Crucgingas seems to be a Frankish
form of Rucingas, also on Kemble's list.

The first group of names, Claude, Cloud, &c., are referred to O.H.G.
_laut_, loud, in the supposed sense of famous.


_Clod_ for _hlod_, fame.

A.S. Clodd (found in Cloddes heal), Clott (found in Clottismor), Clud
(found in Cludesleah)[48]--Frnk. Chlodio, Cludio, 5th cent.--Eng.
Claude, Cloade, Clodd, Cloud, Clout.


_Compounds._

(_Gis_ or _kis_, hostage), O.G. Hludokis--Eng. Clukas (for Cludkis?).
(_Hari_, warrior), Frnk. Clothar, Chluthar--Eng. Clothier, Clutter.
(_Man_, vir), Eng. Cloudman, Cloutman (for which no ancient equivalents
as yet turn up.)

The next group, Croad, Crowd, &c., may be referred to _hrod_, glory, the
stem from which are formed Robert, Roland, Roger, &c.


_Crod_ for _hrod_.

A.S. Cruda, found in Crudan sceat--Frnk. Chrodo, Crodio--Eng. Croad,
Crowd, Crowdy, Croot, Crout.


Ending in _en_, p. 27.

Frnk. Chrodin--Eng. Cruden.


_Compounds._

(_Har_, warrior), Frnk. Chrodohar--Eng. Crowder. (_Gar_, spear), Frnk.
Crodeger--Eng. Croger (=Roger). (_Mar_, famous), A.S. Cruddemor, found
in Cruddemores lacu--Frnk. Chrodmar--Eng. Cromar.

The next group, Croke, Crock, &c., are from a stem _hroc_, the
root-meaning of which seems to be the same as Eng. _croak_, and the idea
of which, as in some other stems (see _im_ in voce Emma), may probably
be that of strength, fierceness, or huge stature, derived from a harsh
and gruff voice. Cf. O.N. _hrokr_, vir fortis et grandis.


_Crock_ for _hroc_.

A.S. Crucga, found in Crucgingas; Croch, found in Crochestun, now
Croxton in Norf.--Frnk. Crocus, Cruccus--Eng. Croke, Crock, Crooke,
Crotch, Crutch.


_Compounds._

(_Her, heri_, warrior), O.G. Roacheri--Eng. Croker, Crocker. Eng.
Crockett might represent a Frankish Crochad or Crochat (_had_, war), not
turned up.

Perhaps from a similar origin may be the name of Crida or Creoda, king
of Mercia, as representing a stem, _hrad_, or _hred_ (O.H.G. _hradi_,
celer), whence probably the Hraeda in the Traveller's Song. Kemble has
two tribe-names, Creotingas and Cridlingas (the latter, derived from a
place in Yorkshire, being perhaps doubtful so far as regards the tribe,
though a man's name all the same).


_Crad_ for _hrad_.

A.S. Creoda, found in Creodan ac, Creodan hyl, Creodan treow--Cridda,
found in Criddan wyl--Cridd, found in Criddes ho--Creota, found in
Creotingas--Cretta, _lib. vit._--Eng. Creed, Creedy.


Ending in _el_.

A.S. Cridel, found in Cridlingas--Eng. Criddle.

Perhaps the most characteristic peculiarity of the Frankish dialect is
the prefix of _g_, or its sharper form _c_, before names beginning with
_w_.[49] Hence it is that the French have such a word as guerre
(=gwerre) which is _g_ prefixed to a German _wer_ or _war_. And such
names as Guillaume, Gualtier, and Guiscard, which are from _g_ prefixed
to Wilhelm, Walter, and Wiscard (our Wishart). Hence, also, such a
place-name as Quilleboeuf in Normandy, being, with a _c_ prefixed, the
same, I take it, as an English Willaby (_boeuf_, as Mr. Taylor has
shown, representing the Danish _by_). I have referred, p. 75, to the
name Cwichelm for Wighelm or Wichelm as a strongly-marked Frankish form,
but I cannot say that I find such forms generally prevalent in
Anglo-Saxon times. Kemble has three tribe-names in this form,
Cwaedringas, Cwaeringas, and Queningas. The Cwaedringas answer to the
Waetringas, and the Wedringas, both also on Kemble's list, and both, I
take it, different forms of the same name; the Cwaeringas to the Waeringas
and the Werringas, also different forms of the same name; the Queningas
to the Weningas or the Winingas. One or two of our names beginning with
_gw_, as Gwilliams, Gwatkin, and perhaps Gwalter, are probably due to
the Welsh, of which this prefix is also a characteristic. As
representing the Frankish form, we have more names in the sharper form
cw, which is represented by _q_. Under the present head comes the name
of the highest lady in the land, _Guelph_ (further referred to in next
chapter), being a Frankish form of Welf (O.H.G. _hwelf_; Eng. _whelp_).
The names _Welp_, _Whelps_, and _Guelpa_, appear in _Suff. Surn._, but
whether English or not does not appear.

QUARE, QUARY, QUARRY, QUEAR, QUERY, QUARRIER, QUARMAN. QUIDDY, QUITMAN,
QUITTACUS. QUIG, QUICK, QUY, QUIGGLE, GWYER, QUIER, QUIRE. GUILLE,
GUILY, QUILL, QUILKE, GWILLAM, QUILLMAN, QUILLINAN. GUINEY, QUIN, QUEEN,
QUEENEY, GUINAN, QUINAN, QUEENAN, QUINER. QUAIL, QUALEY, QUINT. QUAINT,
QUANTOCK. GWILT, QUILT, QUILTY, QUILTER, QUAKER, QUASH.

The meaning of the stem _war_ is very uncertain; Foerstemann proposes
five different words, without including O.H.G. _werra_, Eng. _war_, and
it seems very probable that there may be a mixture of different words.


_Gwar, cwar_, for war.

A.S. Cwara, found in Cwaeringas--Frnk. Guario--Eng. Quare, Quary, Quarry,
Quear, Query--French Querrey.


_Compounds._

(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Warher--Eng. Quarrier. (_Man_, vir), O.G.
Warman--Eng. Quarman--French Guermain.

The stem _wid_, on which is formed _guid_ and _cwid_, may perhaps be
referred to O.H.G. _wid_, wood, in the sense of weapon (see next chapter
_in voce_ Guido), though in this case also there may probably be a
mixture of words.


_Gwid, cwid_, for _wid_.

Frnk. Guid, Guido, Quido--Eng. Quiddy--French, Guide.


_Compounds._

(_Man_, vir), O.G. Witman--Eng. Quitman. (Gis, hostage), O.G.
Witichis--Eng. Quittacus (_Suff. Surn._).

The stem _wig_ or _wic_, on which are formed _gwig_ and _cwic_, may be
taken to be from _wig_, war.


_Gwig_, _cwic_, for _wig_, _wic_.

Frnk. Gwigo--Eng. Quig, Quick, Quy--Fr. Guiche, Quyo.


Ending in _el_.

O.G. Wigilo--Eng. Quiggle.


_Compound._

O.G. Wigger, Wiher--Eng. Gwyer, Quier, Quire.

The stem _will_, on which are formed _guill_ and _cwill_, may be
referred to Goth. _wilya_, will, perhaps, in the sense of resolution.


_Guil, cwil_, for _will_.

Frnk. Guila--Eng. Guille, Guily, Quill--Fr. Guille, Quille.


_Diminutive_

O.G. Willic--Eng. Quilke--Fr. Quillac.


_Compounds._

(_Helm_, helmet), Frnk. Guilhelm--Eng. Gwillam--Fr. Guillaume. (_Man_,
vir), O.G. Wilman--Eng. Quillman--Fr. Guillemain. (_Nand_, daring), O.G.
Willinand--Eng. Quillinan.

I am inclined, from the way in which the names run into each other, to
take _cwen_ and _cwin_ to be one and the same stem, and to refer them to
A.S. _wine_, friend.


_Gwin, cwin, cwen_, for _win_.

A.S. Cwena, found in Cweningas; Quena, found in Quenanden--Frnk. Guuine,
Quino--Eng. Guiney, Quin, Queen, Queeney--Fr. Gueneau, Quenay, Quineau.


Ending in _en_, p. 27.

A.S. Cwenen, found in Cwenenabroc--Eng. Guinan, Quinan, Queenan--Fr.
Guenin.


_Compounds._

(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Winiheri--Eng. Quiner--Fr. Guinier, Guinery,
Quinier. (_Bert_, famous), Frnk. Quinabert--Eng. Guinibert.

From the Ang.-Sax. _wealh_, stranger, foreigner, may be the following
stem:


_Gual, cwal_, for _wal_.

Frnk. Gualo, Guala--Eng. Quail, Qualey--Fr. Guala.

Then there are some other stems not sufficiently represented to make it
worth while to put them into a tabular form, as Quint, a Frankish form
of Wind (the stem being supposed to mean Wend), with the present French,
Quinty. Also Quaint and Quantock, representing Old German names, Wando
and Wendico, the stem being perhaps as in the previous case. And Gwilt,
Quilt, Quilty, and Quilter, which seem to be formed similarly on Wild
(ferus) and Wilder. Also Quart for Ward or Wart, and perhaps Quaker for
Waker and Quash for Wass (as in Washington from Wassingation).

With regard to this last Frankish peculiarity, which I conceive not to
be of such ancient date as the preceding ones, I am inclined to suppose
that the greater part of the English names in which it appears have come
to us through the Normans. And with regard to the others I would venture
the general remark that inasmuch as the Anglo-Saxons in all probability
more or less aspirated an initial _h_, it would perhaps be going too far
to conclude that, in all cases where it has been hardened into a _c_,
Frankish influence is necessarily to be presumed. Still, I think that
the general result of the comparison which I have instituted, more
especially considering the comparatively limited area from which the
Anglo-Saxon examples have been drawn, is such as to give considerable
support to the theory that Franks were among the early settlers.

Besides the names of Old Frankish, _i.e._ German origin, which have come
to us through the Normans, we have also received from them some names,
mostly of a religious character, from the Latin, and from the Hebrew. I
have even ventured to suggest, in the next chapter, that it is to the
Franks that the Italians are indebted for the name of Dante (Durante)
from Lat. _durans_. More certainly it is from them that the
corresponding name _Durand_ has come to us. The early Frankish
Christians adopted several such names, some from the Latin, as
Stabilis, Clarus, Celsus, Electus (perhaps in some cases from the names
of Roman saints), some from the Hebrew, not only scriptural names of men
and women, but also such words as Pasc (passover), Seraphim, Osanna,
&c., and these they often mixed up with the Old German words to which
they had been accustomed, the names of the Apostles Peter and Paul being
so dealt with, and even the name of Christ himself. This probably arose
from the desire of parents to connect the names of their children with
their own, as seems clearly shown in the case of a woman called Electa,
who gives to her two children the same name with a German addition,
calling one Electard, and the other Electrudis. From one of these hybrid
Frankish names, Clarembald, come our _Claringbold_ and _Claringbull_ and
the French _Clerambault_. From the above word, _pasc_, we have _Pascoe_,
_Paske_, and _Pash_, and the French have _Pasquin_, corresponding with a
Frankish Pascoin (Pascwin). There is one Richard Osannas, a witness to
an acquittance in the later Anglo-Saxon times, the name being probably
from the Frankish Osanna, which seems, however, to have been originally
a woman's name. In the same charter occurs also Jordan, another of these
old Frankish names, taken presumably from the river--whence I take to be
our _Jordan_, and the French _Jordan_, _Jourdan_, and _Jourdain_,
probably also the name of the Dutch painter _Jordaens_. The name Crist,
which seems most probably from this origin (Cristeus in the _Pol. Irm._)
is not very uncommon in France; it occurs also in Germany, and though I
have not met with it in England, yet Bowditch gives it as the name of a
member of the New York legislature, where it may, however, possibly be
German. It is rather amusing to see how the learned Germans are
occasionally a little mystified by these Old Frankish Scriptural names.
Stark, for instance, sets down Elisaba (Elischeba, the Hebrew form, I
take it, of Elisabeth) as Celtic, and Foerstemann, excusably perhaps, is
posed with Erispa (Rispah, the daughter of Aiah?), though I think he
might have guessed Osanna.

Before concluding this chapter I may refer to the _Roll of Battle
Abbey_, containing the names of the principal Normans who came over with
the Conqueror. This has been severely impugned by some excellent
antiquaries on the ground that some of the names are, on the face of
them, regular English names, and such as could not reasonably be
supposed to have been borne by Normans. And hence it has been supposed
that interpolations must have been made to gratify the vanity of certain
families who wished their names to appear in the Roll. This in itself
does not seem an improbable suspicion, and I do not desire to go into
the question further than to express the opinion that so far as the
names themselves are concerned, there is not one that might not be a
genuine Norman name. Indeed, the undisguised English form of some of
them is to me rather a proof of the honesty of the scribe, for it would
have been so easy to have given them a thin Norman disguise. The
suspicious-seeming names are of two kinds, names which appear to be from
English place-names, as Argentoune, Chaworth, Newborough, Sanford,
Valingford, Harewell; and names which seem to be from English surnames
of occupation, or description, as Hayward, Archere, Loveday. The former
did present a genuine difficulty, and did justify suspicion till now
that Mr. Taylor's discovery of an area in the north of France full of
regular Anglo-Saxon place-names, and no doubt settled by Anglo-Saxons,
has disclosed the source from which they could be derived. I opine then
that the English scribe has done nothing more in the case of such names
than restore them to the original form from which they had been more or
less corrupted. Nor indeed has he done it to as great an extent as he
might have done, for I find several others which may be brought back to
an Anglo-Saxon form, and it may be of some little interest to take a few
of these Norman surnames derived from place-names of the kind discovered
by Mr. Taylor, and compare them with corresponding Anglo-Saxon
place-names in England. I will take the names ending in _uil_, "well,"
of which the scribe has Anglicised one (Harewell), and show how many
more there might have been. We have Bereneuile and Boranuile,
corresponding with A.S. Bernewell (now Barnwell, in Northamptonshire),
from A.S. _brune_, brook, of which the well might be the source. Then we
have Rinuuill, corresponding with an A.S. Runawel (now, Runwell in
Essex), _i.e._ a running or flowing well, Berteuilay corresponding with
A.S. Beorhtanwyl (now Brightwell, in Oxfordshire), and Vauuruile with an
A.S. Werewell (now Wherwell, in Hants), an inclosed well; from A.S.
_woer_, inclosure. Then we have Beteruile comparing with an A.S.
Buterwyel (Butterwell, butter and honey being used apparently to
describe sweet waters), Greneuile (Greenwell), and Glateuile, probably
from A.S. _glade_, brook, and so same as Bernewell.

With respect to the second class of suspected names, such as Hayward,
Archere, and Loveday, these are all Old Frankish names, and the
resemblance to anything English is only an accident. Hayward represents
an ancient Agward or Egward, and would be more properly Ayward, though
we find it as Hayward (see p. 99) even in Anglo-Saxon times. So also
Archere (see p. 42) and Loveday (p. 57) fall into their places as
ancient Frankish names. Such names again as Brown and Gray, though a
little Anglicised in spelling, are names common to the whole Teutonic
system, and, as far as we are concerned, both came in with the Saxons,
being found in Kemble's list of original settlers.

I do not think it necessary to go more at length into the ancient
Frankish names contained in that Roll, but before leaving the subject I
would call attention to some of the names derived from the Danish
place-names of Normandy. There are four names, Dabitott, Leuetot,
Lovetot, and Tibtote (our name _Tiptoft_), from the ending _tot_, which,
as Mr. Taylor has shown, represents the Scandinavian _toft_. And two
names, Duilby and Linnebey, representing the Danish _by_; house,
habitation, village, so common in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire; also two
more, Braibuf and Olibef, with the ending _buf_ or _boeuf_, which, as
Mr. Taylor has shown, also represents the Danish _by_, Olibef being,
perhaps, Olafby, from the Danish name Olaf. Seeing this to be the case,
I venture to hint a suspicion as to the redoubtable name Front-de-boeuf,
and to suggest that it may after all be properly nothing more than one
of these Norman place-names ending in _boeuf_. Such a name as, for
instance, Frodeboeuf, from a Danish man's name, Frodi, might give it. On
the other hand, the plebeian-looking name _Chasseboeuf_, which Volney is
said to have changed rather than have it supposed that any one of his
ancestors had been a cow-boy, is, I doubt not, from a similar origin.
Such a name as Shaftsby (from the Anglo-Saxon man's name Shaft) would,
when _by_ became corrupted into _boeuf_, naturally be made into
Chasseboeuf. I take, however, the name _Leboeuf_ to be from a different
origin, viz. from a Frankish Libolf or Liubolf. There is yet one more
name, Lascales (our _Lascelles_), which I think may be also from a
Danish place-name, the word _scale_ (O.N. _skali_, a wooden hut) being
common, particularly in the Lake District--in Cumberland and
Westmoreland.

I purpose to conclude this chapter with a few stems illustrative of the
common Teutonic element in French, English, and German names, including
such Italian names as I have been able to fall in with. The first stem,
from A.S. _til_, bonus, praestans, seems to have been more common among
the Saxons than among the Franks, and there are, consequently, more
names corresponding in English than in French.


_Dill, till, bonus._

A.S. Dilla, Tilla, in Dillingas and Tillingas--O.G. Dilli, Tilli, Thilo;
Tilli, _Lib. Vit._; Dill, Tilly, Tille, _Hund. Rolls_--Eng. _Dill_,
_Dilley_, _Dillow_, _Till_, _Tilley_--Germ. _Dill_, _Till_, _Tilo_--Fr.
_Dilly_, _Dille_, _Tilly_, _Tille_--Ital. _Tilli_.


Ending in _ec_, probably diminutive.

A.S. Tilluc--Eng. _Dillick_, _Dilke_, _Tillick_, _Tilke_--Fr. _Dilhac_.


_Patronymic._

Eng. _Tilling_--Germ. _Dilling_.


Ending in _en_, p. 27.

Tilne, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Dillon_--Germ. _Dillen_--Fr. _Dillon_,
_Tillon_.


_Compounds._

(_Fred_, peace), Tilfred, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Tilford_. (_Gar_, spear),
A.S. Tilgar--Dilker, _Hund. Rolls_--Eng. _Dilger_, _Dillicar_. (_Had_,
var), Tilhaed, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Tillott_--Fr. _Dillet_, _Tillot_.
(_Man_, vir), A.S. Tillman--Tilmon, _Lib. Vit._--Tileman, _Hund.
Rolls_--Eng. _Dillman_, _Tillman_, _Tileman_--Germ. _Dillemann_,
_Tilmann_--Dutch. _Tillemans_--Fr. _Tilman_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G.
Tilemir--Eng. _Dillimore_. (_Mund_, protection), A.S. Tilmund--Fr.
_Tilmant_. (_Wine_, friend), Tiluini, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Dillwyn_.
(_Her_, _heri_, warrior), A.S. Tilhere (Bishop of Worcester)--Eng.
_Diller_, _Tiller_, _Tillier_--Fr. _Dillery_, _Tillier_.

The following stem may be taken to be from A.S. _hyge_; O.H.G. _hugu_,
mind, thought; A.S. _hogian_, to study, meditate. The form _hig_, which
seems to be more particularly Saxon, intermixes considerably in the
English names.


Hig, hog, hug, _thought_, _study_.

A.S. Hig, Hicca, Hocg--O.G. Hugo, Hug, Huc, Hughi, Hogo--Eng. _Hugo_,
_Hug_, _Hugh_, _Huie_, _Huck_, _Hogg_, _Hodge_, _Hoe_, _Hick_,
_Hickie_--Germ. _Huge_, _Hugo_, _Hucke_, _Hoge_--Fr. _Hugo_, _Huge_,
_Hug_, _Huc_, _Hue_, _Hua_--Ital. _Ugo_.


Ending in _el_, probably diminutive.

A.S. Hicel--O.G. Hugila, Huckili--Eng. _Hugall_, _Huckell_, _Whewell_,
_Hickley_--Germ. _Huegel_--Fr. _Hugla_, _Huel_--Ital. _Ughelli_.


Ending in _lin_, probably diminutive.

A.S. Hugelin (Chamberlain to Edward the Confessor)--Hugelinus,
_Domesday_--Hueline, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Huelin, Hicklin_--Fr. _Huguelin,
Higlin_--Ital. _Ugolino_.


Ending in _et_, probably diminutive.

A.S. Hocget--O.G. Huetus, thirteenth century--Hueta, _Domesday_--Eng.
_Huggett, Howitt, Hewitt_--Fr. _Hugot, Huet_--Ital. _Ughetti_.


Ending in _es_, probably diminutive.

O.G. Hugizo--Eng. _Hughes, Hewish, Hodges_--Fr. _Hugues_.


_Kin_, diminutive.

Hogcin, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Hodgkin_.


Ending in _en_, p. 27.

A.S. Hyeken--Hygine, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Hoggin, Hucken, Higgen_--Fr.
_Hugan, Hogan, Huan, Hoin, Hienne_.


_Compounds._

(_Bald_, fortis), A.S. Higbald (Bishop of Lindisfarne), Hibald--O.G.
Hugibald, Hubald--Eng. _Hibble, Hubble_--Fr. _Hubault_--Ital. _Ubaldo_,
_Ubald_(_ini_). (_Bert_, famous), A.S. Higbert (Bishop of
Worcester)--O.G. Hugubert, Hubert--Eng. _Hibbert, Hubbard_--Germ.
_Hubert_--Fr. _Hubert_. (_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Hugihart, Hugard--Eng.
_Huggard, Heward_--Fr. _Hugard, Huard, Huart_. (_Laic_, play), A.S.
Hygelac--O.G. Hugilaih--O.N. Hugleikr--Eng. _Hillock, Hullock_--Fr.
_Hulek_. (_Lat_, terrible,?), Hugolot, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Hewlet,
Higlet_. (_Lind_, mild), O.G. Hugilind--Eng. _Hewland_. (_Man_, vir),
A.S. Hiccemann--Eng. _Hugman, Hughman, Human, Higman, Hickman_--Germ.
_Hieckmann_--Fr. _Humann_. (_Mot_, courage), O.G. Hugimot--Eng.
_Hickmot_. (_Mar_, famous), A.S. Hykemer--O.G. Hugimar--Eng. _Hogmire,
Homer, Highmore_. (_Wald_, power), O.G. Hugold--Fr. _Huault_. Perhaps
also, from _noth_, bold, though I do not find an ancient name to
correspond--Eng. _Hignett_, and Fr. _Hugnot, Hognet_.

I will take for the last example the stem _magin, main_; A.S. _maegin_,
strength, force; Eng. _main_, which is rather better represented in
French names than in English. There are names, Maianus and Meinus on
Roman pottery, which might, however, be either German or Celtic.

O.G. Magan, Main--Main, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Magnay, Mayne_--Germ.
_Mehne_--Fr. _Magne, Magney_--Ital. _Magini_.


_Compounds._

(Bald, fortis), O.G. Meginbold--Fr. _Magnabal_. (_Burg_, protection),
O.G. Meginburg--Fr. _Mainbourg_. (_Frid_, peace), O.G. Maginfrid--Fr.
_Mainfroy_. (_Gald_, value), O.G. Megingald--Fr. _Maingault_. (_Ger_,
spear), O.G. Meginger--Eng. _Manger_. (_Gaud_, Goth), O.G. Megingaud Fr.
_Maingot_. (_Had_, war), O.G. Magenad--Fr. _Maginot_--(_Hard_, fortis),
O.G. Maginhard, Mainard--Eng. _Maynard_--Germ. _Meinert_--Fr. _Magnard,
Maynard_--Ital. _Mainardi_--(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Maganhar,
Mayner--Germ. _Meiner_--Fr. _Magnier, Maynier_--Ital. _Maineri_.

Perhaps also to this stem (with _nant_, daring) we may put Magnentius,
the name of a German who usurped the imperial purple and was slain A.D.
353, also the Fr. _Magnan_ and _Maignan_.

These three stems, in one of which the Anglo-Saxon predominates, and in
another the Frankish or High German, while in a third there are two
parallel forms, Anglo-Saxon and Frankish, running side by side, may be
taken as fairly representative of the system upon which Teutonic names
are formed.

FOOTNOTES:

[47] This name may be, not improbably, one of those that were brought
over after the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes.

[48] We also find the other form, Hlud, in Hludes beorh, Hlud's barrow,
or grave.

[49] Some further remarks on this Frankish prefix will be found in the
succeeding chapter on Italian names.




CHAPTER VIII.

THE GERMAN ORIGIN OF GREAT ITALIANS AS EVIDENCED IN THEIR NAMES.


The successive waves of German invasion that swept over Italy, leaving
their record in the name of one of its fairest provinces, while they
added a few German words to the language, left a much larger number of
German patronymics in the names of its families. The Christian names
borne by well-known Italians, such as _Alberto, Arnolfo, Bernardo,
Carlo, Enrico, Federigo_ (Frederic), _Francesco, Leonardo, Luigi,
Ludovico, Mainardo, Odoardo_ (Edward), _Ridolphi, Sinibaldo, Ugo_ (Hugo
or Hugh), _Onofrio_ (Humphrey), all of German origin, sufficiently
attest this to have been the case. And I think we shall be warranted in
assuming, as in the case of France, that if this be the case with
Christian names, it cannot be essentially different with regard to
surnames.

