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Red Summer 1919 [1]
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Date: 2023-01-13
Elaine, Arkansas 1919
Gov. Charles Hillman Brough (Democrat)
ACT: 112 of 1909; night riding or white capping. Intimidation of agricultural poor whites against poor freed blacks.
County: Elaine, Arkansas (Phillips County)
Elaine Massacre
“Red Summer 1919” September 30, 1919 — October 2, 1919
Red Summer is racial violence against black communities. One hundred sharecroppers on plantations of white landowners attended a meeting of the Progressive Farmers and Household Union of America ( PFHUA) to obtained better payments for their cotton crops from white plantations owners and were exploited in their efforts to collect payments for their cotton crops. In 1915 — 1919 the price of cotton a major agricultural product of sharecropping increased from $0.15 — $0.40 per pound. In August, PFHUA filed Articles of Incorporation with Circuit clerk in Drew County, Arkansas. PFHUA represented a threat not only to the white supremacy using basic concepts of capitalism. On September 30, 1919, The sharecroppers attended a meeting at the church 10 miles outside of Elaine. PFHUA contracted a lawyer named Ulysses S Bratton along with his son Ocier Bratton. There were 3 individual parked vehicles outside of the church for protection and armed black guards around the church. There was a shoot out in front of the church. There was 1 death, a white police officer Charles Pratt and 2 whites had injuries. October 1, 1919,The white mobs from 500 — 1,000 people lynched any black person living in Elaine. The blacks escaped by hiding in the woods and going further south to save their lives. Gov. Charles Hillman Borough called for troops to go to Elaine and stop the riots. October 2, 1919, The word spread throughout Elaine. The white mobs departed and went back home. There were 100 — 237 innocent blacks lynched by the white mobs and 5 whites murdered. There were 285 blacks arrested and taken to Helena Count Jail which held only 48 jail spaces. On October 31, 1919 the all white grand jury charged 122 blacks with murder using ACT 112 of 1909. On November 5, 1919, grand jury convicted 12 blacks charged with murder by electric chair and 65 blacks took a plea bargin up to 21 years for second degree murder. The ratio was 10 to 1.
Dedicated to the 12 Elaine: Frank Moore, Joe E. Knox, Frank Hall, Ed Coleman, Frank Hicks, Ed Hicks, Will Wordlaw, Albert Giles, Joe Fox, John Martin, Alf Banks Jr., Edward Ware, and William McFarland.
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