But inasmuch as I have not had the same opportunity of collating and
examining the mass of Italian surnames that I have had in the case of
those of France, I propose to shape the comparison into a rather
different form, and, without departing from its etymological purpose,
to endeavour to give it something of an ethnical interest as well. This
admixture of German blood could not fail to have an influence--and, we
can hardly doubt, an invigorating influence--upon the character of the
softer and more receptive Italian race. It may not then be without
interest--though we need not attach more importance to the result than
it deserves--to endeavour to trace the result of that admixture in the
names of illustrious Italians. For it is somewhat remarkable how many of
the men most distinguished in the council and in the field, in science,
literature, and in art, bear names which testify to a German origin. And
we are even able, in certain cases, to indicate with a fair amount of
probability the particular race of Germans from whom these names may be
taken to be derived. The rule laid down by Max Mueller (_Science of
Language_) that words in Italian beginning with _gua_, _gue_, _gui_, may
be taken to be pretty certainly of German origin, holds good also of
Italian names. Now this form of _gua_, _gue_, _gui_ represents the
prefix of _g_ before _w_, which was a special characteristic of the
Franks, as it is still of their descendants, the French, in such names
as Guillaume (=Gwillaume) for Wilhelm or William. In some cases, though
more rarely, this prefix of _g_, in accordance with a High German
tendency, becomes a hard _c_ and is represented by _q_, as in _Queringi_
and perhaps _Quirini_. Such names then as _Gualdo_, _Guardi_, _Guido_,
_Guicciardini_, _Guarnerius_, may be taken as certainly of German, and I
think, more especially of Frankish origin.

To begin with the names of warriors, the list may well be headed by that
of the old hero, _Garibaldi_. Garibald (_gar_, spear, and _bald_, bold)
was a well-known Old German name, being borne, among others, by a Duke
in Bavaria in the sixth century, by six bishops in the three centuries
following, and, what is more to the purpose, by two Lombard kings in
Italy. We ourselves have the name in its Saxon form (_gor_ for _gar_) as
_Gorbold_ and _Corbould_ (O.G. Kerbald), and the French have it as
_Gerbault_. "Blind old _Dandalo_" may also be claimed as German;
Dandalo, corresponding with an O.G. Dantulo, being formed as a
diminutive from the Old German name Dando. I have elsewhere made the
suggestion, which I venture here to reproduce, that _Bonaparte_ may also
be a name of German origin, slightly changed to give it a seeming
meaning in Italian. The case stands thus. Bonibert and Bonipert are
found as Old Frankish names, respectively of the seventh and the ninth
centuries. In that part of Italy which was overrun by the Franks, namely
at Turin, is to be found the present Italian name _Boniperti_, which we
can hardly doubt to be derived from the Old Frankish Bonipert. Now from
this part of Italy came originally also the Bonapartes, and the question
is simply this, May not the name _Bonaparte_ originate in an attempt to
give something of an Italian meaning to this other name _Boniperti_,
which would convey no sense to an Italian ear? The French still have the
Old Frankish name as _Bompart_ (changing _n_ before a labial into _m_,
as they do in Edimbourg for Edinburgh); there was a vice-admiral of
that name who proved his courage by engaging, though unsuccessfully, an
English frigate of superior force. And we--or at any rate the
Americans--have it in a Saxon form as _Bonbright_ (_Suffolk Surnames_).
And very appropriate, if we were to translate it, would be the
meaning--_bona_, a slayer, and _bert_ or _pert_, illustrious.

The two distinguished families of the _Adimari_ at Florence and of the
_Grimaldi_ at Genoa both give evidence of German descent in their names
(O.G. Adimar and Grimwald); as regards the latter indeed it is to be
traced historically, though the position of the present representative,
as ruler of the principality of Monaco and recipient of its doubtful
gains, is perhaps hardly in accordance with the higher traditions of his
family. The name, _Alphonso_, of a Duke of Ferrara in the middle ages,
was one given also by the Germans to a still more illustrious lineage in
Spain. Alphonso is a contraction of the O.G. Adalfuns (_adal_, noble,
_funs_, eager). The Saxon form of _funs_ being _fus_, it seems to me
that our name _Adolphus_ may be properly Adel-fus, and not a
latinization of Adolph. German also are the names of the two great rival
factions of the _Guelphs_ and the _Ghibellines_, Guelph being a Frankish
form of Welf or Welp, Eng. whelp, and the Ghibellines deriving from an
Old German name Gibilin, traced by Mone to a Burgundian origin. Thus the
Guelphs, given originally by Germany to Italy, were afterwards
transplanted again to Germany, and thence to England, to rule far above
all factions. And again, we find the Bonaparte, whose ancestor was
expelled from Italy as a Ghibelline, come forward to pursue on a
grander scale his hereditary feud with the Guelphs.

In the names of scholars and men of science the German element is very
strongly represented. We find _Accolti_ (O.G. Achiolt for Agiovald[50]),
_Alamanni_ (O.G. Alaman), _Algarotti_ (O.G. Algar for Adelgar),
_Ansaldi_ (O.G. Ansald for Ansovald), _Audifredi_ (O.G. Audifred),
_Bertrandi_ (O.G. Bertrand), _Gualdo_ (O.G. Waldo), _Giraldi_ (O.G.
Girald), _Gosselini_ (O.G. Gosselin), _Guicciardini_ (O.G. Wichard),
_Lanzi_ (O.G. Lanzi), _Lamberti_ (O.G. Lambert for Landbert), _Manfredi_
(O.G. Manfred), _Maraldi_ (O.G. Marald), _Odevico_ (O.G. Ottwic for
Audewic), _Orlandi_ (O.G. Arland for Hariland), _Raimondi_ (O.G.
Raimund), _Rolandini_ (O.G. Roland for Rodland), _Roberti_ (O.G. Robert
for Rodbert), _Sacchi_ (O.G. Sacco), _Quirini_ (O.G. Guerin, Werin). We
may add to the list the name of the historian _Sismondi_ (Sigismund),
who, though born at Geneva, must, I apprehend, have been of Italian
origin. The name in its uncontracted form, _Sigismondi_, is also found
in Italy.

Among the names of distinguished explorers and discoverers, we have
_Americus_ (O.G. Emrich), who gave his name to America, and _Belzoni_
(O.G. Belzo). German are also the names of the Pope _Aldobrandini_ (O.G.
Aldebrand), and of the philanthropist _Odeschalchi_ (O.G. Odalschalch),
whose name, if translated, would be the appropriate one of "Servant of
his country."

The painters are not quite so strongly represented as the men of letters
and science, the two principal names being those of _Lionardo_ (O.G.
Leonhard) and of _Guido_. Guido is one of the Frankish forms to which I
have before alluded, and is formed by the prefix of _g_ to the name Wido
or Wito,--it was not an uncommon name among the Old Franks, and is found
at present among the French as _Videau, Viteau_, and _Guide_. The
ill-omened name of the assassin _Guiteau_ I take to be from the same
origin, and to be of French extraction. So also may be our own name
_Widow_, which corresponds with a Wido of about the twelfth or
thirteenth century in the _Liber Vitae_. There is another Italian name,
_Guidubaldi_, that of a Duke of Urbino, in the middle ages, formed on
the same stem with the addition of _bald_, bold, and corresponding with
a Frankish Guidobald. The word concerned seems to be most probably Goth.
_vidus_, O.H.G. _witu_, wood, used in a poetical sense for weapon.[51]

Other names of painters are _Baldi_ (O.G. Baldo), _Baldovin_(_etti_)
(O.G. Baldwin), _Anselmi_ (O.G. Anshelm), _Ansuini_ (O.G. Answin),
_Aldighiero_ (O.G. Aldegar), _Algardi_ (O.G. Alagart), _Alberti_ (O.G.
Albert for Adalbert), _Alloisi_ (O.G. Alois = Alwis), _Ghiberti_ (O.G.
Gibert), _Gherardini_ (O.G. Gerard), _Gennari_ (O.G. Genear),
_Ghirlandaio_ (O.G. Gerland), _Tibaldi_ (O.G. Tiebald for Theudobald).
Also _Guardi_, another of the Frankish forms before referred to,
representing an O.G. Wardi, and the same name as Eng. _Ward_, for which
we find a corresponding A.S. Weard.

Of those eminent in the sister art of music, we have _Castoldi_ (O.G.
Castald for Castwald), and _Frescobaldi_. This last name does not figure
in Foerstemann's list, but we can hardly doubt its German origin, _bald_
being a typical German ending, while Fresc, as a Teutonic name, is found
in the Fresc(ingas), early Saxon settlers in England, another instance
of the common tie which binds all Teutonic names together. We may add to
the list, as the name of a living composer, _Guglielmo_ = Wilhelm or
William. Among those who were accessory to music as instrument-makers,
we have _Stradivarius_ and _Guarnerius_ (O.G. Guarner for Warinhar)
corresponding with our own names _Warriner_ and _Warner_, and present
French names _Ouarnier_ and _Guernier_. It will not be out of keeping
with what we should expect if we find the German element develop itself
in the conception rather than in the execution of music, and in the
combination of science and patience which led to the success of the old
instrument-makers.

But it is in the names of immortal singers that we find the German
element most conspicuously represented. Dante himself bears a name
which, though not in itself German, may yet have been given to Italy by
the Germans, while as to his second title, _Alighieri_, there seems
hardly any doubt of its German origin.[52] Dante is a contraction of
_Durante_, which seems to be derived most naturally from Latin
_durans_, and it might seem something of a paradox to suppose a Latin
race to be indebted to the Germans for a Latin name. And yet I think
that there are some grounds for supposing it to be a name adopted by the
early Frankish converts to Christianity, and by them transmitted to the
Italians. For we find Durant, Durand, and Durann as not uncommon German
names, apparently Frankish, in the eighth and the ninth centuries. And
we find the word moreover made up into a German compound as Durandomar
(_mar_, famous). The French have moreover at present, derived we may
presume from their Frankish ancestors, another name, _Durandard_,
similarly formed (_hard_, fortis). Now this is precisely the same
principle as that on which the early Frankish converts, as we find from
the _Pol. Irm._ and the _Pol. Rem._, used to form many of their names,
taking a word of Christian import from the Latin or otherwise, and
mixing it up with the Old German compounds to which they had been
accustomed. Thus, for an example, we find that a woman called Electa,
which we can hardly doubt means "elect," gives to her son the name of
Electard, a similar compound to Durandard. There seems then, on the
whole, a fair amount of probability for this suggestion, which would
moreover sufficiently account for the manner in which the name is common
to France, Italy, Germany, and England. The French have it as _Durand_,
_Durant_, and _Durandeau_ (besides _Durandard_ already noted); the
Italians as _Durante_, _Duranto_, and _Durandi_; the Germans as _Durand_
and _Dorand_; and we ourselves as _Durand_ and _Durant_. Our names came
to us no doubt through the Normans,--there is a Durand in the _Roll of
Battle Abbey_, and it is not till after this period that we find it as
an English name.

For the German origin of _Tasso_ a rather stronger case can be made out,
Tasso and Taso being found as ancient German names, and the latter in
particular being a Lombard leader in Italy. But there was another
Lombard called Taso, who, as a man of remarkable sanctity of life, and
as the founder of a monastery at Volterra, was eminently likely to leave
a name behind him in Italy. _Tasso_ is still a current name in that
country, and our surname _Tassie_, along with the French _Tassy_, may be
taken to be the same name. Both we and the French have also _Tassell_,
formed from it and corresponding with Tassilo, the name of a Bavarian
king of the sixth century. The meaning of the word has not been
satisfactorily explained, and this may be one of the cases in which the
original word has either greatly changed in meaning, or else has
perished out of the language.

Another name which we may take pretty certainly to be of German origin
is _Leopardi_, corresponding with the O.G. Leopard, for Liubhard
(_liub_, love, and _hard_, fortis). There was a Lombard named Leopard
who was abbot of Nonantola in Italy in the tenth century. Then we have
_Amalungi_, from the O.G. Amalung, fifth century, a patronymic form,
"son of Amal or Amala," the (perhaps mythical) forerunner of the Goths.
The French have the name, _Hamel_ and _Ameling_, and we have _Hammill_,
_Hamling_, and _Hambling_. This is another of the cases in which a name
has outlived its etymon; we know that _amal_ was a word of honourable
meaning, but as to its origin even the patient research of the Germans
has failed to find a clue. The name _Amalthius_ may also be taken as
certainly German, from _amal_ as above, and the common Old German ending
_thius_, _dio_, or _tio_, servant, though we do not find a name to
correspond in the _Altdeutsches Namenbuch_. There was also a painter
_Amalteo_, whose name is a variation of the same. Another name which I
take to be German, without finding the ancient name to correspond, is
_Boiardo_, _boi_ (supposed by the Germans to mean Bavarian) being a
common prefix in Old German names, and _hard_ one of the most common
endings. The French have, among other names derived from their Frankish
ancestors, the corresponding names _Boyard_ and _Poyard_, and we
ourselves have _Byard_, which I take to be from the same origin. Then we
have _Berni_ (O.G. Berno), _Bernini_ (O.G. Bernin), and _Beroaldus_
(O.G. Berowald).

There remain yet two distinguished names, _Alfieri_ and _Guarini_. The
former may be from the O.G. Alfheri, _alf_, elf, and _heri_, warrior,
the sense contained in the former word being perhaps that of occult
wisdom. Hence it would correspond with our surnames _Albery_ and
_Aubery_, Alfheri and Albheri being convertible Old German names.
_Guarini_ may, with somewhat more of certainty, be taken to be from the
Old Frankish name Guarin, formed on the principle already referred to on
other Old German names, Warin and Warno. Hence our names _Warren_ and
_Warne_, and the French _Guerin_. The Wearningas, "sons or descendants
of Wearn," are among the early Saxon settlers referred to in Chapter
IV., and Warin is found as an early name in the _Liber Vitae_. There are
some other names which may very possibly be of German origin, but the
form of which is not sufficiently distinct to make the connection
generally intelligible.

I conclude this chapter with a suggestion as to the possibly German
origin of one who but of late occupied a considerable place in European
politics, viz. _Gambetta_. This name is of Italian origin, and I venture
to think may be one of those given to Italy by the Germans, and perhaps
most probably by the Lombards. There was a Gambad who ruled over Ticino
in the ancient duchy of Milan, and was subsequently driven out by
Pertharit, who thereupon became the ruler of the whole of Lombardy.
Gambad seems to be probably a Lombard form of Ganbad (_gan_, magic, or
fascination, and _bad_, war), or it might be of Gandbad (_gand_, wolf),
both ancient German stems. This name Gambad would in French take the
form of Gambette,[53] and in Italian of Gambetta. It would be curious if
this name were one left behind by the Lombards (or possibly even the
Franks) in their invasion of Italy, and restored to France to rouse her
to a gallant though unavailing attempt to stem the tide of another
German invasion. And very suitable too would be the name, in the sense
of magic or fascination, to one whose energy and eloquence acted as such
a potent spell to revive the drooping courage of his countrymen.

FOOTNOTES:

[50] When there are two Old German names, the former is that which is
found in a form most nearly corresponding with the Italian, the latter
is that which may be taken to be the most correct form.

[51] Names of a similar kind are the O.G. Gervid, our _Garwood_,
signifying "spear-wood." Also the O.G. Asquid, whence the Ascuit in
_Domesday_, and our present names _Asqwith_ and _Ashwith_, signifying
"ash-wood," of which spears used to be made.

[52] Diez takes it to be a contraction of Adalgar.

[53] As in the French names _Gerbet_ and _Herbette_, representing the
Old Frankish names Gerbad and Herbad.




CHAPTER IX.

VARIOUS UNENUMERATED STEMS.


In the present chapter I propose to include a few stems which were not
taken into account in my previous work, or respecting which I may have
something more to say.

I have referred, at page 75, to Lappenberg's theory, that Franks,
Lombards, and Frisians were associated with the Saxons in the early
invasions of England. His theory seems to be based only upon the general
relations which subsisted between these different tribes, and the
various other occasions on which they are found to have been acting in
concert. I have, in a previous chapter, referred to the subject so far
as the Franks are concerned, and endeavoured to show that there were in
Anglo-Saxon times, and that there are in our names at present, certain
peculiarities which are in accordance with Frankish forms, and so far
favour the theory that Franks were among the early settlers.

There is another peculiarity which seems to be found in some of the
names of Anglo-Saxon times, the form _ch_ for (as I suppose) _g_, as in
such a name as Cissa (Chissa) and Cippa (Chippa). Cissa I should
suppose to be the same name as Gisa, that of a bishop in the time of
Edward the Confessor, and Cippa the same as Gyp in Gypeswich. May not
this be a Frisian form? Chippo comes before us as a name apparently
Frisian.


CHIPP, CHIPPING, CHIPMAN, CHEESE, CHESSON, CHESMAN, CHESNUT, CHURN,
CHIRNIE, CHITTY.

If the above be correct, Chipp, corresponding with an Anglo-Saxon Cippa
found in Cippenham, a Ceapa found in Ceapan hlaew, and Cypa in Cypingas,
also with a Chippo probably Frisian, would be another form of Gibb or
Gipp, _geban_, to give. And Cheese, which appears as Chese in the
_Hundred Rolls_, may represent Cissa as another form of Gisa (_gis_,
hostage). There is a present Friesic name Tsjisse, which, though it
looks more like an attempt to represent a sneeze than anything else, I
take to have the sound of Chissa. Chesson may be taken to be from the
ending in _en_, p. 27, and Chesnut might be from the ending _noth_,
bold, frequent in Anglo-Saxon names. Churn and Chirney, corresponding
with an O.G. Chirno, and perhaps with the Cearningas among the early
settlers, might come in here as another form of _gern_, eager. And
Chitty, perhaps the same name as that found in the Cidingas, may
possibly be, on the same principle, another form of Giddy, Kiddy, or
Kitty (stem _gid_, hilaris).


MUMM, MUMMY, MUMMERY.

There are a few Old German names, mostly of women, in Mam and Mum. And
there are also two Old Frankish women's names, Mamma and Momma
(apparently overlooked by Foerstemann), in the _Pol. Irm._ It seems
difficult to take these names as from anything else than the
widely-spread word signifying mother. In an age when names sat much more
lightly than they do now, one might fancy such a word superseding a
woman's original name. I can even conceive the possibility of such a
name, its origin having somewhat passed out of sight, being given in a
masculine form to a son. We have several instances in the _Pol. Irm._ of
such a custom; for instance, where, the mother being called Genesia, the
son is called Genesius, and the mother being called Deodata, the son is
called Deodatus. However, this cannot be taken for anything more than a
somewhat speculative suggestion. As in present use, the French name Mumm
is well known in connection with dry champagne; the Germans have Muhm,
and though I am not quite certain of Mumm as an English name, I think we
may count upon Mummy (ending in _i_, p. 24). Mummery might be a compound
(_hari_, warrior), but from the facility with which _n_ passes into _m_,
I should be more disposed to take it to be a corruption of Munnery,
corresponding with an O.G. Munihari, Goth. _munan_, to think.


BODY, FREEBODY, GOODBODY, LIGHTBODY, PEABODY, HANDSOMEBODY.

_Body_ I take to be from O.N. _bodi_, envoy or messenger. It is found as
an ending in many ancient names, particularly among the Saxons. And in
our surnames it appears sometimes as representing ancient names, and
sometimes more probably as a sobriquet of a later period. In the
"Household Expences" of Eleanor, Countess of Montford, A.D. 1265, the
names of her three messengers are given as Treubodi, Gobithesty, and
Slingaway. These are all sobriquets,--Treubody is "trusty messenger,"
Gobithesty is from A.S. _sti_, a footpath, hence the name may be
equivalent to "short-cut," and the last explains itself. Our name
Handsomebody has clearly been a sobriquet of the same kind, and,
referring to the older sense of "handsome," means a handy or useful
messenger. Peabody, which I think may have been originally Pipbody, from
_pipr_, swift, active, may also have been a sobriquet. So may Goodbody
and Lightbody, but it is by no means certain. We might take our
Lightfoot to have been a sobriquet, but we find a corresponding name,
Lytafus (_fus_, foot) on Roman pottery. Freebody probably represents the
O.G. Frithubodo, compounded with _frith_, peace.


BRAGG, BRACKIE, BRAY, PRAY, BRAGAN, BRACKEN, BRAIN, BRACKING, BRACKETT,
BRAYMAN, BRAKEMAN, BREWIN.

There are two different origins from which this stem might be derived,
A.S. _brego_, king, ruler, and A.S. _bracan_, to break, subdue, crush,
the former being perhaps preferable upon the whole. There are but very
few names in Old German, and Foerstemann does not make any suggestion as
to the origin.

A.S. Braeg (found in Braegeshale), Bracca (found in Braccanheal). O.G.
Brachio, Thuringian, sixth century. Eng. Bragg, Brackie, Bray, Pray.


Ending in _en_, p. 27.

A.S. Bregen (found in Bregnesford). Eng. Bragan, Bracken, Brain.


Ending in _el_, prob. diminutive.

A.S. Brakel (found in Brakelesham). Eng. Breakell.


_Patronymic._

Eng. Bracking.


_Compounds._

(_Had_, war?), A.S. Breged (found in Bregedeswere)--Eng. Brackett.
(_Man_, vir), Eng. Brakeman, Brayman (Mod. G. Brackmann, French
Braquemin). (_Wine_, friend), A.S. Bregowin (Archbishop of
Canterbury)--Eng. Brewin.


LORD, LORDING.

We may take the above to be the same as an A.S. Lorta and Lorting, p.
100. And whatever may be the origin, it is certainly not A.S. _hlaford_,
Eng. "lord." There are two isolated names in the _Altdeutsches
Namenbuch_, Laurad and Lorad, both seventh century, of which the
Anglo-Saxon name seems not improbably to be a contraction. The word
concerned might be A.S. _lar_, lore, learning, Old North. _laerdr_
(larad?), learned. Stark however seems to take Laurad and Lorad to be
Celtic. But in the genealogy of the sons of Woden in the _Edda_ of
Snorro occurs the name Loride, which, though Snorro's names are not
always trustworthy, seems to point to the existence of an ancient
Teutonic name corresponding with those in the _Altdeutsches Namenbuch_,
and so far to favour the derivation which I have suggested.


STUDD, STOTT, STOUT, STUTTER, STODDART, STUDEARD. STITT, STEED, STADD,
STIDOLPH.

We find Anglo-Saxon names to account for all the names of the former of
these two groups, viz., Stut, Stuter (_her_, warrior), and Stutard
(_hard_, fortis). The word concerned does not seem to have anything to
do with Eng. "stout," which seems to have lost an _l_, and to have been
originally _stolt_. The group is no doubt parallel with the second
group, which is more distinctly represented in Old German names, and
which may be referred to O.N. _stedia_, firmare, _staddr_, constitutus,
A.S. _stide_, _stith_, firm, steadfast; our Stidolph corresponding with
an O.G. Stadolf, and a Stithuulf in the _Liber Vitae_.


FOGG, FOGGO, FUDGE, FEW.

There are Old German names Focco and Fucco, for which Foerstemann
proposes O.N. _fok_, flight. And there is a Fuca, rather probably a
corresponding name, on Roman pottery. Among the Anglo-Saxons we have
Focingas, early settlers in Kent. Also Focga and Fucg, deduced from
place-names, p. 99. Foerstemann seems to take this as the stem on which
is formed _fugal_, fowl, bird.


FLAGG, FLACK, FLECK, FLUCK, FLY, FLEA, FLEW.

The Fleccingas are among the early settlers inferred by Mr. Kemble. And
there are also Anglo-Saxon names Flegg, Flecg, and Flogg, deduced from
place-names, p. 99. The name Floki, of a Northman in the _Landnamabok_,
also comes in here. There is also another Northman called Flugu-Grimr,
"Fly or Flyer Grim," a kind of inverted surname. The origin may be taken
to be A.S. _fleogan_, O.N. _fliuga_, to fly. And this group may be taken
to be fundamentally parallel with the last.


CLEAN, CLINE, KLYNE.

There is a Clen in the genealogy of the Merovingian kings, and there is
perhaps an A.S. Clena to be deduced from the place-names Clenanford,
Clenancrundel, &c. It may probably be from A.S. _clene_, clean, pure.
"The original sense seems to have been bright."--_Skeat_. This may
probably be the sense in names.


SWEARS, SWEARING, SWIRE, SQUIRE, SQUARE, SQUAREY, SQUIRRELL.

The stem _swar_, _swer_, in O.G. names, is referred by Foerstemann to
O.H.G. _suari_, weighty, important, Goth. _swers_, honourable. There is
an A.S. Sweor found in a place-name, p. 102, and there is an O.G.
Suaring corresponding with our Swearing. Also a Suara on Roman pottery,
which I take to be German, and to represent the stem of which Suaring is
a patronymic. I take Squire and Square to be phonetic corruptions of
Swire and Swear, and Squirrell to be properly Swirrell, a diminutive.


LUMB, LUMP, LUMPKIN.

Lumbe is also a present German name, and seems to be the same as an O.G.
Lumpe, which Stark takes to be a contraction of some compound name,
perhaps Lundbert. Lump and the diminutive Lumpkin are from _Suffolk
Surnames_, and may be German and not English.


KNELL, NELLY, NILL, KNELLER.

Of the Cnyllingas, settled in Northamptonshire, I find no further trace
in Anglo-Saxon times, nor anything to correspond in Old German names.
The name is also a very uncommon one at present, the above Knell, Nelly,
and Nill being all taken from _Suffolk Surnames_, though Knell at all
events was an English name. Kneller, as the name of the painter, is of
Dutch origin; it seems to be a compound from this stem (_hari_,
warrior). The origin may perhaps be found in O.N. _hnalla_, to beat.


KNAPP, KNAPPING, KNIBB, KNIPE, KNIPPING, NAF NAPP, NAPKIN, KNIFE,
KNYVETT.

One of the oldest Low German names on record is Hnaf, mentioned in the
"Traveller's Song," written, as supposed, about the fifth century. There
is a corresponding O.G. Hnabi, eighth century, the origin being, no
doubt, A.S. _cnapa_, _cnafa_, son, boy. To this may be placed our names
Knapp, Napp, and the patronymic Knapping. (The name Naf, in _Suffolk
Surnames_, may possibly not be English.) I also take the A.S. Cnebba[54]
to come in here, also Hnibba, found in Hnibbanleah (Hnibba's lea), and
Nybba, found in Nybbanbeorh (Nybba's barrow), and so connect also our
names Knibb, Knipe, and Knipping. Stark also brings in here the name
Cniva, of a Gothic king of the third century, and Cnivida, also the
name of a Goth, placed by Foerstemann to A.S. _cnif_, knife. If this be
correct, our name Knife might also come in here, parallel with Knipe,
and also Knyvet as probably a diminutive. Also Napkin, another
diminutive = Germ. _knabchen_.


PIM, PYM.

The father of the Lombard king Rachis was called Pimo. There is also a
Pymma about the tenth century in the _Liber Vitae_. As to the origin of
the name, I am unable to offer any suggestion. It may be, as Stark
opines, a contraction of some compound name.


WAMBEY, WAMPEN.

Wamba was the name of a West-Gothic king in the seventh century, and
there was also a deacon of the same name a few years earlier. I do not
know of it as an Anglo-Saxon name, but I suppose Scott must have had
some authority for introducing it as the name of the jester in
_Ivanhoe_. The only derivation that can be suggested is from the Goth.
_wamba_, belly, giving it the meaning of "paunchey." But it was not a
nickname in the case of the Gothic king, for he bore it upon his coins,
and it is difficult, as Stark observes, to suppose such a name for a
king. Finding, however, on certain of his coins the variation Wanba,
Stark is inclined to think that it may be a contraction of some name
such as Wanbert. Was it by literary intuition that Scott pitched upon
such a name for the jester, or did he know of its supposed meaning of
"paunchey"?

The name may be represented in our Wambey, though it is perhaps quite
as likely to be from some Danish place-name in _by_, such as Wanby or
Wandby. Wampen, however, if there is such a stem, might be placed to it.


STRANG, STRONG, STRANK, STRANGWARD, STRANGWICK, STRINGLE, STRINGFELLOW.

There are two A.S. forms, _strang_ and _streng_, represented in the
above. The only Anglo-Saxon names that I can find are a Stranglic dux in
a charter of Ina, and a Streng, found in Strengesho, "Streng's
grave-mound." Stranglic is the A.S. _stranglic_, strong, and looks like
a sobriquet which had superseded his original name. Streng might be the
same as far as it is itself concerned, but there is an O.G. Strangulf
(_ulf_, wolf) which, along with our own names Strangward and Strangwick,
strongly suggests an ancient baptismal name, and a formation in
accordance with the Teutonic system. The last name, Stringfellow, must
have been a sobriquet,--it probably represents a mediaeval Strengfelaw,
and has been rather curiously corrupted, owing to the meaning of
_streng_ not being recognised.


STRAY, STRAW, STRETCH, STREEK, STRAIN, STRICKETT, STRAIGHT.

Closely allied to _strang_ and _streng_ are A.S. _strac_ and _strec_,
violent, powerful, brave, whence I take the above. The only ancient
names to correspond are an O.G. Strago, ninth century, and Strocgo,
eighth century. Strain and Straight represent respectively the forms
Stragin and Stragget, formed with the endings in _en_ and in _et_
referred to in Chapter II.


STARK, STARKIE, STARR, STARCH, STURGE, STURGIN, STURGEON, STERICKER.

From the A.S. _stearc_, _sterc_, O.H.G. _starah_, _starh_, stiff,
strong, I take the above. This form _starc_ seems formed by metathesis
from the above _strac_,--indeed, all the three forms, _strang_,
_strack_, and _stark_, are etymologically very closely allied. This stem
enters distinctly into the Teutonic system, but besides the simple form
Stark, corresponding with O.G. Starco and Staracho, we have only
Stericker, corresponding with an O.G. Starcher (_her_, warrior).


EAVESTAFF, LANGSTAFF, WAGSTAFF, HACKSTAFF, SHAKESTAFF, COSTIFF.

These names ending in _staff_ might naturally be taken to have been
sobriquets, to be classed along with Shakespear, Breakspear, and other
names of the same kind. But as regards two of them at least, Hackstaff
and Shakestaff, there may be something more to be said. There is an
ending _staf_ in Teutonic names, for which Grimm, referring to Gustaf,
thinks of O.H.G. _stab_, A.S. _staf_, staff,--in the sense, as I should
suppose, of baton, or staff of office. There are only discovered as yet
two Old German names with this ending, Chustaff and Sigestab. The
former, which seems to be from _cunst_ or _cust_, science, learning, may
be the original of the Swedish Gustaf, and possibly of Costiff, one of
the curious names gathered by Mr. Lower. Corresponding with the O.G.
Sigestab, we find an A.S. Sigistef, a moneyer of Coenwulf. And there is
also a Hehstaf, witness to a charter (_Thorpe_, p. 69). Shakestaff,
then, might be a not very difficult corruption of Sigestef (which in
the form of Sicestaf would approach still nearer). And Hackstaff might
represent the A.S. Hehstaf, in which the second _h_ was no doubt
strongly aspirated, and might be more like a hard _c_. I, however, only
bring this forward as a possible explanation; there is quite as much to
be said for the other view, unless other ancient names turn up.


NAGLE, NAIL, HARTNOLL, DARNELL, TUFFNELL, HORSENAIL, HOOFNAIL, ISNELL,
BRAZNELL, COPPERNOLL.

There is in my view no more curious or puzzling set of names than those
which, as above, are derived from _nagel_ or nail, clavis. It appears to
me, though the line is difficult to draw, that they may be divided into
two groups, one of which is the representative of ancient baptismal
names, and the other of surnames of a later, perhaps a mediaeval, date.

Connected with the former we have Nagle and Nail, corresponding with an
O.G. Nagal, ninth century, and an A.S. Negle and Naele, found in
place-names, p. 101. Then there are two Old German compounds, Hartnagal
(hard nail) and Swarnagal (heavy nail), respectively of the eighth and
ninth centuries. The former of these two names we have as Hartnoll, and
the Germans have it as Haertnagel. Then I find two more examples among
the Anglo-Saxons, Spernaegle in a charter of manumission at Exeter, and
Dearnagle in a place-name, p. 98. Spernaegle is "spear-nail," and
Dearnagle is probably the same, from O.N. _doerr_, spear. The latter of
these two names we seem to have as Darnell, and the Germans as
Thuernagel. Then we have Tuffnell, which, as Mr. Lower mentions, was in
the seventeenth century spelt Tufnaile, and might be taken to mean
"tough-nail," but for this we find no corresponding ancient name. There
is a Celtic Dufnal, to which, as being a name adopted from them by the
Northmen, and so having an increased chance of being represented, it
might perhaps be placed. But if this be the case (which I rather doubt),
it would have nothing to do with the present group. The sense in these
ancient names may be taken to be a warlike one, as in the case of other
names having the meaning of point or edge, acies. We find Naegling as the
name given by an Anglo-Saxon to his sword, in accordance with the
ancient custom, prevalent both among the Celts and the Saxons, of giving
names to weapons, and this assists to point the meaning as that of edge,
acies. And it seems to me hardly necessary to assume, with Mone
(_Heldensage_), any connection with the mythological smith, Weland.

Then there is another set of names of which we have a considerable
number, and the Germans still more, which appear to have been given at a
later period, and to be perhaps, at least in some cases, derived from
trade. Such are Horsnail, and the corresponding German Rosnagel;
Hoofnail, and the German Hufnagel; while there are others, such as
Isnell (iron nail), Coppernoll (and Germ. Kupfernagel), about which I
hardly know what to think.


HONE, HEAN, HEANEY, ONKEN, ENNOR, HONNER, HENFREY, ENRIGHT, ONWHYN,
ENOUGH.

A very common stem in A.S. names is _ean_, the meaning of which remains
yet unexplained. We seem to have received it both in the Low German
form _ean_ and the High German form _aun_ or _on_. The Honingas
(Oningas) among the early settlers must, I think, be placed to it. It is
very apt to intermix with another stem _an_, to which I formerly placed
a few names which I think should come in here.


Stem _ean_, _en_, _aun_, _on_.

A.S. Eana, Enna (found in Ennanbeorh), Hean (found in Heanspol, &c).
Also Onna (found in Onnandun). Hona, found in Honingas. Ona, _Lib. Vit._
O.G. Ono, Oni. Eng. Hean, Heaney, Hone. Fries. Onno.


_Diminutive._

A.S. Honekyn (found in Honekyntun, now Hankerton). Eng. Onken.


_Compounds._

(_Frid_, peace), A.S. Eanfrith--O.G. Aunefrit, Onfred--Eng. Henfrey.[55]
(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Onheri--O.N. Onar--Eng. Honnor, Ennor. (_Rad_,
_Red_, counsel), A.S. Eanred--O.G. Onrada--Eng. Enright (=Enrat?).
(_Wine_, friend), A.S. Eanwini, Inwine (found in Inwines burg)--Eng.
Onwhyn. (_Wulf_, wolf), A.S. Eanulf--O.G. Aunulf brother of Odoaker,
fifth century--Eng. Enough. (_Ward_ guardian), Eng. Onword.


IMPEY, EMPEY, HEMP, HAMP, HAMPER, HEMPER.

Mr. Kemble finds Impingas in Impington, in Cambridgeshire, though it
would seem incorrectly, as far as the tribe or family is concerned, the
name being only that of a man, Impin. The name Impa is found also in
Ympanleage, in Worcestershire. A sufficient meaning may perhaps be found
in A.S. _impan_, to plant, engraft. To this stem I place Impey, Hemp,
and probably Hamp, while Hamper and Hemper may be compounds (_hari_,
warrior). There is a stem _umb_ in Old German names, which may perhaps
claim relationship.


CAUNCE, CHANCE, CHANCEY, CHANCELL, CANSICK, KENSAL, KENSETT.

The Cenesingas, found by Kemble in Kensington, would, if the
Anglo-Saxons had possessed the requisite letters, have been better
represented by Kenzingas, being, as I take it, from a stem _ganz_,
_genz_, _kenz_, referred by Foerstemann to _ganz_, integer. I am
inclined to take our names Chance, Chancey, &c., to represent the form
_kanz_ in a softened form, come to us through the Normans. The forms of
the name in the _Roll of Battle Abbey_, Kancey, Cauncy, and Chauncy, and
the present French names, Cance, Chanceau, and Chanzy, seem to be in
conformity with this view. The French seem to have some other names from
the same stem, as Cancalon (O.G. Gansalin) and Gantzere (O.G. Gentsar).
The forms Cansick, Kensal (both diminutives, and the latter answering to
Chancel), and Kensett, may be taken to represent the native form of the
stem as found in Kenzingas.


SNOAD, SNODIN, SNOWDEN (?), SNODGRASS.

Of the Snotingas, who gave the name to Snotingaham, now Nottingham, we
have not many traces, either in Anglo-Saxon times or at present. There
are three Anglo-Saxon names, Snode, Snodd, and Snoding, derived from
place-names, p. 102. In Old German names it only occurs as the ending of
two or three names of women. The meaning is to be found in A.S. _snot_,
prudent, sagacious. The name Snodgrass may be a compound from this stem
as a corruption of Snodgast, though no ancient correspondent has turned
up,--compare Prendergrass, p. 114.


THRALE.

This is a very uncommon name; I never knew of an instance other than
that of the brewer who is handed down to posterity as the friend of
Johnson. So also in ancient times there is only one name on record,
Thralo, for which Foerstemann proposes Old Friesic, _thrall_, swift,
nimble.


EARWAKER, EDDIKER.

The curious-looking name Earwaker is no doubt the same as an Eueruacer
(Everwacer), in _Domesday_, from _evor_, boar, and _wacar_, watchful,
and it is of interest as supplying a missing link in the study of Old
German names. For the Old German name corresponding to this appears as
Eburacer, and while some other German writers have taken the ending to
be _acer_ (Eng. _acre_), Foerstemann has, rightly as it is proved,
suggested that it is a contraction of _wacer_. Similarly the ancient
name Odoacer, of the king of the Heruli, is proved by corresponding
Anglo-Saxon names, Edwaker in a charter of manumission at Exeter, and
Edwacer on coins minted at Norwich (A.S. _ed_ = O.H.G. _od_), to be
properly Odwacer. From this A.S. Edwaker may be our name Eddiker; and
some others of our names, as _Goodacre_ and _Hardacre_, may represent
ancient names not yet turned up.[56] The second part of the compound,
_wacer_ (whence our _Waker_), is itself a very ancient stem, being found
on the one hand in the Wacer(ingas), among the early Saxon settlers, and
on the other in the name Vacir, probably Frankish, on Roman pottery.


SHAWKEY, CHALKEY, CHALK, CAULK, KELK, CHALKLEN, CALKING, CHALKER,
CHAUCER.

We may take it that our name Shawkey (Shalkey) is the same as an A.S.
Scealc, p. 101, and as an O.G. Scalco, from _scalc_, servant. And the
question is, whether our names Caulk, Chalk, and Chalkey, corresponding
with an A.S. Cealca (found apparently in Cealcan gemero), and our name
Kelk, corresponding with an A.S. Celc, p. 98, may not be forms of the
same name without the initial _s_. Or whether they may be, as I before
suggested, from the tribe-name of the Chauci or Cauci, one of the
peoples included in the Frankish confederation. Of such a stem, however,
there is not any trace in the _Altdeutsches Namenbuch_, which one might
rather expect to be the case, seeing how fully Old Frankish names are
therein represented. However, I am not able to come to any definite
conclusion respecting this stem, which the forms above cited show to be
an ancient one. The French names Chaussy, Chaussee, Cauche, Cauchy, seem
to be in correspondence, as also Chaussier, comparing with Chaucer,
which, as a softened form, I think may have come through the Normans.

FOOTNOTES:

[54] Kemble explains Cnebba as "he that hath a beak," which would seem
to make it a sobriquet. But it certainly seems more reasonable to bring
it into an established stem.

[55] This name might also be deduced from another stem.

[56] Unless, as seems possible, Goodacre may represent the Old German
name Gundachar.




CHAPTER X

NAMES WHICH ARE NOT WHAT THEY SEEM.


It follows inevitably that, among the multitude of names such as are
included within the scope of this work, there must be many which, though
being of ancient origin, accidentally coincide with other words of
modern meaning. And thus there are several which might be taken to be
from names of women, such as the following:--


ANNE, NANNY, BETTY, SALL, MOLL, PEGG, BABB, MAGG, MEGGY, MAY, MAYO,
NELLY, LUCY, KITTY, HANNAH, MAUDE.

These are all English surnames, and have sometimes been accounted for on
the supposition of illegitimacy. Now, I am very much inclined to doubt
the existence, at least in England, of any names derived from women,
inasmuch as in the whole range of our surnames I do not know of one that
is _unmistakably_ so derived. There is certainly a case, referred to at
p. 57, of a surname ending in _trud_, a specially female ending, but, as
I have there remarked, it does not necessarily follow that the word is
the same as that used in women's names. There is, moreover, another name
which a little puzzles me, _Goodeve_, which looks as if it were from
the A.S. Godgefa, later Godiva. This is from a special female ending,
and I know of no corresponding masculine. But this might be an
exceptional case, for I doubt not that many a child in England, and
possibly even boys, with an unwonted masculine ending, might be called
after the noble woman who freed her people from the tax--

   "And made herself an everlasting name."

However, whether this might be so or not, the case seems scarcely
sufficient of itself to establish the principle. And with regard to
names such as those of which I am now treating, the resemblance is only
apparent, and, as I shall proceed to show, these are all in reality
ancient names of men. Anna, for instance, was a king of the East Angles,
and Moll the name of a king of Northumbria. Anna, Betti, Salla, Moll,
Pega, are early men's names in the _Liber Vitae_, and all of the above
are to be found in some kindred form in the _Altdeutsches Namenbuch_.
And some of these names still bear their ancient meaning on their front,
thus Pegg is the "pegger," and Moll (or Maule, the more proper form) is
the "mauler," the stem being referred to Goth. _mauljan_, to maul.

To take, then, these names in order, Anne, which corresponds with many
ancient names besides that of the king of the East Angles, among others
with that of an Anna, Archbishop of Cologne in the eleventh century, may
be referred to O.H.G. _ano_, ancestor. And Hannah (more properly Hanna)
is, with the ending in _a_, p. 24, the same as Hanney and Hann, probably
from the same stem, the _h_ being falsely assumed. Nanny corresponds
with an O.G. Nanno, referred to Goth. _nanthian_, audere. Betty, along
with which we must take Batty, is to be referred to A.S. _beado_, O.H.G.
_bado_, war, found in many ancient names. Sall, along with Sala, is from
a stem, p. 62, supposed by Foerstemann to mean dark. Kitty, along with
Kitt and Kitto, and also Kidd, corresponding with an A.S. Cydd, p. 98,
and a Cyda, in the _Liber Vitae_, is from a stem _gid_, _kit_, referred
to A.S. _giddian_, to sing. Babb, corresponding with an A.S. Babba, the
name of a moneyer, and other ancient names, is from a stem which
Foerstemann thinks must have been originally derived from "children's
speech." Magg and Meggy, corresponding with an A.S. Maeg and Mecga, and
an O.G. Megi, are from a stem referred to Goth. _magan_, posse, valere;
and May, along with Mayo, corresponding with an O.G. Maio, and perhaps
with a Maio on Roman pottery, is a softened form of the same. Lucy
corresponds with an O.G. Liuzi, a High German form from _liud_, people,
and I think must have come to us through the Normans. Nelly, along with
Knell, is referred to at p. 161, as probably from O.N. _hnalla_, to
beat. Maude stands on a somewhat different footing from the rest, the
surname being really in this case from the same origin as the woman's
name. But the woman's name, as I shall endeavour to show in the next
chapter, owes its origin to an ancient mistake, and is properly a man's
name.


_Names apparently from Animals._

Many of the names apparently from animals are also to be otherwise
explained. A few of the nobler animals, as the bear, the wolf, and the
boar, are to be found in the names of men throughout the Teutonic
system. The lion also and the horse occur, though by no means so
commonly. The _urus_, or wild ox, appears to have contributed a few
names, of which our _Ure_ may be one. I have met with the fox in one
single instance, that of a Northman, Fueks, on a runic inscription quoted
by Stevens, though it is rather probable that Foxes beorh, "Fox's
barrow" (Kemble, _Cod. Dip._), may also be from the name of a man. Among
birds, the eagle, the raven, and the swan were common throughout the
Teutonic system, the last, among the Germans, more especially in the
names of women. To account for this, Weinhold observes that along with
the beauty of the swan was contained a warlike sense derived from the
swan plumage of the maids of Odin. But among the Danes and the Saxon
sea-rovers Swan seems to have been common as a man's name, and in this
case the idea was more probably that of the way in which the swan rides
the waters as the ideal of a rover's life. The eagle, the raven, the
swan, the hawk, and the finch seem to be found in the Earningas, the
Raefningas, the Suaningas, the Haucingas, and the Fincingas, among our
early settlers, though the two last do not seem to occur in the Teutonic
system generally. I doubt all names that appear to be from fishes, and,
with one notable exception, all names that appear to be from reptiles or
insects. That exception is the snake, which was in special favour for
the names of men among the Danes and Northmen, there being no fewer than
twenty-four men called Ormr (worm or snake) in the _Landnamabok_ of
Iceland. Hence the name _Orme_, rather common among us, and the Saxon
form _Worm_, not by any means common. Among the Germans the snake was,
according to Weinhold, who looks upon it as the type of fascination and
insinuation, in especial favour for the names of women. The two
principal words in use among them were _lind_ (O.H.G. _lint_, snake) and
_ling_ (O.N. _lingvi_, serpent). Hence may be our _Lind_ and _Lindo_,
corresponding with an O.G. Linto; and _Ling_ and _Lingo_, corresponding
with an O.G. Lingo, and an O.N. Lingi. But both of these derivations are
somewhat uncertain, and especially the former, for I venture to think
that _lind_, gentle, is at least as appropriate for women as _lind_,
snake. To come then to the names which I take to be otherwise explained.


CAMEL, LEOPARD, BUCK, PIGG, RABBIT, CAT, RAT, MOUSE, SQUIRRELL. GOOSE,
GOSLING, GANDER, DUCK, DUCKLING, OSTRICH, LARK, WREN. FISH, SHARK,
DOLPHIN, SALMON, TROUT, WHITING, SMELT, HADDOCK, HERRING, TUNNY, SPRATT,
MINNOW, LAMPREY. MOTH, MOTE, FLY, FLEA, EARWIG, EMMETT.

Of the above, Camel is another form of Gamol, signifying old; there is a
Northman called Kamol in a runic inscription in Stevens. Leopard (see p.
151) is a corruption of Liubhard. Buck is found among the early Saxon
settlers, also as an O.G. Bucco, and a Buccus, rather probably German,
on Roman pottery, and may be taken to be another form of Bugg, p. 3.
Pigg, corresponding with an O.G. Pigo, must be referred to the same stem
as Pegg, viz. _bichen_, to slash. Rabbit is no doubt the same as a
Rabbod, a "Duke of the Frisians" mentioned by Roger of Wendover, a
contraction of Radbod, p. 119. Catt, along with Cattey, is another form
of Gatty, corresponding with an O.G. Gatto (_gatten_, to unite). Ratt,
corresponding with a French Ratte, may be referred to an O.G. Rato
(_rad_ or _rat_, counsel). Along with Mouse I take Moss, also a present
German Muss, and a French Mousse, all of which may be referred to an
O.G. Muoza, a High German form of _mod_, _mot_, courage; this name
having rather probably come to us through the Normans. Squirrell I have
referred to at p. 160. Goose and Gosling I also take to have probably
come to us through the Normans, as representing a High German form of
the stem _gaud_ (supposed to mean Goth). There are to compare French
names Gousse, Gosselin, Josselin, corresponding with Old German names
Gauso and Gauzelin, the latter a diminutive. Hence also, as a Christian
name, Jocelyn, of Old Frankish origin, come to us through the Normans.
Gander is from an A.S. Gandar, referred to in its place as a compound of
_gand_, probably signifying wolf. Duck, corresponding with a Duce (hard
_c_) in the _Liber Vitae_, is another form of Tuck, as in the Tucingas,
early settlers in Kemble's list, from the stem _dug_, A.S. _dugan_, to
be "doughty." And Duckling, corresponding with an A.S. Duceling, p. 98,
and an O.G. Dugelin, is a diminutive (like Gosling) from the same stem.
Ostrich represents an O.G. Austoric, and an A.S. Estrich (_Auster_ or
_Easter_ orientalis). Wren, along with Rennie and Renno, is from a stem
referred to _ran_, rapine; though it may also be the same name as Rain,
from _ragin_, counsel. Lark and Laverock are perhaps a little uncertain;
we find Anglo-Saxon names Lauerc, Lauroca, and Laferca, which might be
from the A.S. _laferc_, O.E. _laverock_, lark. On the whole, however, I
am rather more disposed to take them to be from Lafer among the early
settlers (not I think a compound) with the diminutive ending _ec_, and
similarly I would take Leverett to be formed from the same word, _lafer_
or _lefer_, with the (perhaps also diminutive) ending _et_.

Coming to names apparently from fishes, I question very much whether
Fiske and Fish are from A.S. _fisc_, pisces, though Foerstemann, in
default of a better, gives that meaning in an ancient name, Fisculf. I
think it is one of the cases in which a meaning is to be got from the
Celtic, and take it that the Welsh _ffysg_, impetuous, supplies the
sense that is required, of which also some slight traces are to be found
in Teutonic dialects. Shark and Sharkey I take to be the same name as
Sere in the _Liber Vitae_, from A.S. _serc_, Sco. "sark," shirt, in the
sense of a shirt of mail. It is formed, according to Diefenbach, upon a
stem _sar_ or _ser_, signifying armatura, p. 62; whence an O.G. Saracho,
corresponding with the above. The Sercings are a tribe or family
mentioned in the "Traveller's Song," and in connection with the Serings:

   "With the Sercings I was, and with the Serings."

The connection between the two, however, is here probably only for the
sake of the alliteration. Dolphin is the Danish name Dolgfinnr, p. 48.
There was a Dolfin, presumably of Scandinavian origin, governor of
Carlisle in the time of Rufus. Herring and Whiting are both from the
Anglo-Saxon patronymic, p. 28, and Haddock, with the M.G. Haedicke, is a
diminutive from the stem _had_, war, p. 54. Tunny, along with Tunn and
Tunno (Tunna, _Lib. Vit._), is another form of Dunn, a common
Anglo-Saxon name. Spratt I class along with Sprout and Sprott, comparing
them with an O.G. Sprutho, as from Goth, _sprauto_, nimble, active. And
Minnow, along with Minn and Minney, corresponding with an O.G. Minna,
may be taken to be from A.S. _myn_, love, affection. Salmon is the same
as an O.G. Salaman, from, as supposed, _salo_, dark; and Trout may be
the same as an O.G. Truto, probably signifying beloved. Smelt may be
taken to be from A.S. _smelt_, gentle; it occurs once as the name of an
Anglo-Saxon, but does not seem to be a word entering into the Teutonic
system, and may have been originally a sobriquet. Lamprey I have already
referred to, p. 115, as a probable corruption of Landfred.

Of names apparently from insects, Moth and Mote (Mote, _Hund. Rolls_)
are probably the same as an O.G. Moata, from _mod_, _mot_, courage,
German _muth_. Fly and Flea are included in a stem, p. 159; and Emmet
may be taken to be from A.S. _emita_, quies, found in several ancient
names. Earwig I have taken, p. 49, to be a contraction of Evorwig, as
Earheart of Everhard, and Earwaker of Evorwacer.[57] Many other names of
the same sort might be adduced, but those I have given will I think be
sufficient for the purpose.


_Names apparently from Office or Occupation_:

LORD, EARL, ABBOTT, NUNN, BISHOP, PRIEST, ALDERMAN, PRENTICE, PRINCE,
HAYWARD, HOWARD, ANGLER, ARCHER, AUTHER, FARRIER, HURLER, PLAYER,
MARINER, WARNER, WALKER, PLOWMAN, ARKWRIGHT, HARTWRIGHT, SIEVEWRIGHT,
GOODWRIGHT.

Lord, as noted at p. 158, can hardly be from A.S. _hlaford_, Eng. lord.
Earl, however, along with Early, seems to be the same word as Eng.
"earl," though as a name entering into the Teutonic system it is only a
word of general honorific meaning, and may not represent any man who
ever bore the title. Abbott I take to be the same as an A.S. Abbod, p.
96, the stem being, as supposed, from Goth. _aba_, man. Nunn, along with
Nunney and Noon, compares with Nun, the name of a kinsman of Ina, king
of Wessex, and with O.G. Nunno and Nunni, the meaning of which seems
somewhat obscure. Bishop, at least in its origin, can hardly have been
from the office, for there is a Biscop in the genealogy of the kings of
the Lindisfari, who must of course have been a heathen. The name in this
case may be a compound of _bis_ (closely allied to _bas_, p. 5) and A.S.
_cof_, strenuous, which we find as the ending of some other A.S. names.
But after the advent of Christianity, a man, though inheriting the old
name, would no doubt wear it with a difference. Priest must, I think, be
what it seems, there is a witness to a charter (_Thorpe_, p. 69) whose
name is Preost, and whose description is "presbyter"; his original name,
whatever it was, must have been so completely superseded by that of his
office that at last he accepted it himself, and signed accordingly.
Alderman I have taken, p. 116, to be, even in Anglo-Saxon times, a
corruption. Such a name, as derived from office, could hardly be borne
by an Anglo-Saxon, unless, indeed, as a sobriquet, superseding his
original name. So also Prentice, from an A.S. Prentsa, I take to be due
to a corruption in Anglo-Saxon times. I am not sure that Prince may not
be from the same name, Prentsa, dropping the vowel-ending and becoming
Prents. A name which has been mistakenly supposed to be from some
office of agricultural oversight is Hayward; it is however an ancient
name, more properly Agward or Egward. Howard, which has been sometimes
confounded with it, is an entirely different name, the O.N. Havardr
(_ha_, high), introduced I think by the Danes or Northmen.

Some names formed with _wright_, as Arkwright, Hartwright, Sievewright,
and Goodwright, will be found in their places in Chapter III. as,
according to my view, ancient compounds. I might perhaps add Boatwright,
from an O.G. Buotrit, and also Cheesewright, for which we have the stem,
p. 155, though no ancient form to represent this particular compound.
The Wrihtingas, in Kemble's list of early settlers, I take to be
properly Ritingas, from a stem _rit_, supposed to be the same as Eng.
"ride," though perhaps in an older and more general sense of rapid
motion. Many names ending in _er_, as Ambler, Angler, Archer, Auther,
&c., are in reality from an ancient ending in _har_, signifying warrior.
Ambler represents an O.G. Amalher, p. 42, Angler an O.G. Angilher, p.
42, Archer an O.G. Erchear, p. 42, and Auther an O.G. Authar, p. 42.
Farrier, along with Ferrier, may represent an O.G. Feriher, p. 49, and
Hurler an O.G. Erlehar, from the stem _erl_ already referred to. Gambler
represents an O.G. Gamalher, and Player is the same as an A.S. Plegher,
from _pleg_, play, probably the play of battle. Then we have Mariner and
Marner, which, with French Marinier and Marnier, may be referred to an
O.G. Marnehar (_mar_, famous), and in a similar manner Warrener and
Warner may be taken to be from an O.G. Warnehar (Warin = Wern). Among
names of this class we may also include Walker, of which there is
abundant instance as an ancient name. Kemble has Wealceringas among the
early settlers, as well as also Wealcingas representing the stem on
which it is formed, probably A.S. _wealh_, stranger. There was in after
Anglo-Saxon times a Walchere, bishop of Lindisfarne, and Ualcar is found
in a runic inscription in Stevens; while, as O.G. names, we have
Walachar and Walchar, and as a present German name we have Walcher.
However, in view of the commonness of this name, it is perhaps only
reasonable to suppose an admixture from A.S. _wealcere_, a fuller.

I may here observe that this same ending, _har_, so common in ancient
names, give us many names which have the appearance of a comparative,
such as _Harder_, _Paler_, _Richer_, &c., and in its other form, _hari_,
many names such as _Armory_, _Buttery_, _Gunnery_, _Flattery_, which we
have also in the other form as _Armor_, _Butter_, _Gunner_, and
_Flatter_ (_flat_, formosus).


_Names apparently from Times and Seasons._

The names of this sort have generally been supposed to be derived from a
person having been born at some particular time. That there are names of
this sort, such as Christmas, Noel, and Midwinter, we cannot for a
moment doubt, but, judging by the early records of our names, they are
of very rare occurrence, and I conceive that in the majority of cases
names of such appearance are to be otherwise accounted for.


SUNDAY, MONDAY, FRIDAY, HOLIDAY, LOVEDAY, HOCKADAY, PENTECOST, LAMMAS,
LAMAISON, SUMMER, WINTER, JANUARY.

Sunday may be Sunda, comparing with an O.G. Sundo, and an A.S. Sunta,
perhaps from _sund_, sea. Similarly Munday may be Munda, to be referred,
along with Mundy, to _mund_, protection, and comparing with an O.G.
Mundo. The other four names ending in _day_ seem to represent ancient
compounds, and in what sense these were given it is difficult to say.
Friday corresponds with an O.G. Frittag and with an A.S. Frigedaeg, p.
99, Holiday with an O.G. Halegdag, Loveday (Luiedai in Domesday) with an
O.G. Liopdag (_liub_, love), and Hockaday, with a present French Hocede,
with an O.G. Hodag (_hoh_ or _hoch_, high). From the character of these
names, compounded with "high," "holy," "peace," and "love," they might
be supposed to have been given in a religious sense, and their date, the
ninth century, would be in conformity. The Anglo-Saxon name Frigedaeg, it
will be observed, is from the same word as our "Friday," and not the
same as the Old German name, which is from _frid_, peace. But it seems
to me quite possible that the Anglo-Saxons, having received the name,
might mistake its meaning and spell it according to their own views.
This they seem to do in some other cases, as, for instance, the stem
_wit_, common to the Teutonic system, and rather probably from _wid_,
wood, they seem to take as from _wiht_, man, and spell it accordingly.
Summer and Winter are both ancient names; in the _Cod. Dip. Alamanniae_
there are two brothers called respectively Sumar and Winter, A.D. 858.
Winter was also the name of one of the companions of Hereward the Saxon.
Pentecost I have elsewhere supposed, p. 120, to be a corruption of
Pentecast, as an ancient name. I rather doubt Lammas, which is found as
Lammasse in the _Hundred Rolls_, and which corresponds with a French
Lamas. Lamisso was the name of a Lombard king of the fifth century, and
was derived, according to an old chronicler, from _lama_, water, because
in his youth the king had been rescued from drowning--a derivation which
may perhaps be regarded with some suspicion. Taking Lammas then as the
representative of an ancient name, we might get from it our name
Lamaison (ending in _en_, p. 27), though if Lammas were from the
diminutive ending is, _es_, p. 32, it could not take a German _en_ in
addition; in this case the ending must be Romanic, which, from the
French form of the name, seems very possible. As to the name January, I
am inclined to look upon it as a corruption of another name, Jennery,
which, along with Jenner, I take to be the same as the Old German names
Genear and Ginheri, from, as supposed, _gan_, magic or fascination.


_Names apparently from Parts of the Body._

HEAD, BODY, ARMS, LEGG, LEGGY, LEGLESS, FINGER, HEART, EARHEART, SIDE,
BACK, ELBOW, FOOTE, TONGUE. (LAWLESS, BOOKLESS, FAIRLESS, RECKLESS),
FAIRFOOT, TRUEFITT.

With the exception of Foote and Tongue, I do not think that any of the
above are what they seem. Head seems to be probably the same as A.S.
Hedda, which, like another name, Hada, seems to be from _had_, war.
Body is clearly from _bodi_, messenger, p. 157, and Arms is from an
ancient origin, p. 19. Legg I take to be the same as Law, A.S. _lag_,
found in several ancient names. Hence I take Legless to be the same as
Lawless, and both to mean "learned in the law," from an ancient ending
_leis_, explained by Foerstemann as "learned." This gives something like
a meaning to some other names, as Bookless; "book-learned"; Fairless,
"travel-learned"; perhaps Reckless (A.S. _reccan_, to reck, understand).
Finger is a Scandinavian name, p. 50, Heart is a false spelling of
_hart_, hard, and Earheart is Everard, p. 49. Side is from an A.S. Sida,
p. 93, and Back (Bacca and Bacga in the _Lib. Vit._) is another form of
Bagge, _bagan_, to contend. Elbow I take to be Elbo, from _alb_ or
_alf_, signifying "elf." Foote may be taken to be what it seems, though
I think that such a name must have had a vowel-ending, as its meaning
must be "footy," _i.e._ nimble, as "handy," from hand. Comparing with
our Foote there is a name Fus on Roman pottery, which, see p. 4, it is
clear from his little joke, that the owner took to be from _fus_, foot.
It does not follow, as a matter of course, that the old potter knew the
meaning of his own name; there is a word _funs_, sometimes _fus_,
occurring in O.G. names in the supposed meaning of eager; this word
would more appropriately be used without a vowel-ending than would
_fus_, foot. Foerstemann has a name, Fussio, which does not, however,
throw any light upon it. Another name, however, also found on Roman
pottery, Lytafus, corresponding with our Lightfoot, rather seems to
favour the meaning of _fus_, foot. Two other names of a similar kind to
Lightfoot are Fairfoot (properly Farefoot; _faran_, to go, travel), and
Truefitt (properly Truefoot) a name like Treubodi, p. 26. The last name,
Tongue, corresponds with an O.G. Tungo, which I take to be from _tung_,
lingua, probably in the sense of eloquence. We must presume the name not
to be High German.


_Names apparently from Trees._

Names from trees have been generally taken to be derived from a local
origin, as marking the site of a man's habitation. There are, however, a
number of names which I take in some, or in all cases, to be from a
different origin.


ASH, ASKE, ASKEY, BEECH, BIRCH, ALDER, OAKE, OAKEY, IVY, LINDEN, THORNE,
HASELL, WILLOW, SYCAMORE, CHESNUT, ROWANTREE.

Aske or Ashe represents an ancient stem in Teutonic names, perhaps
derived from a mythological origin, man being feigned to have been
created out of an ash-tree, perhaps from being the wood out of which
spears were made (Cf. _Asquith_, p. 148). The Ascingas were among the
early settlers, and AEsc was the name of the son of Hengest. Hence I take
our names, Ash, Aske, and Askey, with several compounds. The Bircingas
were also among the early settlers; the stem seems to be _birg_,
supposed to mean protection, and entering into a number of names
throughout the Teutonic system. Alder, which corresponds with an A.S.
Aldher, and an O.G. Althar, is a compound of _ald_, old, and _hari_,
warrior. The oak, as the symbol of strength, would seem suitable for
men's names, but upon the whole it seems more probable that Oake and
Oakey, Aikin (A.S. Acen, p. 96) and Aikman (A.S. AEcemann, p. 96), are
from _ac_, _ec_, perhaps "edge," acies. Ivy is the same as Ive with a
vowel-ending, and compares with an O.G. Ivo, and an A.S. Iffa, perhaps
from O.N. _yfa_, to rage. Linden is from _lind_, p. 175, with the ending
in _en_, p. 27. Hasel and Thorn are both found in the list of early
settlers, the former I take to be properly Asel, corresponding with an
O.G. Asilo, from _as_ or _os_, semideus; the latter, which does not seem
to occur in the Teutonic system generally, I rather suppose to be a
contraction of O.N. _thoran_, boldness. Willow, along with Will and
Willey, is also found in the list of early settlers, and corresponds
with an O.G. Willo, perhaps from _will_ in the sense of resolution.
Sycamore is from an O.G. Sicumar, p. 162, and Chestnut is referred to at
p. 155. Rowantree is no doubt from the tree, and may perhaps have
reference to its supposed magical powers. Rointru is also a French name,
perhaps a relic of the many Scotchmen who have at different times taken
refuge in that country, though possibly of older origin.

There are a few other names which may be included here.


STUBBE, STUBBING, GROVE (GRUBB), TWIGG, SPRIGG (TWINE, TWINING, TWISS,
SPRAGUE, SPRACK, SPARK, SPRACKLIN, SPRECKLY).

Stubbe might be taken to be of local origin, for nothing would be more
appropriate to mark a locality than a stub. But the patronymic Stubbing
points to an origin of a different kind, and moreover we find Stubingas
among the early settlers. And there was also a Stuf, nephew of Cerdic,
and a Northman called Stufr in the _Laxdaela-saga_. The origin is to be
found in O.N. _stufr_, _stubbr_, A.S. _styb_, branch, shoot, probably in
the honorific sense of race or lineage. I take Grove, along with which I
put Grubb, to be from Germ. _grob_, Dan. _grov_, coarse, clumsy; but no
doubt in an older sense more suitable for men's names, and probably
cognate with Eng. "gruff," the idea being that of great size and
strength. We find Grobb as an Anglo-Saxon name, p. 99, and Griubinc (son
of Griub) as an Old German name, of which, however, Foerstemann does not
offer any explanation. Grobe and Grove are present German names (the
latter Low German), and Grub and Grubi are found in France. Here also I
may take Twigg, corresponding with an A.S. Twicga, moneyer of St.
Edmund, also with a Tuica found in Tuicanham, now Twickenham. I take it
to be from the same root as "twig," viz. A.S. _tweg_, two, and to have
perhaps the meaning of "twin." (Names of a similar kind may be Twine,
with its patronymic Twining, and also Twiss, corresponding with an O.G.
Zuiso, A.S. _twis_, twin.) Sprigg I class along with Sprague, Sprack,
and Spark, corresponding with a Spraga in the _Lib. Vit._, as from O.N.
_sprackr_, Prov. Eng. _spragg_, _sprack_, smart, active. We have also,
as a diminutive, Spracklin, corresponding with a Spraclingus in the
_Lib. Vit._, and we have Spreckley, probably the same name as that of
Sprakaleg, brother of Sweyn, king of Denmark, from O.N. _spraeklegr_,
sprightly.


_Names apparently from Complexion or Colour of Hair._

Such names as Black, White, Brown, have been no doubt in many, probably
in most cases, original surnames. Nevertheless they are also ancient
baptismal names, and it is not by any means certain that these are from
the same origin as the surnames.


BLACK, BLACKER, BLAKE, BLANK, BLANCHARD, WHITE, BROWN, DUNN, GRAY,
GREGG, CRAIG, MURCH, MURCHIE, SMIRKE.

The Blacingas were among the early settlers. Blecca was the name of a
governor of Lincoln, A.D. 627; Blaca is an early name in the _Liber
Vitae_, and Blac is a name in _Domesday_. I am inclined to take Black,
along with Blake, to be (of course as an ancient name) the same word as
_blic_, found in some Old German names, and to find the sense concerned
in A.S. blican, to shine (which indeed is the root of _black_), hence to
give it, like Bright, the sense of "illustrious." Hence I take our
Blacker and the French Blacher to be the same as an O.G. Blicker
(_hari_, warrior)--the ancient family of Blacker, I believe, trace their
origin to Nancy. I further take Blank and Blanchard (_hard_, fortis) to
be a nasalised form of the above, and to have the same meaning. The stem
will be found in more detail p. 46.

I take White, so far as it may be of ancient origin, not to be from
colour; in some cases it may be from _wid_, wood, and perhaps in others
from _wit_, wisdom. In Anglo-Saxon names it is spelt _wiht_, as if from
_wiht_, man--Cf. O.G. Witgar, A.S. Wihtgar, O.G. Witleg, A.S. Wihtlaeg,
O.G. Widrad, A.S. Wihtraed, though, as I take it, it is the same word
common to the Teutonic system.

The Brownings (Bruningas) were also among the early settlers, and Brun
frequently occurs in after Anglo-Saxon times; among others there is a
Brun bydel, "Brown the beadle," in a charter of manumission. Bruno also
occurs as an Old German name, and Bruni was not an uncommon name among
the Northmen. I am rather disposed to question the derivation from
brown, _fuscus_, and as in the case of Black, to take the sense
contained in the root, which seems to be that of burning or brightness.
One of the Northmen, called Bruni, was surnamed "the white," so that in
his case, at any rate, the name was not derived from complexion. Dunn is
another name that is found among the early settlers, and also in after
Anglo-Saxon times. It seems to me to be at least as probably from O.N.
_duna_, thunder, as from _dun_, fuscus.

The Graegingas (A.S. _graeeg_, grey) are also found in the list of early
settlers, though the name does not seem to figure much in after
Anglo-Saxon times. There are Old German names Grao and Grawo, and
various compounds. The root-meaning seems to contain the sense of
"horror," which may be that which is present in names, the idea being of
course that of one who is a terror to others. As well as Gray, we have
Gregg, and perhaps as another form Craig,[58] and the Germans have Grau.
The Myrcingas among the early settlers may perhaps be represented in our
Murch and Murchie (whence Murchison), possibly also in S(mirke). Whether
the name is from A.S. _mirc_, dark, mirk, may be uncertain; Professor
Skeat thinks of _marc_, limes, for the Myrcingas, who are probably the
same as the Myrgingas of the "Traveller's Song."


_Names apparently from Scriptural Personages._

While names taken from the eminent characters of Scripture have, ever
since the advent of Christianity, been in favour for the names of men,
there are among our surnames some names which we must reasonably suppose
are to be otherwise explained.


PHAROAH, HEROD, ESAU, CAIN, JAEL, POTIPHAR PUDDIFER (ABLARD).

Of the above, Pharaoh is only a misleading spelling of an O.G. name
Faro, perhaps come to us through the Normans. And Esau is a similar
perversion of another O.G. name Eso, probably from _as_ or _os_,
semi-deus. Cain is, along with Gain, from the name Gagin, Cagen, p. 10,
probably signifying victory. Herod is, no doubt, the same as an A.S.
Herrid in a charter of Wihtraed, from, as supposed, A.S. _herad_,
principatus, found also in some Old German names. Jael I take to be most
probably a softened form of Gale, from a stem referred to A.S. _galan_,
to sing. Potiphar, along with Puddifer, a French Potefer, and perhaps a
Low German Boetefur,[59] I take to represent an ancient name not turned
up, from _bod_, _bud_, or _pot_, envoy or messenger, and _faran_, to
travel, found as an ending in some Old German names. Abel is a name
which, as frequently used for a Christian name, might also be found in
surnames. But there is a Teutonic word _abal_, signifying strength,
which may be more probably that which is found in the French Abeillard,
with which we have a name Ablard to correspond.


_Names apparently Descriptive of Moral Characteristics._

There are a number of names which, if they had been found as Christian
names, might have been supposed to be of Puritan origin, but which as
surnames must be otherwise accounted for.


GOODHEART, STONEHEART, GODWARD, LOVEGOD, LOVEGOOD, LOVEMAN, MANLOVE,
GOODLIFFE, FULLALOVE, GODLIMAN, GOODENOUGH, THOROUGHGOOD, HUMBLE, SAINT,
BADMAN, PAGAN, BIGOT, GODDAM, SWEARS, SWEARING, SCAMP.

Of the above, Goodheart and Stoneheart are compounds of _hart_, hard,
pp. 53, 63. So also Godward Lovegod, Lovegood, Loveman, Manlove,
Goodliffe, and Fullalove will be found in their places as ancient
compounds in Chap. III. Godliman I take to be a corruption of an O.G.
Godalmand (the _l_ being introduced in accordance with a principle
referred to at p. 114) Goodenough is referred to at p. 119, and
Thoroughgood at p. 120. Humble I take to be the same name as the German
Humboldt, from an O.G. Hunbald, the ending _bald_ often in our names
becoming _ble_. Saint I take to be the same as Sant, _sand_ or _sant_,
verus, the stem on which is formed Sander in the list of early settlers.

Of the names apparently of an opposite character, Badman, corresponding
with a Badumon in the _Liber Vitae_, is a compound of _bad_, war. Goddam
stands for Godhelm as William for Willihelm. Swears and Swearing are
explained, p. 160. Scamp corresponds with an O.G. Scemphio, derived by
Foerstemann from O.H.G. _scimph_, jocus. This may possibly be the older
sense of the word, and Scamp may have been nothing worse than a wag.
Pagan, with its contracted form Paine, I have referred to p. 118. Bigot,
along with Pigot, Pickett, and probably Beckett, and a Pigota and
Picotus in the _Liber Vitae_, may be the same as an A.S. Picced, p. 101,
which I take to represent the form Pichad or Bighad, from the stem
_big_, with _had_, war. There is, however, another explanation suggested
by our name Bidgood. This name, for which the ancient equivalent has not
turned up, seems to be from _bad_, war, and might have been Bidgod (for
_god_ and _good_ constantly interchange), which would readily contract
into Bigod or Bigot.


_Names apparently from Nationalities._

While we have a number of names derived from nations or races in
accordance with the Teutonic system, there are some others which might
seem more obviously than most others to be from such an origin, and yet
which must I think be referred to some other source. Three of these,
England, Scotland, and Ireland, I have already referred to at p. 9.


ENGLISH, INGLIS, ROMAN, NORMAN, GENESE, TURK, SPAIN.

English I take to be a phonetic corruption of Inglis, which seems to be
the same as an Ingliseus in the _Pol. Irm._, and which I rather suppose
to be a transposition of an Anglo-Saxon Ingils, for Ingisil, from the
stem _ing_, p. 56. Roman, I doubt not, is contracted from Rodman, p. 61,
as Robert is from Rodbert, and Roland from Rodland. I introduce Norman
here as not being, in my view, from "Norman" as we generally understand
the term, but as representing more probably the word in its original
sense of "Northman." Nordman was a Scandinavian name, and hence it is I
think that we have the name, which seems to occur more especially in
Scotland and the Danish districts of England. Genese I take to be most
probably from the old Frankish name Genesius, perhaps from a stem _gan_,
p. 52, with the ending in _es_, p. 33. Turk corresponds with an A.S.
Turca, p. 111, which again is probably the same as a Gothic Turicus of
the fifth century, a diminutive from the stem _dur_ or _tur_ found among
the early settlers, and of uncertain meaning. Spain I take to be from
the A.S. _spanan_, allicere, found in some ancient names, and from which
I take to be our name Spenlove, (_leof_, dear) with the corruption,
Spendlove. The name Spegen, corresponding with our Spain, occurs in the
_Liber Vitae_ more than once--Is its aspirated form due to the
Northumbrian dialect?

Of the names which are truly derived from nationality I will here only
refer to one as an illustration of successive forms built one upon the
other in accordance with the principle referred to in treating of the
ending _en_, p. 27.


BOY, BYE, PYE, BOYER, BYARD, BOYMAN, PYMAN, BEYERMAN, BYRON.

There are three forms, the first representing the form _boi_, as found
in the name of the Boii, who gave the name to Boioaria or Bavaria, the
second representing the extended form found in German _Baviar_, the
third the further extended form as found in _Bavarian_.


SIMPLE FORM BOI.

O.G. Boio, Beio, Peio, ninth century. A.S. Boia (in a charter of Cnut).
Eng. Boy, Bye, Pye. Germ. Boye French, Boy, Boye, Poy, Poye.


_Compounds._

(_Hard_, fortis), Eng. Byard--French Boyard, Poyart--Italian Boiardo.
(_Man_, vir), Eng. Boyman, Pyman.


EXTENDED FORM BOYER.

O.G. Baior, Peior, ninth century. English, Boyer, Byer. French, Boyer,
Boyreau, Poyer.


_Compound._

(_Man_, vir), English Beyerman.


FURTHER EXTENDED FORM--BAVARIAN.

O.G. Beiarin, eighth century. English Byron. French Boiron, Boyron.


_Names apparently from abbreviated Christian names of men._

As I began this chapter with names apparently from women, such as Moll,
Betty, Pegge, so now I propose to conclude it with names of a similar
kind derived apparently from men.


BILL, BILLY, BILLOW, WILL, WILLY, WILLOEE, WILKE, WILKIE, WILKIN,
WILLIS, WILLING, DICK, DICKLE, TICKLE, DICKEN, BENN, BENNEY, BENNOCH,
BENNELL, TOM, TOMB, TOOMEY, TOMEY, DUME, DUMMELOW, DUMBELL, TOMMELL,
TOMLIN, DUMLIN, DUMPLIN, HARRY, JACK, JAGO, JACKLIN, BOBY, BOFFEY, BUBB,
BOBBIN.

No one would take our name Billing to be other than from the Anglo-Saxon
Billing, of which so many traces are to be found in English place
names. And no one, I venture to say, who looks into the subject, would
dispute the ancient compounds formed on the stem, p. 45. Why then should
any one doubt Bill himself, the father of them all, or Billy, ending in
_i_, p. 24, and Billow, ending in _o_ and corresponding with an O.G.
Bilo? Moreover the name is common to all the races who share with us in
a Teutonic ancestry; the Germans have Bille, the Danes have Bille, and
the French have Bille and Billey. The same remarks apply to Will,
Willey, and Willoe, with the diminutives Wilke, Wilkie, Wilkin, Willis,
patronymic Willing, and compounds, p. 66. Dick I take to be the same
word as found in Ticcingas, and suggest for it the meaning of power or
vigour which seems to lie at the root. Hence Dickle and Tickle are the
same as the Diccel found in Diccelingas, and Dicken is the same as an
A.S. Ticcen, p. 102, while Dixie (Dicksie) may be from the ending in
_es_, p. 33. Benn and Benny represent the stem on which are formed the
compounds, p. 45. We have also as diminutives Bennoch, corresponding
with an O.G. Bennico, an A.S. Benoc (in the genealogy of Ida, king of
Bernicia), and a name Bennic (Bennici manu), on Roman pottery; and
Bennell, corresponding with a Gothic [Greek: Benilos], in Procopius,
besides other names in correspondence with ancient forms. Tom has its
vowel shortened, but I take it to be the same as Tomb, Toomey, Tomey,
and Dume, probably from A.S. _dom_, O.H.G. _tuom_, judgment, "doom,"
ancient names in correspondence being Toma, p. 111, Tumma _Lib. Vit._,
and Tomy _Roll. Batt. Abb._ With regard to the last, I may observe that
the French still have corresponding names, as Thome, Tombe, Thom, Dome,
&c. Then, as diminutives, we have Dummelow, Dumbell, and Tommell,
corresponding with O.G. Duomelo, Tomila, Tumila; and we have Tomlin,
Dumlin (whence Dumplin), corresponding with O.G. Domlin, names in
accordance with both of the above being also found in Germany and
France. Harry, along with Harrow, and Harre, I take to represent the
stem from which we have so many compounds, p. 55. Jack, along with Jago,
and corresponding with an O.G. Jacco, I take to be from O.H.G. _jagon_,
to hunt. Hence as a diminutive, we have Jacklin, corresponding with
Jagelinus and Jachelinus (_Domesday_), and with present German Jacklin,
and French Jacquelin. The stem seems to be somewhat better represented
in French names than in English; among others they have Jacquard
(_ward_, guardian), who gave his name to the Jacquard loom. Boby,
Boffey, and Bubb I take to be the same as Boba, in a charter of Egbert,
and Bofa, dux, in a charter of Ceolwulf of Mercia, also as Old German
names, Bobo, Bovo, Boffo, and Bubo, the word concerned being probably to
be found in German _bube_, Dutch _boef_, boy. Kemble has both Bobbingas
and Bovingas, different forms, I take it, of the same name, in his list
of early settlers. Our name Bobbin, which corresponds with an O.G.
Bobin, may be taken as an example of the ending in _en_, p. 27.

I trust that I have succeeded in making it clear, from the definite
place which the foregoing are shown to occupy in the Teutonic system,
that they are not, as they have been generally supposed to be, familiar
contractions of Christian names.

FOOTNOTES:

[57] Cf. also Eng. "e'er" for "ever."

[58] There seems probably an Anglo-Saxon name Crecga in Crecganford, now
Crayford.

[59] Nomen honestissimae familiae Hamburgensis (_Richey_). He evidently
takes it as a sobriquet "beet (_i.e._ make up) the fire."




CHAPTER XI.

CHRISTIAN NAMES OF WOMEN.[60]


The names of women, so far as they are of German origin, enter into the
Teutonic system precisely as do the names of men, and there is, as far
as I know, no instance of a stem used exclusively for the names of
women. But in regard to the second part of the compound, which is that
which governs the name, there are certain words which are only used for
women. Some of these are such as from their meaning would not be
suitable for anything else, such as _trud_, from which we have
_Gertrude_ and _Ermentrude_, both of which seem to be of Frankish
origin, and to have come to us through the Normans. The Anglo-Saxon form
appears to be _dryth_ or _thryth_, as in Mildthryth, from which comes
our _Mildred_, the only name, as far as I know, in that form. Another
feminine ending among the Anglo-Saxons was _gith_, which, as elsewhere
noted, I have supposed to mean woman or goddess. The only name we have
with this ending is _Edith_, unless, as seems not impossible, an
Anglo-Saxon _Godgith_ (Godith, _Lib. Vit._) has got mixed up with
_Judith_. Another specially female ending was _fled_, in H.G. _flat_,
the meaning of which seems to be beauty. As a prefix this word enters
into the names of men, and we may have some names from it, as _Flatt_,
_Flattery_, _Flatman_, &c. As an ending there may have been some word
corresponding with O.N. _fliod_, a beautiful woman, which has caused its
special application. Then there are certain words, such as _hild_, war,
and _burg_, in which the meaning (condere, servare) may perhaps imply in
such case modesty or chastity; which, as endings, are used almost
exclusively for names of women. But as a general rule the same range of
words forms indifferently names of men and women, the latter being
distinguished only by having the ending in _a_.

My object in this chapter is only to deal with a few names, in regard to
which I desire to correct some wrong impressions, or to throw some new
light upon the subject. And in the first place I have to refer to the
connection between Isabel and Elizabeth, and to the manner in which I
suppose the former name to have originated.


ISABEL _another form of_ ELIZABETH, _and how it came to be so_.

Miss Yonge in her _History of Christian Names_, is no doubt right in
taking Isabel to be another form of Elizabeth, with which it is
historically shown to have interchanged. But the etymological process by
which this has been brought about has been always somewhat of a puzzle,
and it is upon this point that I have to suggest an explanation. Now the
key to the puzzle is this: that the early Frankish converts in the time
of Charlemagne, introduced the name, not only in its Latin form of
Elizabeth, but also, and indeed more frequently, in its Hebrew form of
Elischeba--it was Elischeba that was made into Isabel and not Elizabeth.
Protected by its strong ending, Elizabeth has retained its form
unchanged. Elischeba has been entirely lost to sight under a cloud of
transformations. Slightly modified to suit Frankish pronunciation, it
was introduced in the first instance as Elisaba, Elisabia, Alisabia, and
Elisavia, all names of women in the _Polyptique de l'Abbe Irminon_ and
the _Polyptique de Saint Remi de Reims_. In the fourteenth century (if,
indeed, it did not take place earlier) we find this old Frankish form
El(isaba) abbreviated into Isabeau, its ending being made to conform to
French ideas of spelling. Isabeau was the name of the wife of Charles
VI. of France, and the name was still recognised as being the same as
Elizabeth. We have got to forge the connecting link between Isabeau and
Isabel, but the process is not a violent one. It would not be difficult
to suppose that the French idea of the fitness of things in the case of
a woman's name would lead them to change this masculine-seeming ending,
_beau_, into what they would conceive to be its appropriate feminine,
and so make Isabeau into Isabelle. We need not suppose that this took
place all at once, or that because one man changed Isabeau into Isabel,
everybody else forthwith proceeded to follow his example. It is more
probable that the two names existed side-by-side, together, for some
time before the struggle for existence terminated in the survival of
(what seemed) the fitter. Throughout all these changes the identity of
the name with Elizabeth had always been recognised; but when Isabel had
finally succeeded in establishing its claim as the representative, the
deposed Isabeau, its origin having been forgotten, might have become a
man's name, and so capable of transmitting surnames, which would account
for Isabeau as a family name in France at the present day.

But these are not the only changes which have come over this unfortunate
name, for we find Elisavia, another of the old Frankish forms before
noted, forthwith abbreviated into Lisvia, and further corrupted into
Lisavir and Lisabir, all names of women in the two old Frankish
chronicles before referred to. And if we can again suppose the name
Lisavir (or rather Elisavir), its origin having been forgotten, to have
become a man's name (towards which its masculine-looking ending, _vir_,
might have assisted) it might well give the origin of the name Elzevir,
of the famous printers at Amsterdam. Not that the name would necessarily
be of Frankish origin, for the Hebrew form seems also to have been
introduced into Germany, where we find the woman's name, Elisba, in the
ninth century; and, it might be also into Holland, while the phonetic
principles which regulate such changes are more or less of general
application. Again, it seems not improbable that the Spanish woman's
name, Elvira, for which no derivation at all satisfactory has been
suggested, might be properly Elzvira, and so again another form derived
from Elischeba. The question might naturally be asked how it is, seeing
the various contractions which Elischeba has undergone, that Elizabeth
has not been treated in the same way. In point of fact it seems probable
that it has, for we find a solitary name Isabeth in the _Liber Vitae_
about the thirteenth century. This was before Elizabeth had come into
use in England, and the name might probably be an importation. But
abbreviate Elizabeth as you will you cannot disguise it, and this is
what I meant in referring to it as "protected by its strong ending." And
now, having dealt with the diversified forms that have grown up around
Elisabeth, I shall have, in a succeeding note, to endeavour to show that
Eliza, which might more certainly than any other form be supposed to be
derived from it, is, in fact, of entirely different origin, and a name
that was in use long before Elizabeth was introduced; though at the same
time we cannot doubt that as soon as ever that potent name came in,
Eliza would be at once appropriated by it.


ANNABELLA, ARABELLA, CLARIBEL, CRISTABEL, ROSABEL.

But in the meantime I may refer to some other names which seem cast in
the same form as Isabel; as for instance, Annabella, Arabella, Claribel,
Christabel, and Rosabel. With regard to these names, I am disposed to
come to the conclusion, that though moulded into the same shape, they
are not by any means all of a similar origin. Annabella would be a very
natural corruption of Amabilla, a name in the _Liber Vitae_ of Durham.
The same record contains, as names of women, Amabilis, Amabel, and
Mabilla, of course from Latin _amabilis_--whence our Mabel, on this
theory the same name as Annabella. Arabella, again, might be a
corruption of the old Frankish Heribolda--_bold_, as an ending often
changing into _bel_, as in our surnames Grimble and Wimble, from
Grimbald and Winibald, and Tremble (most infelicitously), from Trumbald
(A.S. _trum_, firm, strong). So, also, Claribel might be from an old
Frankish Clarebalda, of which, however, we have only on record the
masculine form, Clarebald. This appears to be from Latin _clarus_,
illustrious, and is not the only case in which the old Franks at that
period mixed up Latin and German in the same name. It is possible that
Christabel might be from a similar origin; for the early Frankish
converts at that period freely adopted the name of Christ, and mixed it
up with German compounds, such as Cristhildis, a woman's name, from
_hild_, war. But on the whole I am rather disposed to suggest a
different origin for Christabel. Finding among the Franks at that period
such names as Firmatus, Stabilis, Constabulis,[61] and the woman's name,
Constabilla, in the sense, no doubt, of "established in the faith," it
might not be unreasonable to suggest such a compound as Christabila,
"established in Christ," as the origin of Christabel.[62] As to the last
named, Rosabel, the ordinarily-received expression of "fair rose" would
be a natural and graceful name for women if the French had to form names
at a later period. But there is a woman's name, Rosibia, in the _Pol.
Irminon_, which suggests a possible process like that in the case of
Isabel--viz., a corruption into Rosibeau, and then a change into
Rosibel. However, as in this case the connecting links are wanting, I
can only put this forward as a conjecture.


MAUD _properly a man's name. Its interchange with_ MATILDA _an ancient
mistake_.

As Isabel interchanged in former times with Elizabeth, so did Maud with
Matilda, among other instances being that of the daughter of Henry I.,
who was called by both names. Yet, etymologically, Maud can no more be
derived from Matilda than can Giles from AEgidius, by which it used
formerly to be always Latinized. And the interchange is rendered all the
more curious by the fact that Maud, when traced up to its origin, seems
to be properly a man's name. There has evidently been some ancient
mistake or misappropriation, the origin of which I hope to be able to
account for. The names Mald, Maald, Mauld (all names of women), found in
the _Liber Vitae_ before the introduction of surnames, and the Christian
name Maulde, found in the fifteenth century, show the form from which
our Maud is immediately derived. Then we have the older forms, Mahald,
Mahalt, and Maholt, all also apparently names of women. And in one case,
about the twelfth or thirteenth century, the name stands as "Mahald vel
Matilda." Now no one who has given attention to the subject can doubt
that Mahald, Mahalt, and the French form, Mahault, are the same as an
Old Frankish Magoald, eighth century, from Gothic _magan_, posse,
valere, and _wald_ power. This is distinctly a man's name; indeed,
_wald_, as an ending, is almost exclusively confined to men's names, as
the ending _hild_, as in Matilda, is to those of women. There is but one
way that I can see out of the difficulty, and it is this. There is in
the _Liber Vitae_ another name, Mahild, which is no doubt the same as an
Old Frankish Mahilda, which Foerstemann (_Altdeutsches Namenbuch_) takes
to be a contraction of Matilda. It would seem, then, that some mistake
or confusion has in old times arisen between these two names, and that
Mahild, which really represents Matilda, has been set aside in favour of
Mahald, an entirely different name. The fact, however, of our having
Maude as a surname would rather seem to show that this misappropriation
was not universal, for surnames are not--unless it be in some very
exceptional cases--taken from the names of women.


ALICE, ALICIA, ELIZA, ADELIZA, ALISON.

ALICE _properly a man's name, and_ ELIZA _its proper Feminine_.

I have seen it stated, though I cannot at present recall the authority,
that in one of our ancient families Alice is a name given to the sons
and not to the daughters. This would at any rate be etymologically
correct, for Alice is properly a man's name, and not a woman's. It is,
there seems little doubt, derived from the Anglo-Saxon Adelgis, of which
the female form was Adelgisa. It is clear that Alice (Aliss) represents
Adelgis, and not Adelgisa, and that the proper female form would be
Alisa, or, for euphony, Aliza. I venture to suggest that our Eliza,
generally and very naturally assumed to be an abbreviation of Elizabeth,
is in fact this missing name. Now, for the proofs of Aliza as the
representative of Adelgisa, we must refer to the _Liber Vitae_ of Durham,
in which we can trace the changes that have taken place in Adelgisa
since the first noble lady of that name laid her gift upon the altar.
First we find it contracted into Adeliza, and then, from about the
twelfth century into Aaliza and Aliza, the latter name being
henceforward rather a common one. The former of these two contracted
forms, Adeliza, though not a name in common use, is one still given to
the daughters of certain of our noble families; the latter form, Aliza,
I take to be the origin of our Eliza. (The initial vowel is of no
account, the ancient name beginning indifferently with _a_ or _e_, and
Alice in some families appearing as Ellice). But concurrently with the
above forms in the _Liber Vitae_, we have also Adaliz, Adliz, and Alis,
at an early date, some of them at least being certainly names of women,
so that the misappropriation is at any rate an ancient one.

Towards the close of the record, and about the end of the fourteenth
century, another form, Alicia, begins to make its appearance in the
_Liber Vitae_, and appears to have become at once a very favourite name.
Then, as now, fashion seems to have ruled, and when a new name came in,
there seems to have been a run upon it. But by this time Elizabeth had
come into use, and as soon as ever that took place, the two names, Eliza
and Elizabeth, would begin to get mixed up together as they are now, so
that a new female form would, so to speak, be required for Alice.
Alicia (or more properly Alisia), is an attempt to supply the euphony
which is lacking in Alisa, by supplementing it with a vowel, just as,
for the same reason, Amala has been made into Amelia.

About the beginning of the fifteenth century another Christian name for
women, Alison, begins to make its appearance in the _Liber Vitae_. This
name, however, I take to be from an entirely different origin. There is
an old Frankish woman's name, Alesinda, Elesind, Alesint, of the eighth
century, from which, dropping the final _d_, it would naturally come,
and which is derived by Grimm from Gothic _alja_, alius (in the probable
sense of stranger or foreigner), and _sind_ in the sense of companion or
attendant.


JANET: _Not from_ JANE _or any female form of_ JOHN.

It may seem rather a paradox to suggest that Janet has nothing to do
with Jane, and yet I think that a pretty good case can be made out. We
find Geneta as a woman's name in the _Liber Vitae_ in the thirteenth
century, before Jane or Joan or Johanna were in use. And in the two
following centuries we have Gennet, Janeta, Janette, and Janet, of
common occurrence as Christian names. (One of these cases is a very
curious one. It is that of one Willelmus Richerdson and his wife
Christina, who having a family of eighteen children, seem to have been
so completely at their wits' end for names to give them, that two of the
sons are called Johannes, two Willelmus, after their father, two of the
daughters Christine, after their mother, and no fewer than three called
Janet. Such reduplication of Christian names does not, however, seem to
have been unusual at that time.) Now it seems clear that the above name,
Geneta, is the same as our Janet, and equally clear that it is not
derived from any female form of John. Foerstemann (_Altdeutsches
Namenbuch_) has an old Frankish woman's name, Genida, tenth century,
from a Codex of Lorraine. And I find also the woman's name, Genitia, in
the _Pol. Rem._, one of the old Frankish chronicles before referred to.
These old Frankish names might well leave a woman's name behind in
France, which in after times might get mixed up with Jean, and from
which our name may also have been derived. I may observe that we have
also Gennet and Jennett as surnames, and the Germans have also Genett.
But these, though from the same stem, must be taken to be from another
form of it--viz., from Genad, eighth century, a man's name. From the
same stem Foerstemann derives the woman's name, Genoveva, sixth century;
whence, through the French, our Genevieve. As to the etymology of _gen_,
the Germans are not agreed, Leo suggesting a borrowed Celtic word, with
the meaning of love or affection, while Foerstemann seems to prefer Old
High German _gan_, magic or fascination.


EMMA: _Its Place in the Teutonic System_.

The ordinary derivation of Emma from a Teutonic word signifying
grandmother, or nurse, becomes impossible in face of the fact that among
the Old Franks, from whom, through the Normans, we received it, the
man's name Emmo was quite as common as the woman's, Emma. But in point
of fact the stem, of which the older form seems to have been _im_, was
one common to the whole Teutonic system, including the Low Germans
settled in England. And the Immingas, descendants or followers of Imma,
are ranged by Kemble among the early settlers. But among the
Anglo-Saxons, with whom the ending of men's names (other than compounds)
was generally in _a_, Imma would obviously not be suitable for names of
women; and in point of fact it always appears in England, at that time,
as a man's name. And probably, for this reason, the Frankish princess
Emma, on becoming the wife of Cnut of England, considered it necessary
to assume a Saxon name in addition to her own, and so become known as
AElfgifu Imma. But a few centuries later, when the simple old Saxon names
in _a_ had very much died out, Emma coming in as something quite new,
and with the stamp of Norman prestige, became at once, as appears from
the _Liber Vitae_, a name in favour. As to the etymology, which is
considered by the Germans to be obscure, I have elsewhere ventured to
suggest Old Northern _ymia_, stridere; whence the name of the giant
Ymir, in Northern mythology. The sense is that of a harsh and loud
voice, which suggests huge stature. So, from Gaelic _fuaim_, noise,
strepitus, comes _fuaimhair_, a giant, of which we may possibly have a
lingering tradition in the nursery--"Fee, Fa, _Fum_" representing the
giant's dreaded war-cry. And from what follows, "I smell the blood of an
_Englishman_," one might almost think of the nurse as a Saxon, and the
ogre as one of the earlier Celtic race, who might in those days be
dangerous neighbours.

I give below the stem, with its branches, so far as it forms names of
women. It also enters into some compounds, one of which, Americo,
bequeathed by the Franks or Lombards to Italy, has the honour of giving
the name to America.


Stem _im_ or _em_.

_Names of men._--O.G. Immo, Himmo, Emmo (among others, three bishops in
the seventh and ninth centuries). A.S. Imma, found in Imman beorh,
"Imma's barrow, or grave." Imma, Hemma, Hemmi, about the tenth century
in the _Liber Vitae_. Eama, Anglo-Saxon moneyer.

_Names of women._--O.G. Imma, Emma (among others Emma, daughter of
Charlemagne).

_Present surnames._--Eng. Him (?), Yem (?). Germ. Imm, Ihm. French, Eme,
Emy.


With the ending in _en_, p. 27.

_Names of men._--O.G. Imino, Emino, eighth century. A.S. Immine, a
Mercian general, seventh century. Emino, _Liber Vitae_.

_Names of women._--O.G. Immina, Emmina, eighth century. Early Eng.
Ymana, Ymaine, _Liber Vitae_.

_Present surnames._--Eng. Emeney. Fr. Emmon.


Ending in _lin_, p. 31.

_Names of women._--O.G. Emelina, eleventh century. Emalina, twelfth
century, _Liber Vitae_.

_Present Christian name._--Eng. Emmeline.


ETHEL, ADELA, ADELINE, ADELAIDE.

Ethel and Adela are different forms of the same word, _adal_, _athal_,
_ethel_, signifying noble. But while Adela is a correctly formed
feminine, Ethel can hardly be said to be so. Both as a man's name and as
a woman's it had usually a vowel-ending, and though this was not
invariably the case, yet a name appearing without it would be rather
assumed to be a man's name. Adeline is a diminutive like Eveline and
Caroline; it represents the old name Adalina, eighth century, and
Adalina, about the twelfth century, in the _Liber Vitae_, and comes
probably through the French, the ending in _e_ preserving the feminine
by lengthening the syllable. Adelaide is from _adal_, as above, and H.G.
_haid_, corresponding with Saxon _hood_, as in manhood. Hence the name
seems to contain the abstract sense of nobility. The name must have come
to us through the Normans; indeed, a woman's name could hardly be so
formed among the Anglo-Saxons, for, curiously enough, this ending was a
feminine one among the High Germans, and a masculine one among the
Saxons. Hence perhaps it is that we have as surnames such names as
_Manhood_ and _Mahood_, the latter perhaps signifying boyhood, A.S.
_maeg_, boy.


EDITH.

Edith is the only representative in women's names of A.S. _ead_,
happiness, prosperity, from which we have so many men's names, as
Edward, Edwin, Edmund, Edgar. It represents an A.S. Editha, a
contraction of Eadgitha, and the question, which is not without a little
difficulty, is, What is the origin of _githa_? Is it a phonetic
variation of _gifa_ (A.S. _gifu_, gift), so common in Anglo-Saxon names
of women, as in God-gifa (Godiva), Sungefa (Suneva), &c., or is it a
separate word? I am disposed to come to the conclusion, upon the whole,
that it is a separate word, and though the traces of it as such are not
strong, yet there are some traces. There is a woman's name Githa in the
_Liber Vitae_, and this seems to be the same as an Old Norse woman's name
Gyda in the _Landnamabok_. There was also a Gytha, daughter of Swend,
king of Denmark. Then there are two Old German names of women with the
endings respectively _gid_ and (H.G.) _kid_. And the origin of all I
should take to be found in O.N. _gydia_, goddess, the exalted conception
of womanhood.


EVELYN, EVELINA, EVELINE.

There does not seem to be sufficient ground for Miss Yonge's suggestion
that Eveline, a name which we have from the Normans, was borrowed by
them from the Celts. On the contrary, they seem to have derived it from
their Frankish ancestors, among whom we find it in the eleventh century
in the form Avelina. This appears to be the original form, for we find
it as Avelina in the _Liber Vitae_ about the twelfth century. And again
in the thirteenth century we find that one of the Earls of Albemarle
married a lady named Aveline. It is probably a diminutive from the stem
_av_, which Foerstemann refers to Goth. _avo_, in the probable sense of
ancestor. The names Evelyn and Eveline should be kept sharply distinct,
the former being a man's name, and the latter a woman's, being the
French form of Evelina, as is Louise of Louisa.

From the same stem, _av_, is formed also the female name Avice, now
become very rare. It appears as Auiza and Avicia in the _Liber Vitae_,
and its original form I take to be found in Avagisa, eighth century, in
the _Altdeutsches Namenbuch_, from _gis_, hostage. From a similar
origin, but from the masculine form Avagis, may probably be _Avis_,
included by Mr. Lower among Latinized surnames.

Another name from the same stem which seems to have been formerly rather
common, but which now seems quite obsolete, is Avina.


HAVEYS, HAWOISE.

This is another woman's name which has become almost extinct, and,
seeing how uncomfortable a name it is to pronounce, I do not wonder that
it should be so. It appears in the _Liber Vitae_ as Hawysa, and in the
_Pol. Irminon_ as Hauis, but its proper form is to be traced up to the
older name Hathewiza in the _Liber Vitae_, from _hath_, war, and _wisa_,
leader. A surname corresponding, though of course from the masculine
form of the name, may probably be the well-known one of _Haweis_.


_Some other Obsolete or Obsolescent Names._

The name Helwis occurs in the _Liber Vitae_ about the thirteenth century,
and a more perfect form, Helewiza, about two centuries earlier. It seems
rather probable, however, that its proper form would be Hildwisa, from
_hild_, war, and _wisa_, leader. It occurs as Helois in the _Pol. Irm._,
and is the same as the French Heloise (=Helwise). This name I take to be
quite obsolete with us.

A name given by Miss Yonge as still in use is Amice or Amicia. It may
probably be the same as the woman's name Amisa, Ameza, or Emeza of the
eighth century in the _Altd. Nam._, which Foerstemann takes to be from
A.S. _emeta_, quies. In that case it would probably be the same name in
another form as Emmota, formerly not uncommon as a woman's name.

Another name which I rather suppose to be obsolete is Agace, Agaze, or
Igusa, found in the _Liber Vitae_ up to the fourteenth century, and
probably the same as an O.G. Eggiza, eleventh century, from a stem _ag_,
supposed to mean point or edge.

FOOTNOTES:

[60] The principal part of this chapter appeared in the _Antiquary_ for
March, 1882.

[61] Possibly, at least in some cases, the origin of the surname
Constable.

[62] The earliest mention of this name that I have seen, occurs A.D.
1431, in the _Liber Vitae_, when one John Duckett, having died at the
remarkable age of 127, his children, one of whom was called Cristabel,
presented offerings at the shrine of St. Cuthbert. These would seem to
be of the nature of propitiatory offerings on behalf of the dead, of
which there are various instances recorded. One of these is that of one
Maria del Hay, who in a large-hearted spirit, seems to have included in
her offering, not only all who had gone before, but all who were to come
after her. The entry is, "Maria del Hay, cum omnibus suis progenitoribus
et successoribus."




LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL WORKS CONSULTED.


   FOERSTEMANN.--Altdeutsches Namenbuch.--Vol. I. Personennamen.--Vol.
   II. Ortsnamen. London, Williams Norgate.

   POTT.--Personennamen. Leipzig, 1853.

   STARK.--Beitrage zur kunde Germanischer Personennamen. Vienna,
   1857.--Die Kosenamen der Germanen. Vienna, 1868.

   WEINHOLD.--Die Deutschen Frauen in dem Mittelalter. Vienna, 1851.

   GLUCK.--Die bei C. Julius Caesar vorkommenden Keltischen Namen.
   Vienna, 1857.

   WASSENBERG.--Verhandeling over de Eigennaamen der Friesen. Franeker,
   1774.

   Islands Landnamabok. Copenhagen.

   Scriptores Rerum Langobardicarum et Italicarum, Saec. 6-9. Hanover,
   1878.

   Polyptique de l'Abbe Irminon, ou denombrement des manses, des serfs,
   et des revenus de l'Abbaye de Saint Germain-des-Pres sous le regne
   de Charlemagne. Paris, 1844.

   Polyptique de l'Abbaye de Saint Remi de Reims, ou denombrement des
   manses, des serfs, et des revenus de cette abbaye vers le milieu du
   neuvieme siecle. Paris, 1853.

   [asterism] The above two Old Frankish records contain a list of the
   names of all the serfs and dependants of the respective abbeys, with
   the names also of their wives and children.

   KEMBLE.--Codex diplomaticus AEvi Saxonici. London, 1845-48.

   THORPE.--Diplomatorium Anglicum AEvi Saxonici. London, 1865.

   TAYLOR.--Names and Places. London, 1864.

   STEPHENS.--The Old Runic Monuments of Scandinavia and England.
   London.

   MISS YONGE.--History of Christian Names. London, 1863.

   LOWER.--Patronymica Britannica. London, 1860.

   BOWDITCH.--Suffolk Surnames. Boston, U.S.A.

   Liber Vitae Ecclesiae Dunelmensis. Published by the Surtees Society,
   London, 1841.




ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.


Page 17.

We have also _Tray_ as a man's name, and from the same origin as that
which I have supposed for the dog's name, though the one is from the
German and the other from the Celtic. The stem in men's names is
referred to Goth, _tragjan_, to run, and may probably include also
_Trail_ (=Tragel) and _Train_ (=Tragen), with the respective endings in
_el_ and _en_. Also, from the interchange of _d_ and _t_, we may include
_Dray_ and _Drain_.


Page 20.

Among names of the first century is that of Ingomar, uncle of Arminius,
which is represented in America by the dreadful name _Inkhammer_, though
whether of English or of German origin seems uncertain.


Page 29.

From _Shilling_, as a man's name, is derived _Shillingsworth_, as a name
of local origin (A.S. _weorth_, property), a name like Wordsworth,
Dodsworth, &c.


Page 120.

Some doubt may be thrown upon the derivation I have suggested for
_Pentecost_ by the name Osbern Pentecost, which comes before us in
Anglo-Saxon times. The name seems here to be a surname, and if so would
be derived most naturally from the festival.


Page 159.

From this stem, as found in an A.S. Flogg, may be formed the Anglo-Saxon
name Flohere (_Thorpe_, p. 636), from _hari_, warrior, whence may be our
surnames _Floyer_, _Flower_, and _Flowry_.


Page 171.

Among other names apparently from women are _Ella_, _Eva_, and _Louisa_,
in _Suffolk Surnames_. Of these, the first is a regular Saxon man's
name, and the second is, I doubt not, the same, corresponding with Eafa
found in Eafingas, and with Eafha, the name of a Mercian alderman.
Louisa I should suppose to be the name Louis with a Romanic, perhaps
Spanish, but not female, ending.




INDEX OF NAMES.


[asterism] _All foreign names are printed in italic type, with the
letters distinguishing their nationality within parentheses after them,
thus--(D.) Dutch; (Dan.) Danish; (F.) French; (G.) German; (I.) Italian;
(S.) Spanish_.


   A.

   Abba, 25

   Abbe, 25

   Abbey, 25

   Abbiss, 32

   Abbott, 96, 178, 179

   Abingdon, 106

   Ablard, 190

   _Accolti_ (I.), 147

   Ackerman, 115

   _Ackermann_ (G.), 115

   Ackman, 96

   Acres, 79

   Adcock, 35

   Addicott, 34, 35, 43

   Adela, 209

   Adelaide, 209, 210

   _Adele_ (F.), 123

   Adeline, 209

   Adeliza, 204, 206

   Adier, 43

   _Adimari_ (I.), 146

   Adlam, 40

   Adlard, 40

   Adolph, 43

   _Adolphe_ (F.), 123

   Adolphus, 146

   Agar, 40

   Ager, 79

   Agmondesham, 106

   Aikin, 96, 185

   Aikman, 40, 96, 185

   Ailger, 41

   Ailman, 41

   _Alamanni_ (I.), 147

   Albert, 96

   _Albert_ (F.), 123

   _Alberti_ (I.), 148

   _Alberto_ (I.), 143

   Albery, 41, 152

   Albutt, 43

   Alcock, 34, 35

   Alcott, 35

   Aldebert, 41

   Alder, 41, 96, 98, 185

   Alderdice, 115

   Alderman, 98, 115, 178, 180

   _Aldighiero_ (I.), 148

   _Aldobrandini_ (I.), 147

   Aldred, 41

   Aldrich, 41

   Aldritt, 41

   _Alfieri_ (I.), 152

   _Alfonse_ (F.), 123

   Alfred, 41, 96

   Alfreton, 106

   Algar, 96

   _Algardi_ (I.), 148

   _Algarotti_ (I.), 147

   Alger, 42

   Alice, 204-206

   Alicia, 204-206

   _Alighieri_ (I.), 149

   Alison, 204-206

   Allard, 42

   Allaway, 43

   Allcard, 96

   Allday, 79

   Alley, 26, 79

   Allfrey, 42, 96

   Allgood, 43

   Allnut, 42

   Allo, 79

   _Alloisi_ (I.), 148

   Alloway, 118

   Allt, 79

   Allward, 42

   Allwin, 43

   Allwood, 42

   Almar, 42

   Alment, 42

   Almiger, 41

   Almond, 42, 98

   Alpha, 79

   _Alphonso_ (I.), 146

   Altman, 41, 98

   Altree, 41

   Alvary, 41, 96

   Alvert, 41

   Amabel, 201

   _Amalteo_ (I.), 152

   _Amalthius_ (I.), 152

   _Amalungi_ (I.), 151

   Ambler, 41, 180

   _Ameling_ (F.), 151

   _Americus_ (I.), 147, 208, 209

   Amesbury, 106

   Amice, 212

   Amicia, 212

   And, 79

   Andoe, 79

   Angleman, 42

   Angler, 42, 178, 180

   Angmering, 71, 105

   Anhault, 43

   Annabella, 201

   Anne, 83, 171

   Anning, 83

   _Ansaldi_ (I.), 147

   Ansell, 30

   Anselme, 42

   _Anselmi_ (I.), 148

   Anser, 42

   Anslow, 30

   _Ansuini_ (I.), 148

   Applin, 30

   Arabella, 201

   _Arbogast_ (F.), 21

   Archard, 16, 42

   Archbold, 16, 42

   Archbutt, 16, 42

   Archer, 42, 137, 138, 178, 180

   Ardouin, 55

   Argent, 16

   Argument, 16, 42, 120

   Arkwright, 42, 178, 180

   _Armandet_ (F.), 19

   Armat, 43

   Armgold, 19, 43

   Armiger, 19, 43

   Armine, 18

   Arminer, 19, 44

   _Armingaud_ (F.), 19, 34

   Arminger, 19, 44

   Armor, 181

   Armory, 43, 181

   Armour, 19, 43

   Arms, 19, 183, 184

   Arney, 26

   Arnold, 44

   _Arnolfo_ (I.), 143

   Arnulfe, 44

   Arnum, 44

   Ascough, 44

   Ash, 185

   Ashbold, 44

   Ashbury, 106

   Ashe, 79

   Asher, 44

   Ashkettle, 59

   Ashman, 44, 96

   Ashmansworth, 106

   Ashmore, 44, 96

   Ashpart, 44

   Ashwin, 44

   Ashwith, 44, 148_n_

   Ask, 79

   Aske, 185

   Askey, 185

   Aslock, 59

   Asman, 59

   Asprey, 114

   Asquith, 44, 148_n_, 185

   Atkiss, 43

   Atmore, 43

   Attride, 43

   Attridge, 43

   Auberon, 41

   Aubery, 152

   Aubrey, 41

   _Aucoq_ (F.), 34

   _Audevard_ (F.), 124

   _Audifredi_ (I.), 147

   _Audouard_ (F.), 124

   Audrey, 41

   Aulph, 79

   Auterac, 42

   Auther, 42, 178, 180

   Autram, 42

   Avening, 105

   Avina, 211

   Avis, 211

   Aylard, 41

   Aylesbury, 106

   Aylesford, 106

   Aylesworth, 106

   Ayliffe, 41

   Aylmar, 13

   Aylmer, 41

   Aylward, 41, 96

   Aylwin, 41


   B.

   Babb, 79, 171

   Bable, 30, 97

   Back, 79, 183, 184

   Badby, 106

   Badder, 44

   Badman, 44, 191

   Badminton, 106

   Bagge, 79

   _Balcoq_ (F.), 34

   Balder, 44, 97

   _Baldi_ (I.), 148

   _Baldovinetti_ (I.), 148

   Baldridge, 44, 97

   Baldry, 44

   Baldwin, 44, 97

   Balmer, 47

   Balton's borough, 106

   Banderet, 44

   Bann, 79

   Banning, 79

   Barehard, 45

   Barking, 105

   Barlavington, 109

   Barling, 105

   Barmore, 45

   Barnacle, 45

   Barndollar, 122

   Barnwell, 137

   Barwise, 45

   Baschurch, 6

   Basin, 6

   Basingstoke, 88

   Bass, 4, 79

   Bather, 44

   Batt, 79

   Batting, 79

   Batty, 79, 173

   _Baudeau_ (F.), 27

   Beck, 79

   Beckett, 192

   Beckley, 106

   Bedbug, 114

   Beddard, 44, 97

   Beden, 105

   Bedford, 106

   Beeby, 79

   Beech, 185

   Beenham, 106

   Belfry, 45

   Bell, 25

   Bellmore, 47

   Bellow, 25

   Bellringer, 116

   Belly, 25

   Belment, 45

   Belmore, 45

   _Belzoni_ (I.), 147

   Bence, 79

   Beneman, 45

   Benger, 45

   Bengworth, 106

   Benn, 85, 194, 195

   Bennell, 194, 195

   Benner, 45

   Bennet, 45

   Benney, 194, 195

   Bennoch, 194, 195

   Bensington, 105

   Berger, 45

   Bernard, 45, 97

   _Bernardo_ (I.), 143

   Berner, 45

   _Berni_ (I.), 152

   _Bernini_ (I.), 152

   Bernold, 45, 97

   _Beroaldus_ (I.), 152

   Berrette, 97

   Berrier, 45

   Berringer, 45

   Bertram, 46

   Bertrand, 46

   _Bertrandi_ (I.), 147

   Berward, 45

   Betteridge, 44, 101

   Betty, 1, 26, 79, 171

   Beyerman, 193, 194

   Bibb, 79

   Bibby, 79

   Biddle, 80

   Biddulph, 44

   Bigg, 85

   Bigot, 191, 192

   Bill, 1, 79, 194, 195

   Billamore, 45

   _Bille_ (F.), 195

   _Bille_ (G.), 195

   _Bille_ (Dan.), 195

   _Billecoq_ (F.), 34

   _Billey_ (F.), 195

   Billiard, 45

   Billing, 79, 194

   Billow, 74, 194, 195

   Billy, 1, 194, 195

   Billyald, 45

   Binney, 26, 179

   Binning, 79

   Birch, 79, 185

   Birchenough, 120

   Bird, 80

   Bishop, 178, 179

   _Blacker_ (F.), 188

   Black, 80, 188

   Blacker, 46, 188

   Blackman, 46

   Blackwin, 46

   Blake, 188

   Blakeman, 46

   Blaker, 46

   Blanchard, 188

   Blank, 188

   Bledlow, 107

   Blunt, 97

   Bluntisham, 107

   Bobbin, 194, 196

   Bobby, 194, 196

   Boby, 80

   Bodicker, 46

   Bodmer, 46

   Body, 156, 183, 184

   Boffey, 194, 196

   Boggis, 46, 118

   Bogle, 97

   Bognor, 107

   _Boiardo_ (I.), 152, 194

   _Boiron_ (F.), 194

   Bold, 27

   Bolden, 27

   Boldery, 44

   Bolley, 80

   _Bompart_ (F.), 145

   _Bonaparte_ (F.), 145, 146

   Bonbright, 146

   Bond, 80

   _Boniperti_ (I.), 145

   Bookless, 183, 184

   Boss, 80

   Bossey, 80

   _Boetefur_ (L.G.), 190

   Botright, 46

   Botting, 80

   Bottisham, 107

   Bowmer, 97

   Boy, 193, 194

   _Boy_ (F.), 194

   _Boyard_ (F.), 152, 194

   _Boye_ (F.), 194

   _Boye_ (G.), 194

   Boyer, 193, 194

   _Boyer_ (F.), 194

   Boyman, 193, 194

   _Boyreau_ (F.), 194

   _Boyron_ (F.), 194

   Bracken, 157

   Brackett, 157

   Brackie, 157

   Bracking, 157

   _Brackmann_ (G.), 158

   Bragan, 157

   Bragg, 157

   Brain, 97, 157

   Brakeman, 157

   Brand, 25

   Brandy, 25

   Bransbury, 107

   Bransford, 107

   _Braquemin_ (F.), 158

   Braughin, 105

   Bray, 157

   Brayman, 157

   Braznell, 165

   Breakell, 158

   Breem, 80

   Brewin, 157

   Bride, 80

   Bridle, 80

   Bright, 80

   Brighting, 80

   Brightland, 46

   Brightling, 105

   Brightly, 30, 80

   Brightmore, 46

   Brightwell, 137

   Brightwine, 46

   Brighty, 80

   Brine, 80

   Brinney, 80

   Brittell, 80

   Brocard, 97

   Brown, 80, 138, 188, 189

   Browning, 28, 80

   Bubb, 194, 196

   Buck, 80, 175

   Buckle, 85

   Bucklin, 31

   Budd, 24, 80

   Budden, 24

   Budding, 24

   Buddle, 24

   Buddrich, 24, 46

   Budmore, 24

   Bugg, 3, 97

   Bulger, 46

   Bull, 80

   Bullard, 46

   Buller, 46

   Bulling, 28, 80

   Bulmer, 46, 97

   Bundle, 97, 101

   Bunn, 85

   Bunting, 97

   Burchard, 46, 97

   Burger, 46

   Burgwin, 46

   Burleston, 107

   Burman, 45

   Burn, 80

   Burness, 33

   Burning, 28, 80

   Burnish, 33

   Burr, 80

   Burt, 80

   Bussell, 80

   Butleigh, 107

   Butt, 80

   Butter, 46, 181

   Butterick, 46

   Butterwell, 138

   Buttery, 46, 181

   Byard, 152

   Bye, 193, 194

   Byron, 193, 194


   C.

   Cadman, 50

   Cage, 9

   Cain, 10, 190

   Calderon, 52

   Caledonia, 8

   Calking, 170

   Call, 80

   Callow, 80

   Calmsden, 107

   Camel, 175

   Cane, 10

   Cann, 80

   Canning, 28, 80

   Cansick, 168

   Cant, 81

   Carary, 51

   Caravan, 51

   Card, 97

   Carder, 52

   Cardwell, 116

   _Carlo_ (I.), 143

   Carrier, 51

   Cart, 97

   Carthen, 52

   Cartridge, 52

   Cashdollar, 122

   Castle, 97

   _Castoldi_ (I.), 149

   Cat, 97, 175

   Cattey, 175

   Catty, 97

   _Cauche_ (F.), 170

   _Cauchy_ (F.), 170

   Caulk, 170

   Caunce, 168

   Chabot, 118, 125, 126

   Chad, 97, 125, 126

   Chadborn, 125

   Chaddleworth, 107

   Chaddock, 125, 126

   Chadlington, 107

   Chadman, 125

   Chadshunt, 107

   Chadwick, 125, 126

   Chadwin, 126

   Chaff, 81

   Chaffey, 81

   Chain, 125

   Chalfont, 107

   Chalk, 101, 170

   Chalkey, 170

   Chalklen, 170

   Chance, 81, 168

   Chancell, 168

   Chancey, 168

   Chaney, 125

   Chantrey, 51

   Chard, 97, 125, 126

   Charing, 105

   Charles, 80

   _Charles_ (F.), 123

   Charley, 80

   Chart, 125, 126

   Charter, 125, 126

   Chaseley, 107

   _Chasseboeuf_ (F.), 139

   Chattaway, 126

   Chatting, 125, 126

   Chatto, 125, 126

   Chattoway, 97, 118, 125, 126

   Chatwin, 125, 126

   Chatwood, 125

   Chaucer, 170

   _Chaussee_ (F.), 170

   _Chaussy_ (F.), 170

   Cheape, 97

   Cheese, 97, 155

   Cheltenham, 107

   Chertsey, 107, 126

   Chesnut, 155, 185

   Chesman, 155

   Chesson, 155

   Chew, 97

   Chewing, 105

   Chichester, 107

   Chilbolton, 107

   Chilcomb, 127

   Child, 127

   Childar, 125, 126

   Children, 125, 126

   Chill, 125, 126

   Chillmaid, 125, 126

   Chillman, 125, 126

   Chipman, 155

   Chipp, 98, 155

   Chippenham, 107

   Chipping, 155

   Chirnie, 155

   Chitty, 155

   Cholsey, 107

   _Chopard_ (F.), 127

   Chope, 81

   Choppin, 125, 127

   _Choupe_ (F.), 127

   Christabel, 201, 202 and _n_

   Chubb, 81, 125

   Chubback, 125

   Churn, 155

   Claribel, 201

   Claringbold, 135

   Claringbull, 135

   Claude, 127

   _Claude_ (F.), 123

   Clean, 160

   _Clerambault_ (F.), 135

   Cline, 160

   Cloade, 127

   Clodd, 1, 127

   Clothier, 127

   _Clotilde_ (F.), 123

   Cloud, 97, 127

   Cloudman, 127

   Clout, 1, 127

   Cloutman, 127

   Clucas, 127

   Clutterbuck, 121

   Coate, 81

   Cobbett, 118

   Cobbold, 53, 118

   Cock, 81

   Codd, 81

   Codford, 107

   Coffey, 81

   Colbran, 47

   Colburn, 47

   Coll, 81

   Collamore, 47

   Collard, 47

   Collie, 81

   Colling, 81

   Collingham, 107

   Colman, 47

   Colmer, 97

   Conder, 54

   Congressbury, 107

   Cooling, 81, 105

   Coppernoll, 165

   Corbould, 51

   Cory, 82

   Cosier, 54

   Cossart, 53

   Costall, 30

   Costello, 30

   Costiff, 164

   Costly, 30

   Cotheridge, 107

   Cottiss, 20

   Cotton, 97

   Coulthred, 52

   Craig, 188, 189

   Creed, 97, 127

   Creedy, 127

   Cressy, 81

   Criddle, 127

   Crimsham, 107

   _Crist_ (I. and G.), 135

   Croad, 127

   Crock, 127

   Croger, 127

   Croke, 127

   Croker, 127

   Crooke, 127

   Cropthorn, 107

   Crotch, 127

   Crotty, 127

   Crowd, 97, 127

   Crowder, 127

   Crowdy, 127

   Cruden, 127

   Crumpecker, 122

   Crutch, 127

   Crute, 127

   Cuckhamstow hill, 107

   Cuff, 81

   Cuffey, 81

   Cull, 81

   Cummin, 97

   Cumnor, 107

   Cunliffe, 56, 98

   Curran, 51_n_

   Curwen, 51

   Custard, 47


   D.

   Dacker, 47

   Dacombe, 47

   Dagenham, 108

   Dagger, 47

   Daggesell, 47

   Daisy, 32

   Dale, 98

   Dalloway, 47, 118

   Dalman, 47

   Damer, 47

   Dana, 25, 81

   Dand, 25

   _Dandalo_ (I.), 145

   Dando, 25

   Dandy, 25

   Dane, 25, 81

   Danger, 48

   _Dante_ (I.), 134

   Darlaston, 108

   Darling, 81

   Darnell, 48, 98, 165

   Darrell, 81

   Darrigon, 48

   Darwin, 48

   Daunsey, 108

   Daybell, 47

   Dayer, 47

   Daylesford, 108

   Daymont, 47

   Dearlove, 48, 98

   Dearman, 48

   Deary, 26

   Deller, 47

   Demaid, 48

   Demon, 48

   Denhard, 48, 98

   Denolf, 48

   Denn, 81

   Denning, 81

   Dermott, 48, 98

   Derwin, 48

   _Dettingen_ (G.), 71

   Dialogue, 48

   Diamond, 48

   Dick, 81, 194, 195

   Dicken, 194, 195

   Dickin, 102

   Dickle, 81, 194, 195

   Dicksie, 195

   Didlington, 108

   Dilger, 102, 140

   _Dilhac_ (F.), 140

   Dilke, 24, 102, 140

   Dill, 24, 81, 139

   _Dill_ (G.), 139

   _Dille_ (F.), 139

   _Dillemann_ (G.), 140

   Dillen, 24

   _Dillen_ (G.), 140

   Diller, 140

   _Dillery_ (F.), 140

   _Dillet_ (F.), 140

   Dilley, 139

   Dillicar, 140

   Dillick, 140

   Dillimore, 140

   Dilling, 24

   _Dilling_ (G.), 140

   Dillman, 140

   Dillon, 140

   _Dillon_ (F.), 140

   Dillow, 24, 139

   Dillwyn, 24, 140

   Dilly, 24

   _Dilly_ (F.), 139

   Distington, 88

   Ditchling, 105

   Dixie, 195

   Dock, 81

   Docking, 81

   Dodd, 81, 98

   Doddridge, 64

   Dodford, 108

   Doggett, 49, 98

   Dogthorpe, 108

   Dollman, 98

   Dolman, 48

   Dolphin, 48, 175, 176

   _Dome_ (F.), 196

   Doniland, 108

   Doran, 27

   _Dorand_ (G.), 150

   Dore, 27

   Dowdeswell, 108

   Drain, 215

   Dray, 215

   Duck, 86, 175, 176

   Duckling, 98, 175, 176

   Ducklington, 108

   Duckman, 48, 98

   Dugmore, 49

   Dugood, 49, 98

   Dumbell, 194, 196

   Dume, 194, 195

   Dumlin, 194, 196

   Dummelow, 194, 196

   Dummer, 48

   Dummert, 48

   Dumplin, 113, 194, 196

   Dunn, 82, 98, 188, 189

   Dunning, 82

   Durand, 134, 150

   _Durand_ (G.), 150

   _Durand_ (F.), 150

   _Durandard_ (F.), 150

   _Durandeau_ (F.), 150

   _Durandi_ (I.), 150

   Durant, 151

   _Durant_ (F.), 150

   _Durante_ (I.), 134, 149, 150

   _Duranto_ (I.), 150

   Durre, 86

   Dyce, 81

   Dycey, 81


   E.

   Eager, 40

   Eagle, 99

   Eames, 83

   Earheart, 49, 178, 183, 184

   Earl, 25, 178

   Early, 25

   Earney, 98

   Earp, 21, 82

   Earwaker, 49, 169, 178

   Earwig, 2, 49, 175, 178

   Eashing, 105

   Easter, 82

   Eavestaff, 164

   Eckington, 108

   Edbrook, 49

   Eddiker, 49, 169

   Eddy, 82

   Edgar, 49, 210

   Edgell, 82, 99

   Edith, 197, 210

   Edlery, 40

   Edmond, 49, 210

   _Edmond_ (F.), 123

   Edmund, 210

   Edolph, 49

   _Edouard_ (F.), 123, 124

   Edridge, 49

   Edstone, 108

   Edward, 13, 49, 210

   Edwick, 49

   Effingham, 108

   Egg, 82

   Egle, 82

   Elbow, 183, 184

   Elcy, 82

   Eldred, 41

   Element, 43, 120

   Elgar, 43

   Elgee, 82

   Elgood, 43

   Eliza, 204-206

   Elk, 82

   Ella, 216

   Ellard, 43

   Ellery, 43

   Elliss, 82

   Elmore, 43

   Else, 82

   Elsey, 26, 82

   _Elvira_ (S.), 200

   Elvy, 79

   Elwin, 43

   Elwood, 43

   _Elzevir_ (D.), 200

   _Eme_ (F.), 209

   Emeler, 41

   Emeney, 209

   Emma, 89, 207-209

   Emmeline, 209

   Emmett, 175, 178

   _Emmon_ (F.), 209

   Empey, 167

   _Emy_ (F.), 209

   England, 9

   Engleburt, 42

   Engleheart, 42

   English, 192

   Ennor, 166

   Enough, 98, 117, 166

   _Enrico_ (I.), 143

   Enright, 166

   Epps, 82

   Ermentrude, 19, 197

   Ermine, 18

   _Ermingcard_ (F.), 19

   Erpingham, 108

   Esau, 190

   Esmond, 99

   Ethel, 209

   Ethelston, 40, 96

   Eva, 216

   Evelina, 211

   Eveline, 211

   Evelyn, 211

   Evening, 79

   Ever, 82

   Everard, 49

   Evered, 49

   Everett, 49

   Every, 49, 82

   Evesham, 108

   Ewald, 68

   Ewart, 68

   Ewe, 2, 68_n_

   Ewer, 68

   Ewing, 68_n_

   Exhall, 108


   F.

   Fairfoot, 183, 185

   Fairfoul, 120

   Fairless, 183

   Fairman, 49

   Falstaff, 119

   _Falsteuf_ (F.), 119

   Faragut, 34

   _Farcot_ (F.), 34

   Farragut, 49

   Farre, 27, 82

   Farren, 27

   Farrier, 178, 180

   Farrimond, 49

   Farrow, 82

   Farthing, 28

   Fearn, 82

   Feckenham, 108

   _Federigo_ (I.), 143

   Ferdinand, 50

   _Ferdinand_ (F.), 123

   Ferrand, 49

   Ferrier, 49, 180

   Few, 159

   Field, 113

   Fielder, 113

   Fielding, 113

   Filbert, 50

   Fileman, 50

   Filldew, 50

   Fillmer, 50

   Fillmore, 99

   Fin, 89

   Finbow, 50

   Finch, 82

   Finger, 50, 183

   Finn, 82

   Finney, 82

   Fish, 175, 177

   Fiske, 177

   Flack, 159

   Fladbury, 108

   Flagg, 159

   Flatt, 198

   Flatter, 181

   Flattery, 181, 198

   Flattman, 198

   Flea, 3, 159, 175, 178

   Fleck, 159

   Flew, 99, 159

   Flower, 216

   Flowry, 216

   Floyer, 216

   Fluck, 159

   Fly, 159, 175, 178

   Fogg, 99, 159

   Foggo, 99, 159

   Folkstone, 108

   Foote, 183, 184

   Forder, 50

   Fordred, 50

   Forget, 49

   Fortyman, 50

   Forward, 49

   Fowl, 99

   _Francesco_ (I.), 143

   Franklin, 31

   _Fredeau_ (F.), 27

   Frederic, 13

   Frederick, 50

   Freebody, 50, 156

   Freeborn, 50, 99

   Freebout, 50

   Freeland, 50

   Freestone, 50

   _Frescobaldi_ (I.), 149

   Friday, 99, 182

   Froude, 82

   Fudge, 159

   Fuggle, 99

   Fulke, 82

   Fullagar, 50

   Fullalove, 50, 191


   G.

   Gaffery, 52

   Gage, 9, 10

   Gain, 10, 99, 118, 190

   Galland, 51

   Gallant, 51

   Gallard, 51

   Galloway, 51, 118

   Galt, 82

   _Gambetta_ (F.), 153

   Gamble, 113

   Gambler, 180

   Gambling, 2, 28

   Gander, 51, 99, 175

   Gandy, 81

   Gant, 81

   Ganter, 51

   Garbett, 51

   Garbrand, 51

   Garbutt, 51

   Garden, 28

   Garforth, 51

   _Garibaldi_ (I.), 145

   Garlick, 51

   Garman, 51

   Garment, 51, 120

   Garnett, 51

   Garrard, 51

   Garrod, 51

   Garrold, 51

   Garroway, 51, 118

   Garstin, 51

   Garter, 52

   Garvey, 51

   Garwood, 51, 148_n_

   Gasting, 82

   Gatliffe, 50

   Gatling, 99

   Gatty, 175

   Gay, 9, 10, 99

   Gedge, 9, 10

   Genese, 192, 193

   _Genett_ (G.), 207

   Genevieve, 207

   _Gennari_ (I.), 148

   Genner, 52

   Gennett, 52, 207

   Gentery, 51

   Gentry, 51

   Geoffry, 50_n_, 51

   _Gerard_ (F.), 23

   _Gerbault_ (F.), 145

   _Gerbet_ (F.), 153

   Gerloff, 51

   Gertrude, 19, 197

   _Geu_ (G.), 10

   _Gey_ (G.), 10

   _Gherardini_ (I.), 148

   _Ghibellines_ (I.), 146

   _Ghiberti_ (I.), 148

   _Ghirlandaio_ (I.), 148

   Gidding, 108

   Giddy, 155

   Giffard, 52

   Giffen, 82

   Gilbert, 52

   Gildawie, 52

   Gilder, 52

   Gildert, 52

   Gill, 82

   Gillard, 53

   Giller, 53, 99

   Gillett, 53

   Gillford, 53

   Gilliam, 53

   Gillibrand, 52

   Gillman, 53

   Gilmore, 53

   Gimbert, 52

   Gippert, 52

   Gipsy, 33

   Gislingham, 108

   Goad, 81

   Godalming, 71, 105

   Godbold, 53

   Godbolt, 53

   Goddam, 191

   Goddard, 53

   Goddier, 53

   Godding, 81, 99

   Goddiss, 20

   _Godeau_ (F.), 27

   Godfrey, 50_n_, 53

   Godhead, 53

   Godiso, 20

   Godiva, 172

   Godizo, 20

   Godkin, 31

   Godliman, 191

   Godman, 53

   Godmersham, 108

   Godmund, 53, 99

   Godrick, 53

   Godsell, 53

   Godskall, 53

   Godsoe, 20, 32

   Godward, 191

   Godwin, 53, 99

   Gold, 82

   Goldbourne, 52

   Golding, 82

   Goldrick, 52

   Goldwin, 52

   Goodacre, 170

   Goodbody, 156

   Goodenough, 120, 191

   Goodeve, 171

   Goodheart, 53, 191

   Goodlake, 53

   Goodland, 53

   Goodliffe, 53, 191

   Goodnow, 53

   Goodram, 53

   Goodred, 53

   Goodwright, 53, 178, 180

   Goodyear, 53

   Goose, 175

   Gorbold, 51

   Gore, 82

   Gorebrown, 51

   Gosbell, 53

   Gosland, 54

   Gosling, 175

   Gosmer, 54

   _Gosselin_ (F.), 175, 176

   _Gosselini_ (I.), 147

   Goswold, 54

   _Goettingen_ (G.), 71

   _Gousse_ (F.), 175, 176

   Gozar, 54

   Gozzard, 53

   _Grau_ (G.), 189

   Gray, 138, 188, 189

   Greenwell, 138

   Gregg, 188, 189

   Grimbald, 54

   Grimble, 54, 202

   Grimerd, 54

   Grimmer, 54

   Grimmond, 54

   Grimstone, 108

   _Grobe_ (G.), 187

   Grote, 99

   Grove, 99, 186, 187

   _Grove_ (G.), 187

   _Grub_ (F.), 187

   Grubb, 99, 186, 187

   _Grubi_ (F.), 187

   _Guala_ (F.), 133

   _Gualdo_ (I.), 144, 147

   _Gualtier_ (F.), 130

   _Guardi_ (I.), 144, 148

   _Guarini_ (I.), 152

   _Guarnerius_ (I.), 144, 149

   Guelpa, 131

   _Guelph_ (I.), 131, 146

   _Gueneau_ (F.), 133

   _Guenin_ (F.), 133

   _Guerin_ (F.), 152

   _Guermain_ (F.), 132

   _Guernier_ (F.), 149

   Guest, 82

   _Guglielmo_ (I.), 149

   _Guicciardini_ (I.), 144, 147

   _Guiche_ (F.), 132

   _Guide_ (F.), 132, 148

   _Guido_ (I.), 144, 148

   _Guidubaldi_ (I.), 148

   _Guillaume_ (F.), 123, 130, 133

   Guille, 131, 132

   _Guille_ (F.), 132

   _Guillemain_ (F.), 133

   Guily, 131, 132

   Guinan, 131

   _Guinery_ (F.), 133

   Guiney, 131, 133

   _Guinier_ (F.), 133

   _Guiscard_ (F.), 130

   _Guiteau_ (F.), 148

   Gumboil, 2, 54

   Gundey, 99

   Gundry, 54

   Gunn, 99

   Gunner, 181

   Gunnery, 181

   Gunston, 54

   Gunter, 54

   Gunthorp, 108

   Guttwein, 122

   Gwillam, 131, 133

   Gwilt, 131

   Gwyer, 131, 132

   Gye, 9, 10


   H.

   Hack, 83

   Hacking, 83

   Hackstaff, 164

   Haddenham, 108

   Haddock, 175

   Hadkiss, 54

   Hadrott, 54

   Hadwen, 54

   Haggard, 40

   Hail, 83

   Hailing, 83

   Halbard, 96

   Hald, 99

   Haldan, 99

   Hall, 83

   Hallgreen, 33

   Halling, 28, 83, 105

   Hallington, 108

   Halloway, 43

   Hambledon, 108

   Hambling, 150

   _Hamel_ (F.), 150

   Hamling, 150

   Hammill, 150

   Hammond, 41

   Hamp, 166

   Hamper, 166

   Hance, 83

   Hand, 79

   Handsomebody, 156

   Hanger, 42

   Hankerton, 108, 109

   Hanman, 43

   Hann, 27, 83, 172

   Hannah, 171

   Hannen, 27

   Hanney, 172

   Hanning, 83

   Hannington, 108

   Hanrot, 43

   Hansard, 43

   Hansom, 43

   Harbert, 55

   Harboard, 55

   Harbud, 55

   Hard, 83

   Hardacre, 170

   Harder, 54, 181

   Harding, 28, 83

   Hardington, 109

   Hardland, 54

   Hardman, 55

   Hardoff, 55

   Hardwick, 55

   Hardy, 83

   Hargood, 55

   Harker, 55

   Harland, 55

   Harle, 83

   Harleston, 109

   Harley, 83

   Harling, 83, 105

   Harman, 55

   Harme, 19

   Harmer, 55

   Harmond, 55

   Harmony, 18

   Harnor, 44

   Harnott, 55

   Harold, 15_n_, 20, 55

   Harp, 21

   Harre, 196

   Harrietsham, 108

   Harrow, 196

   Harry, 194, 196

   Harryman, 55

   Hart, 83

   Hartnoll, 55, 165

   Hartridge, 55

   Hartry, 55

   Hartwright, 55, 178, 180

   Harvest, 21

   Harvey, 55

   Harward, 55

   Harwin, 55

   Harwood, 55

   Hasell, 83, 185, 186

   Haskey, 99

   Hasluck, 59, 101

   Hathaway, 54, 118, 126

   Hatt, 79

   Hattemore, 54

   Hattrick, 54

   Hauxton, 108

   Haversham, 108

   Haveys, 212

   Haweis, 212

   Hawk, 99

   Hawke, 83

   Hawoise, 212

   Hayman, 41

   Hayward, 41, 99, 137, 138, 178, 180

   Head, 183

   Hean, 166

   Heaney, 166

   Heart, 183, 184

   Heasman, 56

   Heaven, 79

   Helme, 99

   _Heloise_ (F.), 123, 212

   Helper, 99

   Helps, 99

   Helpstone, 109

   Hemingford Abbots, 109

   Hemington, 109

   Hemp, 166

   Hemper, 166

   Henfrey, 43, 166

   Henman, 43

   Henn, 83

   Henniker, 43

   _Henri_ (F.), 123

   Henstridge, 109

   Herbert, 55, 99

   _Herbette_ (F.), 153

   Herepath, 55

   Heringaud, 34

   Herod, 99, 190

   Herring, 99, 175

   Hersant, 55

   Heward, 141

   Hewish, 141

   Hewitt, 32, 141

   Hewland, 141

   Hewlet, 141

   Hibbert, 141

   Hibble, 141

   Hick, 140

   Hickie, 140

   Hickley, 140

   Hicklin, 141

   Hickman, 100, 141

   Hickmot, 141

   _Hieckmann_ (G.), 141

   _Hienne_ (F.), 141

   Higgen, 141

   Highmore, 100, 141

   Higlet, 141

   _Higlin_ (F.), 141

   Higman, 141

   Hignett, 142

   Hildebrand, 55

   Hilder, 55

   Hildreth, 56

   Hildyard, 55

   Hill, 83

   Hillersdon, 109

   Hillman, 56

   Hillock, 100, 141

   Hillyer, 55

   Hilmer, 56

   Hilridge, 56

   Him, 209

   Hime, 83

   Hind, 114

   Hine, 114

   Hinksey, 109

   Hipkin, 31

   Hoby, 83

   _Hocede_ (F.), 182

   Hockaday, 182

   Hockey, 83

   Hodge, 100, 140

   Hodges, 141

   Hodgett, 101

   Hodgkin, 31, 141

   Hodsoak, 109

   Hoe, 140

   _Hogan_ (F.), 141

   _Hoge_ (G.), 140

   Hogg, 100, 140

   Hoggin, 141

   Hogmire, 141

   _Hognet_ (F.), 142

   _Hoin_ (F.), 141

   Holiday, 182

   Homer, 141

   Hone, 83, 166

   Honey, 83

   Honeybun, 120

   Honeyburn, 120

   Honeyman, 54

   Honner, 166

   Honnington, 109

   Hoofnail, 165

   Hook, 83

   Hopkin, 102

   Hopp, 83

   Hopping, 28, 83

   Horne, 83, 100

   Horning, 83, 105

   Horningsea, 109

   Horningsheath, 109

   Horsenail, 165

   Hose, 84

   Hough, 89

   Howard, 178, 180

   Howitt, 32, 101, 141

   _Hua_ (F.), 140

   _Huan_ (F), 141

   _Huard_ (F.), 141

   _Huart_ (F.), 141

   _Huault_ (F.), 142

   _Hubault_ (F.), 141

   Hubbard, 141

   _Hubbert_ (G.), 141

   Hubble, 141

   _Hubert_ (F.), 141

   _Huc_ (F.), 140

   Huck, 140

   _Hucke_ (G.), 140

   Huckell, 140

   Hucken, 141

   _Hue_ (F.), 140

   _Huel_ (F.), 140

   Huelin, 141

   _Huet_ (F.), 141

   Huff, 86

   _Hufnagel_ (G.), 166

   Hug, 140

   _Hug_ (F.), 140

   Hugall, 140

   _Hugan_ (F.), 141

   _Hugard_ (F.), 141

   _Huge_ (F.), 140

   _Huge_ (G.), 140

   _Huegel_(G.), 140

   Huggard, 141

   Huggett, 32, 141

   Hugh, 140

   Hughes, 141

   Hughman, 141

   _Hugla_ (F.), 140

   Hugman, 141

   _Hugnot_ (F.), 142

   Hugo, 140

   _Hugo_ (F.), 140

   _Hugo_ (G.), 140

   _Hugot_ (F.), 141

   _Huguelin_ (F.), 141

   _Hugues_ (F.), 141

   Huie, 140

   _Hulek_ (F.), 141

   Hullock, 141

   Human, 141

   _Humann_ (F.), 141

   Humble, 100, 191

   _Humboldt_ (G.), 191

   Humphrey, 50_n_, 54

   Hun, 89

   Hunger, 54

   Hunhold, 54

   Hunibal, 54

   Hunn, 83

   Hunnard, 54

   Hunt, 83

   Hunting, 83

   Huntingdon, 109

   Hurlbat, 49

   Hurlburt, 49

   Hurler, 49, 178, 180

   Hutt, 100

   Hyndman, 114


   I.

   Ibbett, 32

   _Ihm_ (G.), 209

   _Imm_ (G.), 209

   Impey, 167

   Inchbald, 56

   Inchboard, 56

   Ingledew, 42

   Inglesent, 42

   Inglis, 192

   Ingold, 56

   Ingram, 56

   Ingrey, 56

   Inkhammer, 215

   Ipswich, 108

   Ireland, 9

   Iremonger, 19

   Irminger, 19, 44

   Irwine, 99

   Isabel, 198

   _Isabelle_ (F.), 199

   Isburg, 56

   Ismer, 56

   Isnard, 56

   Isnell, 165

   Isner, 56

   Ive, 83

   Ivy, 83, 185, 186

   Izod, 56


   J.

   Jack, 194, 196

   Jacklin, 194, 196

   _Jacklin_ (G.), 196

   _Jacquard_ (F.), 196

   _Jacquelin_ (F.), 196

   Jael, 190

   Jago, 194, 196

   Jane, 206, 207

   Janet, 206, 207

   January, 182, 183

   Jarman, 51

   Jeannerett, 52

   Jeffcock, 35

   Jeffcott, 35

   Jellicoe, 31

   Jenner, 183

   Jennery, 52, 183

   Jennett, 207

   Jervis, 51

   Jocelyn, 176

   _Jordaens_ (D.), 135

   Jordan, 135

   _Jordan_ (F.), 135

   _Josselin_ (F.), 176

   _Jourdain_ (F.), 135

   _Jourdan_ (F.), 135

   Judith, 196


   K.

   Kay, 9, 10, 80

   Keble, 98

   Kedge, 9, 10

   Kegg, 9, 10

   Keho, 11

   Kelk, 98, 170

   Kelvedon, 107

   Kemerton, 71, 107

   Kenilworth, 107

   Kennard, 56

   Kennaway, 56, 118

   Kenrick, 56, 98

   Kensal, 168

   Kensett, 168

   Kenward, 56, 98

   Keogh, 11

   Kettering, 105

   Kettle, 97

   Kettleby, 107

   Key, 9, 10, 80

   Keysoe, 107

   Kidd, 98, 173

   Kiddy, 155

   Killer, 53

   Killman, 53, 98

   Kilsby, 109

   Kindred, 117

   Kinmonth, 56

   Kinnaird, 56

   Kinney, 26

   Kitt, 100, 173

   Kitto, 173

   Kitty, 155, 170

   Klyne, 160

   Knapp, 100, 161

   Knapping, 161

   Knall, 161, 173

   Kneller, 161

   Knibb, 99, 161

   Knife, 161

   Knipe, 99, 161

   Knipping, 161

   Knott, 81

   Knyvett, 161

   _Kupfernagel_ (G.), 166


   L.

   Lamaison, 182

   _Lamas_ (F.), 183

   Lambert, 56

   _Lamberti_ (I.), 147

   Lambeth, 109

   Lambrook, 56

   Lammas, 182, 183

   Lamprey, 56, 115, 175, 178

   Lanaway, 57

   Lander, 56

   Landfear, 56

   Landlord, 57

   Landridge, 57

   Landward, 57

   Lanfear, 56

   Langstaff, 164

   Lanoway, 118

   Lanwer, 57

   _Lanzi_ (I.), 147

   Lark, 175, 176

   Lascelles, 139

   Lateward, 57

   Laundry, 57

   _Lauringen_ (G.), 72

   Lavenham, 109

   Laver, 83

   Laverick, 100

   Laverock, 176

   Lawless, 183, 184

   Laycock, 34

   Leamington, 73

   Leathart, 57

   Leather, 57

   _Leboeuf_ (F.), 139

   _Lecoq_ (F.), 34

   Ledgard, 57, 100

   Ledger, 57

   Ledward, 57

   Lees, 84

   Legg, 183, 184

   Leggy, 183

   Legless, 183, 184

   Lemon, 57_n_, 100, 119

   _Leonardo_ (I.), 142

   Leopard, 57, 100, 173

   _Leopardi_ (I.), 151

   Lessy, 84

   Leverett, 177

   Lewis, 34, 118

   Liddard, 57

   Liddle, 84

   Lightfoot, 184

   Limmer, 119

   Lind, 175

   Linden, 185, 186

   Lindo, 175

   Ling, 27, 175

   Lingen, 27

   Lingo, 175

   _Lionardo_ (I.), 148

   Liptrot, 57

   Lock, 84

   Locker, 100

   Lockie, 84

   Lord, 100, 158, 178

   Lording, 100, 158

   Lottisham, 109

   _Louis_ (F.), 123

   Louisa, 216

   _Louise_ (F.), 123, 211

   Love, 84

   Loveday, 57, 137, 138, 182

   Lovegod, 57

   Lovegood, 57, 191

   Loveland, 57

   Loveman, 57, 100, 191

   Lover, 57, 100

   Loveridge, 57, 100

   Lovesy, 100

   Lovick, 31

   Loving, 28, 84

   Lower, 100

   Lubbock, 31

   Lucas, 34, 57, 118

   Lucy, 171

   Ludbrook, 57

   _Ludovico_ (I.), 143

   _Luigi_ (I.), 142

   Lull, 84, 100

   Lully, 84, 100

   Lumb, 160

   Lump, 160

   Lumpkin, 160

   Luther, 57, 100

   Lutman, 57, 100

   Lutto, 84

   Lutwidge, 57

   Lyde, 84


   M.

   Mabel, 201

   McDermott, 98_n_

   McKay, 11

   McKie, 11

   Madam, 58

   Maddey, 84

   _Madelungen_ (G.), 72

   Madle, 84

   Mager, 58

   Magg, 171

   Maggot, 58

   Maggy, 84

   _Magini_ (I.), 142

   _Maginot_ (F.), 142

   _Magnabal_ (F.), 142

   _Magnan_ (F.), 142

   _Magnard_ (F.), 142

   Magnay, 142

   _Magne_ (F.), 142

   _Magney_ (F.), 142

   _Magnier_ (F.), 142

   _Mahault_ (F.), 204

   Mahood, 210

   Maiden, 28

   Maidman, 59

   _Maignan_ (F.), 142

   _Mainardi_ (I.), 142

   _Mainardo_ (I.), 142

   _Mainbourg_ (F.), 142

   _Maineri_ (I.), 142

   _Mainfroy_ (F.), 142

   _Maingault_ (F.), 142

   _Maingot_ (F.), 34, 142

   Maliff, 58

   Mallard, 58

   Malling, 105

   Mallory, 58

   Malmsbury, 109

   Malthus, 58

   Maltwood, 59

   Manfred, 58

   _Manfredi_ (I.), 147

   Manger, 58, 142

   Manhood, 210

   Manigault, 58

   Manlove, 58, 191

   Mann, 84

   Manning, 28, 84

   _Maraldi_ (I.), 147

   Marcher, 59

   Margot, 58

   Marigold, 58

   Mariner, 178, 180

   _Marinier_ (F.), 181

   Marker, 59

   Marklove, 59

   Markwick, 59

   Marl, 84

   Marling, 84

   _Marnier_ (F.), 181

   Marr, 25, 84

   Marrow, 25

   Marry, 25

   Marvey, 58

   Marvin, 58

   Marwick, 58

   Massey, 84

   Mather, 58

   _Mathilde_ (F.), 123

   Matilda, 203, 204

   Maud, 203, 204

   Maude, 171

   May, 84, 171

   Mayer, 58

   Maynard, 58, 142

   _Maynard_ (F.), 142

   Mayne, 142

   _Maynier_ (F.), 142

   Mayo, 171, 173

   Meadway, 59

   Meddiman, 59

   Medland, 59

   Medlar, 59

   Medlicott, 34, 59

   Medlock, 59

   Medwin, 59

   Meggy, 171

   Megrin, 58

   _Mehne_ (G.), 142

   _Meiner_ (G.), 142

   _Meinert_ (G.), 142

   Melloday, 59

   Mellowdew, 59

   Melody, 59

   Merrill, 84

   Merriment, 120

   Merry, 85

   Messing, 84

   Methold, 59

   Michie, 84

   Mico, 84

   Mildred, 116, 197

   Millard, 59

   Milldolar, 122

   Millie, 84

   Millinge, 84

   Milo, 84

   Minn, 178

   Minney, 178

   Minnow, 175, 178

   Mitcheldover, 109

   Moder, 59

   Moll, 1, 171

   Monday, 182

   Monument, 120

   Moore, 11

   Mote, 175, 178

   Moth, 175, 178

   Mottram, 59

   Moule, 100

   Moulsey, 109

   Moulsham, 109

   Mouse, 175

   _Mousse_ (F.), 176

   Muckett, 100

   Mudridge, 59

   Mumm, 155

   Mummery, 155

   Mummy, 155

   Munday, 182

   Mundell, 30, 84

   Mundella, 30

   Mundham, 109

   Mundy, 182

   Murch, 84, 188, 189

   Murchie, 84, 188, 189

   Murchison, 189

   Mutrie, 59


   N.

   Naf, 161

   Nagle, 101, 165

   Nail, 101, 165

   Nanny, 2, 171

   Napkin, 161

   Napp, 1, 161

   Neate, 84

   Need, 84

   Nelly, 161, 171

   Nettleton, 109

   Nibbs, 101

   Nield, 114

   Nielson, 12

   Nill, 161

   Noon, 179

   Norcock, 34, 35

   Norcott, 35

   Norman, 192, 193

   Northcott, 34

   Nott, 84

   Nunn, 178, 179

   Nunney, 179

   Nuttall, 81

   Nutting, 84


   O.

   Oake, 185, 186

   Oakey, 185, 186

   _Odeschalchi_ (I.), 147

   _Odevico_ (I.), 147

   _Odoardo_ (I.), 124, 143

   Offley, 109

   Old, 79

   Oldacre, 41

   Olding, 79

   Oldridge, 41

   Ombersley, 106

   Onken, 166

   _Onofrio_ (I.), 142

   Onwhyn, 166

   _Orlandi_ (I.), 147

   Orleston, 109

   Orlop, 101

   Orme, 174

   Ormerod, 43

   Ormsby, 109

   Osborn, 59

   Osgodby, 109

   Osgood, 59

   Osman, 59

   Osmer, 59

   Osmington, 109

   Osmond, 60

   Ostrich, 175

   Oswald, 60, 101

   Oswaldslow, 109

   Oswin, 60

   _Ouarnier_ (F.), 149

   Ough, 86

   Outram, 42

   Ovington, 111

   Owen, 101

   Oyster, 122

   Oysterman, 122


   P.

   Paddington, 110

   Padworth, 110

   Pagan, 191, 192

   Pagham, 110

   Paine, 118, 192

   Paler, 181

   Paley, 26, 84

   Palfrey, 47

   Paling, 84

   Papillon, 31

   Paragreen, 45

   Paramore, 45

   Parez, 33

   Paris, 33

   Partrick, 46

   Partridge, 46

   Pascoe, 135

   Pash, 135

   Paske, 135

   _Pasquin_ (F.), 135

   Pass, 79

   Patching, 105

   Paton, 90

   Patrington, 110

   Pattingham, 110

   Payne, 118

   Peabody, 156

   Peat, 91

   Peck, 79

   Pegg, 2, 85, 171

   Pendegast, 114

   Pender, 44, 101

   Pendered, 44

   Pendgast, 114, 115

   _Penicaud_ (F.), 34

   Penman, 45

   Penn, 85

   Pennell, 101

   Pennycad, 34, 45

   Pensham, 110

   Pentecast, 120, 183

   Pentecost, 120, 182, 183, 215

   Perman, 45

   Perriam, 45

   Perrott, 45

   Petersham, 110

   Petridge, 110

   Peyton, 90, 101

   Pharoah, 190

   _Philibert_ (F.), 123

   Phillimore, 50, 99

   Pickett, 101, 192

   Picton, 90

   Picture, 91

   Piddel, 101

   Pigot, 192

   Pilgrim, 45

   Pim, 162

   Pindard, 44

   Piper, 85

   Pippin, 101

   Pirner, 45

   Pitt, 83

   Player, 178, 180

   Plowman, 178, 180

   Pollard, 46

   Poppy, 80

   Portisham, 110

   _Potefer_ (F.), 190

   Potiphar, 190

   Pott, 80

   Potten, 101

   Pottle, 101

   Potto, 80

   _Poy_ (F.), 194

   _Poyard_ (F.), 152

   _Poyart_ (F.), 194

   _Poye_ (F.), 194

   _Poyer_ (F.), 194

   Poynings, 105

   Pray, 157

   Prendergast, 114, 115

   Prendergrass, 114

   Prentice, 178, 179

   Prentiss, 32, 101, 116

   Priest, 178, 179

   Prince, 178, 179

   Proudfoot, 116

   Puck, 80

   Puckle, 85

   Puddifer, 190

   Punt, 101

   Purdue, 45

   Purgold, 46

   Purland, 45

   Pye, 193, 194

   Pym, 162

   Pyman, 193, 194


   Q.

   Quail, 131, 133

   Quaint, 131, 133

   Quaker, 131

   Qualey, 131, 133

   Quantock, 131, 133

   Quare, 131

   Quarman, 131, 132

   Quarrier, 131, 132

   Quarry, 131

   Quart, 134

   Quary, 131

   Quash, 131

   Quear, 131

   Queen, 131, 133

   Queenan, 131, 133

   Queeney, 131, 133

   _Quenay_ (F.), 133

   _Querrey_ (F.), 131

   Query, 131

   Quick, 131, 132

   Quiddy, 131, 132

   Quier, 131, 132

   Quig, 131, 132

   Quiggle, 131, 132

   Quil, 131, 132

   Quilke, 131, 133

   _Quillac_ (F.), 133

   _Quille_ (F.), 132

   Quillinan, 131, 133

   Quillman, 131, 133

   Quilt, 131, 134

   Quilter, 131, 134

   Quilty, 131, 134

   Quin, 131, 133

   Quinan, 131, 133

   _Quineau_ (F.), 133

   Quiner, 131, 133

   _Quinier_ (F.), 133

   Quint, 131, 133

   _Quinty_ (F.), 133

   Quire, 131, 132

   _Quirini_ (I.), 147

   Quitman, 131, 132

   Quittacus, 131, 132

   Quy, 131, 132

   _Quyo_ (F.), 132


   R.

   Rabbit, 118

   Raddish, 33

   Rackham, 60

   Radmore, 60

   _Raimondi_ (I.), 147

   Rain, 176

   Rainbird, 60

   Rainford, 60

   Ralph, 60, 101, 118

   Ramsden, 110

   Ranacre, 60

   Ranger, 60

   Rarey, 60

   Rathbold, 60

   Rathbone, 60

   Rather, 60

   Ratliffe, 60

   Rattham, 60

   Rattray, 60

   Raven, 85

   Raybauld, 60

   Raybolt, 60

   Rayment, 60, 120

   Raymond, 60

   Raynbold, 60

   Raynham, 60

   Read, 83

   Reading, 105

   Readwin, 60, 101

   Reckless, 183

   Redband, 60

   Reddaway, 60

   Reddish, 33

   Redgill, 60

   Redman, 60, 61

   Redmarley, 110

   Redmond, 60

   Redmore, 60

   Redwar, 60

   Regal, 85

   Reginald, 13

   Regnard, 60

   Rennie, 86, 176

   Renno, 176

   Reulver, 110

   Reynard, 60

   Reyner, 60

   Reynolds, 60

   Riccard, 61

   Rich, 85

   Richard, 61

   _Richarde_ (F.), 123

   Richbell, 61

   Richer, 61, 181

   Riches, 32

   Richey, 85

   _Richez_ (F.), 32

   Richman, 61

   Richmond, 61

   Richold, 61

   Rickinghall, 110

   Rickman, 61

   Ridding, 85

   Riddle, 86

   Riddy, 85

   Ridgway, 61

   Ridgyard, 61

   _Ridolphi_ (I.), 143

   Ringer, 61

   Ringold, 61, 100

   Ringstead, 110

   Ripley, 83

   Ritta, 85

   Robert, 61

   _Robert_ (F.), 123

   _Roberti_ (I.), 147

   Rock, 85

   Rodber, 61

   Rodbourn, 61

   Rodborough, 110

   Rodd, 85

   Rodgard, 61

   Rodger, 61

   Rodman, 61, 192

   Rodney, 61

   Rodrick, 61

   Rodyard, 61

   _Rointru_ (F.), 186

   Roland, 118

   _Rolandini_ (I.), 147

   Rolfe, 61, 118

   Rolland, 61

   Rolle, 85

   Rollesby, 110

   Rolleston, 110

   Roman, 61, 118, 192

   Roothing, 105

   Rosbert, 61

   Roskell, 61

   _Rosnagel_ (G.), 166

   Ross, 85

   Rotherham, 61

   Rothery, 61

   Rowantree, 185, 186

   Rubery, 101

   Ruck, 85

   Rudd, 85

   Rudder, 61

   Rudding, 85

   _Rudolfe_ (F.), 123

   Rudwick, 61

   Rugg, 85

   Rumbold, 62, 101

   Rummer, 62

   Runwell, 137

   Rush, 85

   Rutledge, 61


   S.

   _Sacchi_ (I.), 147

   Saint, 191

   Sala, 86

   Salaman, 178

   Sale, 86

   Salloway, 62

   Salmon, 62, 175, 178

   Sander, 85

   Sargood, 66

   Sarle, 85

   Sarratt, 62

   Satchell, 83

   Scales, 86

   Scally, 86

   Scamp, 191

   Scard, 83

   Scarth, 85

   _Schilling_ (G.), 29

   Scotland, 8

   Scott, 6

   Scotten, 8

   Scotting, 8

   Scotto, 8

   Seaber, 63

   Seaborn, 63

   Seabright, 63, 102_n_

   Seabrook, 63

   Seabury, 63

   Searight, 63

   Searle, 85

   Seawall, 63

   Seaward, 63

   Sedgeberrow, 110

   Sedgewick, 62

   Sefowl, 63

   Segar, 62, 102

   Seguin, 62

   Self, 85

   Sellar, 62

   Selvey, 86

   Sempringham, 88

   Serbutt, 62

   Sermon, 62

   Seward, 63

   Seyfried, 62

   Seymore, 15, 20, 62, 118

   Seymour, 102

   Shaft, 101

   Shaftesbury, 110

   Shafto, 101

   Shakestaff, 164

   Shark, 175, 177

   Sharkey, 175

   Shawkey, 101, 170

   Sheaf, 86

   Shield, 29, 101

   Shilling, 29, 215

   Shillingsworth, 215

   Shinn, 86

   Shirley, 86

   Sholl, 101

   Shovel, 86

   Shute, 85, 101

   Shuter, 101

   Sibbald, 62, 118

   Sibbertswold, 110

   Sibert, 62, 102, 118

   Sick, 86

   Sickle, 83

   Sickling, 85

   Sickman, 62

   Side, 183

   Sidlesham, 110

   Sievewright, 63, 178, 180

   Siggs, 86

   Sigournay, 115

   Siksworth, 110

   Simmond, 62

   Siney, 86

   _Sinibaldo_ (I.), 143

   _Sismondi_ (I.), 147

   Skeat, 85, 101

   Skitt, 85

   Smelt, 175, 178

   Smirke, 188, 189

   Snare, 86

   Snell, 102

   Snoad, 86, 168

   Snodd, 102

   Snodgast, 169

   Snodgrass, 114_n_, 168

   Snodin, 168

   Snodland, 110

   Snowden, 168

   Somerleyton, 110

   Somersham, 110

   Sommerlat, 102

   Spain, 192, 193

   Spark, 186, 187

   Speck, 86

   Spendlove, 193

   Spenlove, 193

   Sprack, 186, 187

   Spracklin, 186, 187

   Sprague, 186, 187

   Spratt, 175, 177

   Spreckly, 186, 187

   Sprigg, 186, 187

   Sprott, 177

   Sprout, 177

   Square, 160

   Squarey, 160

   Squire, 160

   Squirrell, 160, 175

   Stadd, 159

   Stainburn, 63

   Stainer, 63

   Starbuck, 120

   Starch, 164

   Stark, 164

   Starkie, 164

   Starr, 164

   Steamburg, 63

   Steed, 159

   Stell, 86

   Stenning, 86

   Stericker, 164

   Sternhold, 63, 116

   Steyning, 106

   Stidolph, 159

   Stitt, 159

   Stoddart, 159

   Stonard, 63

   Stone, 86

   Stoneheart, 63, 191

   Stoner, 63

   Stonhold, 63

   Stothard, 102

   Stott, 102, 159

   Stout, 102, 159

   _Stradivarius_ (I.), 149

   Straight, 163

   Strain, 163

   Strang, 163

   Strangward, 163

   Strangwick, 163

   Strank, 163

   Straw, 163

   Stray, 163

   Streek, 163

   Stretch, 163

   Strickett, 163

   Stringfellow, 163

   Stringle, 163

   Strong, 102, 163

   Stubbe, 186

   Stubbing, 86, 186

   Stubbs, 86

   Studd, 159

   Studeard, 102, 159

   Sturge, 164

   Sturgeon, 164

   Sturgin, 164

   Stutter, 159

   Sugg, 102

   Summer, 102, 182

   Sunday, 182

   Sundon, 110

   Sunman, 102

   Surrenden, 110

   Swan, 83, 174

   Swarling, 106

   Swearing, 2, 28, 160, 191

   Swears, 102, 160, 191

   Swire, 102, 160

   Sword, 102

   Sycamore, 62, 102, 185, 186

   _Sycamore_ (G.), 20


   T.

   Tackabarry, 47

   Tackle, 102

   Tadd, 86

   Taddy, 86

   Tadman, 63, 102

   Tadmarton, 110

   Talbert, 47

   Tall, 86

   Tallington, 111

   Tallman, 47

   Tamworth, 111

   Tancred, 63

   Tankard, 63

   Tankeray, 63

   Target, 119

   Tarring, 106

   Tassell, 151

   _Tassell_ (F.), 151

   Tassie, 151

   _Tasso_ (I.), 151

   _Tassy_ (F.), 151

   Tattle, 102

   Tatwin, 63

   Tavistock, 111

   Tayburn, 47

   Teather, 63

   Tedder, 63

   Teddington, 111

   Telfer, 47

   Telling, 28, 86

   Terling, 106

   Terry, 26, 86

   Teuthorn, 64

   Thackeray, 63

   Theddlethorpe, 111

   Theobald, 64

   Theodore, 64, 102

   Thirkettle, 64

   _Thom_ (F.), 196

   _Thome_ (F.), 196

   Thorburn, 63

   Thorgur, 64

   Thorne, 86, 185, 186

   Thorning, 86

   Thorold, 64, 102

   Thoroughgood, 64, 110, 191

   Thorowood, 64

   Thrale, 169

   Thunder, 102

   Thundersfield, 111

   Thurgar, 102

   Thurgarton, 111

   Thurgood, 64

   Thurkle, 64

   Thurmot, 64

   Thurstan, 64

   _Tibaldi_ (F.), 148

   Tichfield, 111

   Tickle, 81

   Tidball, 64

   Tidemore, 64, 98

   Tidman, 64

   Tidmington, 111

   Tidy, 26

   Tileman, 140

   Tilford, 140

   Tilke, 140

   Till, 81, 139

   _Till_ (G.), 139

   _Tille_ (F.), 139

   _Tillemans_ (D.), 140

   Tiller, 140

   Tilley, 26, 139

   _Tilli_ (I.), 139

   Tillick, 102, 140

   Tillier, 140

   _Tillier_ (F.), 140

   Tilling, 140

   Tillingham, 111

   Tillman, 140

   _Tillon_ (F.), 140

   _Tillot_ (F.), 140

   Tillott, 140

   Tilly, 81

   _Tilly_ (F.), 139

   Tilman, 102

   _Tilman_ (F.), 140

   _Tilmann_ (G.), 140

   _Tilmant_ (F.), 140

   _Tilo_ (G.), 139

   Tiptoft, 138

   Tisoe, 81

   Titford, 102

   Tockenham, 111

   Tocque, 81

   Todd, 25, 81

   Toddenham, 111

   Toddy, 25

   Todrig, 64

   Tom, 194, 196

   Tomb, 194, 196

   _Tombe_ (F.), 196

   Tomey, 102, 194, 196

   Tomkies, 48

   Tomlin, 31, 194, 196

   Tommell, 194, 196

   Toomey, 194, 196

   Tooting, 106

   Torr, 86

   Tottington, 111

   Trail, 215

   Train, 215

   Tray, 17, 215

   Tredington, 111

   Tremble, 2, 119, 202

   Trist, 102

   Troston, 111

   Trout, 175, 177, 178

   Truefitt, 183, 185

   Trumbull, 2, 119

   Trumby, 86

   Trump, 86

   Trumpington, 88

   _Tuebingen_ (G.), 71

   Tuck, 86

   Tudor, 64

   Tuffnell, 165

   Tugman, 48

   Tunn, 177

   Tunno, 177

   Tunny, 175, 177

   Tunstone, 111

   Turing, 86

   Turk, 192, 193

   Turkdean, 111

   Turpin, 64

   Turr, 86

   Tuttle, 86

   Twickenham, 111, 187

   Twigg, 186, 187

   Twine, 186, 187

   Twining, 186, 187

   Twiss, 186, 187


   U.

   _Ubaldo_ (I.), 141

   _Ubaldini_ (I.), 141

   _Ughelli_ (I.), 140

   _Ughetti_ (I.), 141

   _Ugo_ (I.), 140, 143

   _Ugolino_ (I.), 141

   Upton Snodsbury, 110

   Ure, 174

   Urlwin, 49


   V.

   Varnish, 33

   Vergoose, 65

   Vibert, 67

   Vicary, 67

   Vickridge, 67

   _Videau_ (F.), 148

   _Videcocq_ (F.), 34

   Viking, 72

   _Vilcocq_ (F.), 34

   Vinegar, 67

   _Viteau_ (F.), 148


   W.

   Waddicar, 64

   Waddy, 87

   Wadge, 117

   Wadmore, 64

   Wager, 65

   Wagg, 117

   Waghorn, 67, 120

   Wagstaff, 164

   Wain, 102

   Wake, 11

   Waker, 87

   Waland, 65

   _Walcher_ (G.), 181

   Walden, 102

   Walder, 87

   Waldie, 87

   Waldman, 64

   Waldo, 87

   Waldron, 64, 65

   Walk, 87

   Walker, 87, 178, 181

   Walkey, 87

   Walking, 28, 87

   Wall, 87

   Waller, 65

   Wallet, 65

   Wallfree, 65

   Wallower, 65

   Wallraven, 65

   Walsh, 87

   Walter, 64, 87, 103

   Wambey, 162

   Wampen, 162

   Waple, 87

   Warbolt, 65

   Warborough, 111

   Warbrick, 65

   Ward, 149

   Warden, 28

   Warehorne, 106

   Waring, 103

   Warland, 65

   Warlock, 65

   Warman, 65

   Warmbadt, 122

   Warmer, 65

   Warne, 87, 152, 181

   Warneford, 65

   Warner, 65, 149, 178, 180

   Warnett, 65

   Warraker, 65

   Warren, 87, 152, 181

   Warrenbury, 65

   Warrener, 65, 181

   Warringer, 149

   Warrior, 65

   Washingborough, 111

   Washington, 134

   Wass, 87

   Watchfield, 111

   Water, 87

   Watkiss, 64

   Watlington, 111

   Watney, 64

   Watt, 87

   Waugh, 117

   Way, 117

   Wedlake, 66

   Wedlock, 66

   Welcome, 66

   Well, 87

   Wellwyn, 106

   Welp, 131

   Weston, 103

   Weybret, 65

   Wheatbread, 116

   Whelp, 131

   Wherwell, 137, 140

   Whigam, 67, 103

   Whipp, 87

   Whipple, 103

   Whiston, 103

   Whit, 87

   Whitbread, 66, 116

   Whitecar, 66

   Whiteheart, 66

   Whitelaw, 66

   Whitelegg, 66

   Whitelock, 103

   Whiteman, 66

   Whitemore, 66

   Whiter, 66

   Whiteridge, 66

   Whiterod, 66, 120

   Whitethread, 66, 100

   Whiting, 175, 177

   Whitridge, 103

   Whittaker, 66

   Whittington, 109

   Whittock, 100

   Wichett, 67

   Wicker, 67

   Wicking, 87

   Wideman, 66

   Widow, 103, 148

   Wigg, 87, 103

   Wigget, 67

   Wigman, 67

   Wigmore, 67_n_

   Wigram, 67

   Wilbourn, 66

   Wilbraham, 111

   Wilburton, 111

   Wilcomb, 66

   Wilford, 66

   Wilkie, 31, 194, 195

   Wilkin, 31, 194, 195

   Will, 87, 194, 195

   Willament, 66

   Willard, 66, 103

   Willer, 87, 103

   Willeroey, 111

   Willett, 66

   Willgoss, 66

   Williams, 66

   Williment, 103

   Willing, 28, 87, 194, 195

   Willis, 32, 194, 195

   Willmore, 66

   Willmot, 66

   Willock, 31, 34

   Willoe, 195

   Willof, 194, 195

   Willow, 87, 185, 186

   Willy, 194, 195

   Wilsford, 111

   Wimble, 202

   Wimbolt, 67

   Wincup, 67

   Winder, 66

   Windle, 87

   Windlesham, 109

   Windram, 66

   Windred, 66

   Windsor, 112

   Wine, 87

   Winegar, 67, 103

   Wineman, 67

   Winer, 67, 103

   Winfarthing, 2, 29

   Wingood, 67

   Winlock, 67

   Winmen, 67

   Winn, 87

   Winning, 87

   Winshill, 111

   Winslow, 111

   Winston, 67

   Winter, 182, 183

   Wintle, 87

   Wire, 67

   Wither, 66

   Withered, 66

   Witherick, 66

   Witheron, 66

   Wittering, 66, 106

   Wiveliscomb, 111

   Woking, 106

   Woldswell, 111

   Wolf, 87

   Wolsey, 68, 103

   Wolverley, 112

   Woodcock, 34

   Woodin (?), 103

   Woolbert, 67

   Woolcot, 34, 67

   Wooley, 67

   Woolgar, 67, 103

   Woollams, 67

   Woollard, 67

   Woollat, 67

   Woolmer, 68, 103

   Woolnoth, 68

   Woolrych, 68, 103

   Woolston, 68

   Worcester, 111

   Wordsworth, 116

   Worm, 175

   Worting, 106

   Wren, 87, 175, 176

   Wreningham, 111

   Wright, 87

   Wrigley, 85

   Wrotham, 112

   Wyard, 67, 103

   Wyatt, 67

   Wyberg, 67

   Wybrow, 67

   Wyman, 67

   Wymer, 67


   Y.

   Yea, 2, 68_n_

   Yeading, 105

   Yealfe, 68

   Yeaman, 68

   Yems, 83

   Yeo, 2, 68_n_

   Yeoman, 68

   Yeoward, 68

   Yorick, 68


THE END.




LONDON:

R. CLAY, SONS, AND TAYLOR,

BREAD STREET HILL, E.C.






End of Project Gutenberg's Surnames as a Science, by Robert Ferguson

*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SURNAMES AS A SCIENCE ***

***** This file should be named 37520.txt or 37520.zip *****
This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
       http://www.gutenberg.org/3/7/5/2/37520/

Produced by StevenGibbs, Jane Hyland and the Online
Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net


Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
will be renamed.

Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
redistribution.



*** START: FULL LICENSE ***

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
http://gutenberg.org/license).


Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic works

1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works.  See paragraph 1.E below.

1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.

1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
States.

1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
copied or distributed:

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org

1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
1.E.9.

1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.

1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.

1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg-tm License.

1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
that

- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
    the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
    you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
    owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
    has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
    Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
    must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
    prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
    returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
    sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
    address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
    the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."

- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
    you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
    does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
    License.  You must require such a user to return or
    destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
    and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
    Project Gutenberg-tm works.

- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
    money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
    electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
    of receipt of the work.

- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
    distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.

1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
your equipment.

1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
DAMAGE.

1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
opportunities to fix the problem.

1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.

1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.


Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm

Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
assistance they need, are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org.


Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation

The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
http://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.

The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
[email protected].  Email contact links and up to date contact
information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
page at http://pglaf.org

For additional contact information:
    Dr. Gregory B. Newby
    Chief Executive and Director
    [email protected]


Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation

Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
particular state visit http://pglaf.org

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.
To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate


Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works.

Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.


Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.


Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:

    http://www.gutenberg.org

This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.